1. What are the steps of the scientific method?

• Problem• Gather information• Hypothesis• Experiment• Observation• Conclusion• Repeat

2. What is meant by “State the Problem?” • Identify the question you would like to

answer.3. What is a hypothesis?• Educated guess4. In which step is data organized and

analyzed?• Observation5. Which step tests the hypothesis?• Experiment

6a. What is the independent variable?• Part of experiment that changes in each setup6b. What is the dependent variable?•Data collected/what’s being measured7. What is the control group?•Group without the independent variable (“normal” setup)8. What must be done to make an experiment more valid?•Repeat, increase sample size

• 9. A student wanted to test whether salt affects the growth of plants. He gave 10 Plants in group A water and 10 Plants in group B water with 5mg of salt. After 2 weeks the plants in Group B Died.

• STATE THE PROBLEM• Does salt affect plant growth?

• STATE A HYPOTHESIS• I think that the salt will kill the plants because…

• 9. A student wanted to test whether salt affects the growth of plants. He gave 10 Plants in group A water and 10 Plants in group B water with 5mg of salt. After 2 weeks the plants in Group B Died.

• a. Independent variable• salt• b. Dependent variable • growth• c. Control group • Plant A• d. Experimental group • Plant B• e. 3 Constants • Type of plant, sunlight, temperature, amount of soil

10. What is the length of this pencil?• 8.3 cm

11. A student placed 10.5 mL of water into a graduated cylinder. An object was placed into the same graduated cylinder. The water level went up to 16.5 mL. What is the volume of the object?•16.5 – 10.5 = •6.0 mL

12. Determine the volume of this cube. Show all work.

•V = l x w x h•V = 2.6 cm x 3.8 cm x 3.8 cm•V = 37.5 cm3

13. SI = Systems International = What system of measurement does this represent?

• Metric14. Identify the metric units for each type of measurement:a. Length • metersb. Volume• liters c. Mass/Weight• grams d. Temperature• Degrees Celsius15. What instrument measures mass?• Triple beam balance

MICROSCOPE16. Label the compound light microscope below.

eyepiece

arm

Coarse adj.

Fine adj.

Body tube

nosepiece

Objective lens

stage diaphragm

mirror

base

17. What is the function of the diaphragm?Controls amount of light used18. Explain the difference between the coarse adjustment knob and the fine adjustment.Coarse: focusing under low powerFine: focusing under high power19. Why can’t we use the coarse adjustment when using the high power objective? You can break the objective lens or slide20. When making a wet mount, why should you lower the cover slip on an angle?To avoid air bubbles

21. What is the diameter of the field of view below?

a. In millimeters = •7.0 mmb. In micrometers =•7000.0 um

22. An object is observed in the field of view below. In which direction should you move the slide in order to center the image?

•left

22. An object is observed in the field of view below. In which direction should you move the slide in order to center the image? ____________________

23. How does a specimen appear when looking at it under a microscope?•Upside down and backwards

CLASSIFICATION24. What are the 7 levels of classification from largest to smallest? •Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species25. How do we name organisms? •Genus species 26. What is homeostasis?•Maintaining a stable internal environment27. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?•Autotrophs can make their own food. •Heterotrophs cannot make their own food

28. Identify the 5 kingdoms. For each one identify important characteristics and 2 examples for each. KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES

1. Monera  UnicelluarProkaryotic

 bacteria

2. Protists 

 UnicellularEukaryotic

 ameba, paramecium

3. Fungi  Mostly multicellularHeterotrophs

 mushroom, mold, yeast

4. Plants 

 MulticellularAutotrophs

 trees, grass

5. Animals 

 MulticellularHeterotrophs

 humans, dogs, insects

28A: How are dichotomous keys used to identify organisms?28A:

DIME NICKEL QUARTER

• 28B. Which two organisms are more closely related? Why?

Black bear and grizzly bear because they belong to most of the same levels of classifications except for species.

CELLS29. What are the 3 parts of the cell theory? •Cells are the basic unit of structure in all living things.•Cells are the basic unit of function in all living things.•All cells come from preexisting cells.

30. Explain the contributions the following scientists made to science.a.Hooke: •Looked at cork, came up with the term “cells”b. Schwann: •All animals are made of cells.c. Schleiden:•All plants are made of cells.

31. Identify the function of each of the following organelles:a.Centrioles =•Cell division in animal cellsb. Ribosomes = • make proteinsc. Golgi bodies = • Package and ship materials•d. Chloroplast = • Carries out photosynthesis in plant cells e. Cell membrane =a. Semi-permeable, controls what goes in and out

f. Lysosome = • Breaks down materials in animal cellg. Endoplasmic reticulum =• Tunnels in cytoplasm, transport materialsh. Vacuole = • Store materialsi. Mitochondria =•Carry out respiration (make energy)j. Nucleus =• Controls the cellk. Cell wall = • Gives plant cell its shape

32. What are the 5 levels of organization in a multicellular organism from smallest to largest?• Cells tissues organs organ

systems organism

33. Label the cell organelles below.33. Label the cell organelles below.

I

J

K

L

M A

H G

F

E

D

C

B

cytoplasm

mitochondria

nucleolus

Cell membrane Cell wall

chloroplast

ribosomes ER

golgi bodies

vacuole

DNA

nucleus

nuclear membrane

33. Label the cell organelles below.

N

O P

Q

R

S

T W

V U

centrioles

golgi bodies

cell membrane

ER

mitochondria

nucleus nuclear membrane

vacuoles

lysosomes

cytoplasm

34. Explain the differences between passive and active transport in the chart below.

35. What is osmosis?• Diffusion of water

PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT high low Low highWith the concentration gradient

 Against the concentration gradient

 No energy required 

Energy required

Diffusion & osmosis Active transport

RESPIRATION36. Write out the equation for aerobic

respiration. You can use words or chemical formulas.

37. Where does respiration occur?• mitochondria

36 ATP

38. What are the differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

• Aerobic = oxygen required, makes 36 ATP• Anaerobic = oxygen not requires, makes 2

ATP39. Identify the 2 types of anaerobic

respiration and in what organism each occurs.

• Alcoholic fermentation = yeast• Lactic Acid fermentation = in muscles when

they run out of oxygen

40. Label the parts of the digestive system.

pharynx

liver gall bladder

Large intestine

appendix

mouth

salivary glands

esophagus

stomach pancreas

small intestine

rectumanus

• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM41. Where does mechanical digestion occur in

the digestive system? How?• Mouth = teeth• Stomach = muscular wall42. Where does chemical digestion start? How

does it occur?• Mouth = salivary glands make enzyme

(ptyalin), breaks down starch sugar

43. Where does chemical digestion end?• Small intestine44 The stomach produces gastric juice.

What is this juice made of?• Pepsin, hydrochloric acid45. What is peristalsis?• Muscular, wavelike contractions that

push food through digestive system

46. Where are villi located? What is the function of the villi?• Small intestine = absorb nutrients

into blood47. The liver produces _____ which

breaks down _____ by ________.• Bile, fat, emulsification

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM48. Label the parts of the heart below.

valve

Rightatrium

valve

right ventricle

aorta

leftatrium

valve

left ventricle

septum

49. What kind of blood does the right side of the heart receive? Where did it just come from? Where does it pump blood to? • Deoxygenated, from the body, to the

lungs50. What kind of blood does the left

side of the heart receive? Where did it just come from? Where does it pump blood to? • Oxygenated, from the lungs, to the

body

51. BLOOD VESSEL

CHARACTERISTICS

a. arteries 

 -carry blood away from heart-thickest, under most pressure-pulse

b. veins 

 -carry blood to heart-contain valves

c. capillaries  

 -thinnest-allow materials to be exchanged by diffusion-connect arteries to veins

52.

PARTS OF THE BLOOD

FUNCTIONS/CHARACTERISTICS

a. Red blood cells 

-carry oxygen-contain hemoglobin-no nucleus, live for 120 days-most numerous

b. White blood cells 

-largest-fprotect the body against disease

c. platelets 

-cell fragments-produce fibrin to help blood clot

d. plasma 

-liquid part that transports materials

53. BLOOD TYPE

ANTIGEN ANTIBODY

a. A 

A Anti-B

b. B 

B Anti -A

c. AB 

A and B None

d. O 

None Anti-A and Anti-B

53a. What blood type of the universal donor? Universal recipient?• O, AB

IMMUNE SYSTEM54. What is a pathogen?• Disease causing organism

(bacteria, viruses…)

55. What makes up the body’s 3 lines of defense?• 1. Physical barriers (Skin, tears,

saliva, gastric juice)• 2. Inflammatory response &

interferons• 3. Antibodies

56. How are antibodies produced? How do they protect the body against disease?• By white blood cells

(lymphocytes). T-cells tell B-cells to make them.• Attach to antigen and slow it

down so WBC’s can kill it

57. Explain the differences between passive and active immunity? List 2 ways to get each.• Passive = Temporary, get antibodies

from someone else • (mother to fetus, breast feeding)• Active = permanent, make own

antibodies • (get disease, or vaccination)

58. Explain the differences between an infectious and noninfectious disease. • Infectious = caused by pathogen, can be

spread• Noninfectious = not caused by

pathogen, cannot be spread59. How does HIV affect the body?• Attacks T-cells destroys immune

system

60. What is an allergy? What does the body produce as a response?•When the body is sensitive to

something (allergen)• Body makes histamines cause

response

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM61. Label the diagram below.

C. larynx

B. epiglottis

A. Nasal cavity

D. trachea

E. lung

F. diaphragm

G. pharynx

H. bronchi

I. Bronchial tube

J. bronchiole

K. alveoli

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM62. What is the function of the

respiratory system?• Gas exchange63. Why is the trachea made of

cartilage?• Holds it open

64. List the organs, in order, through which air enters the body and passes through them.

• Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, bronchioles, capillaries

65. What are the functions of cilia and mucus membranes in the nasal passageway?

• Cilia = filter• Mucus = moisten and filter

66. Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

• Between the alveoli and capillaries67. What 3 things happen in the respiratory system

when you inhale?• Diaphragm moves down (contracts), pressure

decreases, rib cage expands, air moves into lungs68. What 3 things happen in the respiratory system

when you exhale?• Diaphragm moves up (relaxes), pressure increases,

rib cage contracts, air leaves lungs

69. What is the difference between the pharynx and larynx?

• Pharynx = throat, passageway for food and air• Larynx = vocal cords/voice box70. What is asthma?• Allergic reaction in which bronchioles narrow71. What is emphysema?• Alveoli are destroyed not as elastic

EXCRETORY SYSTEM72. Label the diagram below.

A. skin

B. liver

C. large intestine

D. ureter

H. lung

G. kidney

F. bladder E. urethra

EXCRETORY SYSTEM73. What is excretion?• Removal of cellular (metabolic)

wastes74. What is the function of

perspiration?• Cools down body/maintains body

temperature

75. What nitrogen waste does the liver produce?• Urea76. The liver carries out detoxification.

Explain.• Changes toxic materials into less toxic

materials77. What are the three functions of the

kidneys?• Filters blood, maintains water balance,

produces urine

78. Explain the difference between ureters and the urethra.• Ureters carry urine from kidneys

to bladder.• Urethra carries urine to the

outside of the body

SKELETAL & MUSCULAR SYSTEMS79. What is the difference between a

ligament and tendon?• Ligaments connect bone to bone.• Tendons connect muscle to bone.80. Explain the various functions of

cartilage.• Make up body parts (ears and nose)• Cushions (vertebrae), ends of bones,

makes up skeleton of newborn

81. What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system? • Movement• Shape• Protection• Produces blood cells• Stores materials (calcium &

phosphorus)

82. Fill in the chart below.

TYPE OF MUSCLE

VOLUNTARY/ INVOLUNTARY

STRIATED/ NONSTRIATED

LOCATION

A. skeletal 

Voluntary Striated Attached to bones

B. smooth 

Involuntary Nonstriated Digestive system, blood vessels…

C. cardiac 

Involuntary Striated heart

NERVOUS SYSTEM83. What is regulation?• Control and coordination of the

body84. A message sent by the nervous

system is called an • impulse85. A change in the environment

which causes a response is called a• stimulus

86. The sense organs that pick up a stimulus is called a• receptor87. Muscles of glands that carry out a

response are called • effectors88. How does an impulse travel through

a synapse? • Terminal branches release

neurotransmitters which carry impulse across synapse.

89. Label the neuron below.dendrites

Cell body/cyton

axon

Terminal branches

nucleus

Schwann cells

90. Identify all missing parts of the reflex arc below.Sensory neuron

interneuron

Motor neuron

91. Fill in the chart below.

PARTS OF THE BRAIN FUNCTION

a.Cerebrum Voluntary activitiesSensesThinking, memory, reasoning, intelligence

b. Cerebellum Balancec. medulla 

Involuntary activities

92. Label the diagram below.

A. cerebrum

B. cerebellum

C. medulla

93. The central nervous system is made up of the • Brain and spinal cord94. The nerves that branch of the spinal

cord make up the _________ nervous system.• peripheral95. CROSS OUT

CHEMISTRY96. What are the 3 parts of an

atom?• Protons, neutrons, electrons

97. Identify the part of the atom being described.

a. positive charge• Protonb. Found moving around the nucleus• Electronc. Negative charge• Electron

97. Identify the part of the atom being described.

d. Found in the nucleus• Protons, neutronse. No charge• Neutronsf. Smallest mass• electron

27. What is the difference between an element and a compound?•Element = simple substance that cannot be broken down into anything more simple•Compound = 2 or more elements chemically combined.

31. Explain the difference between a physical property and a chemical property. Give an example of each.•Physical property = can be observed, measurement, color•Chemical property = describes how material can change, flammability

32. Explain the difference between a physical change and a chemical change. Give an example of each.•Physical change = not producing new substance, melting•Chemical change = new substance produced, burning

33. Identify the phase of matter being described below:a. molecules very far apart, move very fast•Gasb. Molecules slide past each other•Liquidc. molecules packed tightly together• solid

34. For each phase change below, identify how the material is changing, and whether heat is being absorbed or releaseda. Melting•Solid liquid, absorbedb. Freezing•Liquid solid, releasedc. Evaporation•Liquid gas, absorbedd. Condensation•Gas liquid, released

35. Identify the parts of the periodic table being described belowa.rows•periodsb. columns•Groups/familiesc. Group 18•Noble Gasesd. Brittle•nonmetals

e. Group 1•Alkali Metalsf. All elements to the left of the zig zag line•metalsg. Elements to the right of the zig zag line•nonmetalsh. Ductile & malleable•Metalsi. On zig zag line•Semi-metals/metalloidsj. Group 2•Alkaline Earth Metals

36. Atomic Number•# of protons = # of electrons

37. Mass number•# of protons + # of neutrons

38. What is the pH scale?Scale from 114 that measures how acidic or basic a substance is.pH of 7 =•NeutralpH of 3•AcidicpH of 11•Basic