What I Learned Over The Semester

By: Hector Damian Andrade Cea Jr.

What I Have Learned Over The Past Semester

Scientific Method Pg. IV -Observation, & Research Question Pg. vi -Collect Variables,& Hypothesis pg. vii -Procedure, & Analyze Data Pg. viii -Conclusion Pg. ix

Bohr Atom Diagrams Pg. X

Periodic Table Pg. XI -Metals ,Transitional Metals -Non metals, Noble Gases PG. xii -Ionic Bonds, Valance electrons, Bonding And Naming, Labeling AN Element, & Octet rule pg. xiii

Energy, Forms Of Energy, &Types of energy Law of conservation of energy Pg. xiv

Movement of Heat, Speed, Momentum, Work, Power, & Acceleration pg. xv

Waves Medium, & Mechanical Wave Pg. Xvi

-Types Of Waves, Parts Of A wave, & wave speed Pg. xvii

How Waves Interact, Refraction, Reflection, & Diffraction pg. xviii

-Constructive Interference & Destructive Interference Pg. xix

Sound & Vibration, & How sound is made &How Sound Is Detected, & Vacuum Pg. xx

What I Have Learned Over The Past Semester Sound in different

mediums, effect of temperature on sound, & pitch & Intensity pg. xxi

Mixtures, Homogeneous & heterogeneous mixtures, & Compounds pg. xxii

-Solute, Solvent, Viscosity,& Solubility Pg. xxiii -un, Super, & Saturated pg. xxiv

Electromagnetic Waves Pg. xxv

Force & Motion Pg. xxvi -Balanced, Unbalanced, & Net Forces pg. xxvii -Newton’s 3 laws pg. xxviii

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The Scientific Method is made up of eight steps.•Observation•Research Question•Collect Variables•Research Question•Hypothesis•Procedure•Analyzing Data•Conclusion

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Observation-•An Observation is anything you notice going on around you

Research Question-•A Research Question is a question that can be tested and cannot be an opinion question

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Collecting variables-•You find your IV and your DV that make your research question

Hypothesis-•A hypothesis is an educated guess that, later in the experiment, will prove if you are right or wrong

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Procedure-•A procedure is the steps that show you how you are going to do your experiment Analyze Data-•When you analyze data, you graph the outcome of your experiment

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Conclusion-•A Conclusion is were you state what you saw going on in the experiment and if your hypothesis was supported

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Bohr Atom Diagrams

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• The table were all the elements come together

• Made by Dmitri Mendeleev

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Metals-Are Shiny, malleable, conductive, and highly reactiveTransitional Metals- Highly boiling and melting point. Largest group of the periodic table, and the oldest elements known to man are found there.Non-Metals-Are not shiny, not malleable, not conductive, and slowly reactiveNoble Gases-Do Not react to anything

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Ionic Bonds-Only take place between metals and non-metals. It is the gaining or losing of electrons.Valence Electrons-They are found in the very last orbital of an atom diagram.Octet Rule- the picture in the bottom left hand cornerCovalent bonds-Only take place between non-metals and other non-metals.Bonding & Naming-It is how you name an ionic bondLabeling an Element-Show were the symbol, atomic number, atomic mass, & the name of the element.

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Energy-The ability to cause a changeForms of energy-• Mechanical-Moving

something• Thermal-Anytime

particles move faster in an object

• Sound-When particles vibrate

• Nuclear-When atoms split and come together

Types of Energy-• Potential Energy-

Energy used when the event is about to happen

• Kinetic Energy-Energy being used when the event is happening

Law of Conservation- States that energy can be reused but not newly made

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Movement of Heat-Can move in different ways• Conduction-Heat

through touch• Convection-Heat

through a liquid• Radiation-heat

through airSpeed-The rate of motionAcceleration-An increase in speedMomentum-How hard it is to stop somethingWork-Anytime something movesPower-How quickly you can move something

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Waves-A disturbance of energy through matter from one point to anotherMechanical Waves-A wave that needs a medium in order to travelMedium-Any type of matter that waves pass through

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Parts of a Wave-Pictured in the top imageTypes of waves-There are two types of waves• Longitudinal-Up and

Down• Transverse-Back and

ForthWave Speed-Show how fast the wave is

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How Wave Interact=Through reflection, refraction, and diffraction• Reflection-Waves

bounce off other things

• Refraction-When waves travel at different waves through different mediums

• Diffraction-When waves go around an object

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Constructive Interference-When 2 waves with the same wave pattern add together to form a bigger wave

Destructive Interference-When 2 waves with a different wave pattern add up to cancel each other out

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Sound –A vibration that moves through matterVibration-The moving back and forth of an objectHow sound is made-Your lung force air out your pharynx, and into your larynx, The vocal cords make vibrations that bounce off matter in the air to create a waveHow sound in detected-The sound wave bounces into your ear and goes through your ear drum. It travels through the inner ear and to your cochlea that sends it to your brain to interpret itVacuum-A space with no particles

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Solid-Goes very slowly throughLiquid-Goes through quicklyGas-Goes through very quicklyEffect of Temperature on sound-• Hot-Allows waves to

travel very fast• Cold-Waves travel

very slowPitch-The highness & lowness of a soundIntensity-How powerful the sound is

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Mixtures-When two or more substances are combined together.There are two types of mixtures.• Homogeneous

Mixtures-Mixtures were you cannot see the particle

• Heterogeneous Mixtures-Mixtures were you can see the particles

Compounds-When the substances are chemically combined and are not easily separated

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Solute-The substance getting dissolvedSolvent-The thing doing the dissolvingViscosity-The thickness of a liquidSolubility-The ability to dissolve in a liquid

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Saturated-A solution that can not dissolve any solute anymoreUnsaturated-A solution that can hold more soluteSupersaturated-Has too much solute in it

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Radio waves-•They are the slowest waves in the electromagnetic wave spectum.•They have the longest wavelength•They can be longer than a football field or as short as a football fieldMicrowaves-•Have wavelengths that can be measured in metersInfrared Waves• Infrared waves are

between visible light and microwaves

Visible light• Visible light is any light

that we can see• There are two types of

visible light that is made from satellites. They are True color and False color.

Ultraviolet light• They are lights that are

invisible to the human eye but some insects can see the.

X-Rays• X-rays are thought in

energy not wave length.Gamma Rays • They are the smallest

waves known in the electromagnetic spectrum

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Motion-The movement of an object from one place to anotherForce-Push or pull. Anything that causes a change in motionBalanced Forces-All forces acting on an objectUnbalanced Forces-The forces in one direction are greater than the otherNet forces-The sum of all the forces acting on an object

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Newton’s 1st Law-An object in motion stays in motion and an object at rest stays at rest unless acted on by a non-zero forceNewton’s 2nd Law-The more mass an object has the more force is needed to move it Newton’s 3rd Law-For every action there is an equal an opposite reaction