AIMS Review2012

Topic 1: Scientific Method

Experimental Method Observation—Ask a

question you can answer with an experiment

Hypothesis—Must be testable

Experiment—Must have a control

Data Analysis &

ConclusionWhat would be the hypothesis for this experiment?What would be the control?

Hypothesis Must contain If……

(describe the experiment), then (describe your prediction)

Must be testable—you must be able to come up with an experiment to determine if your prediction is correct.

What would be a good hypothesis for this?

Graphing

Bar Graphs—for categories of data

Line Graphs—for showing how results change over time or over a given set of specific conditions that change in increments.

Dependent/Independent Variables Dependent Variable—

what is being measured; always on the Y-axis (Think: What happens here DEPENDS on the independent variable)

Independent Variable—What you are manipulating in your experiment; always on the X-axis

What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

Mean, Median, Mode, Average—What does it all Mean? Mean—average of

the numbers; add all of them up and divide by the number of numbers

Median—the middle number of a group of numbers

Mode—the number that appears most often in a set of data

Pure Vs. Applied Science Pure Science—

Experiments done for the gaining of scientific knowledge

Applied Science—Experiments and inventions done to improve human existence

Topic 2: Ecology

Levels of Organization Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere Biomes

Biogeochemical Cycles

Food Webs Know the roles of: Producers Primary Consumers

(or Herbivores) Secondary

Consumers (may be carnivores or omnivores)

Tertiary Consumers (or Top Carnivores)

Biodiversity What is

biodiversity? Why is biodiversity

important in ecosystems?

Why are ecosystems with high biodiversity more resilient and less fragile?

Relationships Among Organisms in Ecosystems Mutualism—a

relationship in which both benefit

Commensalism—a relationship where one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

Parasitism—a relationship where one benefits and the other is harmed but usually not killed

Predation—a relationship where one organism kills and eats the other

Competition—a relationship where two species are sharing resources; usually harms both species

Changes in Population Size Birthrate— Deathrate— Population Growth

occurs when the birth rate is greater than the death rate

Carrying Capacity—the maximum number of individuals of a certain species that the ecosystem can support

Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Renewable

Resources are those than can be replaced in a relatively short period of time

Examples: water, sunlight, wind, biofuel

Nonrenewable Resources—Resources that once used cannot be replaced

Examples: fossil fuels, topsoil, certain types of metals such as aluminum

Global Climate Change Earth's climate has

always changed; it is the rate of change that is of current concern to scientists.

Human activity has been linked with increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. An increase in CO2 concentrations have been linked to global warming trends.

How Human Activities Affect Ecosystems Pollution—air,

water, soil Erosion Deforestation Clear-cutting of

forests Desertification of

grasslands Overgrazing Landfills

Topic 3: Organic Compounds

Types of Organic Compounds Important for Life ATP Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Topic 3: Cells

Cell Organelles—Know their Functions! Cell Membrane Nucleus Endoplasmic

Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Chloroplast Lysosome Vacuole Ribosome Cell Wall of Plants

Cellular Transport Passive Transport—

the movement of materials in/out of cells that doesn’t require cell energy

Examples: Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion

Active Transport—the movement of materials in/out of cells that requires the cell to exert energy (ATP)

Examples: Phagocytosis, Membrane Protein Pumps

Cell Energy Photosynthesis: the

production of sugars (carbohydrates) with energy from light

6CO2 + 6H2O + light→ C6H12O6 + 6O2

Occurs in the Chloroplast

Aerobic Cellular Respiration: the breakdown of sugar that releases energy (ATP) for the cell to use

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Occurs in the Mitochondria

Cell Reproduction Mitosis occurs in

cells for: growth of the organism or to replace dead/damaged cells

It produces two cells that are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell from which they came

Topic 4: Genetics & DNA

DNA vs. RNAWhat are the differences between DNA and RNA in:

Nitrogen Bases?

Location in cell?

Function?

Sugars in their nucleotides?

Genetic Crosses What is the

genotypic ratio of this cross?

What is the phenotypic ratio of this cross?

Genotype vs. Phenotype, etc. Genotype vs

Phenotype Dominant vs

Recessive Homozygouos vs

Heterozygous

Where Does Genetic Diversity Come From? 1. Meiosis—the

process that produces gametes (sex cells) that are haploid and are genetically different

2. Crossing over and Independent Assortment—these 2 processes in meiosis lead to genetic diversity in the egg and sperm cells

3. Random fertilization—each sperm and egg cell are genetically different and will lead to new combinations of genes in the offspring

How Viruses Reproduce

How Bacteria Reproduce

Topic 5: Important Scientists

It’s All About Who You Know… Gregor Mendel Charles Darwin Watson and Crick Rosalind Franklin

Topic 6: Evolution and ClassificationHow Variations and Selection among organisms leads to adaptations for organisms

Natural Selection 4 Conditions for

Natural Selection: Overproduction Variation Selection Adaptation

History of Life on Earth

Phylogenetic Trees Phylogeny=study of

the evolutionary history of a species

Phylogenetic tree—a diagram showing relationships among organisms and a re-creation of their evolutionary history

Fossils & Rocks Fossils are the

remains or traces of organisms who lived in the past

They are primarily found in sedimentary rock layers

They show evidence of evolution by showing change in organisms through time

Classification of Organisms Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species