The Industrial Revolution

An Overview

1700 - 1900

Production Before The Industrial Revolution: Food

• All goods were made by hand or grown on the farm.

• Farmers grew just enough food to survive.• Surpluses might be exchanged for goods

made in towns

Why life is so different now?

• The Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution• Definition

– the shift from making goods by hand to making them by machine

Overview of Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution creates great wealth but also great social and economic inequality, which caused a push for political, social, and economic reforms

In what country did the Industrial Revolution begin?

• The Industrial Revolution began in England in the

1780’s

Why did the Revolution begin in England?

• Because England had the 3 factors for production necessary for industrialization

What are the 3 factors of production?

• land

• labor

• capital

Land includes

• Natural resources such as:– water power and coal to

fuel new machines– iron ore to construct

machines, tools, and buildings

– rivers for inland transportation

– harbors from which merchant ships set sail

Labor

• An increase in population created a surplus of workers

• enclosed farms pushed farmers off the land and into the cities

Capital

• A strong economic and political stability in England encouraged private investment

• banks gave loans to invest in new machinery and to expand operations

• business people invested in the manufacturing of new inventions

What was the first industry to be transformed by the revolution?

• Textile industry

– Britain’s textile industry clothed the world in wool, in linen, and cotton.

Major inventions in the textile industry

• Inventions which transformed the manufacture of cloth– flying shuttle

– spinning jenny

– water powered spinning wheels

Spinning Jenny• The Spinning Jenny

was an 18th century cotton spinning machine designed by James Hargreaves in 1764..

• By turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once.

Power Loom• This invention made it

possible for weaving to become a large-scale factory based industry. Before the invention of the power loom it was handloom weavers who made cloth. These were men who worked in the basements of their homes using wooden hand powered looms to weave cloth

Flyer Spinning Frame• Introduced by Richard

Arkwright in 1769, the flyer spinning frame is powered by the drive wheel at the bottom, drawing out the fiber into thread, then twisting it as it is wound onto the bobbins.

Water Powered Mill

• Water turned the paddles of a wheel, which in turn moved grinding stones or other mechanical devices.

Developments in England had an impact on the rest of the world

• Example:– England’s cotton

came from plantations in the American South, where cotton production increased in response to demand from the textile mills in England.

How might America respond to meet this demand for cotton?

• Bring in more slaves to work the crops

• inventions to help in the cotton industry– Eli Whitney’s

cotton gin, for example

Cotton Gin

American Cotton Production• Thanks to Eli

Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin, cotton production in the U.S. skyrocketed from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810.

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1790 1810

cotton

Transportation expands

• Invention of the steam engine, which connected consumers, producers, and suppliers

• Construction of canals• Railroads, which promoted the

iron and steel industries, where the Bessemer Process was introduced

• Construction of better roads

Steam Engines…..

• Did you know…Early

trains had no brakes, so

passengers had to get out

and pull the train to a stop.

James Watt improved the steam engine in 1765.

In 1804, Richard Trevithick used the first steam-driven locomotive.

In 1821, George Stephenson began work on the world’s first railroad line.

What 19th century technological innovation increased trade along rivers?

Robert Fulton was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing the first commercially successful paddle-wheeled steamboat.

Answer: The

Steamboat

More about………roads

• Did you know…– In the 1700s, British roads were so bad that rain

and mud often made roads impassable. Men were known to drown in potholes. In one region, an inland lighthouse was built to guide travelers over treacherous roads.

Changes in Life…

• People moved to cities to work in factories. This movement of people to cities is called urbanization.

• Cities were not prepared for this increase.

People crowded into already crowded houses.

Rooms were rented to whole families or perhaps several families.

If there were no rooms to rent, people stayed in lodging houses.Pollution

Chimneys, bridges and factory smoke blocked out most of the light in the towns.

A layer of dirty smoke often covered the streets like a blanket.

This came from the factories that used steam to power their machines.

The steam was made by burning coal to heat water.

Burning coal produces a lot of dirty, black smoke.

New Class Structure

During the Industrial Revolution a new class structure emerged. Upper Class

• Very rich business families

• Members of the class often married into

nobility.

Upper Middle Class

Business people and professionals (Lawyers and Doctors)

High standard of living

Lower Middle Class• Below the upper middle

class• Made of teachers, office

workers, and shop owners

The Bottom• Factory workers and

peasants.• Harsh living and working

conditions.

Working Conditions of the factories

• Factory work hours were long.• Men, women, and even children worked for 12 to 16 hours a day.• Mass production methods led to work that was boring.• Many machines were dangerous.• Many people lost limbs in machines.• Dim lighting.

Factory ConditionsIn the nineteenth century many young children worked in the fields. Other poor children worked in textile factories or in the mines to help with the family income. Gradually new laws changed all this. Today we would be shocked at the idea of children as young as nine working for twelve hours a day in a mill or a mine or a field – it would be against the law!

ReformsFactory Act of 1833 – Illegal to hire children under

9. Children 9-12 couldn’t work more than 8 hours a day. Children 13-17 could not work more than 12 hours a day.

Mines Act of 1842 – Illegal to hire women and children to work underground.

Ten Hours Act of 1847 – Limited the workday to 10 hours for women and children in factories.

Other Reforms• End of Slavery –

– Britain abolished slavery in 1833– The United States abolished slavery in 1865– Puerto Rico ended slavery in 1873– Cuba ended slavery in 1886

Women’s Rights– Women began the movement for rights in 1848.– Women received the right to vote in America in

1920.

Primary Source – Living ConditionsRead the following passage from the book Mary Barton and answer the questions below.

You went down one step even from the foul area into the cellar in which a family of human beings lived. It was very dark inside. The window-panes many of them were broken and stuffed with rags…..the smell was so fetid (foul) as almost to knock the two men down….they began to penetrate the thick darkness of the place, and to see three or four little children rolling on the damp, nay wet brick floor, through which the stagnant, filthy moisture of the street oozed up. Elizabeth Gaskell, Mary Barton

_____1. What does fetid mean? A. Good smell b. Nice smell c. Bad smell

_____2. Was the area a good place for children? A. Yes b. No

_____3. Where did the family live? A. The attic B. An apartment c. The cellar

_____4. What kind of lighting did they have? A. very good B. almost none c. quite a bit

_____5. How many children were there? A. Less than 2 b. Less than 3 c. Less than 4

_____6. How many men went to observe the home? A. More than 1 b. More than 2 c. More than 3

_____7. The author of the story is _____? A. Mary Barton B. Elizabeth Gaskell

_____8. The author feels sympathy for the family? A. True B. False

_____9. The family in the story is working class? A. True B. False

_____10. The family in the story is used to the smell? A. True B. False

Based on what you know about the Industrial Revolution, decide if the following statements are True or False.

_____11. Everyone lived like this family. A. True B. False

_____12. The working class grew too quickly and cities were not prepared for it. A. True B. False

_____13. The factory owners were worried about their workers. A. True B. False

_____14. People lived longer in the cities than the countryside. A. True B. False

_____15. Most of the workers came from the countryside. A. True B. False