Chapter 25The Industrial Revolution

1700-1900

Sections 1, 2, and 4

Section 1The Beginnings of Industrialization

Defined

The Industrial Revolution refers to the drastic increase in output production that began in England in the mid 1700s Used machines (prior to the

revolution, all materials were woven by hand)

From England, the revolution spread quickly to Continental Europe and North America

Agricultural Revolution Leads

Around 1700, wealthy landowners began to buy up more and more land

This did 2 things: Allowed them to experiment with

new methods

Forced small farmers to move to the cities

Large landholders used enclosures (large fenced in fields) to begin experimenting with new methods

Crop Rotation

Of all the agricultural developments, crop rotation proved most advantageous

Instead of using the three-field system, farmers could plant the entire field

By changing the crops being produced each season, the could avoid placing too much of a burden on the soil

Livestock farmers also increased production by selectively breeding the largest animals

Why England?

Had extensive natural resources Water power and coal

Iron ore

Rivers

Harbors for traders

Extensive banking system People could get loans

Climate of progress

Simply put, Britain had all the factors of production (land, labor, and capital (money))

Inventions Make Things Easier Textile (clothing) industry will be one

of the first to change Weaving shuttle led to

Spinning jenny (8 threads at a time)

Using water power, they took the need of manual labor out of the process

New inventions led to more rapid production of goods The cotton gin allowed America to go

from 1.5 million pounds to 85 million pounds in just 20 years

The size of new inventions led to the need of factories (large building where merchants could set up productive machines)

Changes to Transportation

Watts, thanks to an entrepreneur (person who takes the risks of running a business) named Boulton, created the first steam engine

Steam powered ships allowed faster/cheaper movement of goods

Railroads were next to add steam engines

Gave manufacturers a cheap was to transport goods

Created thousands of new jobs (iron and coal miners)

Connected people from country to the city and vice versa

And Now…

Finish Chapter 25 Crossword Due tomorrow at the beginning of class

Industrial Revolution Project Look over the options for the project. Select three of the

options that you will complete by next Wednesday.

Begin working on your project.

Warm-up #1 (25.1)TURN IN CHAPTER 25 CROSSWORD

1. What term describes the period of increased output of machine-made goods in the 18th Century?

2. What “revolution” led to small farmers moving to cities, enclosures becoming standard for large landholders, and new methods of farming?

3. What are the three factors of production for the Industrial Revolution?

4. In which nation did the Industrial Revolution begin?

1. Industrial Revolution

2. Agricultural

3. Land, Labor, and Capital

4. Britain

Section 2Industrialization

Mixed Results

While the Industrial Revolution improved the quality of life for most, it also led to some suffering Unhealthy working conditions

Air/water pollution

Child labor

Class tensions

Rise in Cities

Factory (building where most production took place) work became more profitable than farming by the mid 1800s

Industrialization and the factories that resulted led to urbanization the growth of cities and the

movement of people to the cities

The need for sources of energy (water and coal) led to growth in certain areas London became twice as

populated as the second most populous city in Europe (Paris)

Living/Working Conditions

The surprising speed of city growth did not allow for planning Government size, sanitary

codes, building codes

Not enough housing, schools, police

Living conditions in crowded cities brought the life expectancy down to 17 (compared to 38)

Average workday was 14 hours per day/6 days a week for the entire year

Women and children made the cheapest labor source

Class Tensions

New wealth created a new class The middle class referred to the

new wealth of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and the large scale farmers

The middle class sometimes grew more wealthy than the nobles

Social distinctions still separated them (upper class looked down on the middle class workers)

The working (lower) class saw little improvement in their lives Some would begin riots against

the factories

Positive Effects

Jobs created

Wealth of nations greatly increased

Technological progress/invention

Production of goods increased which resulted in a higher standard of living for most Healthier diets, better homes,

cheaper/better clothing

Education improved

And Now…

Industrial Revolution Project Continue working on your project

New due date: Monday, March 9

Chapter 25 Quiz tomorrow

Warm-up #4

5. What caused urbanization to occur throughout Europe in the 1800s?

6. What was the relationship between the new middle class and the landowners/aristocrats following industrialization?

7. What problem(s) resulted from urbanization?

8. How did living conditions change following industrialization?

5. Industrialization

6. The “old money” looked down on the wealthy middle class

7. Not enough housing

8. Living conditions worsened

Section 4Reforming the Industrial World

Industrial Philosophies: Capitalism

Founder: Adam Smith

The Wealth of Nations Self-interest

Competition

Supply and demand

Key Elements Laissez-faire approach by

government – “let do” – free market vs government intervention

All means of production should be owned privately

Communism

Founder: Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto

Class warfare (haves vs have-nots)

Wealth was built on the backs of the poor

Key Elements Everything is controlled by the

government (communism)

Eventually the government would fade away and people would just work together

Socialism

Introduced utilitarianism – people should act on only what is useful to society

Government should enact policies that would help the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Attempted to create a more, but still not equal, economic balance of nations

People who wanted to reign in the uncontrolled company growth of industrialization supported socialism

The factors of production were owned by the government

Unions To give them more political power,

workers voluntarily came together in an association (union) in the 1800s

The union spoke on behalf of ALL workers in a particular industry

Benefits of Unions

Collective bargaining

Union Strike

The more skilled the industry, the more power they had (carpentry vs. custodial)

Some countries attempted to ban unionization but were unsuccessful

In the US in 1886, the unions joined together to form the American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Industrial Reforms Emerge

Initially only the worst offenses were dealt with Limited child labor (1833)

Unsafe factories/mines (1842)

Women (1847)

Banned child labor (1904)

Most reforms occurred in the US and Britain

Reform Spreads

Industrial reforms led to changes in other aspects of culture

Slavery Britain banned it in 1833

US did not until 1865

Brazil was last – 1888

Women’s Rights While women could work now,

they earned 1/3 of what men did

Public Education

Prisons

And Now…

Study/Take the Chapter 25 Quiz

Chapter 27 Vocab Crossword

DUE TOMORROW Industrial Revolution Project

Continue working on your projectNew due date: Monday, March 9