Steps to Scientific Steps to Scientific MethodMethod

Observation- using senses to formulate Observation- using senses to formulate questionsquestions

Hypothesis – Testable Idea based on Hypothesis – Testable Idea based on observationsobservations

Prediction – What you think will happenPrediction – What you think will happen Experiment – test the hypothesisExperiment – test the hypothesis Data Analysis – Making sense of the Data Analysis – Making sense of the

experimentexperiment Draw Conclusions – summary of resultsDraw Conclusions – summary of results

ReviewReview

What steps do you take to What steps do you take to solve a problem? How are solve a problem? How are these similar to the steps of these similar to the steps of the Scientific method?the Scientific method?

Do NowDo Now

What is the difference between an observation and an inference?

What type of observation/data is more reliable?

How to Ask Biological How to Ask Biological Questions?Questions?

Direct ObservationDirect Observation Quantitative ObservationQuantitative Observation

any characteristic you can measure and to any characteristic you can measure and to which a numerical value can be assignedwhich a numerical value can be assigned

examples: mass, volume, heightexamples: mass, volume, height Qualitative ObservationQualitative Observation

features that cannot be measuredfeatures that cannot be measured examples: emotion, likes/dislikesexamples: emotion, likes/dislikes

INFERENCESINFERENCES

Use previous personal knowledge or Use previous personal knowledge or observations to draw inference. observations to draw inference.

Inference: Coming to a conclusion from Inference: Coming to a conclusion from information you already know ( red gum information you already know ( red gum must be cherry flavored)must be cherry flavored)

Making Measurements Making Measurements & Data Presentation& Data Presentation

Use the metric systemUse the metric system Data tables display raw data sets obtained in Data tables display raw data sets obtained in

the experiment.the experiment. Summary tables show mean, mode, Summary tables show mean, mode,

median,and standard deviation of replicated median,and standard deviation of replicated trials for each part of the experiment.trials for each part of the experiment. Dependent variable is given as titleDependent variable is given as title Independent variable is written on left side columnIndependent variable is written on left side column

GraphsGraphs

Independent Independent variable is graphed on variable is graphed on xx--axis(horizontal axis)axis(horizontal axis)

DependentDependent variable is graphed on variable is graphed on yy-axis(vertical -axis(vertical axis).axis).

Label each axis with the name of the variable Label each axis with the name of the variable and specify the units used to measure it.and specify the units used to measure it.

Title of graph describes the experimental Title of graph describes the experimental conditions that produced the data.conditions that produced the data.

Provide key.Provide key. Include average where available.Include average where available.

Rubric Design ActivityRubric Design Activity

What should be on a graph?What should be on a graph?

Introduction to Goo Introduction to Goo ExperimentExperiment

Clarification of ExperimentClarification of Experiment Mass – measured in gramsMass – measured in grams Elasticity – measured in centimetersElasticity – measured in centimeters Viscosity – measured in secondsViscosity – measured in seconds Bounce-abilty – measured in Bounce-abilty – measured in

centimeterscentimeters Ductility- measured in centimetersDuctility- measured in centimeters

Introduction of Lab Material and proper Introduction of Lab Material and proper useuse

True Goo ExperimentTrue Goo Experiment Safety protocolSafety protocol

Goggles and aprons will be worn at all timesGoggles and aprons will be worn at all times Broken glass goes in bucket in fume hood Broken glass goes in bucket in fume hood not not garbage can.garbage can.

Basic Lab proceduresBasic Lab procedures Tray with equipment & tape for labeling bagsTray with equipment & tape for labeling bags Materials at window need to be sharedMaterials at window need to be shared. Take sample of borax in . Take sample of borax in

small beaker to table. Use food color and return as soon as small beaker to table. Use food color and return as soon as possible.possible.

Amy’s flubber recipe will need to use the bucket.Amy’s flubber recipe will need to use the bucket. BoraxBorax

1 tablespoon=8.65 grams1 tablespoon=8.65 grams1 teaspoon=2.8 grams1 teaspoon=2.8 grams

Clean up everything with hot soapy water after all 5 substances Clean up everything with hot soapy water after all 5 substances are made. Then complete your test trials.are made. Then complete your test trials.

Weigh boats are thrown away after each use.Weigh boats are thrown away after each use.

ReviewReview

What is the difference What is the difference between an observation between an observation and an inference?and an inference?

What type of What type of observation/data is more observation/data is more reliable?reliable?

Statistical AnalysisStatistical Analysis

Interpret the results to determine if the hypothesis Interpret the results to determine if the hypothesis has been falsified.has been falsified.

Statistical analysis of dataStatistical analysis of data Mean Mean Mode Mode MedianMedian Standard DeviationStandard Deviation

Guided PracticeGuided Practice Remediation at: Remediation at:

Statistics: How do I calculate that?

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AgendaAgenda

Notes: Designing an ExperimentNotes: Designing an Experiment Laptop Sign outs & begin lab design Laptop Sign outs & begin lab design

processprocess HomeworkHomework

Portfolio project or Unit One PSSA Prep worksheetsPortfolio project or Unit One PSSA Prep worksheets

Have you ever heard an advertisement or read a label and wondered where they got the information from and how reliable is the information?What role does the dependent, independent, and control variable play in a controlled experiment?

Defining the ProblemDefining the Problem

Formally called a Formally called a HYPOTHESISHYPOTHESIS A proposed explanation for what we observe .A proposed explanation for what we observe . Must be testable.Must be testable. Usable only if the question can be answered no. A Usable only if the question can be answered no. A

hypothesis must be able to be proved false.hypothesis must be able to be proved false.

PredictionsPredictions

Possible outcomes of the experiment.Possible outcomes of the experiment. Predict the effect of the independent Predict the effect of the independent

variable on the dependent variable in each variable on the dependent variable in each situation.situation.

Should state specifically how the dependent Should state specifically how the dependent variable will change in relation to the variable will change in relation to the independent variable.independent variable.

Designing a Controlled Designing a Controlled ExperimentExperiment

Identify variables.Identify variables. Dependent variable (Responding Variable)Dependent variable (Responding Variable)

is what the investigator is what the investigator measuresmeasures.. Independent variableIndependent variable (Manipulated (Manipulated

variable)variable) is what the investigator is what the investigator deliberately deliberately changeschanges..

Control or Standardized variablesControl or Standardized variables are are things that must be kept things that must be kept constantconstant during during the experiment because they would have the experiment because they would have significant effects on the outcome.significant effects on the outcome.

Designing the ProcedureDesigning the Procedure

A numbered sequence of steps to be A numbered sequence of steps to be performed for the experiment.performed for the experiment.

Should include:Should include: Level of treatmentLevel of treatment

value set for independent variable based on value set for independent variable based on previous research or preliminary previous research or preliminary measurementsmeasurements

Example: level of concentration of Sulfuric Example: level of concentration of Sulfuric AcidAcid

AnalysisAnalysis

Interpret the results to determine if the hypothesis Interpret the results to determine if the hypothesis has been falsified.has been falsified.

Statistical analysis of dataStatistical analysis of data Mean Mean Mode Mode MedianMedian Standard DeviationStandard Deviation

Cite specific results that support your Cite specific results that support your conclusions.conclusions.

Give reasons for your conclusions that Give reasons for your conclusions that demonstrate that you understand the demonstrate that you understand the biological meaning of your results.biological meaning of your results.

Explain any unexpected results.Explain any unexpected results. Discuss weaknesses in your Discuss weaknesses in your

experimental design or problems with experimental design or problems with the execution of the experiment.the execution of the experiment.

Refer to statistical analysis.Refer to statistical analysis.

ConclusionConclusion

Have you ever heard an Have you ever heard an advertisement or read a label and advertisement or read a label and wondered where they got the wondered where they got the information from and how reliable information from and how reliable is the information?is the information?

What role does the dependent, What role does the dependent, independent, and control variable independent, and control variable play in a controlled experiment?play in a controlled experiment?

Review

AgendaAgenda

Complete Experiment Data AnalysisComplete Experiment Data Analysis Experimental Results PresentationsExperimental Results Presentations HomeworkHomework

Portfolio project or Unit One PSSA Prep Portfolio project or Unit One PSSA Prep worksheetsworksheets

Unit 1 Exam tomorrow!Unit 1 Exam tomorrow!

AgendaAgenda

Unit One ExamUnit One Exam Collect: Portfolio Project, & Unit 1 PSSA Collect: Portfolio Project, & Unit 1 PSSA

Prep WorksheetsPrep Worksheets Salem’s Secrets Case Study access at Salem’s Secrets Case Study access at

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Define vocabulary terms set #1 on Define vocabulary terms set #1 on Chemistry of Life Portfolio Project PaperChemistry of Life Portfolio Project Paper