Chapter 10. Europe in the Middle Ages

(The High Middle Ages)

Chapter 10. Europe in the Middle Ages

(The High Middle Ages)•1000-1500•1000-1500

• CHAPTER 10 – Learning Objectives• I can:• 10.1• 1. Describe advances if farming, industry, the

manorial system and the rise of cities.• 10.2• Explain how the church influenced the life of women in

the Middle Ages• Describe the reforms made by the Church that affected the

development of medieval civilization.• 10.3• Explain the significance of the invention of the flying

buttress in architecture.• Explain how Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica

reflected a changing view of the university in medieval Europe.

• 10.4• Identify the economic consequences of the Black Death.• Explain why the Hundred Years’ War was a turning point

in the ways of warfare.

Section 1. Peasants, Trade and

Cities

Section 1. Peasants, Trade and

Cities

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution

After AD 1000 Climate

improved

After AD 1000 Climate

improved

Horses replace oxenHorses replace oxen•New horsecollar, shoes•Faster than oxen

•New horsecollar, shoes•Faster than oxen

Heavier Heavier PlowPlow 2424

Heavier Heavier PlowPlow 2424

Shift from two to three field system

(about 800)

Shift from two to three field system

(about 800)

More land cleared and

drained

More land cleared and

drained

Result: more land cultivated, more food, better diet

•Population explosion!

ManorsManors 2525

Typical Medieval Manor Typical Medieval Manor 1919

•1. Basic economic 1. Basic economic unit of the Middle unit of the Middle AgesAges•2. Everything owned 2. Everything owned by the lord (mills, by the lord (mills, ovens, churches ovens, churches etc.)etc.)

3. Self-contained 3. Self-contained communitycommunity

1616

4. Serfs (60% of 4. Serfs (60% of Europe by 800) Europe by 800) and Peasants paid and Peasants paid for use of land for use of land with service and with service and percentage of percentage of cropscrops

4. Serfs (60% of 4. Serfs (60% of Europe by 800) Europe by 800) and Peasants paid and Peasants paid for use of land for use of land with service and with service and percentage of percentage of cropscrops

Peasant LifePeasant LifePeasant LifePeasant Life

June June 4343

Fall Fall 4343

Winter Winter 4343

At least 50 At least 50 Religious Religious holidaysholidays

At least 50 At least 50 Religious Religious holidaysholidays

Fool’s Day Fool’s Day 4343

Execution Execution Day Day 4343

Massacre of the Massacre of the Innocents Innocents 4343

Massacre of the Massacre of the Innocents Innocents 4343

•Diet usually adequate–Lots of bread–Little Meat–LOTS of beer and wine (monks got 3 gallons of ale per day)

Peasant Peasant Dance Dance 22

Trade and Finance Expanded

People went to towns to trade

•Fairs broke down independence –Great Fairs in Cathedral towns–Local Fairs in small towns

•Fairs broke down independence –Great Fairs in Cathedral towns–Local Fairs in small towns

•Manors were no longer self-reliant

•Manors were no longer self-reliant

Montagnana, Italy 45

Towns GrewTowns Grew

•1. Increased population•2. Serfs fled manors•3. Fair and Pilgrim centers

•1. Increased population•2. Serfs fled manors•3. Fair and Pilgrim centers

Carcassonne, France

4. Usually walled for defense4. Usually walled for defense

Medieval Town, France 9

Rothenburg, Rothenburg, GermanyGermany

Townhouse 9

Period of great innovation

Period of great innovation

Waterwheels and Windmills 24

Waterwheels and Windmills 24

Medieval Trade 28

Medieval Trade 28

http://encarta.msn.com/index/conciseindex/20/MediaMax.asp?pg=3&ti=761559716&idx=461547227

The Hanseatic League

•Powerful trading league of German cities controlled trade in Northern Europe

•Powerful trading league of German cities controlled trade in Northern Europe

Hansa Houses in Germany 4

Italian city-states controlled trade in the

Mediterranean

Italian city-states controlled trade in the

Mediterranean

•Venice

•Florence

Venice

Dyer’s Guild4

GuildsGuilds

•1. Regulated price, wage and quality of an occupation

•1. Regulated price, wage and quality of an occupation

2. Apprentice system2. Apprentice system•5-9 yrs. •Apprentice--paid to

do the dirty work•Journeyman-worked for wages

•5-9 yrs. •Apprentice--paid to

do the dirty work•Journeyman-worked for wages

Master could establish his own business

Master could establish his own business

•Masterpiece=Sample of best work •Masterpiece=Sample of best work

Financial revolutionFinancial revolution•1. Business required money, loans•2. Usury (loaning for a profit) forbidden by Church

•1. Business required money, loans•2. Usury (loaning for a profit) forbidden by Church

3. Only Jews could be

bankers (later, changed)

3. Only Jews could be

bankers (later, changed)

Urban life reborn

Unregulated growth of towns=filth and lack of services

Unregulated growth of towns=filth and lack of services

Medieval Sanitation 9

Towns bring a new social orderTowns bring a

new social order

•1. Serfs could be free if they lived in a town for 1 year

•1. Serfs could be free if they lived in a town for 1 year

2. Town Charter: burghers, bourgeoisie (townspeople) bought freedom from lords for $

2. Town Charter: burghers, bourgeoisie (townspeople) bought freedom from lords for $

3. Townspeople formed a new class: The Middle Class

3. Townspeople formed a new class: The Middle Class

Digression: Crime and

Punishment in the Middle Ages

Digression: Crime and

Punishment in the Middle Ages

Roman LawRoman Law

•Evidence, burden of proof, face one’s accuser,•Same law for all•Torture to obtain a confession

•Evidence, burden of proof, face one’s accuser,•Same law for all•Torture to obtain a confession

Germanic TraditionGermanic Tradition

•No Torture. •Instead…

•No Torture. •Instead…

Trial by OrdealTrial by Ordeal

•Hot water, cold water•Hot irons, hot coals•Champions

•Hot water, cold water•Hot irons, hot coals•Champions

Torture chamber atTorture chamber atRothenburgRothenburg

PunishmentPunishment•Stocks, Masks•Flogging, bastinado•Branding•Amputation•Hanging, Beheading

•Stocks, Masks•Flogging, bastinado•Branding•Amputation•Hanging, Beheading

Maskworn by a “nag”44

Maskworn by a “nag”44

The The Baker’s Baker’s ChairChair

The Inquisition reintroduced The Inquisition reintroduced torturetorture

•Showing the instruments•Thumb screws•The Horse, The Hot Seat•Stretching on the rack, hanging by the arms

•Showing the instruments•Thumb screws•The Horse, The Hot Seat•Stretching on the rack, hanging by the arms

Judas Judas CradleCradle

The RackThe Rack

The IronThe Iron Maiden Maiden

Capital PunishmentCapital Punishment

•Beheading•The Cage•Drawing and Quartering

•Beheading•The Cage•Drawing and Quartering

The The WheelWheel

Breaking on the WheelBreaking on the Wheel