the scientific method · the scientific method 1. observation and facts –develop a question 2....
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The Scientific Method
1. Observation and facts – develop a question
2. Hypothesis – tentative answer to question
3. Predictions
4. Test Hypothesis
5. Evaluation and interpretation of results
– Accept hypothesis – does not mean you are right
– Reject hypothesis – if you know you are wrong
The Scientific Method
• Observations and Facts
– Observations are what you see, hear, smell, taste, or feel
– Facts are things you know to be true
• Ignaz Semmelweis a Hungarian Obstetrician
– Compiled records of births and death at a hospital between 1841 and 1846
• Doctors and medical students treated women in division 1 of the hospital
• Midwife students treated women in division 2
Doctors would perform autopsies and then go to division 1 and deliver babies. (“Cadaverous Particles”)
Streptococcus pyogenes (red-stained spheres) is responsible for most cases of severe puerperal fever (childbed fever). It is commonly found in the throat and nasopharynx of otherwise healthy carriers, particularly during winter
Childbed Fever
Miasma: Harmful toxic vapor supposedly exhaled by sick people or exuded by garbageor sewers.
A
B
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
The ABO System
A antigen (protein) on cell surface
B antigen (protein) on cell surface
A and B antigens on cell surface
No (Zero = 0) antigens on cell surface
A
Type A
Anti-A Antibody
B
Type B
Anti-B Antibody
Type AB
Type ONo Antigens forAntibodies to bindwith thus no clumping.
+
Rh +
Rh -
+
Rh +
Rh antigen on cell surface
No Rh antigen on cell surface
Anti – Rh Antibody
The Rh System
What is the blood type?_______ What is the blood type?_______
+
Rh +
Rh -
+
Rh +
Rh antigen on cell surface
No Rh antigen on cell surface
Anti – Rh Antibody
The Rh System
What is the blood type?_______ What is the blood type?_______B- A+