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Scientific Method
• Raise question• Gather data
Scientific Method
• Raise question• Gather data• Form hypothesis• Test and modify hypothesis
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Peer-Reviewed Journals
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Science “Magazines”
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Scientific Method
• Scientific Theory• Scientific Law
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“Le château des Pyrénées” (Castle in the Pyrenees) (1961)
“Stuff” of the
Universe
The Raw Materials for
Planets, Rocks and
Life
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Matter & Energy
Phases of Matter
Solid
Gas
Liquid
Determined by temperature and pressure
Rock
Atomic Particles
Atoms (Elements)
Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds)
Rocks
Earth
Living ThingsBiosphe
re
Atomic StructureWhat are atoms made of?
Particle
ChargeWeight (amu)
Proton (p)
+ 1
Electron (e)
- ~0
Neutron (n)
0 1
Atomic Structure
Silicon Atoms
Atomic Number
=Number of Protons
Importanceof Protons
Elements
Iron
Carbon
Gold
Periodic Table of the Elements
The most abundant
element in the
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Hydrogen
Large Magellanic Cloud
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CrustCrust Whole EarthWhole Earth•Oxygen(O) 46.3 % 29.5%•Silicon (Si) 28.2% 15.2%•Aluminum (Al) 8.2% 1.1%•Iron (Fe) 5.6% 34.6%•Calcium (Ca) 4.1% 1.1%•Sodium (Na) 2.4% 0.6%•Potassium (K) 2.1% 0.1%•Magnesium (Mg)2.3% 12.7%•All others 0.5% 5.1%
Abundance of the Elements (wt. %):
Solid Earth
Abundance of the Elements (wt.%):Living Things
HumanHuman AlfalfaAlfalfaBacteriaBacteria•Oxygen(O) 62.8% 77.9%73.7%•Carbon (C) 19.4% 11.3% 12.1%•Hydrogen (H) 9.3% 8.7% 9.9%•Nitrogen (N) 5.1% 0.8% 3.0%•Phosphorous (P)0.6% 0.7% 0.6%•Sulfur (S) 0.6% 0.1% 0.3%
AtomicWeight= number
of protons + neutrons
Importanceof Neutrons
Quiz - Lithium
Atomic Number =
Atomic Weight =
3
7
Isotopes
Importanceof ElectronsAtoms vs. Ions
(atomic weight = 23)
Charge = 0X
Importanceof ElectronsPositive Ions
(atomic weight = 23)
Charge = +1
Sodium Ion
10e
Importanceof ElectronsIons
(atomic weight = 18)
Charge = 0
Chlorine
9e
9p9n
(atomic number = 9)
Importanceof ElectronsNegative Ions
(atomic weight = 18)
Charge = -1
Chlorine Ion
10e
9p9n
(atomic number = 9)
Atomic Particles
Atoms (Elements)
Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds)
Rocks
Earth
Living ThingsBiosphe
re
Bondingforms
Compounds
Bonding andCrystalline Structure
Halite
Graphite
Atomic Particles
Atoms (Elements)
Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds)
Rocks
Earth
Living ThingsBiosphe
re
Energy
Sun - Tuesday, April 4, 2006
Types
Kinetic•Mechanical•Electromagnetic•Electricity•Heat
Potential•Chemical
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Energy:
Quality
Low Quality High Quality(disorganized concentrated)
Rules of the Universe
• Conservation of Matter
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics(Conservation of Energy)
• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics(Entropy)
• “You can’t thrown anything away”
• “You can’t get something for nothing”
• “In fact, you can’t even break even”
Earth: Open or Closed System?
Earth:Matter does not come
and go
Earth is aClosedSystem
to Matter
Biogeochemical Cycles:Reservoirs & Pathways
Atmosphere
HydrosphereLithosphere
Biosphere
Some Major Cycles of Matter
•Water Cycle•Rock Cycle•Chemical Cycles
•Carbon•Nitrogen•Phosphorous•Sulfur
Carbon Cycle
Atmosphere
HydrosphereLithosphere
Biosphere
Carbon Cycle: Reservoirs
Atmosphere
HydrosphereLithosphere
Biosphere
1x(= 7.3x1017 grams
carbon)
3x
55x35,000x
Carbon Cycle
Atmosphere
HydrosphereLithosphere
Biosphere
Photosynthesis
Respiration& Decay
Carbon Transfer:Biosphere
Atmosphere
Photosynthesis (Atmosphere to Biosphere)
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight --> Sugar + Oxygen
Respiration (Biosphere to Atmosphere)
Sugar + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
Carbon Cycle
Atmosphere
HydrosphereLithosphere
Biosphere
Photosynthesis
Respiration& Decay
Burial &Lithification
Weathering& Volcanism
Dissolution
PhotosynthesisBurial &Lithification
Exsolution
Carbon Cycle
Atmosphere
HydrosphereLithosphere
Biosphere
HumanImpacts
Burning fossil fuels:Increased combustion
Deforestation:Decrease Photosynthesis
Increase Respiration
Net Effect:Increase in Carbonin Atmosphere
Earth:Earth constantly gains & loses
energy
Earth is aOpen
Systemto Energy
Heat
Sunlight
Earth: Open or Closed System?
Mostly Open to Energy
Mostly Closed to Matter