Rail locomotives began connecting U.S. cities in the 1840s, enabling transport of goods between factories, cities, and ports.

The Industrial Revolution,1700–1900

The Industrial Revolution begins in Britain, spreads to other countries, and has a strong impact on economics, politics, and society.

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain

The Beginnings of Industrialization

New Ways of Working• Industrial Revolution — greatly increases output of __________________________

goods • Revolution begins in England in the middle ______________

SECTION

1

The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way• ______________________ — large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges • Wealthy landowners buy & enclose land once owned by ____________________

farmers• Enclosures allow experimentation with new agricultural _____________________

Rotating Crops• Crop rotation — switching crops each year to avoid __________________________• Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, this increases the

_________________________________

Yorkshire Dales National Park, in Yorkshire, England.

Industrialization Begins in Britain

Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England• ________________________________ — move to machine production of goods • Britain has natural resources — _________________________________________• Expanding economy in Britain encourages _________________________• Britain has all needed ________________________________— land, labor, capital

Inventions Spur Industrialization

Changes in the Textile Industry• Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and _____________________________• ____________________________ uses water power to drive spinning wheels • ______________________, spinning mule speed up production, improve quality• _____________________ — buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing• __________________________boosts American cotton production to meet

British demand

James Hargreaves's spinning jenny dramatically increased the output of spinners.

Improvements in Transportation

Watt’s Steam Engine• Need for ______________, convenient power spurs development of steam engine• James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton• Boulton is an _____________________ — organizes, manages, takes business risks

Water Transportation• Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the ______________________, in 1807• England’s water transport improved by system of ___________________

Road Transportation• British roads are improved; companies operate them as ______________________

The Railway Age Begins

Steam-Driven Locomotives• In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive• In 1825, George Stephenson builds world’s first ___________________________

The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad• Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester• Stephenson’s ___________________ acknowledged as best locomotive (1829)

Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain• Railroads spur industrial growth & __________________________________• Cheaper ___________________________ boosts many industries; people move to

_______________

George Stephenson's Rocket locomotive. Photograph, 19th century.

Industrialization - CASE STUDY: Manchester Industrialization Changes Life

Factory Work• Factories pay more than ___________________, this spurs demand for more

______________________________________

SECTION

2

Industrial Cities Rise• ___________________________ — city-building and movement of people to cities• Growing population provides _______________________ and a market for

______________________________________• British industrial cities: ___________________, Birmingham, Manchester,

_________________________

Living Conditions• ______________________ widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep through

_______________________________• Life span in one large city is only ________ years• Wealthy merchants and factory owners live in luxurious ______________________

homes • Rapidly growing cities lack _________________ & _____________________ • Cities are also without adequate ____________________, ____________________,

and ________________________________

Working Conditions• Average working day is _______ hours for _____ days a week, year round• Dirty, poorly lit factories ___________________ workers• Many coal miners killed by ________________________

Industrialization Changes Life

Class Tensions Grow

The Middle Class• Middle class = ____________________ workers, merchants, rich farmers, and

________________________• Emerging middle class looked down on by landowners, _____________________• Middle class has ___________________________ standard of living

The Working Class• Laborers’ lives not improved; some laborers replaced by ____________________• ________________ and other groups destroy machinery that puts them out of

work• Unemployment a serious problem; unemployed workers __________________

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Immediate Benefits• Creates ___________, _________________ nation, and encourages

____________________________ progress• ___________________ expands, clothing is _________________,

_______________ and ____________________ improve• Workers eventually win shorter _____________,and better ______________ &

__________________________

Long-Term Effects• Improved living and working conditions still evident __________________• Governments use increased _____________ revenues for urban improvements

The Mills of Manchester

Manchester and the Industrial Revolution• Manchester has ______________, __________________________, and a nearby

_____________ at Liverpool• Poor live and work in unhealthy, even _______________________, environment • Business owners make ________________by risking their own money on factories• Eventually, working class sees its standard of living _________________________

Children in Manchester Factories• Children as young as _______ work in factories; many are ___________________• 1819 Factory Act restricts working ______________ & _________________• _________________________________ fouls air, poisons river• Nonetheless, Manchester produces ____________________________ goods and

creates ______________________

As cities grew, people crowded into tenements and row houses such as these in London.

A young worker pulls thread from bobbin during spinning process at a textile mill. Photograph (1909), Lewis Hine.

Industrialization in the United States• U.S. has ___________________ and labor resources needed to industrialize• _____________________, English textile worker, builds textile mill in U.S.• Lowell, Massachusetts a mechanized textile center by __________• _________________________ towns spring up around factories across the country• Young single ___________________ flock to factory towns, work in textile mills• _________________ & ______________________ are industries soon mechanized

SECTION

3 Industrialization Spreads Industrial Development in the United States

Later Expansion of U.S. Industry• Industrialization picks up during __________________________technology boom• Cities like Chicago expand rapidly due to location on ________________________• Small companies merge to form larger, powerful companies

The Rise of Corporations• __________________ — limited ownership rights for company, sold to raise money• ___________________ — company owned by stockholders, share profits not debts• Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can

Continental Europe Industrializes

Troubles in Continental Europe• Revolution and __________________ wars disrupted early 19th-century economy

Beginnings in Belgium• Belgium has ______________ ore, ______________, and __________________

transportation • __________________ workers smuggle in machine plans, start companies (1799)

Germany Industrializes• There are political and economic barriers; but industry, _______________________

boom by mid-century

Expansion Elsewhere in Europe• Bohemia develops spinning; Northern Italy mechanizes ______________ textiles • Industrialization in _________________ is more measured; agriculture remains

strong

The Impact of Industrialization

Rise of Global Inequality• _______________ gap widens; non-industrialized countries fall further behind• European nations, U.S., Japan exploit ____________________ for resources• ______________________ spreads due to need for raw materials, markets

Transformation of Society• Europe and U.S. gain _______________________ power• African and Asian economies lag; they are based on ________________________,

and crafts• Rise of the _______________________ strengthens democracy, creates calls for

social reform

Reforming the Industrial World

Laissez-faire Economics• ________________________ — economic policy of not interfering with businesses • Originates with __________________________ economic philosophers• ________________________ — defender of free markets, author of

The Wealth of Nations• Believes economic liberty guarantees economic ___________________• Economic natural laws — ________________________, _____________________,

supply and demand

SECTION

4

The Philosophers of Industrialization

The Economists of Capitalism• Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo boost laissez-faire capitalism• ______________________ — system of privately owned businesses seeking profits• Malthus thinks _______________________ grow faster than food supply• _____________ & ____________________ kill off extra people or misery and

poverty result • Ricardo envisions a permanent, _______________ underclass providing cheap labor

Adam Smith’s ideas were central to the development of capitalism.

Utilitarianism• Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism — judge things by their _____________________• John Stuart Mill favors ____________________ to help workers & spread wealth

The Rise of Socialism

Utopian Ideas• Robert Owen improves workers’ conditions, rents cheap housing• In 1824, Owen founds _________________ community, New Harmony, Indiana

Socialism• Socialism — factors of production owned by and operated for the

_____________________• Socialists think __________________________ control can end poverty and bring

equality

Marxism’s Prophets• _________________ — German journalist proposes a radical socialism, Marxism• ___________________________ — German whose father owns a Manchester

textile mill

Marxism: Radical Socialism

The Communist Manifesto• Marx and Engels believe society is divided into warring ___________________• Capitalism helps the “haves,” the employers known as the ____________________• Hurts the “have-nots,” the workers known as the _________________________• Marx & Engels predict the workers will overthrow the ____________________

The Future According to Marx• Marx believes that ________________________ will eventually destroy itself• ______________________ would cause workers to revolt; seize factories and mills• _________________________ — society where people own, share the means of

production• Marx’s ideas later take root in __________________, _____________, ____________• Time has shown that society is not controlled by ___________________ forces alone

Karl Marx developed a radical type of socialism known as Marxism.

Unionization• ____________________ — associations formed by laborers to work for change• Unions negotiate for better _____________ and conditions with employers• Sometimes they ________________ — call a work stoppage—to pressure owners• ___________________ workers are first to form unions • In _________________ & the ___________, workers must fight for the right to

form unions• Union goals were higher _________________, shorter _______________,

improved ________________________

Labor Unions and Reform Laws

Reform Laws• British & U.S. - laws passed to stop worst abuses of ________________________• 1842 Mines Act in Britain stops _____________________ & _________________

from working underground• In 1847, workday for women & children limited to _________ hours in Britain• U.S. ends _________________________, sets maximum hours in 1904

The job of this young "tipple boy" was to unload coal cars by tipping them over. Photograph. West Virginia, Lewis Hine.

The Abolition of Slavery• In 1833, reformers help end slavery in British empire• Slavery ends in U.S. in 1865; ends by 1888 in rest of Americas

The Reform Movement Spreads

The Fight for Women’s Rights• Women pursue economic and social rights as early as 1848• International Council for Women founded 1888; worldwide membership

Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life• Reformers establish free public schools in Europe in late 1800s• Public schools common in U.S. by 1850s; prison reform also sought

Women march to commemorate the first suffragette arrested in London. Photograph (about 1905).