Chap 9The High Middle Ages

Section 1• Monarchs, nobles, and the church • -Monarchs were the head of society, but relied on vassals for military

support.• -both nobles and the church had their own court, collected their own taxes,

and fielded their own armies. • -Monarchs expanded the royal domain and set up a system of royal justice

that undermined feudal or church courts. • Strong monarchs in England• -in 1066 King Edward died without on heir• -a council of nobles chose his brother in-law heir• to rule.• -Duke William also claimed the throne.• Norman Conquest• -Duke William raised an army and won the backing of the Pope.• -At the Battle of Hastings, Duke William and his Norman Knights triumphed

over Harold. • - On Christmas day, Duke William assumed the crown of England.

• Growth of the Royal Power• - Duke William granted fiefs to the Church and his Norman Lords • but also kept a large amount of land for himself. • - He had a Census called the Doomsday Book, which listed every castle, field and pigpen in

England.• - In formation from the Doomsday Book, helped Duke William build an efficient system of tax

collecting.• -Duke William successor created the royal exchequer or treasury, to collect taxes. • A Unified legal system.• -King Henry II, inherited the throne in 1154. He set up common law , a legal system based on

customs and court rulings.• - When traveling justices visited an area, local officials collected a jury or group of men sworn to

speak the truth.• Conflict with the Church• -Henry’s efforts to extend the royal power led to a dispute between • Henry Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury.• -After four of King Henry’s Knights murdered the Archbishop of

Canterbury to make peace with the Church Henry eased his attempts to regulate his clergy.

• Evolving Traditions of English Government• -After English rulers repeatedly clashed with the nobles and

the • Church, battles developed as a result of effort by the Monarch

to raise taxes or impose royal authority over tradition feudal rights.

• John’s Troubles• - Henry‘s son John faced three powerful enemies: King Philip II of

- France, Pope Innocent III, and his own nobles. • -John suffered a set back when he lost a war with Pope Innocent III and

had to give up English held lands. • -When John rejected the Popes nominee for Archbishop, the Pope

excommunicated him and placed England under the interdict. To save himself and his crown he accepted a fief of the papacy and paid and yearly fee to Rome.

• The Magna Carta • - A Group of rebellious barons cornered John and forced him to sign

Magna Carta, or The Great Charter.• - In this document the King affirmed a long list of feudal rights.• -the magna carta contained 2 important ideas that would shape government

traditions in England.

• Development of parliament • -in keeping with the magna carta, English rulers often

called a great council for advice this body evolved into a parliament.

• -later , this assembly became known as the model parliament because it set up the France work for England’s legislature.

• Successful monarchs in France• -monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom. • The Capetians• -feudal nobles elected Hugh Capet to fill the vacant throne.• -he had hid heirs make the throne hereditary passing it

from throne to throne.• -added to their land by playing rival nobles against each

other, also won support of the church.-the capetians built a bureaucracy and government officials

collected taxes and imposed royal laws over the kings domain.

• Phillip Augustus• -Phillip Augustus was a shrewd and able ruler. • -instead of appointing nobles to fill government positions, he used paid

middle class officials who would owe their loyalty to him. • -he granted new charters to many towns, he organized a standing army,

and introduced a new national tax. • -before his death in 1223 he had become the most powerful ruler in Europe.• Louis IX, king and saint• -King Louis IX was generous, noble, and devoted to justice and chivalry.• -within 30 years of his death he was declared a saint.• -he was a deeply religious man.• -persecuted heretics and Jews and led thousands of French knights in 2

wars against Muslims.• -his enormous personal prestige helped create a strong national feeling

among his subjects.• Phillip IV clashes with the pope.• -ruthlessly extended royal power.• -in efforts to collect new taxes led to clash with pope Boniface VIII• -pope forbade Phillip to tax so he responded by threats to arrest any

clergy who didn’t pay.

• The estate general

• -during struggle with pope Phillip rallied French support by setting up

estates.

• -the estate general didn’t develop same role as the English parliament did.

Section 2:Holy Roman Empire and the Church

By: Naomi Gonzalez

Outline

The Holy Roman Empire In 936,Duke Otto I of Saxony took the title king of Germany Otto I work closely with the church German emperors claimed authority over much of central and eastern Europe and parts of France and Italy. Real Rulers of these lords were the emperors vassal, hundreds of nobles and church officials.

Conflict Between Popes and Emperors Pope Gregory VII , he was one of the greatest medieval popes. Gregory was determined to make the church independent of secular rulers. He banned the practice of lay investiture. Lay investiture is a creation of bishops by anyone who is not a member of the clergy. Pope Gregory’s ban brought an angry response from the Holy Roman emperor Henry IV. Henry IV argued that bishops held their lands as royal fiefs. In 1076, Gregory excommunicated Henry, freeing his subjects from their allegiance to the emperor. The pope then headed north to crown a new emperor. The struggle over investiture dragged on for almost 50 years. In 1122,they accept a treaty known as Concordat of Worms , in it they agreed that the church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority.

The Struggle For Italy Fredrick Barbarossa also known as Fredrick I was an emperor who fought to bring wealthy cities of northern Italy under his control. By joining forces with the pope in the Lombard League ,they managed to defeat Barbarbossa’s armies. Fredrick II , he was an able arrogant leader, willing to use any means to achieve his ends. Like his grandfather who was Fredrick I he tried but failed to subdue the cities of Northern Italy. While Fredrick II was embroiled in Italy , German nobles grew more independent. The Holy Roman Empire survived ,but it remained fragmented into many feudal states.

The Height of Church Power Pope Innocent III, who took office in 1198, embodied the triumph of the Church. As head of the Church he claimed supremacy over all other rulers. In 1209 Innocent ,aided Phillip II, launched a brutal Holy war against the Albigensians in southern France . The Albigensians wanted to purify the Church and return to the simple ways of early Christianity. Ten Thousands were slaughtered in The Albigensians Crusade. After Innocent death, popes continued to press their claim to supremacy.

Chapter 9- Section 3Chapter 9- Section 3The Europeans Look The Europeans Look OutwardOutward The world in 1050.The world in 1050.1.Isalam’s had given rise to a brilliant new civilization that stretched from 1.Isalam’s had given rise to a brilliant new civilization that stretched from Spain to India.Spain to India.2.Muslim traders and scholars spread goods and ideas even further.2.Muslim traders and scholars spread goods and ideas even further.3.In Peru, Native Americans were building empires and creating g 3.In Peru, Native Americans were building empires and creating g reat works of art, including elegant, pottery, textiles, and jewelry. reat works of art, including elegant, pottery, textiles, and jewelry.

THE CRUSADESTHE CRUSADES

1. The Bryzantine emperor Alexis 1. The Bryzantine emperor Alexis urgently asked Pope Urban for christian urgently asked Pope Urban for christian knights to help him fight the turks.knights to help him fight the turks.

2. In 1095, the Council of Clermand, 2. In 1095, the Council of Clermand, Urban inated bishops and to actions.Urban inated bishops and to actions.

MOTIVESMOTIVES

1. By 1096, thousands of knights were on 1. By 1096, thousands of knights were on their way to the Holy Land.their way to the Holy Land.

2.Many knights hoped to win wealth and 2.Many knights hoped to win wealth and land.land.

3. The Pope, Urban, hoped to increase 3. The Pope, Urban, hoped to increase his power in Europe and perhaps heal his power in Europe and perhaps heal the schism that split between the Roman the schism that split between the Roman and Bryzantine churches.and Bryzantine churches.

VICTORIES AND DEFEATS VICTORIES AND DEFEATS

1. In the year of 1099, christian knights 1. In the year of 1099, christian knights captured Jerusalem.captured Jerusalem.

2. The Crusaders contained off and over 200 2. The Crusaders contained off and over 200 years and divided their captured lands inot four years and divided their captured lands inot four small states. small states.

3.By 1291, the Muslims captured the last 3.By 1291, the Muslims captured the last christian outpost, the port city of acre, as in christian outpost, the port city of acre, as in Jerusalem 200 years earlier, the victors Jerusalem 200 years earlier, the victors massacred their defeated enemies, the massacred their defeated enemies, the chriatians.chriatians.

EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADESEFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES

1. The Crusades increased trade.1. The Crusades increased trade. 2. They increased Power for Monarchs.2. They increased Power for Monarchs. 3. The Crusade further encouraged the 3. The Crusade further encouraged the

growth of a money economy.growth of a money economy.

Medieval Universities

I Medieval Universities -As economic and political conditions improved in the high

Middle ages, The need for education expanded.-The church wanted better education.

A. Academic Guilds -Some of the catholic schools involved the first universities.-They were organized like guilds with charters to protect the

rights of members and set standards for training..

• B. Student Life -University life offered few comfort.-a bell woke the students up at about 5 am for prayer. Then the students attended classes until 10 am.-Because of Medieval universities did not have permanent buildings, classes were held in rented rooms or in the choir loft of a Church.-A program of study covered the seven liberal arts: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric, and logic.-Earning a degree as a bachelor of arts took between three and six years.

C. Women and Education -Women were not aloud to attend the universities.-Without a university education, they could not become doctors, lawyers, administrators, church officials, or professors.-Still, men continued to look on educated women as oddities.-Women felt that they should pursue their “natural” gifts at home raising children, managing the household, and doing needlework, and leave books and writing to men.

A. Spread of Learning -In the Middle East, Muslim scholars had translated the works of Aristole and other Greek thinkers into Arabic.-By the 1100s, These new translations were seeping into Western Europe.

B. Philosophy -The writing of the ancient Greeks posed a

challenge to Christian scholars.

II Europeans Acquire “New” Learning

III Medieval Literature

•-While Latin was the language of scholars and churchmen, new writings began.

A. Heroic Epics -Across Europe, people began writing down oral traditions.-Spain’s great epic, Poem of the Cid.

• B. Dante’s Divine Comedy• Begins the divine comedy by the famed Italian poet Dante Alighieri• His journey summarized christian ethics

• C. Chqucer’s Canterbury Tales• Geoffery chaucer follows a band of English pilgrims traveling to

Thomas Becket’s tomb.• He sketches a range of characters in brilliant word portrait.

Section 5 Section 5 Time of CrisisTime of Crisis

By: Alyona WhitfieldBy: Alyona Whitfield

OutlineOutline

I. I. The Black DeathThe Black Death 1. By 1348, the Black Death had reached beyond Italy to Spain and 1. By 1348, the Black Death had reached beyond Italy to Spain and

France.France. 2. From there, it ravaged the rest of Europe.2. From there, it ravaged the rest of Europe. 3. One in three people died-worse than in any in history.3. One in three people died-worse than in any in history. A.A. A Global EpidemicA Global Epidemic 1. The sickness was bubonic plague, a disease spread by fleas on 1. The sickness was bubonic plague, a disease spread by fleas on

rats; bubonic plague had broken out before in Europe, Asia, and North rats; bubonic plague had broken out before in Europe, Asia, and North Africa but had subsided.Africa but had subsided.

2. In the 1200s, Mongol armies conquered much of Asia, probably 2. In the 1200s, Mongol armies conquered much of Asia, probably setting off the new setting off the new epidemicepidemic, or outbreak of rapid-spreading disease., or outbreak of rapid-spreading disease.

3. In the premodern world, rats infested ships, towns, and even the 3. In the premodern world, rats infested ships, towns, and even the homes of the rich and powerful, so no one took any notice of them, in homes of the rich and powerful, so no one took any notice of them, in the 1300s, rats scurrying through crowded Chinese cities spread the the 1300s, rats scurrying through crowded Chinese cities spread the plague which killed about 35 million people there.plague which killed about 35 million people there.

4. Fleas jumped from those rats to infest the clothes and packs of 4. Fleas jumped from those rats to infest the clothes and packs of trades traveling west, as a result, the disease spread from Asia o the trades traveling west, as a result, the disease spread from Asia o the Middle EastMiddle East

5. Terrible reports reached Europe: “India was depopulated,” wrote a 5. Terrible reports reached Europe: “India was depopulated,” wrote a chronicler. chronicler.

B. Social Upheaval B. Social Upheaval 1. In Europe, the plague brought terror and bewilderment, as people had 1. In Europe, the plague brought terror and bewilderment, as people had

no way to stop the diseases, some people turned to magic and witchcraft no way to stop the diseases, some people turned to magic and witchcraft for cures.for cures.

2. Others plunged into wild pleasures, believing they would soon die 2. Others plunged into wild pleasures, believing they would soon die anyway, still others saw the plague as God’s punishment.anyway, still others saw the plague as God’s punishment.

3. They best themselves with whips to show that they repented their 3. They best themselves with whips to show that they repented their sins; Christians blamed Jews for the plague, charging that they had sins; Christians blamed Jews for the plague, charging that they had poisoned the wells.poisoned the wells.

CC. Economic Effects. Economic Effects 1. As the plague kept recurring in the late 1300s, European economy 1. As the plague kept recurring in the late 1300s, European economy

plunged to low ebb, survivors demanded higher wages.plunged to low ebb, survivors demanded higher wages. 2. As the cost of labor soared, 2. As the cost of labor soared, inflationinflation, or rising prices, broke out too, , or rising prices, broke out too,

landowners and merchants pushed for laws to limit wages.landowners and merchants pushed for laws to limit wages. 3. To stop rising costs, landowners converted croplands to sheep rising, 3. To stop rising costs, landowners converted croplands to sheep rising,

which required less labor.which required less labor. 4. Coupled with the fear of the plague, these restrictions sparked 4. Coupled with the fear of the plague, these restrictions sparked

explosive revolts, in cities, too, artisans fought, usually without success, explosive revolts, in cities, too, artisans fought, usually without success, for more power.for more power.

5. Western Europe would not fully recover from its effects for more than 5. Western Europe would not fully recover from its effects for more than 10 years.10 years.

II. II. Upheaval in ChurchUpheaval in Church 1. The late middle Ages brought spiritual crisis, scandal, and division to the 1. The late middle Ages brought spiritual crisis, scandal, and division to the

Roman Catholic Church, many priests and monks died during the plague.Roman Catholic Church, many priests and monks died during the plague. D. D. Divisions within the Catholic ChurchDivisions within the Catholic Church 1. The church was unable to provide the strong leadership needed in this 1. The church was unable to provide the strong leadership needed in this

desperate time, in 1309, pope Clement V had moved the papal court to Avignon desperate time, in 1309, pope Clement V had moved the papal court to Avignon on the border of southern France.on the border of southern France.

2. This period is often called Babylonian Captivity of the church, referring to 2. This period is often called Babylonian Captivity of the church, referring to the time when the ancient Israelites were held captive in Babylon.the time when the ancient Israelites were held captive in Babylon.

3. Critics lashed out against the worldly, pleasure-loving papacy, and ant 3. Critics lashed out against the worldly, pleasure-loving papacy, and ant clergy sentiment grew, in 1378, reformers elected their own pope to rule from clergy sentiment grew, in 1378, reformers elected their own pope to rule from Rome.Rome.

E. E. New HeresiesNew Heresies 1. In England, John Wycliffe, an Oxford professor, attacked Church 1. In England, John Wycliffe, an Oxford professor, attacked Church

Corruption; Wycliffe insisted that the Bible, not the Church, was the source of all Corruption; Wycliffe insisted that the Bible, not the Church, was the source of all Christian truth.Christian truth.

2. His followers began translating the Bible into English so that people 2. His followers began translating the Bible into English so that people could read it themselves rather than rely on the clergy to read it, Czech could read it themselves rather than rely on the clergy to read it, Czech students at Oxford carried Wycliffe’s ideas to Bohemia- what is today the Czech students at Oxford carried Wycliffe’s ideas to Bohemia- what is today the Czech republic.republic.

.

3. Hus was tried for preaching heresy – ideas contrary to Church teachings; 3. Hus was tried for preaching heresy – ideas contrary to Church teachings; found guiltily he was burned at the stake in 1415.found guiltily he was burned at the stake in 1415.

III. The Hundred’s Year’s WarIII. The Hundred’s Year’s War 1. On top of the disasters of famine, plague, and economic decline came a 1. On top of the disasters of famine, plague, and economic decline came a

long, destructive war, between 1337 and 1453, England and France fought a long, destructive war, between 1337 and 1453, England and France fought a series of conflicts, known as the Hundred Year’s War.series of conflicts, known as the Hundred Year’s War.

F. F. CausesCauses arches.arches. 2. The English victories took a heavy toll on French morale, England, it 2. The English victories took a heavy toll on French morale, England, it

seemed, was likely to bring all of France under its control.seemed, was likely to bring all of France under its control. H. H. Joan of Arc and French VictoryJoan of Arc and French Victory 1. English rulers had battled for centuries to hold onto the French lands of 1. English rulers had battled for centuries to hold onto the French lands of

their Norman ancestors, French kings, for their part, were intent on extending their Norman ancestors, French kings, for their part, were intent on extending their own power in France.their own power in France.

2. When Edward III of England claimed the French crown in 1337, war 2. When Edward III of England claimed the French crown in 1337, war erupted anew between these rival powers.erupted anew between these rival powers.

G. G. English VictoriesEnglish Victories 1. At first, the English won a string of victories – at Crecy in 1346, poiters 1. At first, the English won a string of victories – at Crecy in 1346, poiters

10 years later, and Agincourt in 1415, they owned much of their success to the 10 years later, and Agincourt in 1415, they owned much of their success to the longbowlongbow wielded by Englishwielded by English 1. In 1429, a 17-year-old peasant woman, Joan 1. In 1429, a 17-year-old peasant woman, Joan of Arc, appeared at the court of Charles VII, the uncrowned king of France.of Arc, appeared at the court of Charles VII, the uncrowned king of France.

3. The execution of Joan rallied the French, who saw her as a martyr, with a 3. The execution of Joan rallied the French, who saw her as a martyr, with a powerful new weapon, the cannon; they attacked English-held castles.powerful new weapon, the cannon; they attacked English-held castles.

4. By 1453, the English held only the port of Calais in north-western France. 4. By 1453, the English held only the port of Calais in north-western France. I. I. Effects Effects 1. The hundred Years’ war set France and England on different paths, the 1. The hundred Years’ war set France and England on different paths, the

war created a growing sense of national feeling in France and allowed French war created a growing sense of national feeling in France and allowed French kings to expand their power.kings to expand their power.

2. During the war, English rulers turned repeatedly to Parliament for funds, 2. During the war, English rulers turned repeatedly to Parliament for funds, which helped that body win the “power of the purse”, the loss of French lands which helped that body win the “power of the purse”, the loss of French lands shattered English dreams of a continental empire, but English rulers soon shattered English dreams of a continental empire, but English rulers soon began looking at new trading ventures overseas..began looking at new trading ventures overseas..

3. The hundred Year’s War brought many changes to the late medieval 3. The hundred Year’s War brought many changes to the late medieval world, the longbow and cannon gave common soldiers a new importance on world, the longbow and cannon gave common soldiers a new importance on the battlefield and undermined the value of armored knights.the battlefield and undermined the value of armored knights.

4. Castles and knights were doomed to disappear because their defenses 4. Castles and knights were doomed to disappear because their defenses could not stand up to the more deadly firepower.could not stand up to the more deadly firepower.

5. Feudal society was changing; Monarchs needed large armies, not feudal 5. Feudal society was changing; Monarchs needed large armies, not feudal vassals, to fight their wars.vassals, to fight their wars.

Looking AheadLooking Ahead

  In the 1400s, as Europe recovered form Black Death, other In the 1400s, as Europe recovered form Black Death, other changes occurred. The population expanded and changes occurred. The population expanded and manufacturing grew. These changes, in turn, led to increased manufacturing grew. These changes, in turn, led to increased trade. Italian cities flourished as centers of shipping. They sent trade. Italian cities flourished as centers of shipping. They sent European cloth to the Middle East in exchange for spices, European cloth to the Middle East in exchange for spices, sugar, and cotton. Europeans developed new technologies. sugar, and cotton. Europeans developed new technologies. German miners, for example, used water power to crush ore German miners, for example, used water power to crush ore and built blast furnaces to make cast iron.and built blast furnaces to make cast iron.

The recovery of late middle ages set the stage foots further The recovery of late middle ages set the stage foots further changes during the renaissance, reformation, and age of changes during the renaissance, reformation, and age of exploration. As Europe grew stronger over the next few exploration. As Europe grew stronger over the next few centuries, it would take a more prominent role on the global centuries, it would take a more prominent role on the global stage.stage.