MNS 102 Techniques for

Materials and Nano Sciences

2013 W

Instructor: Tong Leung Chemistry, University of Waterloo

1 01

Course Overview

MNS 101 LEC 0.50 [Course ID: 013979] : Materials and Nanosciences in the Modern World Overview of materials, including physical and chemical classification of materials, and structure-property relationships; survey of emerging fields in materials and nanoscience research such as: nanotechnology, quantum materials and devices, bionic research; societal impacts of materials and nanoscience research. [Offered: F]

MNS 102 LEC 0.50 [Course ID: 013980] : Techniques for Materials and Nanosciences Overview of materials synthesis, including both wet chemical and dry physical based methodologies; basic metrology and materials characterization of surface and bulk properties; introduction to the design, fabrication, and evaluation of simple devices; survey of emerging new techniques in materials and nanosciences. [Offered: W] Course Website: http://leung.uwaterloo.ca/MNS/102 < Please bookmark! Course Outline: http://leung.uwaterloo.ca/MNS/102/OUTLINE2013.htm < Please note: Term test dates [Feb 14, Mar 14] are now locked in!

2 01

From Chemistry & Physics to Nano

Engineering • Catalysis

• Micro to nanofluidics

• Micro to nanoelectronics

• Defects and strains

• Heat transfer

• Micro Electro-Mechanical (MEMS) Machines

• Fatigue/fracture/ Mechanical stresses

Chemistry • Structure and Bonding

• Thermodynamics and kinetics

• Reactions for making materials and for processing materials [e.g. etching (subtractive) and deposition (additive)]

• Spectroscopy

Physics • Quantum mechanics

• Solid state physics

• Statistical phenomena

• Modelling

Materials Science • Structural Classification of

Materials: Crystal Structure

• Inorganic vs organic

• Formation and control of defects, impurity diffusion

• Strain and Stresses

• Materials interactions (alloys, annealing)

• Phase transformations

3 01

Structure-Property Relations > Control > Applications

Lecture 01 MNS 102: Techniques for Materials and Nano Sciences

• Review of Nanotechnology: Definition; Nanoscale; Properties & Applications

• Examples of Nanomaterials: Case studies

• Case study: Nanoelectronics

• Nanotechnology & Nanoscience: History, Perspective, Importance, Other Fields

• Course Content

• Lab Tour

4 01

Definition of Nanotechnology

• The Interagency Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science,

Engineering and Technology (NSET) of the US Federal Office of Science and Technology Policy defines nanotechnology as: “Research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or intermediate size. The novel and differentiating properties and functions are developed at a critical length scale of matter typically under 100 nm”.

• Royal Society of UK, “Nanotechnology is the production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale”.

5 01

Nanoscale

• 1 nm = 0.000,000,001 m

• Nuclear scale: 10-15 m or 10-6 nm.

• Atomic scale: 0.1 nm or 1 Angstrom.

• De Broglie wavelength in metals: ~1 nm.

• 10 H atoms or 3.5 Au atoms ~ 1 nm

• DNA molecules: 2 – 12 nm

• Viruses: 10 – 100 nm

• Red blood cell: ~11,600 nm

• Human hair: ~80,000 nm

• Nanostructures: 1 - 100 nm

6 01

7

http://www.mchnanosolutions.com/references/nanoworld.pdf.

8

http://www.mchnanosolutions.com/references/nanoworld.pdf.

9 http://www.mchnanosolutions.com/references/nanoworld.pdf.

10

http://www.mchnanosolutions.com/references/nanoworld.pdf.

11

Hmm…beer…

http://www.mchnanosolutions.com/references/nanoworld.pdf.

12

OECD ISO TC 229 on Nanotechnologies since 2005

OECD = Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development

Nanomaterials: Properties & Applications

13 01

Homework 1A: Read http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/materials-science/nanomaterials/tutorial.html

and regenerate the table above.

14 01

15 01

16 01

17 01

18 01

19 01

20 01

21 01

Nanomaterials: Case Studies

22 01

23 01

24 01

25 01

26 01

27 01

Pentium IV

1st transistor

1947

1st electronic computer

ENIAC (1946)

Vacuum Tube Vacuum Tube Vacuum Tube

1st computer(1832)

Case Study: Nano-electronics

Macroelectronics Microelectronics Nanoelectronics 28 01

2003 Itanium 2®

1971 4004 ®

2001 Pentium IV ®

1989 386 ®

2300 134 000

410M

42M

1991 486 ®

1.2M

tran

sist

or

/ch

ip

10 µm 1 µm 0.1 µm

Transistor Size

Human hair Red blood cell Bacteria Virus

29

Gordon Moore - Scaling Law Moore’s Law: Doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18-24 months. This is achieved by Reducing the size of a transistor - smallest lateral feature size decreases by 13% each year.

Increasing the size of the chip – chip/wafer size increases 16%/year.

Gordon Moore: Born 3 January 1929, co-founder and Chairman Emeritus of Intel Corporation; author of Moore's Law published in 1965.

Nu

mb

er

of

tran

sist

ors

Miscellaneous early ICs

DRAM memory

Intel x86 microprocessors

Intel Itanium/IA64 microprocessors

nVIDIA graphics processors

30 01

Cell dimensions

Atomic dimensions

0.1nm

1nm

10nm

1µm

10µm

100µm

1960 1980 2000 2020 2040

Transition Region

Quantum Effects Dominate

Atomic Dimensions

Feature Size

Year

0.1µm130 nm in 2002

18 nm in 2018

Era of Simple Scaling

Scaling + Innovation (ITRS)

Invention

• The era of “easy” scaling is over. • We are now in a period where technology and device innovations are required. • Beyond 2020, new currently unknown inventions will be required.

31 01

32 01

Just a little bit “Moore”?

Source: http://www.itrs.net/Links/2011ITRS/Home2011.htm

OR, goto Nanoscience?

33 01

History of Nanotechnology • 1959, R. P. Feynman [Nobel Prize 1965] gave the lecture entitled “ There’s plenty

of room at the bottom”

• 1974, Norio Taniguchi (TSU) coined the word “nanotechnology” • 1981, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (IBM, Zurich) [Nobel Prize 1986] invented

Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) • 1985, Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley [Nobel Prize 1996]

discovered Buckyballs, fullerene, and C60. • 1989, Don Eigler (IBM, San Jose), Quantum confinement of surface electron

waves. • 1991, Sumio Iijima (NEC), Carbon nanotubes. • • 1999, President Clinton announced National Nanotechnology Initiative ($500M)

at CalTech • 2001, NINT at U of Alberta established… • 2005, Nanotech U/G, Grad and Nanoscience U/G programs started at Waterloo

Homework 1B: Watch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eRCygdW--c and summarize 3 key points of this 1984 update of Feynman’s classic lecture.

34 01

From Nanotechnology to Nanoscience

• Nanotechnology involves the creation and manipulation of materials at the nanometer (nm) scale either scaling up from single groups of atoms or by refining or reducing bulk materials.

• Nanotechnology is not a single technology or scientific discipline.

• Nanotechnology is based on combining nanoscience [that has foundations in chemistry and physics (and maybe biology)] with engineering to solve real-life problems.

• Nanoscience research is 70% materials, 20% devices and 10% systems.

35 01

Importance of Nanoscience • The quantum mechanical (wavelike) properties of electrons inside

matter are influenced by variations on the nanoscale. By nanoscale design of materials, it is possible to vary their micro and macroscopic properties (charge capacity, magnetization, melting point) without changing their chemical composition.

• A key feature of biological entities is the systematic organization of matter on the nanoscale. Development in nanoscience and nanotechnology would allow us to place man-made nano-objects inside living cells. It would also make it possible to make new materials using the self-assembly features of nature.

• Nanoscale components have very high surface-to-volume ratio, making them ideal for use in composite materials, reacting systems, drug delivery, and chemical energy storage.

• Macroscopic systems made up of nanostructures can have higher density than those made up of microstructures. This can lead to new electronic device concepts, smaller and faster circuits, more sophisticated functions, and greatly reduced power consumption simultaneously by controlling nanostructure interactions and complexity.

Source: “Principles of Nanotechnology: Molecular -based Study of Condensed Matter in Small Systems” G. Ali Mansoori , World Scientific (2005). 36 01

From Nanoscience to Other Fields

• Nanomaterials: Carbon nanotubes (CNT), nanostructures, quantum confinement, nanophotonics, spintronics, nanoprobes (STM, AFM, TEM).

• Nanoelectronics: Quantum dots (QD), nanowires

(NW), single electron transistor (SET). • Nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS): From

microelectromechanical system (MEMS) to nanoscale.

• Nanobiology and nanomedicine.

37 01

Course Content

• Overview and Basics of Materials and Nano Sciences

• Module 1: Materials Synthesis

• Module 2: Basic Metrology and Materials Characterization

• Module 3: Device Design and Fabrication

• Module 4: Emerging Techniques

• Summary

38 01

Lab Tour: WATLab

Homework 1C: We will be stopping by several instrument clusters to be discussed in the four Modules, including: • wet chemistry (C2-061), • CVD (ovens) (C2-080), PVD (magnetron sputtering (C2-080), • PLD (C2-066), MBE (C2-066); plus • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (C2-064) • optical and electron microscopy lab (C2-060) • X-Ray diffraction (C2-060) • HIM and SIMS (C2-080) • Characterization of electrical and magnetic properties characterization (C2-080) (a) Provide the name and brief description of one technique in each of these Modules. (b) Using no more than TWO tweets (1 tweet = 140 characters), give a general impression of these instruments and techniques.

39 01