Honors Final Exam

Review

1. Know the correct order of the scientific method.Ask a questionGather informationForm hypothesisPerform experimentObserve experimentRecord dataReport conclusion

2. What are the two most important theories studied in biology?

In biology, we mainly study the cell theory and the theory of evolution.

3. Know the 3 principles of the cell theory.• All living things are composed of one or

more cells.• Cells are the basic unit of structure and

organization of all living organisms.• Cells arise only from previously existing

cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells.

4. Know the 8 characteristics of living things.•Made of more than one cells• Responds to stimuli•Maintains homeostasis• Reproduces• Grows and develops• Displays organization• Requires energy• Adapts and evolves over time

5. Compare and contrast dependent variables and independent variables.• Independent variable- what changes

in the experiment, what is being tested•Dependent variable- what measures

the change

6. Know the 4 types of macromolecules. What are some characteristics of each? What are some examples of each?• Lipids-made of fatty acids, found in cell membranes• Cholesterol, phospholipids

• Carbohydrates- simple and complex sugars, used for energy storage• Glucose, sucrose

• Proteins- made of amino acids, contains nitrogen, produced by RNA in ribosomes• Carboxl groups, amino groups

• Nucleic acids- made of nucleotides• DNA, RNA, ATP

7. What is activation energy?

Activation energy- energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction, speeds up chemical reactions

8. What is an enzyme and how does it affect chemical reactions?Enzyme- catalyst that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction, re-used over and over again

9. What is a monomer?Monomers are small molecules linked together and used to build larger molecules. ex. Amino acids are linked together to build proteins.

10. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic cells•No membrane

bound nucleus• Lacks membrane

bound organelles• Ex. Bacteria cells

Eukaryotic cells•Nucleus•Various specialized

organelles with different functions• Ex. Skin cells,

nerve cells

11.Compare and contrast animal cells and plant cells.Plant cells have the following:• Cell walls made of cellulose• Larger single vacuole to store water and

food• Chloroplasts for absorption of sunlight

Animal cells lack these

12. Know the major organelles of eukaryotic cells. Structures and functions

Mitochondria “powerhouse” of the cell; converts sugars into energy

Nucleus control center of the cell; contains DNA

Nucleolus located inside nucleus; makes ribosomes

Vacuole Place of storage inside of cell, much larger in plant cells

Chloroplasts Capture light and convert it to energy (photosynthesis), only found in plant cells

13.What is diffusion?

Diffusion- movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

14. Describe the 3 types of solutions in which cells are found.• Isotonic solution- solution that has the same

concentration of water and solute, cell stays the same• Hypertonic solution- solution with a higher

concentration of solute on the outside of the cell, causes the cell to shrivel• Hypotonic solution- solution with a lower

concentration on the outside of the cell, causes the cell to swell

15.Which of those three would be the most ideal for cells to be placed in?

Isotonic

16. Know the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Reactants Products

Reactants ProductsC₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ -----> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

17. What is mitosis?

Mitosis- the division of a cell’s nucleus and nuclear material

18. What are the 4 phases of mitosis in order from start to finish? List some of the occurrences of each phase.Prophase• Nuclear membrane breaks up and disintegrates• Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes• Spindle fibers form and centrioles move to opposite

“poles” of the cellMetaphase• Chromosomes are brought to the equator of the cell

by spindle fibers

Anaphase• Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles

by spindle fibersTelophase• Nuclear membrane starts to reform around the two

new nuclei• Chromosomes relax/unwind• Cleavage furrow starts to form ending mitosis

19. Be able to identify diagrams of each phase.

Prophase Metaphase

Anaphase Telophase

20. What is the outcome of mitosis?

Two identical diploid daughter cells

21.Compare somatic cells with sex cells.

• Somatic cells are body cells and diploid.

• Sex cells are gametes and haploid

22. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.•Mitosis- occurs when making new

somatic cells, 2 identical daughter cells in outcome•Meiosis- occurs when making sex

cells, 4 different haploid cells in outcome

23.How many divisions occur in meiosis?

2 divisions- meiosis I and meiosis II

24. Know the phases of meiosis I and II in order and what occurs in each.Prophase I• Chromosomes condense• Centrioles and spindle fibers start to form and move toward

the poles• Homologous chromosomes pair up in process called

synapsis• Crossing over occurs- exchanging of segments between the

chromosome pairsMetaphase I• Pairs of homologous chromosomes line up on the equatorial

plate• Spindle fibers attach to centromere of each pair

Anaphase I• Homologous chromosome pairs separate to opposite poles

of cellTelophase I• Homologous chromosomes reach each opposite pole• Sister chromatids are not identical in each cell because of

crossing over• Spindle fibers break down, nucleus forms back• The 2 cells divide

Prophase II• Chromosomes condense• Spindle fibers form and grab each pair of sister

chromatidsMetaphase II• Chromosomes line up in the middle of cellAnaphase II• Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite

poleTelophase II• Four nuclei form around chromosomes• Spindle fibers break down• 4 cells divide

25.What is the final result of meiosis?

4 different haploid daughter cells

26.What is fertilization?

Fertilization-process where one haploid gamete combines with another haploid gamete to form one diploid cell

27.Compare and contrast homozygous and heterozygous genotypes.Homozygous•Same alleles in pair•Purebred•Ex. AA or rr

Heterozygous•Different alleles in pair•Hybrid•Ex. Yy or Bb

28.What is another name for a homozygous individual? Heterozygous?

Homozygous- purebredHeterozygous- hybrid

29. Be able to cross various monohybrid crosses to determine the possible offspring.

Y yYy

YY YyYy yy

30.What are alleles?

Allele- alternative form of a single gene passed downex. Pod Color- yellow or green

31.What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of a heterozygous monohybrid cross?

Phenotypic ratio- 3:1Genotypic ratio- 1:2:1

32. What type of inheritance patterns are found in blood typing? Be able to identify examples of blood types when looking at genotypes.

Blood typing involves codominance, multiple alleles, and simple dominanceA- IᴬIᴬ or IᴬiB- IᴮIᴮ or IᴮiAB- IᴬIᴮO- ii

33.What is nondisjunction? What are some disorders caused by nondisjunction?Nondisjunction is when chromosomes do not separate correctly and some cells have the wrong number of chromosomes after meiosis

Disorders caused by nondisjunction would include Downs syndrome, Edward’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, Klinfelters …

34.What is the central dogma of biology?

DNA RNA protein synthesis

DNA codes for RNA which makes proteins which expresses DNA

35.Compare and contrast DNA and RNA nucleotides.DNA•Deoxyribose

sugar•Bases- thymine,

adenine, cytosine, guanine•Double stranded

RNA•Ribose sugar•Bases- uracil,

adenine, cytosine, guanine• Single stranded

36. Know the processes of protein synthesis. What are the monomers that make up proteins? What are the roles of each of the RNA strands in protein synthesis?

Transcription- mRNA travels to nucleus and codes DNA into codons(3 bases) and takes it back to ribosomesTranslation- tRNA uses codons to pair anti-codons on amino acids. They travel around cytoplasm picking up AAs and assemble proteins.

37.Know the principles of natural selection.• Variation- individuals in a population will show

differences from one another • Heritability- the variations are passed down to

offspring • Overpopulation- populations will produce

more offspring than will survive • Reproductive advantage- some variations

allow organisms to reproduce more offspring than other variations

38.What are the three types of adaptations we discussed in class? Give an example of each.• Camouflage- adaptation that allows them to blend

in with their environment, ex. Peppered moth and bark to hide from predators• Mimicry- one species evolves to resemble another

species, ex. Monarch and viceroy butterflies• Antimicrobial resistance- certain species of bacteria

are now found to be resistant to medicines such as penicillin

39. Know how to write a scientific name. What language is used in writing scientific names? What two levels of taxonomy are used in writing scientific names?

Latin is used in binomial nomenclature.Scientific names use the genus and species of an organism.Genus speciesHomo sapiensHomo sapiens

40. Know the levels of taxonomy in order from least exclusive to most exclusive.

• Domain- broadest of all taxa categories, contains one or more kingdoms

• Kingdom- consists of related phyla or divisions• Phylum/Division(plants and bacteria)- contains related

classes• Class- contains related orders• Order- contains related families• Family-consists of similar related genera• Genus- group of species that are closely related and share a

common ancestor• Species- most exclusive, each different organism has its own

species name

41. What are the three domains of taxonomy? What kingdoms are found in each?

• Bacteria- Eubacteria• Archaea- Archaebacteria• Eukarya- Animalia,

Plantae, Protista, Fungi

42.What is the 10% rule?

Only 10% of the energy is available to transfer to the next trophic level.

43. What are the main tropic levels when looking at food chains and energy pyramids? What is the purpose of the arrows? How does the energy flow?

Producer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer

The arrows show the direction of the energy flow from producers to consumers.

44.Compare and contrast habitat and niche.

•Habitat- where an organism lives•Niche- the role or job an organism

has in its environment

45.Compare and contrast autotroph and heterotroph.

•Autotrophs- make their own food by using energy from the sun or inorganic compounds•Heterotroph- need to eat or consume

their food for energy

46. What are the six levels of organization? List them in order from smallest to largest.• Individual organism•Population•Community•Ecosystem•Biome•Biosphere

47.Compare biotic and abiotic. What are some examples of each?

Biotic- living organisms•Zebra, bacteria, treeAbiotic- nonliving thing•Soil, sunlight, water

48. Compare and contrast density-dependent and density-independent. What are some examples of each limiting factor?Density-dependent- does depend on number of organisms• Predation, food supply, parasitismDensity-independent- does not depend on number of organisms•Water supply, climate/weather, nutrients

49.What are some characteristics used to determine populations?Birthrate, death rate, emigration, immigration

50. Compare and contrast immigration and emigration. Natality and mortality?

• Immigration- moving into a population•Emigration- moving out of a

population

•Natality- birthrate•Mortality- death rate

51.How does biodiversity change as you travel from polar ice caps to the equator?

Biodiversity increases

52. Be familiar with characteristics of the major biomes discussed in class.• Tundra- cold and dry, permafrost, plants such as saxifrage

and animals such as caribou and arctic hares• Taiga- short summers, long cold winters, plants such as

conifer trees and animals such as moose• Grassland- mild winters, hot summers, plants such as

grasses and wildflowers and animals such as large grazers• Temperate deciduous forest- 4 seasons, plants such as

deciduous trees and animals such as deer and squirrels• Desert- dry hot climate, plants such as cacti and mesquite

trees and animals such as reptiles and nocturnal mammals• Tropical rain forest- wet and humid all year, plants such as

broad leaf trees and orchids and animals such as pythons and monkeys

53.What is population density?

Population density- the number of organisms in a unit area

54. Compare and contrast renewable and nonrenewable resources. What are some examples of each?Renewable resources can be replaced as fast as they are used. • Ex. Timber, water, food

Nonrenewable resources take millions of years to replace and therefore are used up.• Ex. Fossil fuels, minerals, nuclear

elements

55.What are the two vascular tissues? Explain their purposes.•Xylem- transports water up from the roots to the leaves•Phloem- transports sugars down from the leaves to the rest of the plant

56.What are some characteristics of plants?•Cell walls composed of cellulose•Cell division with formation of cell

plate•Chlorophyll and photosynthesis•Food stored as starch

57.What is cuticle? What is its purpose for plants?•Helps prevent the evaporation of water from plant tissues•Provides waxy covering for new growth•Acts as a barrier to invading microorganisms

58.What are sepals? What is their purpose?

Sepals are leaf like structures that protect the new forming bud to become a fully developed flower.

59. What are the 8 categories of plants we discussed in class? What are some of the characteristics that are used to identify plants in each category?• Vascular- plants that have vascular tissue, various

heights and parts• Nonvascular- plants lacking vascular tissue, short, no

true roots or stems, must be kept in moist locations in order to grow and reproduce

• Seeded- vascular plants that reproduces with seeds• Seedless- vascular plants that reproduce with spores

• Angiosperm- flowering plants• Gymnosperm- plants that reproduce with

cones

•Monocot- flower parts in multiples of 3, parallel vein in leaves, tap roots, 1 cotyledon• Dicot- flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5,

branched vein in leaves, fibrous roots, 2 cotyledons

60. Be able to identify examples that belong to each category.• Vascular- trees• Nonvascular- moss• Seeded- dandelion• Seedless- fern• Angiosperm- apple• Gymnosperm- pine• Monocot- tulip• Dicot- daisy

61. Be able to identify the different structures of a typical flower. What makes up the male parts? Female parts?1.Stigma2.Style3.Ovary4.Pistil5.Anther6.Filament7.Stamen8.Petal9.Sepal

Pistil

Stamen