the industrial revolution, 1700–1900 the industrial revolution begins in britain, spreads to other...

The Industrial Revolution, 17001900 The Industrial Revolution begins in Britain, spreads to other countries, and has a strong impact on economics, politics, and society.

Section 1 The Beginnings of Industrialization Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain I. New Ways of Working A. Industrial Revolutiongreatly increases output of machine-made goods B. Revolution begins in England in the middle 1700s

II. The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way A.Enclosureslarge farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges B. Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers C. Enclosures allow experimentation with new agricultural methods

III. Rotating Crops A.Crop rotationswitching crops each year to avoid depleting the soil B. Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve food supply

IV. Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England A.Industrializationmove to machine production of goods B. Britain has natural resourcescoal, iron, rivers, harbors C. Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment D. Britain has all needed factors of productionland, labor, capital

Inventions Spur Industrialization V. Changes in the Textile Industry A. Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and spinning jennies B. Water frame uses water power to drive spinning wheels C. Power loom, spinning mule speed up production, improve quality D. Factoriesbuildings that contain machinery for manufacturing E. Cotton gin boosts American cotton production to meet British demand

Improvements in Transportation VI. Watts Steam Engine A. Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine B. James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton C. Boulton an entrepreneur organizes, manages, takes business risks

VII. Water Transportation A. Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807 B. Englands water transport improved by system of canals VIII Road Transportation A. British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads

The Railway Age Begins IX. Steam-Driven Locomotives A.In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam- driven locomotive B. In 1825, George Stephenson builds worlds first railroad line X. The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad A. Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester B. Stephensons Rocket acknowledged as best locomotive (1829)

XI. Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain A. Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs B. Cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people move to cities

Section 2 Industrialization CASE STUDY: Manchester The factory system changes the way people live and work, introducing a variety of problems.

Industrialization Changes Life I. Factory Work A.Factories pay more than farms, spur demand for more expensive goods

II. Industrial Cities Rise A. Urbanizationcity-building and movement of people to cities B. Growing population provides work force, market for factory goods C. British industrial cities: London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool

III. Living Conditions A.Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums B. Life span in one large city is only 17 years C. Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes D. Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes E. Cities also without adequate housing, education, police protection

IV. Working Conditions A. Average working day 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round B. Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers C. Many coal miners killed by coal dust

Class Tensions Grow V. The Middle Class A. Middle classskilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, professionals B. Emerging middle class looked down on by landowners, aristocrats C. Middle class has comfortable standard of living

VI The Working Class A. Laborers lives not improved; some laborers replaced by machines B. Luddites, other groups destroy machinery that puts them out of work C. Unemployment a serious problem; unemployed workers riot

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution VI. Immediate Benefits A. Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress B. Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve C. Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and conditions

VIII. Long-Term Effects A. Improved living and working conditions still evident today B. Governments use increased tax revenues for urban improvements

The Mills of Manchester Manchester and the Industrial Revolution A. Manchester has labor, water power, nearby port at Liverpool B. Poor live and work in unhealthy, even dangerous, environment C. Business owners make profits by risking their own money on factories D. Eventually, working class sees its standard of living rise some

Children in Manchester Factories A. Children as young as 6 work in factories; many are injured B. 1819 Factory Act restricts working age, hours C. Factory pollution fouls air, poisons rivers D. Manchester produces consumer goods and creates wealth

Section 3 Industrialization Spreads Industrial Development in the United States I. Industrialization in the United States A. U.S. has natural and labor resources needed to industrialize B. Samuel Slater, English textile worker, builds textile mill in U.S. C. Lowell, Massachusetts a mechanized textile center by 1820 D. Manufacturing towns spring up around factories across the country E. Young single women flock to factory towns, work in textile mills F. Clothing, shoemaking industries soon mechanize

II. Later Expansion of U.S. Industry A. Industrialization picks up during post- Civil War technology boom B. Cities like Chicago expand rapidly due to location on railroad lines C. Small companies merge to form larger, powerful companies

III. The Rise of Corporations A. Stocklimited ownership rights for company, sold to raise money B. Corporationcompany owned by stockholders, share profits not debts C. Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can

Continental Europe Industrializes IV. Troubles in Continental Europe A. Revolution and Napoleonic wars disrupted early 19th-century economy V. Beginnings in Belgium A. Belgium has iron ore, coal, water transportation B. British workers smuggle in machine plans, start companies (1799)

VI. Germany Industrializes A. Political, economic barriers; but industry, railroads boom by mid-century VII. Expansion Elsewhere in Europe A. Bohemia develops spinning; Northern Italy mechanizes silk textiles B. Industrialization in France more measured; agriculture remains strong

The Impact of Industrialization VIII. Rise of Global Inequality A. Wealth gap widens; non-industrialized countries fall further behind B. European nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies for resources C. Imperialism spreads due to need for raw materials, markets

IX. Transformation of Society A. Europe and U.S. gain economic power B. African and Asian economies lag, based on agriculture, crafts C. Rise of middle class strengthens democracy, calls for social reform

Section 4 Reforming the Industrial World The Industrial Revolution leads to economic, social, and political reforms.

The Philosophers of Industrialization I. Laissez-faire Economics A. Laissez faireeconomic policy of not interfering with businesses B. Originates with Enlightenment economic philosophers C. Adam Smithdefender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations 1. Believes economic liberty guarantees economic progress 2. Economic natural lawsself-interest, competition, supply and demand

The Economists of Capitalism II. Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo boost laissez- faire capitalism A. Capitalismsystem of privately owned businesses seeking profits B. Malthus thinks populations grow faster than food supply 1. Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and poverty result C. Ricardo envisions a permanent, poor underclass providing cheap labor

The Rise of Socialism III. Utilitarianism A. Jeremy Benthams utilitarianism judge things by their usefulness B. John Stuart Mill favors regulation to help workers, spread wealth

IV. Utopian Ideas A. Robert Owen improves workers conditions, rents cheap housing B. In 1824, Owen founds utopian community, New Harmony, Indiana

V. Socialism A. Socialismfactors of production owned by, operated for the people B. Socialists think government control can end poverty, bring equality

Marxism: Radical Socialism VI. Marxisms Prophets A. Karl MarxGerman journalist proposes a radical socialism, Marxism B. Friedrich Engels German whose father owns a Manchester textile mill

VII. The Communist Manifesto A. Marx and Engels believe society is divided into warring classes B. Capitalism helps haves, the employers known as the bourgeoisie C. Hurts have-nots, the workers known as the proletariat D. Marx, Engels predict the workers will overthrow the owners

VIII. The Future According to Marx A. Marx believes that capitalism will eventually destroy itself B. Inequality would cause workers to revolt, seize factories and mills C. Communismsociety where people own, share the means of production D. Marxs ideas later take root in Russia, China, Cuba E. Time has shown that society not controlled by economic forces alone

Labor Unions and Reform Laws IX. Unionization A. Unionsassociations formed by laborers to work for change B. Unions negotiate for better pay, conditions with employers C. Sometimes they strikecall a work stoppageto pressure owners D. Skilled workers are first to form unions E. Movement in Britain, U.S. must fight for right to form unions F. Union goals were higher wages, shorter hours, improved conditions

X. Reform Laws A. British, U.S. laws passed to stop worst abuses of industrialization B. 1842 Mines Act in Britain stops women, children working underground C. In 1847, workday for women, children limited to 10 hours in Britain D. U.S. ends child labor, sets maximum hours in 1904

The Reform Movement Spreads XI. The Abolition of Slavery A. In 1833, reformers help end slavery in British empire B. Slavery ends in U.S. in 1865; ends by 1888 in rest of Americas

XII. The Fight for Womens Rights A. Women pursue economic and social rights as early as 1848 B. International Council for Women founded 1888; worldwide membership

XIII. Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life A. Reformers establish free public schools in Europe in late 1800s B. Public schools common in U.S. by 1850s; prison reform also sought

Chapter 10 An Age of Democracy and Progress, 18151914 Democratic ideals strongly affect Europe and its colonies, the United States expands its borders, and technology and science change daily life.

Section 1 Democratic Reform and Activism Spurred by the demands of the people, Great Britain and France underwent democratic reforms.

Britain Enacts Reforms I. A Severely Limited Democracy A. In the early 1800s, vote limited to men with substantial property B. Women could not vote at all; upper classes (5%) run the government

II. The Reform Bill of 1832 A. 1832 bill gives middle class suffragethe right to vote B. Also gives thriving new industrial cities more representation

III. Chartist Movement A. Chartist movementexpands suffrage and reform politics B. Demands suffrage for all men, secret vote, Parliamentary reforms C. Parliament at first rejects, but eventually adopts, Chartist goals

IV. The Victorian Age A. Queen Victoriarules for 64 years at height of British power B. Loses power to Parliament, especially House of Commons C. Government run almost completely by prime minister, cabinet

Women Get the Vote I. Organization and Resistance A. Many women organize to win the right to vote B. Some argue against it as too radical a break from tradition C. Others say women do not have ability to engage in politics

II. Militant Protests A. Emmeline Pankhurst forms Womens Social and Political Union B. After 1903, WSPU members protest, go to jail, stage hunger strikes C. Women do not win suffrage in Britain and U.S. until after World War I

France and Democracy I. The Third Republic A. France changes governments repeatedly after Franco-Prussian War B. Third RepublicFrench government formed in 1875, lasts 60 years II. The Dreyfus Affair A. Dreyfus affairspy controversy over Jewish officer in French army B. Anti-Semitismprejudice against Jews, strong in much of Europe C. Government eventually declares Captain Alfred Dreyfus innocent

Section 2 Self-Rule for British Colonies Britain allows self-rule in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand but delays it for Ireland.

Canada Struggles for Self-Rule I French and English Canada A. Canada was originally home to many Native American peoples B. Later, problems between Catholic French, Protestant English settlers C. Canada split: Upper Canada (English), Lower Canada (French)

II. The Dominion of Canada A. Canadians want central government to protect interests against U.S. B. In 1867, Dominion of Canada formed C. Dominionself-governing but part of British Empire III. Canadas Westward Expansion A. First prime minister of Canada is John MacDonald B. Expands Canada to Pacific, then builds transcontinental railroad

Australia and New Zealand I. James Cook Explores A. Captain Cook claims New Zealand (1769), part of Australia (1770) B. Cook encounters Maorinative people of New Zealand C. Australian native peoples called Aborigines by Europeans

Maori Man Pictured from theMaori village @1880 - adoption time of Captain Cookof English wear/customs

II. Britains Penal Colony A. In 1788, Britain starts colonizing Australia, makes it penal colony B. Penal colonyplace where convicts are sent to serve their sentences C. Upon release, prisoners could buy land and settle

III. Free Settlers Arrive A. Free people eventually settle both locations B. Settlers introduce sheep; wool becomes major export C. Government offers cheap land to encourage immigration IV. Settling New Zealand A. Britain recognizes Maori land rights until conflicts in 1839 B. In 1840, British recognize Maori land rights, rule New Zealand

V. Self-Government A. In early 1900s, both Australia and New Zealand get limited self-rule B. In 1850s, Australians are first to use the secret ballot C. In 1893, New Zealand the first nation to grant women suffrage VI. Status of Native Peoples A. Colonists displace, kill many Maori and Aborigines B. European diseases also take a heavy toll

The Irish Win Home Rule I. A Troubled History A. English expansion into, domination of Ireland begins in the 1100s B. Irish Catholic majority resents English laws favoring Protestants II. The Great Famine A. Irish peasants depend heavily on potatoes for nourishment B. 1845-1848 potato famine destroys entire crop; one million out of eight million people die C. Millions flee Ireland to U.S., Canada, Australia, Britain

III. Demands for Home Rule A. Many Irish want home rulelocal control over internal affairs B. Home rule finally granted in 1914, postponed by World War I IV. Rebellion and Division A. Frustrated Irish nationalists stage failed Easter uprising in 1916 B. Irish Republican Armyunofficial military force seeking independence C. In 1921, Ireland splits; Northern Ireland remains part of Britain D. South becomes Irish Free State, then Republic of Ireland in 1949

Section 4 Nineteenth-Century Progress Breakthroughs in science and technology transform daily life and entertainment.

Inventions Make Life Easier I. Edison the Inventor A. Thomas Edison patents over 1,000 inventions in research laboratory II. Bell and Marconi Revolutionize Communication A. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone B. In 1895, Italian Guglielmo Marconi builds first radio

Inventors and Inventions

New Ideas in Medicine I. The Germ Theory of Disease A. Louis Pasteur discovers existence of bacteria while observing fermentation B. He and others quickly discover that bacteria cause disease C. British surgeon Joseph Lister links bacteria to surgical problems D. Sterilizing instruments reduces deaths from infection E. Medical researchers develop vaccines; cities improve sanitation

New Ideas in Science I. Darwin Challenges Traditional Beliefs A. Charles DarwinEnglish scientist develops theory of evolution B. In 1880s most people believe in special creation by God

II. Darwins Theory of Evolution A. Darwins idea of natural selection says competition elevates fittest B. Fittest then breed, their offspring share their advantages C. Gradually, over generations, species change; new species evolve D. Theory of evolutionspecies change slowly through natural selection

III. Mendel and Genetics A. Austrian monk Gregor Mendel discovers patterns to inherited traits B. Mendels work begins the science of genetics Dominant and recessive phenotypes. (1) Parental generation. (2) F1 generation. (3) F2 generation

IV. Advances in Chemistry and Physics A. In 1803, John Dalton theorizes all matter is made of atoms B. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev creates periodic table of the elements C. Radioactivitytype of energy discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie D. Ernest Rutherford says atoms have a nucleus surrounded by electrons

Dalton and Mendeleev The Curies

Social Sciences Explore Behavior I. New Ideas in Social Science A. Sciences of archaeology, sociology, anthropology B. begin in 1800s II. Psychologystudy of human mind, behavior A. Ivan Pavlov believes human actions actually unconscious reactions B. Sigmund Freud studies unconscious, develops psychoanalysis C. Freud, Pavlov shake Enlightenments faith in reason

Ivan PavlovSigmund Freud

The Rise of Mass Culture I. From Leisure Culture to Mass Culture A. Mass cultureart, music, writing, entertainment for large audience B. Leisure activities (movies, music) now available to working class II. Music Halls, Vaudeville, and Movies A. Traveling acts feature music, juggling, dancing B. In 1880s, people develop early projections of moving images C. By the early 1900s, filmmakers produce the first feature films

III. Sports Entertain Millions A. Spectator sports draw huge crowds; modern Olympics in Greece, 1896 1896 Baltimore Orioles Rutgers College, 1882

the industrial revolution, 1700–1900 the industrial revolution begins in britain, spreads to other...

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