THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1700-1900Chapter 9

Pages 280-309

THE BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

Section 1

Revolution??? Industrial Revolution?

Increased output of _____________________________ goods that began in ____________________ in the middle 1700’s Spread to rest of Europe & North America

Before Revolution? People wove _________________ by __________________ People made _________________ by

___________________

Agriculture Paves the Way… Wealthy landowners bought up _________________,

enclosed the land with __________________, & then experimented __________________ farmers were forced to become

___________ farmers or they gave up farming & moved to _______________

Led to more _____________________________________& harvesting methods = more ______________________________

__________________– invented the _____________in 1701. Allowed farmers to ___________seeds in well-spaced rows

at specific __________________ = boosted crop yields Before this, farmers just _____________________ seeds on

_____________ the ground

Rotating Crops One of the best developments by

_____________________________ farmers

Improvement on the _______________________ system

Planted _______________________ crops in different fields each year to keep _____________________ in the soil (4-field system)

Why it Began in England? Large population of ________________________ Extensive ____________________ resources

Water power & __________________ _______________ to construct machines, tools, &

buildings __________________ for transportation __________________ for merchant ships

Expanding economy, business men invested _______

Highly developed ____________________________ ________________________ stability

____________________ passed to encourage & protect business _____________________________

Inventions in Textile Industry _________________ – created a

“_________________” made of ________________ that had a ___________ shaped design & ______________ was attached. It __________________ a weaver’s work in a day.

________________________– invented a spinning wheel, “__________________________”, that let a worker to uses ______ threads at a time

_________________________ – invented the water frame that used __________________ instead of hand power to move the ____________________________

_____________________ – “______________________” made thread stronger, ______________ , & more consistent. It used __________________________.

_____________________________– power loom sped up the ______________________ process

_____________________– “_____________________”, machine used to remove the ________________ from the raw cotton. This ___________________________ the amount of cotton that could be cleaned in a day.

Improvements in Transportation ________________________– made the

______________________ work faster & more efficient while burning _________________________

________________________________ – built a steamboat “______________________” & it made it’s first successful trip in _______________ & was then used as a ferry on _______________________________

_______________________– improved ____________ in England by putting a layer of ________________ down for drainage & then put crushed rocks on top. “_____________________________” roads.

The Railway Age Begins _______________________________– built the world’s

first _______________________ line. __________ miles long & used _______ locomotives. Also invented the “_________________” steam engine that

could haul ______ tons at _________ miles per hour (very fast for 1830)

Major effects of the locomotive…. _____________________________ transportation

Spurred _____________________________ growth Boosted England’s agriculture & ________________ industries

Created _______________________for railroad workers & miners

Encouraged people to _____________, ________________, & take __________________ further away from home

INDUSTRIALIZATION

Section 2

Industrial Cities Rise ________________________ - after 1800, more

people living in ________________ than _______________ areas b/c of the growth of ________________ jobs that paid more Cities built ______________, usually near

_______________ _______________________ – most important city &

became Europe’s ________________________ city

Factories were built _________________to each other b/c they all were near _____________ (____________) for power

Living Conditions No _____________________ plans, no ______________ codes,

no ___________________codes Whole families lived in ________________ room ______________ spread fast b/c dark & dirty conditions Avg. life span in city – _______ years, rural areas – _______ years

Cities lacked adequate housing, ____________________, & ________________________

________________ streets had no _________________ & ________________________heaps were left on them

Wealthy merchants & factory owners lived lavish lifestyles, built _______________ in the ________________

Factory Working Conditions

Average person worked ________ hours a day, ________ days a week

Factories were not ________ well & very __________

Many ____________________ by machines

______________________ had the most dangerous job – the work made their life span _________ years shorter due to the conditions

Cheapest sources of labor were __________________________________________

The Middle Class Factory owners, ________________, & merchants _______________ workers, professionals,

business people, & _____________________ farmers

____________________________________… Government employees, doctors, lawyers, &

managers of factories, mines, & shops Low-Middle Class…

Factory overseers, skilled workers; ___________________, mechanical ___________________, & printers

Positive Effects of Ind. Rev. Created ______________ for workers Contributed to the _______________ of the nation Encouraged _______________________ progress &

______________________________ Increased the production of ____________________ Raised the _________________________________________ __________________________________________ Better ______________________________ Cheaper mass-produced ____________________________ Expanded _________________________ opportunities

INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS

Section 3

In the United States Had the same _______________needed as in

England

Began with the __________ industry just like England

1813 - _____________________________ & 4 others mechanized every stage in the manufacturing of ____________ and set up a factory in _________________________________. Became _________________ center & model for other

cities Rural young single _______________ left homes for

jobs to make higher wages working _______ hours a day _____ days a week

The _____________________ experienced most of the industrial growth in the 1800’s

Most of the U.S. was _____________________ until after the _________________ (1865) then experienced the industrial boom due to… Wealth of natural resources: _______, coal,

___________ Lots of new inventions: electric _______________,

telephone Growing __________________ population

Cities near _______________________ also grew; Chicago & _____________________________

In Germany Imported ____________ equipment &

____________________

Sent _____________________ to England to learn industrial management

Built ______________________ that linked manufacturing cities

Due to the economic growth they were able to develop as a ____________________________

Impact of Industrialization Increased ________________________ b/t

industrialized nations & poverty in poorer nations Widened the ________________b/t the two types of

nations

Industrialized countries used less-developed nations (_______________________) to gain _______ materials

_______________________ grew out of the Ind. Rev. b/c of the need for resources & ___________________

REFORMING THE INDUSTRIAL WORLD

Section 4

Laissez-Faire Economics __________________ policy of letting

______________ of industry & business set working conditions w/out interference from the __________________________ A _________________________ unregulated Free trade & no ____________ regulations =

______________

__________________ term means… “let do” “ let people _________________________________”

From the philosophers of the _____________________________

Adam Smith Professor at University of

________________________

Wrote, ___________________________________, 1776 Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress

The three natural laws of economics… Law of __________________: People work for their own

good Law of _________________: Forces people to make a

better product Law of ______________________________: enough goods

will be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand

Capitalism An economic system in which the factors of

production are ____________________________ & money is invested in business ventures to make a profit

_____________________________ wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798 Population increased more rapidly than

_____________________________ w/out war & __________________________ to kill, people

were destined to be poor & miserable

_________________________ wrote Principles of Political Economy & ______________________, 1817 Permanent underclass would always be

_______________ ___________________ would be forced down as

population increased

Smith, Malthus, & Ricardo all opposed __________________ efforts to help poor workers. Creating _____________________________ laws & better

working conditions would… upset the free market system _____________________ profits Undermine the production of _________________ in

society

Utilitarianism Introduced by ________________ philosopher

_________________________________ gov’t actions are useful only if they promote the

greatest ______________ for the greatest ____________________________________________

His beliefs… People should judge ideas, institutions, & actions on

their utility (_________________________) Individuals should be free to pursue his/her own

________________________ w/out interference from ___________________________

_______________________________ questioned unregulated __________________________

His beliefs… It was wrong workers led deprived lives & wanted to

help the __________________ working population by having an ________________ division of profits

Favored a _____________________ system of agriculture

Saw the need for __________________________ , including voting rights

Pushed for reforms in _______________ system, ____________________ system, & education system

Utopian Ideas “A _____________________ living place” ____________________– owned cotton mill in

______________________ & wanted to help the working class living in poverty

His Solution… Built ____________ near factory & ______________ them at

low rates Children ____________________couldn’t work in his factory Provided free __________________________________

Tried a cooperative community in ______________________ Only lasted _____ years, but was an inspiration for others

Socialism Factors of production are owned by the

_______________ & operate for the welfare of all Grew out of ___________________ view of human

nature, belief in progress, & concern for __________________________

Supporters Believed… _____________ should plan economy rather than

depend on free-market capitalism Gov’t control of __________________, mines, railroads,

& other key industries would end ________________ & promote equality

Marxism: Radical Socialism ___________________ introduced a radical type

of socialism called Marxism in the ________ page pamphlet called ______________________________ Written by Karl Marx & ___________________________

Marx’s Background… German Studied _____________________, journalism, &

economics Left Germany for ________________________ in 1849 Earned a meager living as a

__________________________

The Communist Manifesto Humans have always been divided into ___________

“Haves” – middle class or employers called the ______________________________

“Have-nots” – workers called the ______________________

The wealthy controlled ______________ of producing goods, the poor performed the ________________ under terrible conditions

_____________________ enriched the wealthy & _________________________ the poor

Prediction – workers would

___________________________ the owners

Marx’s Beliefs ____________ system would eventually destroy

itself Workers would __________, seize the

_____________, & then produce what society ________________

Workers would share the _______________ = economic __________________

Workers would control gov’t by __________________

Final phase “________________________” – complete socialism in which the means of production (land, mines, factories, railroads, & businesses) would be owned by the____________________________ ** _______________________________would NOT exist All goods & services would be shared equally by the

people

Effects of Marx & Engels 1848 & 1849 – widespread revolts, but were

eventually crushed

1900’s – inspired Russia (_____________), China (_______________), & Cuba (___________________)

Each adapted the beliefs to fit their own specific situations

Unionization Workers joined together in

______________________ labor associations Engaged in ______________________ b/t workers

& employers for better working _______________, higher pay, etc.

If owner refused, workers would _______________

___________________ outlawed unions until 1825 people were ________________ or lost their job

Reform Laws in England ____________________– illegal to hire children

under ________ years old, kids ___________ couldn’t work more than 8 hours, ____________couldn’t work more than 12 hours

_________________________– prevented women & children from working underground

________________________- limited work day to 10 hours for women & children

Other Reforms Abolition of _____________________

Women’s rights – _____________________________

___________________________– free education

Prison Reforms – means to lead _______________ lives upon ____________________ & better conditions