proceedings volume 2 - unud

Proceedings

Arte-Polis 6 International Conference Imagining Experiences:

Creative Tourism and the Making of Place

Bandung, 4-5 August 2016

Volume 2

School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung

INDONESIA

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Proceedings Arte-Polis 6 International Conference and Round Table Discussion Imagining Experiences: Creative Tourism and the Making of Place Bandung, 4-5 August 2016 Arte-Polis 6 Advisory Committee Christopher SILVER, Prof. (University of Florida - United States of America) Nezar ALSAYYAD, Ph.D. (Univ. of California, Berkeley - United States of America) Alexander CUTHBERT, Prof. (em). (University of New South Wales - Australia) Mohammad DANISWORO, Prof.(em). (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Dr. Ir. Myra Puspasari GUNAWAN, MT. (Center for Tourism Planning and Development ITB - Indonesia) Himasari HANAN, Dr.-Ing. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Setiawan SABANA, Prof. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Indra Budiman SYAMWIL, Ph.D. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Togar M. SIMATUPANG, Prof. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Eku WAND, Prof. (Braunschweig Univeristy of Art - Germany) Basauli Umar LUBIS, Ph.D. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia)

Chairman, Arte-Polis 6 Organizing Committee Arif Sarwo WIBOWO, Dr.Eng.

Reviewers Allis NURDINI, Dr. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Aswin INDRAPRASTHA, Ph.D. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Foujita YASUHITO, Dr.Eng. (Tokyo Institute of Technology - Japan) Heru W. POERBO, Dr.-Ing. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Himasari HANAN, Dr.-Ing. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Indah WIDISATUTI, Dr. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Indra Budiman SYAMWIL, Dr. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Ismet Belgawan HARUN, Ph.D. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Iwan SUDRADJAT, Ph.D. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Lenia MARQUES, Dr. (Bournemouth University - United Kingdom) Masashi MORITA, Dr.Eng. (Yokohama National University - Japan) Monica SMIT, Dr. (TU Delft - The Netherland) Rino WICAKSONO, Dr. (Institut Teknologi Indonesia - Indonesia) Setiawan SABANA, Prof. Dr. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Surjamanto WONORAHARDJO, Dr. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Tubagus Furqon SOFHANI, Ph.D. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Wiwik Dwi PRATIWI, Ph.D. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia)

Editors Indah WIDIASTUTI Nova ASRIANA Hafshah SALAMAH School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung

ISBN 978-602-74872-0-8 (jil.2)

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Copyright and Reprint Permission All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrival system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Arte-Polis Organizing Committee.

All Rights Reserved. © 2016 by School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, INDONESIA Tel. +62-22-2504962, Fax. +62-22-2530705 Email: [email protected]

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PREFACE

The sixth biennial Arte-Polis International Conference between the 4-5 August 2016 brings together to Bandung, Indonesia, creative champions from different places around the world, to share and learn from each others creative experiences in the making of places. Under the theme of Imaginig Experiences : Creative Tourism and the Making of Place Arte-Polis 6 underlines the importance of local art & craft, built envirnonment and landscape as reflections of creative energy, cultural richness, environmental diversities, quality of living, traditions of its people, and potential for tourism. Creative Tourism reffer to tourism within the frame of creative community and place-making and their reflections in spatial structure, planning, ethic, policy-development, business, environmental discourse and ICT. The aim of Arte-Polis 6 is to connect together practitioners, academics, community leaders, government officials, policy-makers, artists and other creative professionals from diverse disciplines and regions around the world to shares concerns about the growing trend of tourism and environment sustainability in its relation to the nature of creative culture and creative communities in urban, rural and pastoral places, particularly in response to contemporary situations of globalization, neo-liberal economy, the advent of digital technology, environmental issues and the positions and role of society and public realm in the discourse of creative culture. Keynote and Featured Speakers provide a platform for discussion of Conference theme to be elaborated in parallel sessions of the Conference Tracks: Arief YAHYA, Dr. – Minister of Tourism, Republic of Indonesia, INDONESIA Feng HAN, Prof. – College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University Shanghai, CHINA Greg RICHARDS, Prof. – Breda University of Applied Sciences, NETHERLANDS Lenia MARQUES, Dr. – Bournemouth University, UNITED KINGDOM Frans TEGUH, Dr. – Ministry of Tourism, Republic of Indonesia, INDONESIA Budi FAISAL, PhD. – Center of Tourism Planning and Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung, INDONESIA In this publication, Parallel Session papers are compiled to provide an insight for reflection and sharing of the best practice experiences from over 15 countries. We trust that you will find Arte-Polis 6 International Conference on Arte-Polis 6 Imaginig Experiences : Creative Tourism and the Making of Place a rewarding and enriching learning experience worth sharing. The Editors Arte-Polis 6 International Conference

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CONTENTS

Preface ................................................................................................................. iv

Contents ................................................................................................................ v TRACK A Creative Tourism, Community and Design Praxis

Practicing Endurance: Rethinking Urban Informality Practice on Dago-Car-Free Street, Bandung, Indonesia Fath NADIZTI, Andrew HARRIS ................................................................................... 1

Spatial Arrangement of Street Vendors as Natural Surveillance at Culinary Destination Area Tenrita RIZKIATI, Acmad Hery FUAD ........................................................................ 10

Experiential Tourism as Response to the Sustenance of a Cultural Landscape – The case of Banni, Kutch, Gujarat, India Jayabharathi P., Ranee VEDAMUTHU ...................................................................... 22

Structural Development of a Corridor in Surabaya Based on Livable Street and Cafe Society Muhammad Imam FAQIHUDDIN, Endang Titi Sunarti B. DARJOSANJOTO, Haryo SULISTYARSO .................................................................................................. 36

Sensible Architecture: Bamboo Eco Tourism and Community Development in Indonesia. Case Study: Ubud Bali & Tentena Poso Tony SOFIAN, Iwan SUDRAJAT, Baskoro TEDJO ........................................................ 47

Architecture and Narrative: Design Approach on Contemporary Balinese Architecture on Yoka Sara’s Work Dea Aulia WIDYAEVAN ............................................................................................. 59

Transforming a Village in Tanimbar Island, Maluku into Tourism Destination Pandu Bambang SISWOTOMO, Wiwik Dwi PRATIWI, Heru Wibowo POERBO ......... 69

Developing Culinary Tourism: To Support Local Tourism Development and Preserving Food Heritage in Indonesia Dini HAJARRAHMAH, Melani Daniels LLANDS ......................................................... 78

Branding a City Through Re-Making History: The Spatial and Social Mapping of Traditional Cake-making Industries in the Tin Smelting Heritage Town of Muntok – Bangka Kemas Ridwan KURNIAWAN, Muhammad Naufal FADHIL, Rousan Ilmy HUSTAMELY, Sutanrai ABDILAH ............................................................................... 88

Resonance in Silence: Revitalization of Maragondon River through C.R.E.E.A.T.I.V.E. Nodal Planning Lorenzo Miguel A. FERRER, Marichu Leila V. UY, Joshua S. CUNANAN, Rico N. SISON .................................................................................................................... 100

Tamil and Chinese Relationship in the Making of Place Morida SIAGIAN ..................................................................................................... 110

Accessing Universal Design Features towards Creating Accessible Tourism Facilities in Kuala Lumpur Ati Rosemery MOHD ARIFFIN, Mastura ADAM, Norjumawati SABRAN ................. 119

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Co-creation in Creative Tourism: Adding the Value of Batik Maya DAMAYANTI, LATIFAH .................................................................................. 129

Dwelling Transformations as Residents’ Creative Efforts in Response to Tourism Development in Pantai Kartini, Indonesia Mega SESOTYANINGTYAS, Wiwik Dwi PRATIWI, Ismet Belgawan HARUN ............ 135

Sustainable Tourism by Community Participation Herry HUDRASYAH, Ilma Aulia ZAIM, Ima FATIMA ................................................ 145

Reinvent Bayan Village Nature – Heritage Tourism Deni SUSANTO ........................................................................................................ 151

Agent-Based Modelling as Revaluating Design Strategy for Urban Creative Experience Nova ASRIANA, FIRMANSYAH, Aswin INDRAPRASTHA ........................................... 160

Urban Coworking Space: Creative Tourism in Digital Nomads Perspective Gierlang Bhakti PUTRA, Fauzan Alfi AGIRACHMAN ............................................... 169

Optimization of the Develop Regions Through the Development of Food Tourism with the Principle of Urban Acupuncture R. Winton DANARDI, ADRIANTO, Videl Farinsi OEMRY .......................................... 179

Street Vendors as Subculture Phenomenon in Culinary Tourism in Bandung City Pradita CANDRAWATI, Erica Ivonny TEK, Sheryl LIVIANA ....................................... 189

Jakarta Coastal Tourism: Optimization Coastal Setback Utilization in North Jakarta Island Reclamation as Recreational Public Space Woerjantari K. SOEDARSONO, Riardy SULAIMAN, Ganesha G. MANGKOESOEBROTO ............................................................................................. 199

Place Attachment of Youth Peoples in Tana Luwu towards Historical Sites of Kedatuan Luwu NURHIJRAH ............................................................................................................. 209

Preliminary Studies of Urban Design Guidelines for Cultural Heritage District in Bandung Old City Tubagus M. Aziz SOELAIMAN, Yogie Dwimaz SUSANTO, David Anugrah KURNIAWAN ........................................................................................................... 215

Tourism Planning of Sundanese Cultural Landscape in Indonesia Mohammad Zaini DAHLAN, H.S Arifin NURHAYATI, Katsue FUKUMACHI .............. 225

Transformative Place Making and Religious Tourism in a Village of Peri Urban Bandung: Local Creative Strategy Wiwik D. PRATIWI, Indah SUSANTI, SAMSIRINA..................................................... 236

Selasar Sunaryo and Wot Batu, a Creative Stimulus for Tourism in the Area of Bukit Pakar Timur Street, Ciburial Village, Bandung District Indah Widiastuti, Anwar Saiful, Kartamihardja Andrie I. ....................................... 247

Stay, Play, and Learn at Bali Aga Traditional Village Himasari HANAN .................................................................................................... 257

Aesthetic Aspects of Padung-Padung as Preference in Design Souvenir of Karo Tourism ARIANI .................................................................................................................... 267

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TRACK B

Digital Technology Enabling Creative Tourism and Experience

Creating a Themed Experience: Consumer Destination in Beijing and Shanghai Xiao QIAN , Timothy HEATH ................................................................................... 278

Research and Development in Electric Smart Public Transportation to Create a More Pleasant Public Experience Yannes Martinus PASARIBU, Freddy CHRISSWANTRA ........................................... 289

Landscape’s Reflection: Creative Strategy of Re-Composing Landscape Experience Diandra Pandu SAGINATARI, Paramita ATMODIWIRJO ........................................ 300

Optimizing Natural Ventilation in Designing Budget Hotel for Thermal Comfort in Bandung Debby SEFTYARIZKI, M. Prasetiyo Effendi YASIN, Surjamanto WONOHARDJO ...... 309

Agrotourism Landscape Planning of Organic Flour Company in Mountainous Sundanese Rural Area. Study Case: Gasol Pertanian Organik Company in Cugenang, Cianjur District, West Java Sotya Ardana RESWARI, Dhian DAMAJANI, Agus SOERIAATMADJA ...................... 319

Augmented Reality for Enriching Experience for Creative Interaction Display in Mount Merapi Museum, Yogyakarta Bertha BINTARI ....................................................................................................... 326

iDiscover App: Using New Media and Mobile Technology to Enhance Cultural Tourism Experience Ester VAN STEEKELENBURG, Yuen Man TANG ...................................................... 335

TRACK C Creative Strategy, Innovation and Policy Making for Heritage and Cultural Landscape

The Analysis of a Heritage Campus Using the Principle of the Second Man Jocelyn A. Rivera LUTAP .......................................................................................... 349

Spiritual Tourism: A New Approach of Travel and Religious Practice to Manage Urban Sustainability Arif KUSUMAWANTO, Hasti WIDYASAMRATRI ...................................................... 360

Making of Place for City Tourism with Power Approach Imam Faisal PANE, Devin Defriza HARISDANI ........................................................ 369

The Role of Quadruple Helix in Creative Tourism Around Cihampelas Shopping Street Bandung City, Indonesia: Work in Progress or Status Quo? Ratna L NUGROHO, Gai SUHARDJA ........................................................................ 379

Tourism Development with Combination of Heritage Value and Visual Design to Build Creative City. Case Study: Yogyakarta City Angga FAUZAN ....................................................................................................... 391

Heritage Works - Heritage - led Urban Regeneration and Place Making Pilot Project in Yangon Ester VAN STEEKELENBURG, Yuen Man TANG ....................................................... 399

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Community Preferences for Development with Cultures Landscape Approach Maya FITRI, Sugeng TRIYADI, Ismet B HARUN........................................................ 416

Campus Tourism: Constructive Co-existence of Tangible Heritage and Learning Institution Emilie Tiburcio GARCIA ........................................................................................... 427

Community Participation in Village Planning Case: Sangliat Dol, Tanimbar Islands Heru W.POERBO ..................................................................................................... 437

The Absence of Regional Regulation as a Catastrophes in Protection of Cultural Heritage Tourism; Case Study of Kampung Kapitan Palembang Listen PRIMA ........................................................................................................... 446

Walking Trail Model for Tourism Development in Dago Pojok Creative Village, Bandung Fithria Khairina DAMANIK, NASIMUSSABAH .......................................................... 455

Creative Strategy for Agrotourism Development in Cihideung Village, Peri-Urban Bandung Marisha DESLIA, NASIMUSSABAH, Fithria Khairina DAMANIK ............................... 465

Legal Aspects for Safeguarding and Management of The Cultural Heritage in Indonesia Isnen FITRI, Yahaya AHMAD ................................................................................... 474

The Strategy for a Living Historical City: Sustainable Tourism as a Creative Collaborative Practice Fedja VUKIĆ, Tihomir JUKIĆ, Ivana PODNAR, Jana ŠARINIĆ ................................... 484

Conserving Cultural and Landscape Heritage in Denpasar – Bali: A New Strategy from Various Stakeholders’ Perspective Tri Anggraini PRAJNAWRDHI .................................................................................. 495

Creative Strategy for Creating Public Space for Creative Tourism. Case: Pasar Kaget at Sunda Kelapa Mosque Ferro YUDISTIRA ..................................................................................................... 506

The Development of Subak Sembung of Kota Denpasar: A Cultural Landscape of an Agrarian to a Tourist-Based Society I Gusti Agung Bagus SURYADA, Gusti Ayu Made SUARTIKA ................................... 517

Corporatism, Tourism and Spatial Structure of The Bali Aga Settlement: The Case Study of Bugbug, Perasi and Seraya Village I Nyoman SUSANTA, Gusti Ayu Made SUARTIKA .................................................... 527

Cultural Innovation of Ulos Pattern Heritage as Creative Campaign to Promote Tourism in Toba Highland Arlinta Christy BARUS, Mariana SIMANJUNTAK, Frans PANJAITAN ....................... 537

Exploring a New Marketing Strategy for Ulos, a Traditional Textile from North Sumatera Ricardo SITUMEANG, Frederik SITUMEANG, Nancy MARGRIED ............................ 548

Characteristic and Development of Creative Tourism in Bandung Ricky FIRMANSYAH, Arief ROSYIDIE........................................................................ 559

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TRACK D Discourses on Creative Experiences in Tourism and Heritage

Becoming Awesomestow: Cultural Assets in Small and Medium-Sized Towns Julie RAMAGE, Lorna HARDS .................................................................................. 572

Spicing Up the Experience: When The Humble Street Cuisine Serves The Tourism Industry Prananda Luffiansyah MALASAN ........................................................................... 582

Is Creative Tourism Damaging Heritage Sites? A Case Study of Tenganan Pegringsingan Village, Bali, Indonesia Diana RAHMAN, Agung NARENDRA ....................................................................... 592

Finding Creative Ways for Sustainable Desa Wisata Muhammar KHAMDEVI, Helmut BOTT ................................................................... 603

The Missing Link in Agritourism Development: Lesson Learnt from Rural Development and Planning Evaluation Project Isti HIDAYATI, Jimly Al FARABY ............................................................................... 614

Tourism Impacts of Sail Komodo to Development of Komodo District in Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia Athina ARDHYANTO, Nissa Aulia ARDIANI ............................................................. 624

Selfie: Public Open Space and Self-Identity Nevi RAHMAWATI, Yessy Khemala FAHMI, Erni HENDRAYANI, Tutin ARYANTI ..... 634

Making Place for Cultural Legacies, Creative Culture, and The Tourist Development: Raging Depletion of Green Open Space in Bali I Ketut MUDRA, Gusti Ayu Made SUARTIKA ........................................................... 640

Tourism and The Architecture of Home: Changes in Spatial and Philosophical Formations of Puri in Bali A A Gde Djaja BHARUNA, Gusti Ayu Made SUARTIKA ............................................ 652

The Creation of Informal Spaces by Street Vendor in Jalan Cikapundung (Bandung) Achmad Syaiful LATHIF, Jovita Calista Romauli SITORUS, Ginani Hening UTAMI . .................................................................................................................. 661

The Impact of Tourism Industry on The Sustainability of Traditional “Bale Banjar” in Denpasar Christina GANTINI, Himasari HANAN ..................................................................... 671

WINS7

Highlight

TRACK D

Discourses on Creative Experiences in Tourism and

Heritage

D is co u r s e s o n C re a t iv e E x p e r ie n c es in T o u r i s m a n d H er i ta g e T r a c k D | 640

I Ketut MUDRA, Gusti Ayu Made SUARTIKA

Making Place for Cultural Legacies, Creative Culture, and The Tourist Development: Raging Depletion of Green Open Space in Bali I Ketut MUDRA Department of Architecture Udayana University INDONESIA [email protected]

Gusti Ayu Made SUARTIKA, Ph.D Department of Architecture Udayana University INDONESIA [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This article discusses a rampant depletion of Bali’s green open space (GOS). It examines the adaptation of many culturally strategic GOS to provide rooms for tourism. Arguments proposed within lead to consequences, that this situation has brought to the protection of cultural heritages and the formation of creative cultures, two inherent resources to the survival of tourism. It first discusses the complexity of green open spaces and their significances. Second, it examines the process of de-culturization caused by prevalent conversions of such spaces. Third, it studies about impacts, the whole situation may bring to the longevity of culture and tourism. Keywords : green open space, cultural legacies, creative culture, tourist development, land use conversion INTRODUCTION

Bali is only a small island between thousands of group of large and small islands in the archipelago. Like a proverb 'small is beautiful', since the Dutch colonial era, its beauty has been able to enchant and attract tourists to visit it. Picard (1992) stated that archipelago tourism began in 1908, when the last king of Bali was defeated by the Dutch colonial army. Vereeniging Toeristenverkeer in Netherlands Indies (associations that regulate the traffic of tourism in the Dutch East Indies) that are subsidized by the colonial government in that year opened an Official Tourist Bureau being in charge of pioneering and opening representative offices throughout Java and abroad. Although initially confined to the island of Java, since 1914 it had been able develop to Bali, which is known as "Pearl of the Nusa Tenggara Islands" (Picturesque Dutch East Indies, 1925). Since then tourism of Bali keeps growing naturally and is developed based on regulations set by the government. Bali then got various names, among others, Dewata Island, the island of thousand temples, Paradise Island, and the island of last paradise. It is then famous all over the world. Therefore, since the days of the old era to the new era, Indonesian government has made a policy on tourism as an outline



of the development of international tourism in Indonesia. Picard (1992) suggested that three studies become bases for the development of international tourism in Indonesia, including Bali. First, an influencing report on the future of tourism in the Pacific and the Far East, namely Checchi Report, conducted in 1958 by Harry Clement to the Ministry of Commerce of the United States. This report outlines the promising potential of tourism in the archipelago, especially diversity of specific culture, without ignoring the constraints faced in managing it, such as fragile infrastructure, less service quality, negative attitudes toward tourism, and a poor image due to disorder and endemic insecurity occurred in Indonesia. It also recommends actions to overcome the the most striking problems, but the main emphasis is on the need to prioritize the development of tourism in Bali, due to its fame to all over the world. Second, the study on marketing of international tourism future in Indonesia by Pan American Airways (1966), conclusions do not differ from the Checchi Report above, especially on the need to give priority to the development of tourism in Bali. Third, the design of Master Plan for Tourism Development in Bali by the French company SCETO (Societe Centrale pour I'Equipement Touristique Outre-Mer), a study conducted in 1971 aimed at ensuring a sustainable development of international tourism in Bali while taking care of resources of life and prosperity, and in particular to the plentiful cultural resources Explicitly, the three reports mentioned above from the beginning has set two important signals related to the development of international tourism in Indonesia, namely, the potential of cultural diversity and the need to prioritize development of tourism in Bali. The implication then is that Bali has always been at the forefront in the development of tourism in Indonesia. As one kind of new industry, the Department of Regional Tourism of Bali (Anonymous, 2002) acknowledged that tourism can generate rapid economic growth in terms of employment, income increment, living standards, and stimulate other productive sectors by way of tourism services, tourism objects and attractions, business tourism of goods, and other related businesses. The awareness of the cultural diversity is applicable through the policy of development of tourism in Bali which is based on cultural tourism with the motto "tourism for Bali instead of Bali for tourism." Cultural tourism is defined as one of the types of tourism that is developed based on culture. What it is meant is the culture of Bali as part of Indonesian culture based on Pancasila. Every action in the normative framework of tourism development is expected to remain resting on Balinese culture. Thus, all aspects related to tourism, such as promotions, attractions, architecture, ethics, organization, management pattern, food, souvenirs, are expected to the extent possible using the potential of culture of Bali (Geria, 1996). At this level of policy, it seems that the government's stand to make Balinese culture as a basic foundation of tourism development is so strong. The culture is then turned into one of the many important forces behind the development of mass tourism industry in Bali. It is made as recognition to the contribution of related industry feedback in developing traditions and encouraging creative cultural diversity. It is due to the fact that when tradition and culture are set as interesting tourist attractions as well as potentially income generation.



However, tourism also contributes unexpectedly and is often neglected. Like a double-edged sword, on the one hand it must be recognized that tourism sector can improve the economy of people of Bali, while on the other side, tourism also triggers the destruction of nature. Uncontrolled land use, from upstream to downstream, Bali is encroached by buildings. Mountains, hills, ravines, lakeside, riverside, seaside are open for tourism facilities. Forests, orchards, fields, and rice paddies are transformed to support the development of the tourism industry (Mudra, 2012). Tourism has destructive implications of the cultural heritage and creative culture. It especially has a truth value when the industry was built without adequate regulation system, only in favor of short-term monetary objectives, the intervention by the interests of the owners of capital per se, but neglecting approach aligned to the public, holistic, and sustainable. This condition is used in the context of the study of writing this article, to illustrate the loss of a variety of green open spaces in Bali. This paper carefully examines a variety of adaptations that have been done on this area, especially those that have a strategic role in accommodating a variety of tourism activities. The arguments put forward in it leads to consequences that may arise and affect the cultural relics protection efforts, as well as the appearance of the creative culture - two fundamental resources that determine the sustainability of the tourism industry COMPLEXITY OF GREEN OPEN SPACE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

Discourse on green open space becomes an important issue for almost a decade, along with the fear of mankind to the effects of global warming that hit almost all countries on the planet. The green house effect is often blamed as the main cause, but the lack of green open space has also become one of the triggers of global warming. As one of the typologies of public space, according to Carr (1992), green open space can be a public park and a central square. Nevertheless, the typology of public space varies and is in subtle difference that seems to be overlapping. Green open space that concerns more with ecological aspects suggested by Hakim (2000) is defined as a region or area of ground which is dominated by plants nurtured for preserving particular habitat, and/or a means of environment/town, and/or a security of infrastructure network, and/or an agricultural cultivation. In addition to improving the quality of the atmosphere, supporting the preservation of water and soil, the green open space in the middle of urban ecosystems also serves to improve the quality of the urban landscape The existence of green open space is very important in order to create a pleasant and livable city. To achieve these conditions, then the various functions associated with the presence of green open space - ecological, social, economic, architectural functions, and aesthetic value - should also work well. Yunus (2005: 102-103) states some functions of green open space in the city. They are: 1) as urban lungs; 2) as a giver of esthetics and sanitary; 3) as social facilities such as sports, recreation, arts performances, or social facilities; 4) as a safety lane on the area along the river, the area under high-voltage electricity network and the buffer zone (security function); 5) as a source of city revenue if managed correctly (income generated functions); 6) as the giver of an attractive image (beauty function); 7) as reserve land (land bank) for the development of certain functions in the future (land bank function); and 8) as



the guardian of the environmental balance as the city include air conditioning, a deduction pollution, increase the capacity of water absorption, surface (environmental quality function). From formal judicial aspect, the definition and set of Green Open Space is nationally stipulated by Law and Ministerial Regulation namely: (1) Law Number 26 Year 2007 on Spatial Planning stipulates that the definition of

green open space is an elongated area/line and/or in cluster of which use is more open, where the plants grow, both of which grow naturally or are deliberately planted. Green open space consists of public and private green open space. The proportion of green open space in urban areas is at least 30 (thirty) percent of the area and the proportion of public green open space in the city area is of at least 20 (twenty) percent of the total area of the city. Distribution of public green open space in urban areas is in accordance with population distribution and hierarchy service structure plans and spatial pattern.

(2) Regulation of Minister of Home Affairs Number 1 Year 2007 on Spatial Planning of Green Open Space in Urban Area stipulates that open spaces are spaces in the city or the wider region in the form of area/region as well as in the form of area extending / lane in which the user is more open basically without buildings. Green open space in urban area hereinafter abbreviated RTHKP is part of an urban open space filled by plants and crops to support ecological, social, cultural, economic, and aesthetic functions. An ideal scale of area allocated for RTHKP is of at least 20% of the total urban areas.

(3) Regulation of Minister of Public Works Number 05/PRT/M/2008 on Guidelines for the Provision and Utilization of green open space in urban area confirms that green open space is an elongated area/line and/or in cluster of which use is more open, where the plants grow, both of which grow naturally or are deliberately planted. The provision of green open space in urban areas by area are as follows: (i) green open spaces in urban areas consists of public and private green open spaces; (ii) the proportion of green space in urban areas is at least 30% of 20% of public green open space and 10% consists of private green open space; (iii) If the extent of both the public and private green open spaces in the city have a total area larger than regulation or legislation, then that proportion must be maintained. The proportion of 30% is the minimum sum to guarantee the balance of the ecosystem of the city, a good balance of the hydrological system and the balance of microclimates, as well as other ecological systems that can increase the availability of clean air needed by the community, and at the same time can increase the aesthetic value of the city.

For regional scale, the Bali Provincial Government set about the availability of green open space in their respective districts / cities through the Bali Province Regional Regulation Number 16 Year 2009 on the Provincial Spatial Plan of Bali Year 2009-2029. It is stipulated in Chapter IV: Structure Plan of Provincial Space, Part Two: Development Plan and Criteria of Urban System, Paragraph 2: Plan for Development of Urban System, Article 17 point (2) letter i mention: the provision of green open space in the city is at least 30% (thirty percent) of the total urban area, with the proportion rising to the status of urban lower areas



Figure 1. Balinese dance performed by a group of kids

at Lapangan Puputan Badung, Denpasar

In the context of the development of tourism, Bali is very concerned about the availability of ideal sustainable green open space. Moreover, with cultural tourism policy as a basic of development, function and role of this space is becoming increasingly significant in accommodating cultural heritage and a new culture born from the thoughts of the creative community of Bali. It is supported by the fact in which religion, customs, and traditions are very influential on Balinese culture which is reflected in the form of ideas (cultural system), a form of activity (social system), and the physical form/artifacts (physical system). The idea and physical forms / artifacts create the cultural work and a form of cultural activity using green open space as one medium (Figure 1). DECULTURALIZATION CAUSED BY UNCONTROLLED OMMISION OF GREEN OPEN

SPACE

One of the biggest challenges in maintaining the availability of green open space in Indonesia is the high conversion of agricultural land into non-agricultural. According to data from the Ministry of Agriculture (2013), a phenomenon in the field shows that the conversion of irrigated land in Indonesia continues to increase from year to year. In 2008, irrigated land area was recorded about 4,828,476.00 ha and in 2012 to 4,417,581.92 ha, which means that in the period of 2008-2012 irrigated land area was decreased to 410,894.18 ha or 102,723.45 ha each year. The decline in irrigated land area was much taken place in Java and Bali. Data from statistics bureau of Bali (2013) noted that during the period from 2002 to 2012, the wetland function in Bali reached 4,151 ha, which means that the rate of conversion of irrigated land reached 415.10 ha per year (Sriartha, et al., 2015: 329) Empirically, the phenomenon of conversion of irrigated land in Bali is not only triggered by population growth characterized by the dynamics of urban development, but also driven by the increasingly rapid development of the tourism sector. Even in the uncertainty of a national economy, the trend rate of conversion of paddy fields in Bali is even more massive and its acceleration is in line with the development of tourism. According Suparta (Antara Bali, 2012) violations to green line in Bali is higher; it proves that government is less strict to protect the area from development and land conversion. In Bali, the phenomenon of conversion to residential areas as well a means of supporting tourism, such as residential, hotel or villa built in the rice fields or green line areas takes place in Denpasar, Badung,



Gianyar, and Tabanan Regencies of which the characteristics are different: (1) in the city of Denpasar it is predominantly for residential development; (2) in the district of Badung and Tabanan it is more for housing construction and development of tourism support facilities; and (3) in the district of Gianyar it is generally developed for tourism support facilities. Based on the statement of how important Green Open Space is in the development of tourism in Bali, then there has been a gap between expectation and reality. That is, the existence of Green Open Space in Bali viewed from aspects of law and fact condition is very expected and needed, but at the same time the space is also not well treated through violated practices and omission. In a similar context, Suartika (2010a: 315) states that eliminated lands are those that are strategic lands functioning to support environmental order and cultural interaction patterns. This is consistent with theoretical study conducted by Keiser, Godschalk, and Chapin (1995), concerning with that the trend in land use showed a trend for the sector of social interests of society (in this category it includes Green Open Space as a venue for cultural activities) and environmental protection, which is marginalized by the need for land for economic activity. Land for both these interests are unlikely to convert then eliminate to accommodate the needs of other sectors raised land (in this paper it was presented by the tourism sector). Expansion of the tourism industry penetrating up to all sectors of life, triggers the legality for removal practices of wild and uncontrolled green open space. It would be a threat to the survival of the basic orders of culture, which has become the main pillar of the development of tourism in Bali. Power of Balinese culture by Suartika (2010a: 316) is dependent on customary systems practiced widely in public life. This system is very powerful entrenched in the society and is based on the life which is very closed to the natural environment and complex ritual practices related Balinese Hinduism. Indigenous community member strongly believes in the concept of balance and harmony of the cosmos. It is the source of happiness that is reflected through the harmonious relationship between human and God; human to human; and human with the surrounding natural environment. It puts humans at a central position which is the so-called Tri Hita Karana. Balinese culture made of meaningfully philosophical thought of cosmology is based on the concept of Tri Hita Karana, the harmonious relationship. Agrarian life, which has recently been a key sector for Balinese people's livelihood deals with Subak [1] (irrigation control system) with ritual activity and cultural heritage in physical form and the art of farming. The spirituality of members of subak is embodied in the form of shrine of ulun carik (the main part of the fields), where they pray for safety, fertility, and abundant harvests. They strongly believe that without divine intervention, no good outcome follows. It is carried out by offerings, maintaining a harmonious relationship between human and God the Creator (Figure 2).



(a) Temporary shrine

(b) Permanent shrine

Figure 2. Ulun Carik - a ritual element of a subak

Activities of farmers being members of subak are structured from nenggala-ngelampit (plowing fields), mewinih (sowing rice seeds), memula (planting rice seedlings), mejukut (removing weeds/invasive plant) mebiyukukung (ceremony before the rice is harvested), Manyi (harvesting rice), memunuh (picking remnants of rice after harvest) to the ceremony of ngelinggihang Dewa Nini/Dewi Sri (putting God of rice in in granary). The art of farming results in cultural activities to maintain harmonious relations between human and nature (Figure 3). Cultural creativity does not only take the form of routine works on rice field, but also post-cultural practices of both physical and intangible nuances of agricultural activity. To expel the fruit-eating paddy birds, farmers install lelakut (scarecrow), pinjekan (propeller), kulkul (gong), and kepuakan (split bamboo rods in noisy voice). To release tiredness, Sunari [2] and melayangan (playing kites) are the alternative activities done as shown in Figure 4.

(a) Nenggala-ngelampit activity

(b) Memula activity

(c) Mejukut activity

(d) Manyi activity

Figure 3. The subak and its activities



(a) Pinjekan and sunari

(b) Lelakut

(c) Playing kites

Figure 4. Physical representations and post-cultural activities

Utilization of green open space as a medium for actualizing the concept of Tri Hita Karana in urban areas refers to Tawur Kesanga [3] ritual held in the square or the city park. It is closely related to pengerupukan [4] ritual that results in creative cultural attractions, such as parade of ogoh-ogoh (giant puppets) symbolizing demons that must be neutralized so as not to interfere with human life (Figure 5).

(a) Procession of tawur kesanga

(b) Ogoh-ogoh parade

Figure 5. Procession of Tawur Kesanga and ogoh-ogoh parade

The cultural heritage of subak system and Tawur Kesanga ritual along with creative culture are considered to represent the cultural diversity of Bali that use green open space as a natural medium. This is true because the present facts show that both is treated differently and even contradictory. Tawur Kesanga still can be done well and tend to be more reverent due to the increased understanding of Hindus to the meaning of contained therein. Likewise, with ogoh-ogoh attraction every year the creativity of young people who work on it keeps on growing, including gamelan orchestra. However, the treatment to subak with cultural attributes tends to be deculturalized through practices of omission of wild and uncontrolled Green Open Space. There are three types of deculturalization including: (a) Rice field which is under a territory of subak is eliminated entirely by greedy land for tourism development. This refers to the removal of green open space rice fields that frequently occur in the regions of Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, and Tabanan Regencies. When there are no any rice fields, farmers have no land to cultivate, the cultural tourism coming from subak system will also vanish. Melayangan activity can no longer be done in the fields and has to move to the streets or beaches (Figure 6). The only remaining one is Pengulun Carik/subak temple (special sacred place for members of subak), which must be altered as public temple and treated and used as a shrine for worship) by the tourism actors in the territory.



(a) Melayangan on street

(b) Melayangan at beach

Figure 6. Melayangan - from paddy fields into streets and beaches

(b) Rice field which is under a territory of subak is eliminated, partly used for the construction of tourism facilities. This refers to the development of Kertalangu Cultural Village in the district of East Denpasar. Most of the rice field in Subak Kertalangu is used to built tourism facilities, such as management office, restaurant, hall (traditional Balinese buildings with no wall partition), gazebo, and meeting room, family gatherings and weddings, pedestrian paths (for tracking and hiking activities), equestrian paths, fishing ponds, and other similar facilities as shown in Figure 7. The motivation of farmers working in the fields are no longer based on the concept to maintain a harmonious relationship of human-God-natural environment, but rather to present the attractions of farming attractive for tourists. Cultural heritage of subak system in the form of physical activity lost its soul life and just be a patch, because it is solely economic oriented

(a) Pedestrian paths in rice field

(b) Equestrian paths

Figure 7. Conversion of Subak into tourism facilities

(c) Rice field which is under a territory of subak is still maintained, while tourism facilities are made on non-agricultural lands or homes. This model refers to the Subak landscape at Jatiluwih village, Penebel district, Tabanan that since June 29, 2012 it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage (Figure 8). Socio-culturally subak management system of Desa Jatiluwih is based on the principle of Tri Hita Karana philosophy that aims to foster harmony and harmonious relationship between members of subak with each other, subak members with the natural environment, and subak members with God the Creator. The question is that how long this condition can be maintained in the rapid development of tourism and opportunist investors?

Figure 8. Subak of Jatiluwih - A World Cultural Heritage



CONSEQUENCES FOR CULTURE AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN PARADISE ISLAND

Development of a region is certainly going through a very diverse process. It is actually very important and determines whether an area will develop for betterment or to fall into a worse condition. One of the systems that should be also taken into account in the developmental process is in term of ecological region, as the interaction of all living species and the environment. According to Zahnd (2006) the process of development of a region will involve three principal dynamics that are closely related to ecology, the economically, technically (politically), and (socio) culturally dynamics. Considering that the development of tourism as the leading sector in Bali, it brings consequences into other sectors. They should support it accordingly. Besides the very fragile sector, tourism development is also dealing with strong culture. Bali also has a threat to the tourism sector, that is, political and social issues, such as security threats, bomb threats or terrorism, the threat of viruses, such as SARS, avian flu, and swine flu as well as the issue of the threat of natural disasters. This is confirmed by Suartika (2011) who states that the instability of the existence of tourism as a service industry makes it unable to be positioned as the foundation of economic growth in the region. The number and frequency of visitors are particularly influenced by a variety of condition regarding natural, social, or political conditions. Cultural tourism which is the basic development of tourism in Bali constitutes indeed a visionary idea and concrete effort in preserving the culture of Bali. But in the rapid development of tourism the government seems to forget keeping Bali and let the illegal practices of green open space without any control. In fact, green open space is in line with a culture of Bali, whether in the form of rice fields with subak system or the city park system where a procession of religious rituals and cultural performances take place. The determination of subak as a tourist attraction should also be equipped with a set of regulations, so that the cultural attractions that are sold to tourists also provide welfare to farmers, subak members. It is in line with Suartika (2010b) stating that the preservation of tourist destinations along with their values and cultural interactions implies a warranty of maintaining object concerned from travelers. Vickers (Daily Post Bali, 2015) said that quality of tourism in Bali began to be disclosed. This reminds management of tourist attraction in Indonesia, including Bali needs to be improved so that tourism is well developed, not only for tourists but also for society. Tjok Oka Artha Ardana Sukawati (Chairman of the Association of Indonesian Hotels and Restaurants of Bali) said that tourism in Bali today is at a crossroads. It would be no problems if the quantity is concerned as long as the carrying capacity of Bali is still possible. However, what is expected here is that quality of tourism can strengthen the culture of Bali, not destroy culture (Daily Bali Post, 2016). The biggest challenge of Bali tourism development ahead, if it is to survive with the concept of cultural tourism, is to maintain and create spaces for the development of a creative culture. It cannot be denied that its core value of cultural tourism in Bali lies on that of Hindu religion. Today Untoro Dradjat (Advisor to the Minister of Multicultural Affairs Ministry of Tourism of Indonesia) said the interest of tourists to



Bali tourism was 60 percent for culture, the remaining 30 percent for nature, and 10 percent for artificial tourism. (Daily Bali Post, 2016). This fact should be a warning to the government and the actors of tourism in Bali in repositioning and returning back to the original vision for developing cultural tourism. Otherwise, Bali will be left behind by the tourists and the name of "Bali the Last Heaven" will change to "Bali the Lost Heaven". CONCLUSION

The three sub-topics under discussions above suggested that the culture becomes one of the important strengths in the development of mass tourism industry in Bali. It is supported by the establishment of the concept of cultural tourism as a basic foundation of the development of tourism in Bali. In the development, the tourism industry showed contradictory dual role. Its significant role was to improve the economy of Balinese people, but at the same time it led to unexpected conditions, which often have not been previously coped with. Through an approach for creative culture, this paper concludes that there has been the deculturalization due to the practices of conversion and elimination of the green open space of rice fields in the wild and uncontrolled manner. It becomes a negative impact for the sustainability of cultural subak system in Bali, which claims culture as the main pillar for tourism development. After having a look at the culture resulted in from ritual and socio-cultural activities of communities in green open space as a cultural attraction potentially offered to tourists, the government has two fundamental obligations, namely: (i) to encourage and allow more room freely for the birth of cultural creative series of ritual procession, Tawur Kesanga and attractions ogoh-ogoh in a city park; and (ii) to prepare regulations that regulate and control the conversion of rice fields for construction of tourism facilities, so that the rice fields of cultural subak system is maintained. Considering the importance of the issues in this paper, It was finally underlined that the specific and deep study on Green Open Space. The result of the study are expected to be input for the government as policy makers, how these issues should ideally be included into the policy for tourism development policy and regional and national spatial development. ENDNOTES

[1] Subak in Bali is distinguished into wet Subak/Subak Carik (its territory is irrigated field) and dry Subak / Subak Abian (its territory is garden field). Subak is chaired by a Kelian Subak / pekaseh and assisted by one or more Pengliman in charge of organizing the distribution of irrigation water.

[2] A stick of dried bamboo holed in various shapes (to produce various sounds when whistled by the wind - as people’ s whistle) installed in the rice field.

[3] Purification (bhuta yadnya) held at the village a day before a silent day (Nyepi) aims to neutralize and restore bhuta kala (evil forces) to its original place)

[4] A ritual of which meaning is similar to tawur kesanga done at evening at the family



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