mixed method research mmr

MIXED METHOD RESEARCHMMR

I WAYAN SUSANTO, D.A. SIHASALE DAN SOEMARNO

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PERBANDINGAN

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PARADIGMA KE TIGA


PRAGMATISME


RISIKO DALAM MENGGUNAKAN MM


TIPOLOGI RISET MM

..



PARADIGMA


TIPOLOGI RISET MM

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TUJUANNYATujuan integrasi

Tujuan desain MM

Perkembangan selama 20 tahun terakhir

• Peningkatan minat dan advokasi tentang MMR• Berkembangnya pemahaman tentang apa itu

MMR• Berkembangnya disain dan teknik-teknik inovatif

• “The emergence of mixed methods as a third methodological movement in the social and behavioral sciences began during the 1980’s.” (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003: 697)

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Perkembangan MMA

Mentioned severalapproaches for combining

qualitative and quantitative research

Advanced considerations for deciding what model to use (literature

available, prior studies, realistic design, expertise)

Suggested to describe each method thoroughly

“Kombinasi metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif telah semakin berkembang dalam riset kesehatan

masyarakat.” (1999)


BUKU-BUKU TENTANG MMR


Editors: John W. Creswell and Abbas TashakkoriManaging Editor: Vicki L.Plano Clark

Email: [email protected]

JournalsDevoted to Mixed Methods:

Fieldwork Quality and Quantity Mixed Method Approaches

A New Journal


International Conferences

• Mixed Methods Conference, Cambridge, England, July 21-24, 2008• Proposed mixed methods conference,

Sydney, Australia, 2009• Discipline conferences with mixed

methods papers


Kritik Pakar (Creswell, 2007) Is there a post-positivist leaning to mixed methods?

– Howe, K. R. (2004). A critique of experimentalism. Qualitative Inquiry, 10, 42-61.– Giddings, L. S. (2006). Mixed-methods research: Positivism dressed in drag? Journal of

Research in Nursing, 11(3), 195-2003.– Holmes, C. A. (2007). Mixed(up) methods, methodology and interpretive frameworks.

Contributed paper for the Mixed Methods Conference, Cambridge, University, July 10-12, 2006.

What are the limits for mixed methods research? – Sale, J. E. M., Lohfeld, L. H., Brazil, K. (2002). Revisiting the quantitative-qualitative

debate: Implications for mixed-methods research. Quality and Quantity, 36, 43-53.– Leahey, E. (2007). Convergence and confidentiality? Limits to the implementation of

mixed methodology. Social Science Research, 36, 149-158.

Is there a dominant discourse in mixed methods research?• Freshwater, D. (2007). Reading mixed methods research: Contexts for criticism.

Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 134-146.


MMR TIDAK BERBEDA DENGAN METODE LAINNYA

Collecting data

Analyzing and interpreting data

Identifying a purpose and stating questions

Reporting and evaluating the study

Identifikasi Masalah Riset

Kajian literatur


Mixed Methods di dalam Designs

Ethnography Case Study Research Narrative research Experimental research

Qual ----- Quan Qual----- Quan Qual-----Quan Qual---- Quan


Istilah-istilah yang Populer• Multi-method• Triangulation• Integrated• Combined• Quantitative and qualitative methods• Multi-methodology• Mixed methodology• Mixed-method• Mixed research• Mixed methods


BAGAIMANA MENCAMPUR-NYA

Results

Connect data:

Results

Data Konvergen:

Embed the data:Quan data

Qual data

Qual Quan

Qual Quan


MENGAPA MENCAMPUR ? Validitas – untuk “menguatkan” data quan dan qual. Offset – offset weaknesses of quan and qual and draw on strengths Completeness – more comprehensive account that qual or quan

alone Proses – quan menyediakan outcomes; qual menjelaskan proses Eksplanasi – qual dapat menjelaskan hasil-hasil quan atau sebaliknya Hasil yang tidak diharapkan – hasil-hasil yang mengherankan dari

satu sudut pandang, sudut pandang yang lain menjelaskan Pengembangan Instrument– qual menggunakan instrumenyang

dirancang Kredibilitas – kedua pendekatan memperbaiki integritas temuan Konteks – qual menyediak konteks; quan menyediakan “general”. Utilitas – lebih bermanfaat bagi praktisi.


“Single” Paradigm Ke -3

• Pragmatisme (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003)– Fokus pada pertanyaan penelitian– Apa “kerja,” konsekwensi– Metode-metode Multiple.

• Transformatif (Mertens, 2003)– Transform lives of under represented, marginalized

groups– Incorporate this focus into all phases of research


Perkembangan Designs dan Teknik-teknik Inovatif

Notation TypologiesDiagrams of procedures Complex evaluation models Reconceptualizing designsEmergence of innovations in procedures

Unusual blendsMethodological issuesData analysis techniquesPresentation techniques

Perkembangan Penting


Preliminary Design Considerations (Morse, 1991)

Pendekatan Tipe Tujuan Keterbatas-an

Resolusi

QUAL + quan Simultan Enrich description of sample

Qualitative sample Utilize normative data for comparison of results

QUAL Sekuensial Test emerging H, determine distribution of phenomenon in population

Qualitative sample Draw adequate random sample from same population

QUAN + qual Simultan To describe part of phenomena that cannot be quantified

Quantitative sample

Select appropriate theoretical sample from random sample

QUAN Sekuensial To examine unexpected results

Quantitative sample

Select appropriate theoretical sample from random sample

quan

qual


QUANData & Results Interpretasi

QUALData & Results

QUANPre-test Data & Results

QUANPost-test

Data & Results

Intervention

qualProcess

Interpre-tasi

Disain Triangulasi

Disain Embedded

Concurrent Mixed Methods Designs

Parsimonious Designs (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007)


Sequential Designs - Mixed Methods Designs

QUANData & Results

Interpretation

qualData & Results

Following up

QUALData & Results

quanData & Results Interpretati

onBuilding to

Before-intervention

qual

QUANIntervention

Trial

After-intervention

qual Interpretation

Disain Eksploratori

Desain Eksplanatori

Disain Embedded Sekuensial


Pemikiran pentingnya ... MM..

• Kombinasi metode-metode yang dapat dipilih• The epistemological and ontological implications

of what is chosen• The practicalities of carrying out the research• How the data are going to be brought together

(lack of theory?)• Ketegangan di antara pendekatan dan metode-

metode

Apakah kita memahami? • Multiple Method Research Designs (MMRD)

• Multi-method designs -1+ method within paradigms

• Mixed methods designs -1+ method mixed paradigms

• Combining methods – 1+ method, one subsumed to other?

• Integrating methods – 1+ method of equal weight?

• Triangulasi – outcome dari MMRD?* • Transformasi Data

»Mengkuantitatifkan data»Mengkualitatifkan data

Mengapa kita lakukan?

• Emic and etic understandings?

• Multiple research-questions?

• Multiple facets or contexts

• Multiple of singular-reality?

• Mixed phenomena?

Bagaimana kita melakukannya?

• Sequential atau parallel?• Linked atau independent?• Respondent enrolment• Development of research instruments• Time required• Costs – value for money?• Necessary expertise?• Organisasi Tim dan Komunikasi.

Penanganan Data

• Where’s your theory? How does that help?• Assumptions and presumptions – negotiating a

path through/round them• Integration; triangulation; combination?• When are you going to integrate? Have you

missed the moment?• Will your audience understand?

Possible tensions?

Metodologis▪ Differing findings▪ Unit analisis

Politis▪ Preferensi / persyaratan audien

Praktikal▪ Waktu▪ Biaya▪ Umur data.

Arguing for....... MMR

Is it the ideal approach?

Memperkuat pemahaman tentang:

• Multi-faceted nature of all phenomena

• Kontextualitas• Dimensi/hubungan

Micro-meso-macro• Agensi dan struktur.

Multidata-monoanalysis—this is the analysis of both data types (qualitative AND quantitative) using only one analysis type.

This results in:1. Only quantitative analysis of your

qualitative data , atau2. Only qualitative analysis of your

quantitative data.

We recommend that you avoid this approach because it is not wise to only analyze your

qualitative data quantitatively or only analyze your quantitative data qualitatively.

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Topik “Kerentanan” = VULNERABILITY• Essentialist approaches• Constructionist approaches• Fixed state/status• Contextual and fluid• An inherent weakness or something managed

and negotiated?

• Children and vulnerability

Pendekatan Metoda Tunggal?

Pendekatan yang mana dan mengapa yang itu?

Tidak cukup untuk beberapa tujuan tertentu Mis. Pengembangan kebijakan

Cannot elaborate micro-meso-macro interfaces and relationships

Struktur dan agensi

Some presumptions are problematic

MM: Multiple / Mixed Methods

• Fenomena Multi-dimensional– Access via different methods derived from an

interpretivist stance– Dapat mengkaji kontingensi dan aspek-aspek

dinamik– Draw on emic and etic conceptualisations to plan a

strong design for mixed methods– Dapat mengkaji huungan struktural dan

agensi/structure interfaces

Etika Data Sekunder dan Pertanyaan Riset

– Data sensus– Data nasional– National statistical returns (eg Crime statistics for HO)– Hasil-hasil penelitian yang dipublikasikan– Survei lokal (data primer)– Local statistics (secondary/primary data)– Data yang terbatas tentang anak-anak.

• Pertanyaan Penelitian– Spesifik (hypotheses)– Determined at start by outside ‘experts’/prior research– Dibatasi oleh apa yang tersedia , mis. area; unit

analisis.

PERKEMBANGAN LANJUT

• Using a mixed methods approach– Interface between micro and macro

dimensions of physical safety, distributions of risk, violence

–Would need primary data to capture distributions of management strategies

Proses Integrasi:

• Mengkombinasikan metode/data/analysis sedemikian rupa sehingga:–Mereka membentuk satu kesatuan–Menjaga sifat0sifat paradigmatiknya masing-

masing (tidak mencampur-adukkan satu-sama lain)–Menghasilkan kontribusi yang sama nilainya

Alternatif Integrasi• Integrasi sejak awal

riset• Selama

pengumpulan data• Melalui Analisis

Data• Melalui

Interpretasi• Sebagai hasil

Presentasi

Monodata-multianalysis—this is the analysis of one type of data using both qualitative and

quantitative anslysis. The logic of this approach is to:

1. Analyze your data with the standard approach (e.g., qualitative analysis for your qualitative data or quantitative analysis for your quantitative data).

2. Either qualitative or quantitize one set of data for additional analysis.

3. Qualitize—transforming quantitative data into qualitative data (e.g., provide names or labels to quantitative characteristics).

4. Quantitize—transforming qualitative data into quantitative data (e.g., do numerical counts of qualitative categories and themes).

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MMR: MIXED METHODS RESEARCH

MMR:

Riset yang menggunakan prosedur –prosedur pelaksanaan yang lazim

digunakan dalam riset kuantitatif dan riset kualitatif.

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. MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH.Tujuan

The purpose of these studies is usually to inform sponsors about a program they are funding.

The sponsors may want a descriptive study of the program in which

the operations and processes are explained and clarified.

They may also be interested in an effectiveness study in which the operations are assessed in relation to organizational goals and targets.


. M.M.R.METODE-METODE

Masalah-penelitian akan menentukan pilihan desain, tetapi beberapa metode berikut ini dapat digunakan:

SurveiKunjungan lokasi.

WawancaraObservasi

QuestionnairesData Quantitatif.


. MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH.Tiga Tipe Desain

Tiga karaktersitik yang membedakan tipe-tipe MMR:

1.Priooritas diberikan pada pengumpulan data kuantitatif atau kualitatif.

2.Sekuens pengumpulan data kuantitatif atau kualitatif

3.Teknik-teknik analisis data yang dipakai adalah kombinasi analisis data atau analisis data sendiri-sendiri.


. MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH.Tiga tipe Desain yang lazim:

1. Model QUAL-QuanThe exploratory mixed methods designQualitative data are collected first and are more heavily weighted

2. Model QUAN-QualThe explanatory mixed methods designQuantitative data are collected first and are more heavily weighted

3. Model QUAN-QUALThe triangulation mixed methods designQuantitative and qualitative data are collectedc oncurrently and both are weighted equally


RISET MULTI-METODE10 Karakteristik Desain MM

1.The title of the research includes terms that suggest more than one method is being used

• Mixed methods• Integrated• Triangular

2. Quantitative – qualitativeBoth quantitative and qualitative methods are used in the study


. MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH.Characteristics of Mixed Methods Designs

3. The researcher describes the kinds of mixed methods being used4. The data collection section indicates narrative, numerical, or both

types of data are being collected5. The purpose statement or the research questions indicate the types

of methods being used6. Questions are stated and described for both quantitative and

qualitative approaches7. The researcher indicates these quencing of collecting qualitative

and/or quantitative data (i.e., QUAN-Qual, QUAL-Quan, or QUAN-QUAL)

8. The researcher describes both quantitative and qualitative data analysis strategies

9. The writing is balanced in terms of quantitative and qualitative approaches


. MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH.Evaluating a Mixed Methods Design

1. Does the study use at least one quantitative and one qualitative research strategy?

2. What were the research questions addressed?3. Who are the sponsors of the study and what are their

expectations?4. Does the study include a rationale for using a mixed

methods design?5. Does the study include a classification of the type of

mixed methods design?6. Does the study describe the priority given to quantitative

and qualitative data collection and the sequence of their use?


. MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH.Evaluasi Disain Mixed-Method

1. Was the study feasible given the amount of data to be collected and concomitant issues of resources, time, and expertise?

2. Who were the participants in the study? What did the samples consist of?

3. Does the study clearly identify qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques?

4. Apa tujuan dan pentingnya riset ini?


.Mixed Method Research – Quant & Qual in a Single Study

.A mixed method approach allows researchers to simultaneously benefit from both

quantitative and qualitative research methods in the context of one study addressing a single set of business objectives.

Flow Monitor designs market research studies that take full advantage of the inherent benefits of both quantitative (e.g., surveys) and qualitative (e.g., focus groups, ethnographic

techniques, etc.) research.The business objectives will greatly determine the appropriate sequence of methods. The

diagrams below illustrate this.

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Apakah MMR (Mixed Methods Research)?

• Mixed methods research is not new but only recently been systematically described; ‘new era’ of mixed methods research (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998)

• Different definitions of mixed methods research used by different researchers

• Not simply the ad hoc combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, it is the planned mixing of methods at a pre- determined stage of the research (Halcomb et al., 2009)

• “mixed methods [is] research which collects both qualitative and quantitative data in one study and integrates these data at some stage of the research process” (Halcomb et al., 2009)

• Distinction between mixed methods (quant and qual) and multi method research (uses more than one method from same tradition) (Bazeley, 2007)

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Mengapa sains kesehatan berkembang ke arah MMR?

• Increased reflexivity about researcher-researched relationships• • Increased political awareness about what and who research is for• Growing formalisation of research governance and ethics

procedures

• The availability and ease of new technologies to analyse mixed methods research (e.g. Nvivo, MaxQDA, Atlas.ti)

• International Research Collaboration

(Halcomb and Andrew, 2009)


RATIONAL PENGGUNAAN MMR

• Triangulation - one of the first rationales for using mixed methods research (Denzin, 1970). Used to test the consistency of findings through different approaches.

• Complementarity - clarifies and illustrates results from one method with the use of another method.

• Development - the results of analysis using one method shapes subsequent methods or steps in the research process.

• Initiation-stimulates new research questions or challenges results obtained through one method.

• Expansion- provides richness and detail buy building on the findings of either qualitative or quantitative methods

(Greene et al., 1989)


TIPOLOGI MMRFour central questions that inform the design of a mixed methods

study:

1. In what sequence will the qualitative and quantitative data collection be implemented?

2. What relative priority will be given to the qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis?

3. At what stage of the project will the qualitative and quantitative data be integrated?

4. Will an overall theoretical perspective be used to guide the study?(Creswell, 2003)


Tipologi MMR: Empat Basic Designs

1. Principal Quantitative, Qualitative Preliminary (qual -> QUANT)

2. Principal Qualitative, Quantitative Preliminary (quant -> QUAL)

3. Complementary Quantitative, Qualitative Follow-Up (QUANT -> qual)

4. Complementary Qualitative, Quantitative Follow-Up (QUAL -> quant)

(Morse, 1991; Morgan, 1998)


Pengumpulan Data dalam MMR

Interviews/ Focus Groups/ Questionnaires/ Surveys/ Validated Tests and Scales/

Observation

Pertimbangannya:1. Keseimbangan antara kelebihan dan

kelemahan masiong-masing metode2. Waktu pengumpulan data


Analisis dalam MMR: Separate Analyses

Qualitative and quantitative data sets analysed separately and conclusions drawn that incorporate both data sets.

Can be used for the following purposes: 1. Triangulation2. Expansion or Complementarity3. Development

Separate analyses may give rise to contradictory or discrepant results which need to be explained



Analisis dalam MMR: Combining Data Types for Synthesis

Combining of data types for analysis requires transformation of data in some form in order to ‘marry’ diverse sources.

Can be done through:

1. Meta matrices, databases, spread sheets e.g. systematic reviews2. Qualitising numerical data e.g. using scores to provide a descriptive

classification3. Counting4. Quantitising qualitative data e.g. 0/1 transformation for

absence/presence of code, numerical weighting of codes (MaxQDA)



Analysis of Mixed Methods Research: Combining Data Types for Synthesis

• Combined analysis can be used to:1. Merge and compare (e.g. themes can be quantified,

independent t tests and bivariate linear regression analyses in SPSS)

2. Explore, predict and explain (e.g. case by case variable matrix, cluster analysis)

3. Blend to created new variable to use in further studies(Halcomb and Andrew, 2009)


Isu-isu tentang MMR

• ‘paradigm wars’, reconciling philosophical assumptions of each methodological perspective.

• Selecting and managing research team with diverse specialities.• Practicalities of data collection and analysis, may make concurrent

analysis difficult• Statistical analysis often relies on large sample sizes which are not

common in qualitative research• Transforming qualitative data into numerical form may lose some of the

richness and nuances in the text• A lack of templates for the writing up and publishing mixed methods

research, sometimes qualitative and quantitative results published separately

• Not all journals publish mixed methods research which may limit publication opportunities


Manfaat MMR (Mixed Methods Research)

• Gives researchers an opportunity to creatively rethink research design and the various different ways they can be linked to research questions

• Potential to generate new insights and levels of analysis• Challenges taken for granted assumptions across a wide

range of research methods topics• Brings together researchers from different backgrounds

and different specialisms and allows them to think together on a given research problem

(Bergman, 2008)


.TIGA KUNCI PENELITIAN.

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mixed method research mmr

Documents

journal of research

a critique of experimentalism

positivism dressed in

2007is there a post

pp 2292912 editors

implications for mixed

pp 2292912 buku

riset kesehatan masyarakat