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Scientific Method

• Raise question• Gather data

Scientific Method

• Raise question• Gather data• Form hypothesis• Test and modify hypothesis

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Peer-Reviewed Journals

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Science “Magazines”

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Scientific Method

• Scientific Theory• Scientific Law

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“Le château des Pyrénées” (Castle in the Pyrenees) (1961)

“Stuff” of the

Universe

The Raw Materials for

Planets, Rocks and

Life

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Matter & Energy

Phases of Matter

Solid

Gas

Liquid

Determined by temperature and pressure

Rock

Atomic Particles

Atoms (Elements)

Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds)

Rocks

Earth

Living ThingsBiosphe

re

Atomic StructureWhat are atoms made of?

Particle

ChargeWeight (amu)

Proton (p)

+ 1

Electron (e)

- ~0

Neutron (n)

0 1

Atomic Structure

Silicon Atoms

Atomic Number

=Number of Protons

Importanceof Protons

Elements

Iron

Carbon

Gold

Periodic Table of the Elements

The most abundant

element in the

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Hydrogen

Large Magellanic Cloud

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CrustCrust Whole EarthWhole Earth•Oxygen(O) 46.3 % 29.5%•Silicon (Si) 28.2% 15.2%•Aluminum (Al) 8.2% 1.1%•Iron (Fe) 5.6% 34.6%•Calcium (Ca) 4.1% 1.1%•Sodium (Na) 2.4% 0.6%•Potassium (K) 2.1% 0.1%•Magnesium (Mg)2.3% 12.7%•All others 0.5% 5.1%

Abundance of the Elements (wt. %):

Solid Earth

Abundance of the Elements (wt.%):Living Things

HumanHuman AlfalfaAlfalfaBacteriaBacteria•Oxygen(O) 62.8% 77.9%73.7%•Carbon (C) 19.4% 11.3% 12.1%•Hydrogen (H) 9.3% 8.7% 9.9%•Nitrogen (N) 5.1% 0.8% 3.0%•Phosphorous (P)0.6% 0.7% 0.6%•Sulfur (S) 0.6% 0.1% 0.3%

AtomicWeight= number

of protons + neutrons

Importanceof Neutrons

Quiz - Lithium

Atomic Number =

Atomic Weight =

3

7

Isotopes

Importanceof ElectronsAtoms vs. Ions

(atomic weight = 23)

Charge = 0X

Importanceof ElectronsPositive Ions

(atomic weight = 23)

Charge = +1

Sodium Ion

10e

Importanceof ElectronsIons

(atomic weight = 18)

Charge = 0

Chlorine

9e

9p9n

(atomic number = 9)

Importanceof ElectronsNegative Ions

(atomic weight = 18)

Charge = -1

Chlorine Ion

10e

9p9n

(atomic number = 9)

Atomic Particles

Atoms (Elements)

Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds)

Rocks

Earth

Living ThingsBiosphe

re

Bondingforms

Compounds

Bonding andCrystalline Structure

Halite

Graphite

Atomic Particles

Atoms (Elements)

Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds)

Rocks

Earth

Living ThingsBiosphe

re

Energy

Sun - Tuesday, April 4, 2006

Types

Kinetic•Mechanical•Electromagnetic•Electricity•Heat

Potential•Chemical

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Energy:

Quality

Low Quality High Quality(disorganized concentrated)

Rules of the Universe

• Conservation of Matter

• 1st Law of Thermodynamics(Conservation of Energy)

• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics(Entropy)

• “You can’t thrown anything away”

• “You can’t get something for nothing”

• “In fact, you can’t even break even”

Earth: Open or Closed System?

Earth:Matter does not come

and go

Earth is aClosedSystem

to Matter

Biogeochemical Cycles:Reservoirs & Pathways

Atmosphere

HydrosphereLithosphere

Biosphere

Some Major Cycles of Matter

•Water Cycle•Rock Cycle•Chemical Cycles

•Carbon•Nitrogen•Phosphorous•Sulfur

Carbon Cycle

Atmosphere

HydrosphereLithosphere

Biosphere

Carbon Cycle: Reservoirs

Atmosphere

HydrosphereLithosphere

Biosphere

1x(= 7.3x1017 grams

carbon)

3x

55x35,000x

Carbon Cycle

Atmosphere

HydrosphereLithosphere

Biosphere

Photosynthesis

Respiration& Decay

Carbon Transfer:Biosphere

Atmosphere

Photosynthesis (Atmosphere to Biosphere)

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight --> Sugar + Oxygen

Respiration (Biosphere to Atmosphere)

Sugar + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

Carbon Cycle

Atmosphere

HydrosphereLithosphere

Biosphere

Photosynthesis

Respiration& Decay

Burial &Lithification

Weathering& Volcanism

Dissolution

PhotosynthesisBurial &Lithification

Exsolution

Carbon Cycle

Atmosphere

HydrosphereLithosphere

Biosphere

HumanImpacts

Burning fossil fuels:Increased combustion

Deforestation:Decrease Photosynthesis

Increase Respiration

Net Effect:Increase in Carbonin Atmosphere

Earth:Earth constantly gains & loses

energy

Earth is aOpen

Systemto Energy

Heat

Sunlight

Earth: Open or Closed System?

Mostly Open to Energy

Mostly Closed to Matter