02x01 - high middle ages

8/14/2019 02x01 - High Middle Ages

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EUH2001 High Middle Ages 09/07/2007 10:21:00

Carolingian Eclipse

Charlemagne was the undisputed leader

From Conquest to Defense

o Charlemagne began to have invasions from

the Vikings, Magyars, Saracens

Their economy went down because the economy

was based on conquest

o their money dried up pretty quickly trying to

defend themselves

Divided Kingdom

o

Charlemagnes son (Louis the Pious)He was the ruler, yet, he shared his power

His three sons did not want to share

power

o Treaty of Verdun, 843 [Lothair, Louis, Charles]

Divide the kingdom in three parts

Weak Central Authority

o Very weak


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o the system of nobles and kingships granted a

great deal of local autonomy but did not have

a central control

o when they were attacked they did not have a

central system to defend so the locals had to

defend themselves

New Royalty

o Hugh Capet, Western Kingdom

Decided that his prestige entitled him to a

bigger cut

He and his predecessors began toalternate the thrown with the

descendents of the Carolingian

By his time the Carolingian were gone

o Otto The Great, Eastern Kingdom

By the 10 th century Carolingian cease to

be a political force

Population Growth


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Doubles between 1000 1300

o From 38 million to 74 million

o part of this is the decline of slavery after the

collapse of the roman empire

slaves could marry whom they wanted

o agricultural technology

a lot more food, with only slightly less

work

more farms pop up throughout the

continent

o

the climate at the time improved for farmingand growing crops

Feudalism

Fief

o Partial of land called a 3Fief

o collection of farms with their own serfs

o the privilege or ruling a small farm

Vassals


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o Take an oath of service and take control of a

Fief

o Vassals often time had Vassals of their own

o Vassalage implied military service

Serfs

o Those living on these Fief were serfs

o cultivate crops and have a place to live

Kinship, Alliance, Heritage

o Like the Mafia

o central authority is fairly limited

Decline of autonomyo The autonomy of local rulers begin to decline

o beginnings of a hierarchy

Peasantry

Homogonous group living under equal conditions

Serfs

o Land for labor


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o Giving a plot of land by a vassal in exchange

of demesne

o Demesne

A portion of crop to the land owner that

he could either eat of sell

o Living in small houses

o Eavesdropping

lifting the eaves to hear neighbors gossip

o Terrible dark

Could light fires but localized to one room

they had fire pits and left the smoke goout through a whole in the room

small, dark, sooty

o Manor

Better than the alternative of living

without land

Fortification

farming plots surrounded by a wall


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bandits were kept out, lived in

relative safety

Farming Essentials

Shared across the serfs, bought by

the land holders

sharing plows, draft animals

Church

Each manor had their own church

a source of comfort

the land holders received income

from the church as wello Communal Farming

Shared pastures for animals

farming equipment

helped each other farm the land

strong sense of community amongst the

serfs


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alleviated the loss of crops because of

weather

o Agricultural Innovation

Farming improved by the invention of the

plow

Expensive so generally owned by

land owner

It reinforced the feudal system

Crop rotation

Instead of one field with one crop

they had the land split into threefields and had one empty, one with a

crop that would increase the

nutrients of the field and then rotate

them

Little bit more work, but much

greater output of crops

o Women


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o Land lords were able to bypass the bargaining

power of the serfs by hiring cheaper labor

o they worked under a cash system instead of a

barter system

Paying for Freedom

o Those that were above the barter system had

certain benefits

o Marriage & Movement

you could marriage who you wanted now,

and if they did not like their land lord then

they come move to another one. A certainsense of freedom

o Land & Rent

the sense of cash/rent comes from here

o Kings & Towns

strengthened the nobility


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if a vassal owner had 20 farms and was

collecting rent from all of them then the

dukes said they were in power and took a

share as well

New Dangers

o if there was a bad crop then it would be

disastrous for the whole manner

o no longer the protection of the manner

o there were people who made a living off

robbery and farmers became much more

vulnerable nowo the crops were not guaranteed so you could

have a crop that produced just enough for

themselves but not enough to sell

o a lot of farmers went to town for jobs and

when they could not find jobs then they just

begged

Aristocracy & Church


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Aristocracy

o Knights

neither aristocrat or serfs

warrior elite

new class

secular group of warriors

they served land owners in exchange for a

part of the spoils and nobility

they wanted to become nobility

Education

chivalry a sense of honor and duty

youth

jousting

to prove themselves

marriage


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the hope is to marry into a good

family, acquire some land, and

get some real power

o Women

Marriage & Breeding

To marry into another family to form

an alliance or to acquire a new land

and have children

Courtliness

placing a woman so high on a

pedestal that nothing was within theirreach

next to no social power

Foul Temptress

when they married into a family they

were often seen suspicious because

she might want their land

Church


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o Saints: Divine Protectors

became widespread around this period

saints were favored by God

preserved in death

protection by the saints could be

petitioned by prayer

o Monks: Spiritual Elites

saints were preserved through relics and

they were maintained by monasteries

monasteries had great power in the

community and the church as a wholeo Monastic Culture

nobility

monks and nuns came from nobles

dedicated their lives in the pursuit of

God

learned scripture

Lectio Divina


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Medieval Towns

Introduction

o Centers of Commerce

centering around markets where people

sold their crops and other goods

o Repulsed & Attracted Rural Dwellers

nobles did not like them because they

were new forms of power that were being

shaped and developed within towns

clergy viewed them with suspicion

perverse and immoral placesthey were also attracted to towns

towns liked their icons and could

preach

peasants came looking for work

o New legal & Social Structures

Italian Cities

o Urban Traditions of Antiquity


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Jews, however, did not have a ban on

interest of credit. They could not own

land, though, because of their

doctrine

o Challenge to Aristocratic Values

honorable commerce

they frown on the selling and buying

things

the prestige came from owning land

they saw commerce as second grade

merchants, however, began to rise they commanded a certain

prestige like aristocracy

social mobility

this is a scary things to nobles

the changes of going from peasant to

business mogul was next to none.


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however, through a couple

generations your family could have a

certain wealth

Northern Towns

New Markets, New Practices

o Northern traffic

northern Europe countries

o cloth

Ghent, Cypress, Bruges, London

all over England, Belgium, and Germany

clothing market was the first large scalemarket since the collapse of the empire

textile industry arose because it required

a great amount of centralization

you need looms to spin the wool into

cloth, and sheep

quality control


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London had a great ability to trade

textiles

o new social order

Drapers (patricians)

master drapers

to purchase looms, wool, dyes, and

coordinate the business end of the

industry

wealthiest and most powerful of this

social order

artisansoversaw the operation of the looms

learning about the production and

craft of the industry

laborers (Blue Nails)

the dye turned their nails blue

paid very little

no recourse, no bargaining power


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whenever they got together to

demand more power and pay the

bosses would hire mercenaries and

crush them

o Guilds

Where the artisans and the patricians

could regulate the industry

Cathedral Schools

o Revision of curriculum

o development to schools to meet the demand

of the urban economyo religious schools with secular training

o attended by the wealthy and the elite

o they would learn law, rhetoric and logic

Universities

o From the cathedral schools we have the

modern development of universities


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o University of Bologna was one of the first and

specialized in the study of law

it was student run

they chose the faculty and curriculum

o the professors were regulated by a guild

they maintained the standards of

professors

o Paris

Not student run

chartered by the French king in 1200

administration did it's own hiringstudents living in the university border

were immune from local law

o University Life

Rowdy

many brothels close to the university

this led to many incidents


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closed down at one point because a

group of students refused to pay their

tab

after 6 years of studying you had a

degree

after 3 more years you had a master of

the arts

Invention of the State

German Kingdoms

o Otto the Great

invades Italy and ceases Romegets crowned as emperor by the pope

o Imperial Church

control of Rome

he elects the Pope

papal legitimacy

he then uses the pope to make him

Emperor


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western eunuchs

the church bureaucracy becomes its

own bureaucracy

since the church people could not

reproduce they would not pass down

their power

o the kingdom had a great deal of local

autonomy

o the position of emperor continued but only

with the cooperation of the lesser nobility

o

Magnateselection

the lesser nobles were given the

power to elect an heir to the thrown if

there was no male heir by the

emperor

expansion


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the emperor did not currently have

the power to check the military power

of the magnates which lead to the

expansion of magnates power

o German knights: serfs up, lords down

the emperor devised a system of knights

unlike the other knights, the German

knights were serfs given military

commands in service of the emperor in

exchange for land and greater political

poweryou know have a class of serfs that have

royal authority that compete with the

aristocracy and overtake the aristocracy

that are dying out

o Papacy

resisting imperial influence

pope start questioning their authority


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pope Leo the 9 th he takes power away

from the kings

reducing lay control

moral reform

the elimination of married priests

and forbid priests to marry

lay investiture

he stops the ability for the

emperor to appoint people to the

church positions

assertion of sovereigntybitter conflict

legal debate

between the pope and kings of

Europe

both sides scourge legal law to

see who had the power

propaganda


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there are speeches, pamphlets to

sway the common people

the conflict resolves itself

this is an ongoing problem for several

hundred years

Concordat of Worms (1122)

Acknowledges the separation

between the kingdoms and churches

this weakened both authorities

the emperor becomes a symbolic

leader that loses his legitimacy bybeing crowned by the pope

the pope loses a tremendous political

power

Calixtus II & Henry V

they convened the Concordat of

Worms

Nation-States


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a beginning of national unity

France

biology

o male heirs

o divorce

they would divorce if they wife could not

provide a male heir until they got a male

son

o son crowned before death of father

greater legitimacy because the king

passed down the thrown himself o uninterrupted for several generations

o the Capetian Dynasty

bureaucracy

o Basillis

salaried agents from commoners that

work in the royal bureaucracy to bypass

noble authority


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they collect taxes, draft laws,

collecting census

they are salaried so are not

influenced by other parties

o King Louis VIIII

Establishes a nationwide court that

enables anyone to travel to Paris and

could plead their case

with the central form of government they were

able to weakened French nobles

England Royal Court

o a system like the Basillis

Henry II

o Strengthened the royal court

o uses his army to curb his authority over

barons

o maintains his authority over the Church


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02x01 - high middle ages

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