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PRESENTATION

On Techniques of Data

Collection in Qualitative Method

Presented By

Tahmina Ferdous TannyNusrat Jahan

Shah Thufayel Miah Department of Public Administration

M. S. S. 1ST Semester

Content

Interview

Observation

Focus Group Discussion

A verbal technique for obtaining

data direct from the primary source.

A very systematic method by which

a person enters deeply into the life

Even a stranger and can bring out

needed information and data for the research purpose.

Interview

C. F. Cannell and R. N. Kahn (1975): There are three essential element of

interviews

Accessibility

Cognitive Condition

Motivation

Elements of Interview

Honesty

Interest

Accuracy

Adaptability

Personality and temperament

Intelligent and education

Special skill

Appropriate preparation

Qualities of Interviewer

From of strict structural point of view we can identify three types of interview:

A. Structured Interview

B. Unstructured Interview

C. Semi-structured Interview

Types of Interview

The use of a set of pre-determined questions

Highly standardized techniques of recording

The use of fixed, alternative questions

The use of close ended questions

The question order are pre-determined.

Structured Interview

Non-standardize interviewing Do not follow a list of pre-determined question Freedom to talk on whatever events Provide their own definition of the social situation It is very complex process. Use open ended questionnaire

Un-structured Interview

Semi-structured Interview

A pre-determined set of questions & questions arise

when interviewing an a person

To develop a keen understanding of the topic of interest

A subjective experience of respondent

It  preceded by observation, informal and unstructured interviewing

Semi-structured Interview

Besides These

Clinical Interview

Telephone Interview

E-Mail Interviews

It may not be possible to gather groups of individuals or to visit one-on-one

An asking a small number of general questions

Closed site access Use open ended question

A researcher does not have direct contact with the participant Limited communication to understand the interviewee’s

perceptions of the phenomenon

Telephone Interview

A geographically dispersed group of people

To provides rapid access to large numbers of people

To promote follow-up conversations

To raise complex ethical issues

E-Mail Interviews

May be unstructured, semi structured, or structured

Try to understand individual feeling and motivation

Information of the client is willing to share

Face-to-face interaction between a client and interviewer

An intake interview, an admission interview, a mental status exam or a diagnostic

interview.

Clinical Interview

Observation

Observe- to see and notice Observation -action or process of watching & listening to gain information

1) Participant 2) Non- participant3) Experiment

Independent & Dependent variable Pre- testing, pro-testing Experimental & control groups

4) Audio visual/recording observation

Types of observation

Process enabling researchers to learn about the activities of the people by becoming a part of the population or the subject. Discipline: Anthropology, Sociology

Participant observation

Live in the community, make relationships

with informants. Take part in way of life, rituals, customs to

know cultural parameters know cultural members manners, leadership,

politics, social interaction, and taboos Observer does his recording or note when he is alone.

Example: To know the culture, lifestyle of tribal community (e.g Chakma), become a part of them.

Participant observation

Understand a phenomenon by staying separate from the activities being observed.

Observing participants unobtrusively. Use of recording devices (video or tape

recorder)  to know contours of talk (e.g. intonation), body behavior (e.g. facial expression, eye gaze)

Example: Teacher Provides a problem to the Students & divides them into team, observes how they make solution.

Non- participant

A mode of observation that takes action & observe the consequences of that action. Select a group of subjects Do something to them Observe the effect of what was done It involves 3 components Independent & Dependent

variable, Pre- testing, post-testing, Experimental & control groups

Experiment

Independent variable – cause

Dépendent variable – effect

Example

Independent & Dependent variable

Independent variable• Depression for

result, relationship• Mixing up with bad

company• Failure in exam• Interest in drugs

becomes habit• Divorced parents• Availability of drugs

Dependent variable

IncreasingDrug addiction among young generation

Pre- testing –measurement before incidentpost-testing- measurement after incidentExampleRate of sharing videos, picture, trolls, statues on social networking sites before & after India vs Bangladesh cricket matchIndicator : Result of the matchIf Bangladesh wins sharing is high before & after the match If Bangladesh losses sharing is less

Pre- testing, post-testing

Experimental group: to which stimulus is appliedControl group: to which no stimulus is appliedExample : Compare the attitudes & activities of two groups of criminals from jail

Experimental & control groups

Control group

People who are outside of jail by

parole

Experimental group

people who are staying in the jail

Experimental GroupExperimental

group

• Teach them good manners• Give them books, magazines

to read• Train & motivate them to be

skilled• Show them movies

Stimulus

Experimental & Control Groups

Experimental group Control group Compare: same?

Compare: different?

Figure : Diagram of Experimental design

Measure attitude & activities

Apply stimulus

Re measure attitude & activities

Re measure attitude & activities

Measure attitude & activities

Audiovisual

Consist of images or sounds

For example: Pictures, photographs, videotapes, objects, sounds Focus

The central phenomenon

under study.

Advantage people easily relate to images share directly their perceptions of reality Disadvantage They are difficult to analyze

Focus group discussion(FGD)

Formally organized, structured groups of individuals

“In-depth” research technique

discuss  a specific topic of interest

guide future action

also called group interviewing

Sample size

Typically 5 to 15 people

For example: political or marketing research

Focus group discussion(FGD)Advantage

The technique is a socially oriented research

method capturing real-life data in a social environment.

It has flexibility.

It has high face validity.

It has speedy results.

It is low in cost

Disadvantage

Focus groups afford the researcher less control than individual interviews.

Data are difficult to analyze.

Moderators require special skills.

How are focus groups different from regular "groups"?

has a specific, focused discussion topic. 

a trained leader, or facilitator. 

carefully planned to create a nonthreatening

environment

Members are actively encouraged

Why are focus groups used?

learn more about group or community opinions and needs

what people are really thinking and feeling, their expression

depth and complexity of response

When should you used FGD

a new program or service

asked or answered on a written survey

time, knowledge, and resources

Procedure for conducting FGD

Before you begin, Recheck your goals. Find a good leader Find a recorder. Decide who should be invited. Decide about incentives. Decide on the meeting particulars. Prepare your questions. Recruit your members Double-check. When the group meets Conduct the group Some common techniques After the meeting Look at the data Share results with the group.

Thank you?