Revolution and Nationalism, 1900–1939

QUIT

Chapter Overview

Time Line

Visual Summary

SECTION Revolutions in Russia 1

SECTION Patterns of Change: Totalitarianism2

SECTION Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule 3

SECTION Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia 4

30CHAPTER

MAP

GRAPH

HOME

Chapter Overview

Social unrest in Russia erupts in revolution. Under Stalin, the U.S.S.R. becomes a totalitarian state. After the Qing dynasty falls, Chinese Nationalists and Communists clash. World War I fuels nationalism in India and Southwest Asia.

30CHAPTER Revolution and

Nationalism, 1900–1939

1912 Chinese Nationalist oust the last Qing emperor.

1923 Turkey becomes a republic under Mustafa Kemal.

30CHAPTER

Time Line

1900 1939

HOMERevolution and Nationalism, 1900–1939

1905 Russian workers protest, asking for better conditions.

1920 Gandhi leads Indian campaign of civil disobedience.

1934 Mao Zedong heads Long March.

1935 India gains self-rule.

1929 Stalin exiles Trotsky from Soviet Union.

The Russian Revolutions of 1917 end czarist rule and usher in the first communist government. Lenin seizes power and launches major economic and political reforms.

Overview Assessment

Key Idea

Revolutions in Russia 1HOME

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

Long-term social unrest in Russia erupted in revolution, ushering in the first Communist government.

The Communist Party controlled the Soviet Union until the country’s breakup in 1991.

Overview

Revolutions in Russia 1

Assessment

• pogrom

• Trans-Siberian Railway

• Bolsheviks

• V. I. Lenin

• Duma

• Rasputin

• provisional government

• soviet

TERMS & NAMES

HOME

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List significant events during the last phases of czarist rule and the beginning of Communist rule.

Revolutions in Russia 1

Section 1 Assessment

continued . . .

HOME

1891

1894

1917

1921

1922Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad begins.

Nicholas II becomes the last Russian czar.

Russian Revolution ends czarist rule.

Lenin launches New Economic Policy.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is formed.

2. What do you think were Czar Nicholas II’s worst errors in judgment during his rule? Why? THINK ABOUT

Section

Revolutions in Russia 1

1 Assessment

• the czar’s military decisions • the political outcome of “Bloody Sunday”

ANSWER

continued . . .

Involvement in the Russo-Japanese War, the czar’s refusal to share power with the Duma, Russia’s entry into World War I, and the czar’s change of headquarters to the war front all paved the way to revolution and the end of czarist rule.

Possible Responses:

HOME

Section

Revolutions in Russia 1

1 Assessment

ANSWER

Lenin was able to win and maintain power because of his energetic, disciplined leadership; his awareness of the demands of various groups in Russian society; his careful planning; and his ability to tackle difficult problems and crises.

Possible Responses:

HOME

3. Why was Lenin’s leadership crucial to the success of the Russian Revolution? THINK ABOUT

• Lenin’s personal traits • his slogan—“Peace, Land, and Bread” • his role in organizing the Bolsheviks • his role after the Revolution

End of Section 1

After Lenin’s death, Stalin transforms the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state. He revolutionizes the economy and uses terror, propaganda, and censorship to maintain power.

Overview Assessment

Key Idea

Totalitarianism 2HOME

CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia PATTERNSOF CHANGE

MAP

Totalitarianism 2HOME

CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia PATTERNSOF CHANGE

After Lenin died, Stalin seized power and transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state.

More recent dictators have used Stalin’s tactics for seizing total control over individuals and the state.

Overview

Assessment

• Joseph Stalin

• totalitarianism

• command economy

• collective farm

• kulak

• Great Purge

• socialist realism

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMESMAP

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Cite examples from Stalinist Russia for each weapon of totalitarianism listed below.

continued . . .

Totalitarianism 2HOME

CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia PATTERNSOF CHANGE

Weapons Examples

Police Terror

Propaganda

Censorship

Religious Persecution

Great Purge, execution of kulaks

Socialist realism, training of youth

Government-controlled media

Destruction of buildings, elimination of leadership

MAP

Section 2 Assessment

ANSWER

Totalitarian: centralized under one leader, control all sectors of society and people’s lives, rely on force and propaganda

Democratic: separation of powers, run by elected leaders, allow private ownership and freedom, maintain military for defense

Possible Responses:

2. How do totalitarian states and constitutional governments differ? THINK ABOUT

• the chart explaining the key traits of totalitarianism • what you have learned about constitutional

government in the United States • what you learned about the Soviet Constitution

Totalitarianism 2HOME

CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia PATTERNSOF CHANGE

End of Section 2

MAP

Section 2 Assessment

In 1912, Chinese nationalists overthrow the Qing dynasty and establish a new republic. Civil war erupts as Nationalists and Communists vie for control of China.

Overview Assessment

Key Idea

Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule

3HOME

After the fall of the Qing dynasty, nationalist and Communist movements struggled for power.

The seeds of China’s late-20th-century political thought, communism, were planted at this time.

Overview

Assessment

• Kuomintang

• Sun Yixian

• Mao Zedong

• May Fourth Movement

• Long March

3

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

HOMECollapse of Chinese Imperial Rule

3

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare and contrast Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong.

Section 3 Assessment

continued . . .

HOMECollapse of Chinese Imperial Rule

Jiang Mao

Party

Key Supporters

Reforms

Military Actions

Nationalist Communist

Bankers and business people

Peasants

Launched programs to modernize cities

Divided land among local farmers

Defeated warlords Established Red Army

3

Section 3 Assessment

ANSWER

2. What influence did foreign nations have on China from 1912 to 1938? THINK ABOUT

• the outcome of the Treaty of Versailles • the role of the Soviet Union • the temporary truce during the Chinese civil war

continued . . .

HOMECollapse of Chinese Imperial Rule

• The Treaty of Versailles triggered the May Fourth Movement.• Western democracies refused to support Sun’s

government, but the Soviet Union did.• Great Britain and United States recognized the

Nationalist Republic of China. • Japan’s invasion of China united Jiang’s and Mao’s forces.

Possible Responses:

3

Section 3 Assessment

ANSWER

• Failures of the Kuomintang

• Corruption in Jiang’s government

• Soviet Union’s involvement in Chinese affairs

• Poverty of peasants

• Mao’s strong leadership

Possible Responses:

3. What caused the Communist revolutionary movement in China to gain strength? THINK ABOUT

• the Soviet Union’s influence • the conditions of rural peasants

End of Section 3

HOMECollapse of Chinese Imperial Rule

• Jiang’s government and policies

• Mao’s role and achievements

World War I heightens nationalist activity and independence movements to overthrow colonial power. Gandhi uses nonviolent tactics to free India from British rule. Turkey, Persia, and Arabia also seek self-rule.

Overview Assessment

Key Idea

Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia

4HOME

GRAPH

Nationalism triggered independence movements to overthrow colonial power.

These independent nations—India, Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia—are key players on the world stage today.

Overview

Assessment

• Mohandas K. Gandhi

• civil disobedience

• Mustafa Kemal

4

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

HOME

GRAPH

Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe the different forms of nationalism that developed in the Asian countries listed below.

4

continued . . .

Section 4 Assessment

HOME

GRAPH

Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia

Forms of Nationalism1900-1939

India

Turkey

Persia

Saudi Arabia

Nationalists use nonviolent methods to work for independence

from British rule.

• Nationalists overthrow last Ottoman sultan.

• Kemal seeks Western-style modernization.

• Nationalists free Persia from British and Russian

rule.• Reza Shah changes country’s name to Iran.

Ibn Saud unifies the nation and creates a state

based on Islamic law.

Section 4 Assessment

ANSWER

2. What do you think a nation might gain and lose by modernizing? THINK ABOUT

• what positive changes occurred in Turkey and Iran

• why Kemal set rules for clothing

4

• why Gandhi wore only homespun cloth

Gains—increased economic and political power; greater acceptance and respect from Western nations; equal rights for women

Losses—a unique sense of cultural identity; traditional values and ways of life

Possible Responses:

HOME

GRAPH

Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia

• why modernization was limited in Saudi Arabia

End of Section 4