aff k of tsa case neg - northwestern 2015 6ws.docx

7/25/2019 Aff K of TSA Case Neg - Northwestern 2015 6WS.docx

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2015 NDI 6WS Af K o TSA

CASE NEG


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Lasers CP


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1NC Shell


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1NCLasers CPLaser base !ole"#lar s"a$$ers are !ore "o%$&'a$( o )r&*a"+,

(he+ allo- #s (o loo. or o$l+ (he (h&$%s (ha( -o#l e$a$%er

(he %e$eral )#bl&"

S&!bro 201/(Andrea M- JD candidate, University of Arizona. The Sky's TheLiit! A Modern A""roach To Air"ort Sec#rity$ Arizona La% &evie%.htt"!arizonaa%revie%.or)*+-siro/0

Air"ort screenin) "roced#res have steadiy ecoe ore invasive as threats haveescaated. n12 3hie a a)netoeter screenin) is iniay intr#sive, n11 the "#ic hascondened the #se of advanced ia)in) technoo)y as an overy intr#sive 4virt#astri" search4 that is not narro%y taiored to eet air"ort sec#rity needs. n1* 5n a o), a forer TSAscreener detaied the dist#rin) activities that took "ace in the ia)e o"eratorrooefore the TSA a)reed to reove its 6-ray ackscatter achines. n1+ /e %itnessed 4 i)ht se6#a"ay aon) o7icers . . . and a %hoe ot of o7icers a#)hin) and co%nin) in re)ard

to soe of89*:+; 8 the "assen)ers'; n#de ia)es.4 n1< Atho#)h a#toatic tar)etreco)nition soft%are %i "revent TSA o7icers fro vie%in) "assen)ers' nakedia)es fro a ack roo, n1: the "at-do%n o"t-o#t o"tion n1= creates evenore "rivacy concerns. >assen)ers e6"ressed o#tra)e at ein) s#?ected to these a))ressive "at-do%ns.n*@ ictis of s#ch "at-do%ns inc#de a fo#r-year-od )ir %ho feared the TSAa)ents eca#se of 4stran)er dan)er,4 n*B a cancer s#rvivor %ho had to end#re aCi)ht covered in his o%n #rine after a TSA a)ent "o""ed his #rostoy a) d#rin) a"at-do%n, n* and John Tyner--the fao#s 4don't to#ch y ?#nk4 dis)r#nted "assen)er.n*2 Atho#)h the "at-do%n o"tion contri#ted to the constit#tionaity of advanced ia)in) technoo)y, n*1

laser,base !ole"#lar s"a$$ers -o#l be a !ore es&rable o)(&o$. Unike a

"roin) "at-do%n, aser-ased oec#ar scanners can detect threats %itho#t evento#chin) "assen)ers. n** 3ith the )oa of 4#icky identify8in); e6"osives,

dan)ero#s cheicas, or io%ea"ons at a distance,4 n*+the scanners "erit"assen)ers to s"eed thro#)h sec#rity %itho#t the fear of ein) )ro"ed ystran)ers. >assen)ers %o#d not have to check their "rivacy interests at the )ate %hen they chose to Cy.

LS &s be((er a( )re*e$(&$% (error&s( a((a".s

S&!bro 201/(Andrea M- JD candidate, University of Arizona. The Sky's TheLiit! A Modern A""roach To Air"ort Sec#rity$ Arizona La% &evie%.htt"!arizonaa%revie%.or)*+-siro/0

E#rrent screenin) technoo)y has "roven ine7ective at detectin) and deterrin)threats. 5n fact, the TSA has e"oyed a reactive a""roach to terroris. n= As ne% threats have eer)ed,

the TSA has r#shed to deveo" so#tions, n2@ #t none have "eranenty soved the "roe.Feca#se of eer)in) nonetaic threats, n2B it a""ears that a)netoeters %i soon ecoe osoete. TheGifth Eirc#it identiHed this shift to nonetaic threats in the B=


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eta carryin) case inside it, and %aked thro#)h the scanners #ndetected. n2< Atho#)h s#ch a case co#d4easiy aar any of the od eta detectors,4 the s#""osedy ore advanced ody scanners did not detect it. n2:

Gedera investi)ators conceded these v#neraiities. n2= Laser-ased oec#ar scanners can Hthese oo"hoes y discosin) etaic and nonetaic threats that are overookedy c#rrent technoo)y. n1@ 5n fact, the scanners have the ca"aiity to "reciseydetect traces of s#stances. n1B To ens#re that the scanners' e7ectiveness is not

red#ced y a fase "ositive "roe, ho%ever, they sho#d e "ro)raed to aertto s#stances )reater than a s"eciHed ao#nt. S#ch a iitation %o#d avoid the 4Fi) Frother4scenarios de"icted in the 5ntrod#ction of this Iote. n1


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Co$%ress CP


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1NC Shell


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1NCCo$%ress CPCo$%ress sho#l )#( %#&el&$es o$ TSA s#r*e&lla$"e

of 201/ (Jessica- editor of the Michi)an State La% &evie%. nhancin) Sec#rity 3hie>rotectin) >rivacy! The &i)hts 5"icated Fy S#""osedy /ei)htened Air"ort Sec#rity$ Michi)anState La% &evie%.htt"!%%%.e6isne6is.co.t#rin).irary.north%estern.ed#nac#ia"ires#tsdocvie%docvie%.doKdocLink5ndtr#erisBNT:=+11+=foratIFG5sort&LAIEstartDocIoBres#tsUrOey=NT:=+11


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Co$&(&o$s CP


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1NC Shell


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1NCCo$&(&o$s CPCo$%ress sho#l "o$&(&o$ TSA #$&$% o$ )res&e$(&al

a))ro*al

of 201/ (Jessica- editor of the Michi)an State La% &evie%. nhancin) Sec#rity 3hie

>rotectin) >rivacy! The &i)hts 5"icated Fy S#""osedy /ei)htened Air"ort Sec#rity$ Michi)anState La% &evie%.htt"!%%%.e6isne6is.co.t#rin).irary.north%estern.ed#nac#ia"ires#tsdocvie%docvie%.doKdocLink5ndtr#erisBNT:=+11+=foratIFG5sort&LAIEstartDocIoBres#tsUrOey=NT:=+11resident. /o%ever, it co#d aso have a dan)er of ein) too icroana)in) over the a)ency, ?#st as co#d ethe "roe %ith Eon)ress akin) r#es that are too s"eciHc. n+2 ven considerin) the "otentia disadvanta)es

of the >resident or Eon)ress takin) a ore active roe, the advanta)es of increased acco#ntaiityand )reater "rotections for "rivacy are %orth it.
http://www.lexisnexis.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/lnacui2api/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T22289642469&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T22289642473&cisb=22_T22289642472&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&selRCNodeID=2&nodeStateId=411en_US,1&docsInCategory=10&csi=144692&docNo=5//GHhttp://www.lexisnexis.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/lnacui2api/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T22289642469&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T22289642473&cisb=22_T22289642472&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&selRCNodeID=2&nodeStateId=411en_US,1&docsInCategory=10&csi=144692&docNo=5//GHhttp://www.lexisnexis.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/lnacui2api/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T22289642469&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T22289642473&cisb=22_T22289642472&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&selRCNodeID=2&nodeStateId=411en_US,1&docsInCategory=10&csi=144692&docNo=5//GHhttp://www.lexisnexis.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/lnacui2api/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T22289642469&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T22289642473&cisb=22_T22289642472&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&selRCNodeID=2&nodeStateId=411en_US,1&docsInCategory=10&csi=144692&docNo=5//GHhttp://www.lexisnexis.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/lnacui2api/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T22289642469&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T22289642473&cisb=22_T22289642472&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&selRCNodeID=2&nodeStateId=411en_US,1&docsInCategory=10&csi=144692&docNo=5//GHhttp://www.lexisnexis.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/lnacui2api/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T22289642469&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T22289642473&cisb=22_T22289642472&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&selRCNodeID=2&nodeStateId=411en_US,1&docsInCategory=10&csi=144692&docNo=5//GHhttp://www.lexisnexis.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/lnacui2api/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T22289642469&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T22289642473&cisb=22_T22289642472&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&selRCNodeID=2&nodeStateId=411en_US,1&docsInCategory=10&csi=144692&docNo=5//GH


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Tr#s(e Tra*eler CP


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1NC Shell


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1NCTr#s(e Tra*eler C)") (e3(4 (he #s% sho#l "rea(e a (r#s(e (ra*eler )ro%ra! o)e$

or all )erso$s (o a))l+ or $o&eolo%+)ls7

CP &s %oo 8490:

;&le+ resident at &AID Iationa Sec#rity &esearch Division, >h.D. in "#ic "oicy anaysis, (O.Jack, Air Trave Sec#rity Since =BB$, &AID Eor"oration,

htt"!%%%.rand.or)contentdarand"#scor"orateN"#s@BB&AIDNE>+2*."df0 //

There are a variety of %ays in %hich %e co#d conH)#re a tr#sted traveer"ro)ra. Io "ro)ra %i e #et"roof, #t, franky, it does not need to e, )iven the e6treey o% odds of as#icide terrorist ein) on a Ci)ht ori)inatin) in the United States. The characteristics, orcoinations of characteristics, aro#nd %hich a tr#sted traveer "ro)ra co#d eor)anized inc#de

Q >ossession of a sec#rity cearance iss#ed y a U.S. )overnent a)ency . MostU.S.)overnent sec#rity cearances are iss#ed after a co"rehensive ack)ro#nd investi)ationthat inc#des an e6aination of forei)n ties. These cearances, %hich are far ore strin)entthan the criina ack)ro#nd checks cond#cted on TSA a)ents, "erit the hoders to %ork on the)overnentRs ost "ressin) and sensitive "roes. The 3ashin)ton >ost re"orted in @B@that ore than :*@,@@@ "eo"e hed to" secret cearances, a credentia that re#ires an investi)ation coverin) the"recedin) ten years that inc#des contact %ith e"oyers, co%orkers, and others investi)ation of ed#cation,"rofessiona, "ersona, and civic a7iiations and a)ency checks of s"o#ses and si)niHcant others.B+ /#ndreds oftho#sands hod esser cearances that re#ire siiar, atho#)h not as strin)ent, investi)ations.

Q A "roHe that invoves fre#ent trave. An individ#a travein) B@@,@@@ ies "eryear is, y conservative estiates, s"endin) @@ ho#rs on air"anes each year.That isa""ro6iatey B@ "ercent of a standard ,@@@-ho#r %ork year. This, coined a)ain %iththe e6treey o% ikeihood of terrorists or s#icide oers ein) on Ci)hts ori)inatin) in the United States,

s#))ests that s#ch traveers can e screened via the asic "roced#res that %ere ine6istence "rior to the de"oyent of 3F5 achines and "at do%ns. Airines )eneray donot ake inforation on the size of their fre#ent-Cyer "oos "#icy avaiae, #t s#ch individ#as are tho#)htto n#er in the tens of tho#sands to the h#ndreds of tho#sands. ven at the o%er end of the ran)e, they %o#dsti e res"onsie for a si)niHcant fraction of the ann#a en"aneents in the United States.

Q Traveers %iin) to s#it to the e#ivaent of a sec#rity cearance "rocess.Soe #siness and eis#re traveers %o#d consider it %e %orth the tie ande6"ense to otain s#ch a credentia in e6chan)e for the aiity to )et thro#)h anair"ort ore #icky. Severa "ro)ras, inc#din) oa ntry, IUS, and SIT&5, areadyao% traveers to ecoe "re-a""roved for e6"edited cearance for entry into theUnited States at orders.

oa ntry eers, for e6a"e, "ay a fee, #nder)o an intervie% and ack)ro#nd check, and "rovideHn)er"rints as "art of seekin) a""rova. A)ain, n#ers are )eneray not easiy avaiae, #t the coined"ro)ras ikey cover h#ndreds of tho#sands of fre#ent traveers.

5t is i"ortant to note that 5 a not advocatin) that traveers %ith these characteristics ee6e"t fro sec#rity screenin). &ather, they sho#d e ei)ie for a eve of "riaryscreenin) that is not as intr#sive and tie cons#in) as 3F5s and frisks. Thesetr#sted traveer screenin)s %o#d e s#""eented y rando a""ications of ore-intensive secondary screenin)

on sa "ortions of this "o"#ation. The rando secondary screenin)s %o#d he" "revent


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contraand and risk fro cree"in) in thro#)h the "rocess. 5n the eantie, the ore-intensive ethods can e ore e7ectivey #sed on "eo"e ao#t %ho %e kno% itte. 5n addition toao%in) reso#rces to e ore e7ectivey #sed, %e %o#d aso ikey si)niHcantyred#ce the n#er of achines, and therefore "eo"e, needed for sec#rity "roced#resat air"orts, thereyred#cin) the e6"ense of o"eratin) the syste


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AT =;AING EANS TE CP CANL?EThe&r &$&"(s are lo%&"all+ &$"ohere$(-e "a$ #se (he !as(erhioso"hy, Pcc#"y Lierais Pr, Ten &easons 3hy LieraisEannot Fe &etrieved for &adicais (And 3hy TheyRre A 3ron)0$, &adica>hioso"hy &evie%, o#e B* n#er (@B0! 2@*V22;

Ge% ines in the anti-coonia and anti-racist traditions of the ast fe% decades or sohave een as often #oted as A#dre Lorde's(B=:10 ceerated dict#! 4The aster'stoos can never e #sed to disante the aster's ho#se.4 The reason for its "o"#arity isovio#s! it s#s#" so %e, in s#ch a neat e"i)raatica for, a seein)y radica and

#nco"roisin) etatheoretica "osition. F#t %ith a d#e res"ect to y ate feo% Eariean-Aerican, the #ti"e o""ressions she had to s#7er in the racist, se6ist, and heterose6ist United States, and herco#ra)e in resistin) her s#ordination, a7irin) her identity, and akin) s#ch an inva#ae contri#tion to the

distinctive feinis of %oen of coor, this ceerated dict# is#s( alse 5t's not itsef"retendin) to e an ar)#ent, of co#rseWit's#s( a$ asser(&o$. F#t one does try tocoe #" %ith a ()ood0 ar)#ent for its tr#th, one #icky Hnds onesef Co#nderin) .Lorde is not sayin)! 4The asters toos soeties can, and soeties cannot, e #sed todisante the asters ho#se.4 S#ch a #aiHcation, %hie havin) the ha""y virt#e of akin) the caitr#e, %o#d have the #nha""y vice of red#cin) it to anaityWnot %hat one %ants in a )ood a"horis or e"i)ra.Moreover, it %o#d e a anaity that n#iHes its i"act, since, of co#rse, it )ets its force "recisey fro its

i"icit #nco"roisin)ness! 4The aster's toos can never e #sed to disante the aster's ho#se.4 F#t onya fe% seconds' tho#)htWore than ost of its reciters have a""arenty ever )iven to itWsho#d e

s#7icient to deonstrate (he ob*&o#s alse$ess o (h&s "la&! Take it, to e)in %ith, atthe ost itera eve, since if an a"horis is #ntr#e in the concrete it is hardy any ore ikey to e tr#e at the

astract eve eant to e H)#red and re"resented y the concrete. 5a)ine %e're a )ro#" of esca"edsaves %ho have e)#n y disandin) the aster ("res#ay #sin) o#r o%n toos0 and no%%ish to ove on to his ho#se. /#ntin) aro#nd the "antation, %e coe across a too-shed ofhaers, "icka6es, sa%s, arres of )#n"o%der, and so forth. Eannot %e takethese toos andWhaerin), di))in), sa%in) in haf, o%in) #"Wdeoish theaster's ho#seK Pf co#rse %e canWXyo# ?#st %atch. So the oent one e6aines the a6i, it fas a"art.Pny if it co#d "a#siy e deonstrated that there is soethin) intrinsic in thetoo itsef that "rohiits any s#ch eanci"atory #se of it %o#d the dict# e tr#e .F#t ovio#sy there %i e any toos, ike haers, %hich can e #sed for a %ide

variety of ends, so that even if the aster has #sed the, inter aia, to #id his"antation ansion (%ith o#r forced aor, of co#rse0, this does not ean that %e cannot #sethe for di7erent "#r"oses once he is no on)er %ith #s. A""ro"riatin) theaster's toosWafter a, %e H)#re he o%es #s a ot of ack "ayWX%e head o#t 3est, %here %econstr#ct freeden's to%ns %ith the. 3ho %i ref#se to ove into these ho#ses eca#se they%ere #it %ith the aster's toosK Eonsiderno% the astract eve of conce"t#a toos andtheoretica frae%orks that the ateria toos are s#""osed to re"resent. 5 s#))estthat Lorde's dict# is no tr#er here. Soe toos, s#ch as racis, %i e intrinsicay o""ressive, so


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that one sho#d e d#io#s ao#tWto cite a fao#s e6a"eWJean->a# Sartre's cai in 4FackPr"he#s4 that an 4antiracist racis4 is "ossie. F#t l&beral&s! a$ "o$(ra"( (heor+, 5%o#d cai, are &fere$(. Adittedy, ierais and contractarianis have h&s(or&"all+bee$ ra"&al&'eWthis %as the %hoe #rden of The &acia Eontract. F#t the cr#cia disanao)y as4toos4 et%een racis on the one hand, and ierais and contractarianis, on the

other hand, is that once yo# "#r)e racis of its scientiHc errors and oravicio#sness there is nothin) eft!, %hie for ierais and contractarianis, (h&s &s $o((he "ase &acis as an ideoo)y ao#t the nat#ra di7erentiation of h#anity into discrete,hierarchicay ordered ioo)ica )ro#"s, or racis as ora disre)ard for "eo"e eca#se of their race,

coa"ses into nothin)ness once it is reaized that not ony are the )ro#"shistoricay taken to e races not in a hierarchy, #t that in fact they do not evene6ist as discrete ioo)ica entities in the Hrst "ace, and that raciay ased disre)ardfor "eo"e is oray #nconscionae. F#t ierais and contractarianis asdescri"tive and norative cais ao#t ho% %e sho#d think of the foration ofsociety and the ri)hts that oray e#a h#ans sho#d have %ithin that societycan s#r*&*e (he re!o*al o ra"&s( "o$"e)(&o$s o -ho sho#l be "o#$(e as#ll+ h#!a$ a$ #ll+ eB#al The atter 4toos,4 #nike the forer, have otherdiensions eside the )oa of s#ordination , and so can e recaied. An anti-contractarian contractarianis is "ossie in a %ay that an anti-racist racis is not .


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S(a(e PIK


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1NC Shell 1We a*o"a(e (he e$(&re(+ o (he 1AC -&(h (he e3"e)(&o$ o (he&r le$s o

F$&(e S(a(es eeral %o*er$!e$( e"o$o!&" )ol&"+

There &s $o &$(er$al l&$. be(-ee$ (he )la$ (e3( a$ (he sol*e$"+

S"hla% H0 (>ierre Scha), "rofessor of a%Y #niv. Eoorado, stanford a% revie%,noveer, "a)e e6is0

5n fact, $or!a(&*e le%al (ho#%h( &s so !#"h &$ a h#rr+ (ha( &( -&ll (ell +o# -ha(

(o o e*e$ (ho#%h (here &s $o( (he sl&%h(es( "ha$"e (ha( +o# !&%h( a"(#all+

be &$ a )os&(&o$ (o o &( Gor instance, %hen %as the ast tie yo# %ere in a "osition to "#t thedi7erence "rinci"e n2B into e7ect, or to restr#ct#re 89Bo%er, and the >ossiiity of J#stice,$ ". B=-B )hs-s

8ender odiHed;

3ithin the e)a order the reations et%een individ#as %i resee this o)ic%here s#7erin) is e6chan)ed for ore, #t Ze)aR s#7erin), eca#se thesereations are no on)er re)#ated y the c#t#re of the heart$ 8O#t#r des /erzens;. (E1*0 As Fen?ain descries it, the e)a syste tries to erect, in a areas %here individ#aends co#d e #sef#y "#rs#ed y vioence, e)a ends that can e reaized ony ye)a "o%er.$ (E 2:0 The individ#a is not to take a% in his their o%n hands noconCict sho#d e s#sce"tie of ein) soved %itho#t the direct intervention of

a%, est its a#thority %i e #nderined. La- has (o )rese$( &(sel as&$&s)e$sable or a$+ .&$ o "o$&"( (o be sol*e. The conse#ence of thisinHtration of a% thro#)ho#t the %hoe of h#an ife is "arado6ica! the oreinesca"ae the r#e of a% is, the ess res"onsie the individ#a ecoes. Le)aand ?#dicia instit#tions act as aven)ers in the nae of the individ#a . ven the"ossiiity of for)iveness is ono"oized y the state #nder the Zri)ht of ercyR. /ence (heres)o$s&b&l&(+ o (he )erso$ (o-ar (he o(hers &s $o- ele%a(e o$ (he

a#(hor&(+ a$ #s($ess o (he la- The e)a instit#tions, the very a)ents of (e)a0


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ven)eance e6onerate e fro y essentia res"onsiiity to%ards the others,reakin) the ora "ro6iity that akes every ethics "ossie.@ Th#s 5 a noon)er oi)ed to an other that y hisher very "resence %o#d deand e to e%orthy of the occasion (of every occasion0, eca#se a%, y seekin) to re)#ate a7airset%een individ#as, akes this other anonyo#s, virt#a! his their otherness is

e#aed to that of every "ossie other. The Pther ecoes faceess, akin) it atoo easy for e to i)nore his their deands of ?#stice, and even to e6ert on hithe vioence ?#st for the sake of e)aity. The o)ic of evi, then, ecoes not aeans #t an end in itsef!B state vioence for the sake of the stateRs s#rviva. /ence, the ever-"resent "ossiiity of the %orst takes the for of y #nconditionares"onsiiity to%ards the other ein) dee)ated on the ideoo)ica and totaitarianinstit#tions of a a% )one astray in the (its0 o)ic of sef-"reservin) ven)eance. The#ndecidaiity of the ori)in of a%, and its conse#ent eddin) a across h#an a7airs akes it "ossie that

the %orst co#d e e6erted in the nae of a%. ven the very notion of criesa)ainst h#anity, %hich seeks to "rotect the ife of the "o"#ation, can eoverooked y the state if it fees threatened y other states or y its o%n"o"#ation. Gro no% on, y res"onsiiity to%ards the Pther is taken fro e,

at the "rice of y o%n e6istence ein) constanty threatened y the iinent andfata "ossiiity of ein) si)naed as )#ity of an (for e0 indeterinate o7ence. 5nthis "ict#re, the odern state "rotects y e6istence %hie rin)in) on the terror ofstate vioence V the a% inHtrates into and seeks to r#e o#r ost "rivate conCicts.

The+ are !ore &$(eres(e &$ )la+&$% her!e$e#(&" %a!es (ha$ e$%a%&$% &$

)ol&(&"sJ (he )reo""#)a(&o$ -&(h )re(e$&$% (o be )ol&"+!a.ers (ra)s (he!

&$ a s)e"(a(or )os&(&o$ a$ bars (he! ro! re"o%$&'&$% (he b#rea#"ra(&"

*&ole$"e o le%al )ra3&s

S"hla% H0 (>ierre Scha), "rofessor of a%Y #niv. Eoorado, stanford a% revie%,noveer, "a)e e6is0

A of this can see very f#nny. That's eca#se it is very f#nny. 5t is aso deady serio#s. 5t is deady serio#s,

eca#se a this $or!a(&*e le%al (ho#%h(, as &oert Eover e6"ained,(a.es )la"e &$ a @el

o )a&$ a$ ea(h. n*+ And in a very rea sense Eover %as ri)ht. [et as it takes "ace, $or!a(&*e

le%al (ho#%h( &s )la+&$% la$%#a%e %a!es ,, #((erl+ obl&*&o#s (o (he

"hara"(er o (he la$%#a%e %a!es &( )la+sJ a$ (h#sJ #((erl+ #$&$(eres(e &$

"o$s&er&$% &(s o-$ rhe(or&"al a$ )ol&(&"al "o$(r&b#(&o$s 8or la". (hereo:

(o (he @el o )a&$ a$ ea(h To be s#reJ $or!a(&*e le%al (h&$.ers are

o(e$ %e$#&$el+ "o$"er$e -&(h re#"&$% (he )a&$ a$ (he ea(h . /o%ever, the"roe is not %hat norative e)a thinkers do %ith norative e)a tho#)ht, #t %hat norative e)a tho#)ht

does %ith norative e)a thinkers.Wha( &s !&ss&$% &$ $or!a(&*e le%al (ho#%h( &s a$+

ser&o#s B#es(&o$&$%J le( alo$e (ra"&$%J o (he rela(&o$s (ha( (he )ra"(&"eJ

(he rhe(or&"J (he ro#(&$e o $or!a(&*e le%al (ho#%h( ha*e (or do not have0 (o (he

@el o )a&$ a$ ea(h And there is a reason for that! Iorative e)a tho#)ht is#nderstands itso%n sit#ation. Ty"icay, norative e)a tho#)ht #nderstands itsef to e o#tside the Hed of "ain and death and inchar)e of or)anizin) and "oicin) that Hed. 5t is as if the action of norative e)a tho#)ht co#d e se"aratedfro the ack)ro#nd Hed of "ain and death. This theatrica distinction is %hat ao%s norative e)a tho#)ht itso%n sef-i"ortant, sef-ri)hteo#s, sef-ia)e -- its con)rat#atory sense of its o%n acco"ishents ande7ectiveness. A this sef-con)rat#ation %orks very nicey so on) as norative e)a 89B::; tho#)ht contin#es toia)ine itsef as o#tside the Hed of "ain and death and as havin) e7ects %ithin that Hed. n*< [et it is do#tf#this ia)e can e aintained. 5t is not so #ch the case that norative e)a tho#)ht has e7ects on the Hed of"ain and death -- at east not in the direct, ori)inary %ay it ia)ines. &ather, it is ore the case that


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$or!a(&*e le%al (ho#%h( &s (he )a((er$J &s (he o)era(&o$ o (he b#rea#"ra(&"

&s(r&b#(&o$ a$ (he &$s(&(#(&o$al allo"a(&o$ o (he )a&$ a$ (he ea(h n*:And a"art fro the eftover e)o-centered rationaist rhetoric of the ei)hteenth cent#ry (and o#r ro#tine0, there isnothin) at this "oint to s#))est that %e, as e)a thinkers, are in contro of norative e)a tho#)ht. The "roe

for #s, as e)a thinkers, is that (he $or!a(&*e a))eal o $or!a(&*e le%al (ho#%h(

s+s(e!a(&"all+ (#r$s #s a-a+ ro! re"o%$&'&$% (ha( $or!a(&*e le%al

(ho#%h( &s %ro#$e o$ a$ #((erl+ #$bel&e*able re,)rese$(a(&o$ o (he @el&( "la&!s (o es"r&be a$ re%#la(e The )roble! or #s &s (ha( $or!a(&*e

le%al (ho#%h(J ra(her (ha$ ass&s(&$% &$ (he #$ers(a$&$% o )rese$(

)ol&(&"al a$ !oral s&(#a(&o$sJ s(a$s &$ (he -a+ I( s+s(e!a(&"all+

re&$s"r&bes &(s o-$ aes(he(&" ,, &(s o-$ a$(as(&" #$ers(a$&$% o (he

)ol&(&"al a$ !oral s"e$e n*=Unti norative e)a tho#)ht e)ins to dea %ith its o%n "arado6ica

"ostodern rhetorica sit#ation,&( -&ll re!a&$ so!e(h&$% o a$ &rres)o$s&ble

e$(er)r&se I$ &(s rhe(or&"al s(r#"(#reJ &( -&ll "o$(&$#e (o )o)#la(e (he le%al

a"ae!&" -orl -&(h &$&*al h#!a$&s( s#be"(s -ho (h&$. (he!sel*es

e!)o-ere Car(es&a$ e%osJ b#( -ho are lar%el+ (he !a$&)#la(e

"o$s(r#"(&o$s o b#rea#"ra(&" )ra"(&"es-- acadeic and other%ise.


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1nc shell #2My partner and I advocate the entirety of the 1ac minus the plan text.

The armatives concept of violence as external from their own livesallows individuals to abdicate their responsibility. enial of our individual

culpability with violence forecloses the possibility of meanin!ful chan!e"in the process violence becomes more li$ely.

%appeler &'(Susanne, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and SocialSciences, Al Akhawayn University. "The Will To iolence! The Politics of Personalehavior", #. $%&'

What is strikin is that the violence which is talked a)out is always the violencecommitted )y someone else! women talk a)out the violence of men, adults a)out the violence of youn#eo#le* the left, li)erals and the centre a)out the violence of riht e+tremists* the riht, centre and li)erals a)outthe violence of leftist e+tremists* #olitical activists talk a)out structural violence, #olice and #oliticians a)outviolence in the street-, and all toether a)out the violence in our society. Similarly, Westerners talk a)out violence

in the alkans, Western citiens toether with their enerals a)out the violence of the Ser)ian army. iolence isreconied and measured )y its visi)le e/ects, the s#ectacular )lood of wounded)odies, the material destruction of o)0ects, the visi)le damae left in the world ofo)0ects-. 1n its measura)le damae we see the #roof that violence has taken #lace,the violence )ein reduced to this damae. The violation as such, or invisi)le forms ofviolence% the non%#hysical violence of threat and terror, of insult and humiliation, the violation of human dinity% are hardly ever the issue e+ce#t to some e+tent in feminist and anti%racistanalyses, or under the name of #sycholoical violence. Here violence is reconied)y the victims and de2ned from their #ers#ective % an im#ortant ste# away from thecataloue of violent acts and the e+clusive evidence of material traces in the o)0ect.

3et even here the focus tends to )e on the e/ects and e+#erience of violence, eitherthe o)0ective and scienti2c measure of #sycholoical damae, or the increasinlysu)0ective de2nition of violence as e+#erience. iolence is #erceived as a#henomenon for science to research and for #olitics to et a ri# on. ut violence isnot a #henomenon! it is the )ehaviour of #eo#le, human action which may )eanalysed. What is missin is an analysis of violence as action % not 0ust as acts ofviolence, or the cause of its e/ects, )ut as the actions of #eo#le in relation to other#eo#le and )eins or thins. 4eminist criti5ue, as well as other #olitical criti5ues,has analysed the #reconditions of violence, the une5ual #ower relations whichena)le it to take #lace. However, under the #ressure of mainstream science and asocioloical #ers#ective which increasinly dominates our thinkin, it is )ecominstandard to arue as if it were these #ower relations which cause the violence.Underlyin is a )ehaviourist model which #refers to see human action as thee+clusive #roduct of circumstances, inorin the #ersonal decision of the aent toact, im#lyin in turn that circumstances virtually dictate certain forms of )ehaviour.6ven thouh we would #ro)a)ly not underwrite these #ro#ositions in their crass form, there isnevertheless arowin tendency, not 0ust in social science, to e+#lain violent )ehaviour )y itscircumstances. (7om#are the 5uestion, 8oes #ornora#hy cause violence9-' The circumstances identi2edmay di/er accordin to the #olitics of the e+#lainers, )ut the method of e+#lanation remains the same. While

consideration of mitiatin circumstances has its rihtful #lace in a court of law tryin (and defendin' an o/ender,

this does not automatically make it an ade5uate or su:cient #ractice for #olitical


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analysis. 1t )es the 5uestion, in #articular, (What is considered to )e #art of thecircumstances(and )y whom'9- Thus in the case of se+ual o/enders, there is a routine search % on the #art ofthe ta)loid #ress or #rofessionals of violence % for e+#eriences of violence in the o/ender-s own #ast, an

understandin which is ra#idly solidifyin in scienti2c model of a cycle of violence-. That is, the relevantfactors are souht in the distant #ast and in other conte+ts of action, e a crucialfactor in the #resent conte+t is inored, namely the aent-s decision to act as he

did. 6ven #olitically o##ositional rou#s are not immune to this mainstreamsocioloiin. Some left rou#s have tried to e+#lain men-s se+ual violence as theresult of class o##ression, while some lack theoreticians have e+#lained theviolence of lack men as the result of racist o##ression. The ostensi)le aim of thesearuments may )e to draw attention to the #ervasive and structural violence ofclassism and racism, yet they not only fail to com)at such ine5uality, they activelycontri)ute to it. Althouh such o##ression is a very real #art of an aent-s lifeconte+t, these e+#lanations- inore the fact that not everyone e+#eriencin thesame o##ression uses violence, that is, that these circumstances do not cause-violent )ehaviour. They overlook, in other words, that the #er#etrator has decided toviolate, even if this decision was made in circumstances of limited choice. To

overlook this decision, however, is itself a #olitical decision, servin #articular interests.1n the 2rst instance it serves to e+onerate the #er#etrators, whose res#onsi)ility is thustransferred to circumstances and a history for which other #eo#le(who remain )eyondreach' are res#onsi)le. ;oreover, it hel#s to stimatie all those livin in #overty ando##ression* )ecause they are o)vious victims of violence and o##ression, they areheld to )e #otential #er#etrators themselves.- This slanders all the women whohave e+#erienced se+ual violence, yet do not use violence aainst others, and li)elsthose e+#eriencin racist and class o##ression, yet do not necessarily act outviolence. 4ar from su##ortin those o##ressed )y classist, racist or se+isto##ression, it sells out these entire rou#s in the interest of e+oneratin individualmem)ers. 1t is a version of collective victim%)lamin, of stimatiin entire social

strata as #otential hot)eds of violence, which rests on and #er#etuates themainstream division of society into so%called marinal rou#s% the classic clienteles of socialwork and care #olitics (and of #olice re#ression' % and an im#lied centre- to which all thes#eakers, e+#lainers, researchers and careers themselves )elon, and which we areto assume to )e a one of non%violence. 6+#lainin #eo#le-s violent )ehaviour )ytheir circumstances also has the advantae of im#lyin that the solution- lies in achane to circumstances. Thus it has )ecome fashiona)le amon socially minded#oliticiansand intellectuals in


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assaults on refuees and mirants in Hoyerswerda, ?ostock, 8resden etc., are treated to s#ecial youth #ro0ects andsocial care measures (to the tune of 8; @ million #er year', includin educative- tri#s to ;orocco and 1srael,- thisis am unmistaka)le sinal to society that racist violence does indeed -#ay o/-.

)olitical violence is sustained by or!ani*ed thin$in! that loo$s at violence

throu!h meta+analysis. ,e need to have deeper insi!ht that reali*es thateach of us are culpable for violence. This is inte!ral to endin! the cycle ofviolence.

%appeler &'(Susanne, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and SocialSciences, Al Akhawayn University. "The Will To iolence! The Politics of Personalehavior", #. B%$$'

;oreover, #ersonal )ehaviour is no alternative to #olitical- action* there is no 5uestionof eitherCor. ;y concern, on the contrary, is the connection )etween thesereconied forms of violence and the forms of everyday )ehaviour which weconsider normal- )ut which )etray our own will to violence % the connection, in

other words, between our own actions and those acts of violence which arenormally the focus of our political criti-ues. Precisely )ecause there is no choicebetween dedicatin! oneself either to (political issues or to (personalbehaviour the -uestion of the politics of personal behaviour has (also' to bemoved into the centre of our politics and our criti-ue. /iolence + what weusually reconie as such + is no exception to the rules no deviation from thenormal and nothin! out of the ordinary, in a society in which e+#loitation and o##ression arethe norm, the ordinary and the rule. 1t is no mis)ehaviour of a minority amid ood )ehaviour )y the ma0ority, northe deeds of inhuman monsters amid humane humans, in a society in which there is no e5uality, in which #eo#ledivide others accordin to race, class, se+ and many other factors in order to rule, e+#loit, use, o)0ectify, enslave,sell, torture and kill them, in which millions of animals are tortured, enetically mani#ulated, enslaved and

slauhtered daily for harmless- consum#tion )y humans. It is no error of 0ud!ement no moral

lapse and no trans!ression a!ainst the customs of a culture which isthorou!hly steeped in the values of prot and desire of self+reali*ationexpansion and pro!ress. /iolence as we usually perceive it is (simply aspecic + and to us still visible + form of violence the consistent andlo!ical application of the principles of our culture and everyday life. ,ardoes not suddenly brea$ out in a peaceful society" sexual violence is notthe disturbance of otherwise e-ual !ender relations. acist attac$s do notshoot li$e li!htnin! out of a non+racist s$y and the sexual exploitation ofchildren is no solitary problem in a world otherwise 0ust to children. Theviolence of our most commonsense everyday thin$in! and especially ourpersonal will to violence constitute the conceptual preparation the

ideolo!ical armament and the intellectual mobili*ation which ma$e the(outbrea$ of war of sexual violence of racist attac$s of murder anddestruction possible at all. ,e are the warwrites Slavenka 8rakulic at the end of here+istential analysis of the 5uestion, what is war9-! 1 do not know what war is, 1 want to tell Dmy friendE, )ut 1 see it

everywhere. It is in the blood+soa$ed streetin Sara0evo, after @ #eo#le have )een killed whilethey 5ueued for )read. 3ut it is also in your non+comprehension in myunconscious cruelty towards you in the fact that you have a yellow form Dfor refueesE and I dont in the way in which it !rows inside ourselves and


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chan!es our feelin!s relationships values + in short4 us. ,e are the war ...And 1 am afraid that we cannot hold anyone else responsible. ,e ma$e this warpossible we permit it to happen. (,e are the war + and we also (are thesexual violence the racist violence the exploitation and the will toviolence in all its manifestations in a society in so+called (peacetime for

we ma$e them possible and we permit them to happen. (,e are the wardoes not mean that the responsibility for a war is shared collectively anddi5usely by an entire society% which would )e e5uivalent to e+oneratin warlords and #oliticiansand #ro2teers or, as Ulrich eck says, u#holdin the notion of collective irres#onsi)ility-, where #eo#le are noloner held res#onsi)le for their actions, and where the conce#tion of universal res#onsi)ility )ecomes the

e5uivalent of a universal ac5uittal.- Fn the contrary, the ob0ect is precisely to analyse thespecic and di5erential responsibility of everyone in their diversesituations. ecisions to unleash a war are indeed ta$en at particular levelsof power by those in a position to ma$e them and to command suchcollective action. ,e need to hold them clearly responsible for theirdecisions and actions without lessenin! theirs by any collective(assumption of responsibility. 3et our habit of focusin! on the sta!e where

the ma0or dramas of power ta$e place tends to obscure our si!ht inrelation to our own sphere of competence our own power and our ownresponsibility + leadin! to the well+$nown illusion of our apparent(powerlessness and its accompanyin! phenomenon our so+called politicaldisillusionment. 6in!le citi*ens % even more so those of other nations % have come to feelsecure in their obvious non+responsibility for such lar!e+scale politicaleventsas, say, the wars in 7roatia and osnia%Herceovina or Somalia % since the decisions forsuch events are always made elsewhere. 3et our insi!ht that indeed we arenot responsible for the decisions of a 6erbian !eneral or a 7roatianpresident tends to mislead us into thin$in! that therefore we have noresponsibility at all not even for formin! our own 0ud!ement and thus

into underratin! the responsibility we do have within our own sphere ofaction. 1n #articular, it seems to absolve us from havin! to try to see anyrelation between our own actions and those events or to reco!ni*e theconnections between those political decisions and our own personaldecisions. It not only shows that we participate in what 3ec$ calls(or!ani*ed irresponsibility upholdin! the apparent lac$ of connectionbetween bureaucratically institutionally nationally and also individuallyor!ani*ed separate competences. It also proves the phenomenal andun-uestioned alliance of our personal thin$in! with the thin$in! of thema0or powermon!ers. 8or we tend to thin$ that we cannot (do anythin!say about a war because we deem ourselves to be in the wron! situation"

because we are not where the ma0or decisions are made. ,hich is whymany of those not yet entirely disillusioned with politics tend to en!a!e ina form of mental deputy politics in the style of (,hat would I do if I werethe !eneral the prime minister the president the forei!n minister or theminister of defence9- Since we seem to reard their mea s#heres of action as the only worthwhile andtruly e/ective ones, and since our #olitical analyses tend to dwell there 2rst of all, any 5uestion of what 1 would do if1 were indeed myself tends to #eter out in the com#arative insini2cance of havin what is #erceived as virtually

no #ossi)ilities-4 what I could do seems petty and futile. 4or my own action 1 o)viously desirethe rane of action of a eneral, a #rime minister, or a


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more #revalent formulations like 1 want to sto# this war-, 1 want military intervention-, 1 want to sto# this

)acklash-, or 1 want a moral revolution.- G , ,e are this war, however, even if we do notcommand the troops or participate in so+called peace tal$s, namely as 8rakulicsays, in our non+comprehension4 our willed refusal to feel responsible forour own thin$in! and for wor$in! out our own understandin! preferrin!innocently to drift alon! the ideolo!ical current of prefabricatedar!uments or less than innocently ta$in! advanta!e of the advanta!esthese o5er. And we (are the war in our (unconscious cruelty towards youour tolerance of the (fact that you have a yellow form for refu!ees and Idont + our readiness, in other words, to build identities one for ourselves andone for refu!ees one of our own and one for the (others. ,e share in theresponsibility for this war and its violence in the way we let them !rowinside us that is in the way we shape (our feelin!s our relationships ourvalues accordin! to the structures and the values of war and violence. So ifwe move beyond the usual frame of violence towards the structures ofthou!ht employed in decisions to act this also means ma$in! an analysisof action. This seems all the more ur!ent as action seems barely to be

perceived any lon!er. There is tal$ of the !overnment doin! (nothin! ofits (inaction of the need for action the time for action the need forstrate!ies our inability to act as well as our desire to become (activea!ain. ,e seem to deem ourselves in a $ind of action vacuum which li$ethe cosmic blac$ hole tends to consume any renewed e5ort only toincrease its si*e. :ence this is also an attempt to shift the focus a!ain tothe fact that we are continually actin! and doin! and that there is nosuch thin! as not actin! or doin! nothin!.

;one of us have our hands on the levers of power" instead we need tointerro!ate our own will to violence" only by politici*in! the way we thin$about violence can we nd ways to end the cycle of violence.

%appeler &'(Susanne, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and SocialSciences, Al Akhawayn University. "The Will To iolence! The Politics of Personalehavior", #. &%'

If wenevertheless continue to explain violence by its


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seems ultimately in our interest4 we prefer to $eep certain people undercontrol puttin! limits on their violent behavior but we apparently have nointerest in a politics that presupposes peoples ability to chan!e and aimsat chan!in! attitudes and behavior. 4or chan!in!(as o##osed to restrictin'other peoples behavior is beyond the ran!e and in?uence of our own

power" only they themselves can chan!e it. It re-uires their will tochan!e their will not to abuse power and not to use violence. @ politicsaimin! at a chan!e in peoples behavior would re-uire political wor$ thatis very much more cumbersome and very much less promisin! of successthan is the use of state power and social control. It would re-uire politicalconsciousness+raisin! A politici*in! the way we thin$ A which cannot beimposed on others by force or compulsory educational measures.It wouldre-uire a view of people which ta$es seriously and rec$ons with their willboth their will to violence and their will to chan!e. To ta$e seriously thewill of others however would mean reco!ni*in! ones own and puttin!peoples will includin! our own at the centre of political re?ection. @political analysis of violence needs to reco!ni*ethis will, the personaldecision in favour of violence% not 0ust to descri)e acts of violence, or theconditions which ena)le them to take #lace, )ut also to ca#ture the moment ofdecision which is the real im#etus for violent action. 4or without this decisionthere will be no violent act not even in circumstances which potentiallypermit it. It is the decision to violate not 0ust the act itself which ma$es aperson a perpetrator of violence + 0ust as it is the decision not to do sowhich ma$es people not act violently and not abuse their power in asituation which would nevertheless permit it. This moment of decision,therefore, is also the locus of #otential resistance to violence. To understand thestructures of thinkin and the criteria, )y which such decisions are reached, )uta)ove all to reard this decision as an act of choice, seems to me a necessary#recondition for any #olitical strule aainst violence and for a non%violent society.


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E3( &!)a"(Whe$ (he S(a(e e"o!es a Sa"re E*e$( F$res(ra&$e Na(&o$al&s!Pro#"es E$less Sla#%h(ereres H/ (Lo#is &ene, >rofessor of 5nternationa La% in the De"artent of >oiticaScience Y >#rd#e University, >h.D., >rinceton University. Arizona Jo#rna of 5nternationa

and Eo"arative La%, A&T5EL! SLG-DT&M5IAT5PI, 5IT&IAT5PIAL LA3 AIDSU&5AL PI >LAIT A&T/$ S"rin) B==1. Le6is Ie6is0The S(a(e )rese$(s &(sel as sa"re. The idea of the State as sacred is et %ith horror and indi)nation,es)e"&all+ &$ (he e!o"ra(&"J se"#lar Wes(J b#( (h&s $o(&o$ &s &$&s)#(able. Thro#)ho#t#ch of the conte"orary %ord, the e3)e"(a(&o$s o %o*er$!e$( are al-a+s "as( &$ (er!s orel&%&o#s obl&%a(&o$. And in those "aces %here the "ere"tory cais of faith are in conCict %ith s#ch e6"ectations, itis the atter that invariay "revai.W&(h S(a(es as (he $e- %osJ (he )roa$e has be"o!e $o(o$l+ )er!&ss&bleJ &( &s $o- al(o%e(her sa"re E onsider the chan)in) "ace of the State in %ord a7airs.Atho#)h it has on) een oserved that S(a(es !#s( "o$(&$#all+ sear"h or a$ &!)ro*e )o-er

)os&(&o$ as a )ra"(&"al !a((er, the sa"ral&'a(&o$ o (he S(a(e &s a e*elo)!e$( o

!oer$ (&!es. This sacraization, re)rese$(&$% a brea. ro! (he (ra&(&o$al M20)ol&(&"al real&s! of Th#cydides, n*< Thrasyach#s n*: and Machiavei, n*= %as f#y deveo"ed inerany. Gro Gichte BB+@ and /e)e, thro#)h &anke and von Treitschke, n+ B the odern transforation of &ea"oitikhas le (he )la$e( (o &(s "#rre$( )roble!a(&" re$e'*o#s -&(h sel, e(er!&$a(&o$&ationaist "hioso"hy derived the idea of nationa soverei)nty fro the notion of individ#a ierty, #t cast in its ode, "ost-seventeenth cent#ry e6"ression, the idea has noray "rohiited intervention n+ and acted to o""ose h#an di)nity and h#an

ri)hts. BB+2 Le( (o e*elo) o$ &(s "o$(&$#o#s &%h( ro! reaso$J (he le%a"+ o

#$res(ra&$e $a(&o$al&s! "a$ o$l+ be e$less oathin) andsla#%h(er. Utiatey, asLe%is M#ford has oserved, all h#an e$er%&es -&ll be )la"e a( (he &s)osal o a!#rero#s !e%a!a"h&$e$-&(h -hose a*e$( -e -&ll all be ra-$#$s)ar&$%l+ &$(o a rea#l "ere!o$+ o -orl-&e sa"r&@"e. The S(a(e(ha( "o!!&(s &(sel (o !ass b#("her+ oes $o( &$(e$ (o o e*&l &ather, accordin)to /e)eRs descri"tion in the >hioso"hy of &i)ht, the State is the act#aitv of the ethica 5dea.$ 5t coits itsef to

death for the sake of ife, "roddin) kiin) %ith conviction and "#re heart. A sanctiHed kier, the S(a(e (ha(

a""e)(s ;eal)ol&(&. %e$era(es a$ &$"essa$( sear"h or *&"(&!s Tho#)h ired inood, (he sear"h &s (ra$B#&l a$ sel,ass#reJ bor$ o (he .$o-le%e (ha( (heS(a(eroised reief fro the ost terrifyin) of "ossiiities -- death and disannearance V o#rs)e"&es re%#larl+ s#rre$ers itsef (o foras(r#"(#res o )o-er and i#nity.

5ronicay, s#"h s#rre$er br&$% s abo#( a$ e$lar%e!e$( o (he *er+ (errors (ha("rea(e (he $e- %os &$ (he @rs( )la"e, #t %e s#rrender nonetheess. 5n the %ords of 3iia&eich, %e ay %aste to o#rseves b+ e!bra"&$% (he )ol&(&"al )la%#e,!o$%ers.$ Anecro"hio#s "artnershi" that )ro!&ses )#r&(+ a$ *&(al&(+ (hro#%h (he .&ll&$% oo#(s&ers =ear o ea(h, to s#arize, $o( o$l+ "r&))les l&eJ &( also "rea(ese$(&re @els o )re!a(#re "or)ses. F#t ho% can %e e reinded of o#r ortaity in a "rod#ctive%ay, a %ay that %o#d "oint to a ne% and di)niHed "oity of "rivate seves and, si)niHcanty, to fe%er #ntieydeathsK Pne ans%er ies in the ethics of "ic#r#s, an eni)htened creed %hose "rescri"tions for disci"ined %iare essentia for internationa staiity.


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E3( , l&$. &s"o#rsehe&r ;o#(&$&'e De)&"(&o$ o Go*er$!e$( S#rre$ers Co$se$( The Wor Terro"ra( Threa(e$s A#(hor&(+ Preer >#r L&$%#&s(&"s

A$al+s&sa$$J H (Grederick Mann, Go#nder of Terra Lira, FA in Eo#nications YSanford U. &e"ort \TL@


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31/124

E3(4 l&$%#&s(&" l&$.E*e$ I ea$&$% &s =l#&J Cer(a&$ Wors A""#!#la(e ea$&$% ase o$

;e)e(&(&o$ >#r L&$%#&s(&" A$al+s&s &s ore A""#ra(e I(


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a !os( &!)or(a$( )ar( o o#rsel*es7 Do %e "erfor ost of o#r 4eanin)-"rocessin)4 ore oress #nconscio#syK Gor a ore e6tensive disc#ssion of this "rinci"e, see &e"ort \*@A! Seantic &i)idity,

Ge6iiity, and Greedo. The Ma" Di7ers fro the Territory The -or &fers ro! (he (h&$% I$o#r !&$s -e !a.e all .&$s o !a)s a$ !oels o ho- -e (h&$. (he -orl-or.s >#r "o$"e)(s 8bas&" &eas: a$ -ors "o$s(&(#(e !a)s or !oels-h&"h re)rese$( or ree"( 8-e ho)e: as)e"(s o (he -orl >#r !oels a$

!a)s "a$ be !ore or less #se#lJ !eas#re b+ (he res#l(s -e )ro#"e #s&$%(he! >#r !oels a$ !a)s ,, &$"l#&$% o#r -ors ,, "a$ $e*er o !ore(ha$ a))ro3&!a(e (he a"(#al -orl or (he a"(#al )he$o!e$a (he+ see. (ore)rese$(P#r a"s, odes, and %ords (syos0 constit#te inco"ete astractions -- condensed,si"iHed, and a""ro6iated. Fl(&!a(el+J (he a"(#al (err&(or+ e@es *erbales"r&)(&o$ Fl(&!a(el+J (he -or "a$$o( es"r&be (he (h&$% The -orl8(err&(or+: has &(s or! or $a(#re. P#r descri"tion of it (a"0 inc#des at est inco"ete detais./ense the S a"horis (converted into ->rie0! 43hatever descri"tion yo# )ive soethin) di7ers fro the thin)

itsef4 The %ord di7ers fro the thin) it tries to descrie, reCect, or re"resent Ne#ro,L&$%#&s(&"Pro%ra!!&$% 8NLP:J es"r&bes (hree bas&" -a+s &$ -h&"h o#r !oels or!a)s &fer ro! (he (err&(or+4 Dele(&o$ ,, a( bes( -e #se )ar(&al !a)sR (he+"a$ selo! 8& e*er: &$"l#e all (he e(a&ls o (he (err&(or+ D&s(or(&o$ ,, o#r

!a)s o(e$ &$"l#e !&$or or e*e$ !aor &$a""#ra"&esRone "erson 4sees4 a red car%ith t%o "eo"e, another 4sees4 a ro%n car %ith three "eo"e one tennis "ayer 4sees4 the a as 4in,4 the

o""onent 4sees4 it as 4o#t.4 Ge$eral&'a(&o$ ,, -e o(e$ ha*e o$e %e$eral&'e !a) (ha(re)rese$(s !a$+ &fere$( )ar(s o (he (err&(or+ Gor e6a"e, y )eneraized 4co%4 a"i)ht re"resent co%s in )enera. 5f soeone asks e %hat reed of co% 5 sa%, a Jersey, #ernsey, /ereford, etc.K,

5 re"y, 43hat do 5 care A co%s ook the sae to eO A o#r(h -a+ &$ -h&"h o#r !a)s !a+&fer ro! (he (err&(or+J -e*e alrea+ "o*ere br&e+4 a&(&o$ orhall#"&$a(&o$ We OseeO a$ )#( &$(o o#r !a) -ha( oes $o( e3&s( &$ (he(err&(or+ We OseeO a O"o$s(ella(&o$O -here o$l+ &$&*al s(ars e3&s( >#r!a) "o$(a&$s !ore (ha$ -ha( "a$ be o#$ &$ (he (err&(or+ ,, a&(&o$ orhall#"&$a(&o$3hen scientists tried to Hnd a s#stance corres"ondin) to the %ay they 4#nderstood4 the%ord 4heat,4 they atte"ted to add to the territory an e6"ected 4s#stance4 they co#d never Hnd. Pf co#rse,scientists event#ay discovered their error eca#se they re#ire "hysica evidence %hich they co#d never Hnd.

>re"onderance of Means over nds As far as 5 kno% (a S #aiHcation0, /ans aihin)er Hrst en#nciated this"rinci"e in his ook The >hioso"hy of As 5f. /e said that o#r eans tend to ecoe ore i"ortant than o#rends. Gor e6a"e, %e %ant to ecoe ha""y. 3e H)#re if %e ake ots of oney %e' e ha""y. Money ecoesthe eans to achieve the end of ha""iness. Many of #s then foc#s on akin) oney (eans0, to the e6tent that %eose si)ht of ecoin) ha""y (end0. The oney ecoes ore i"ortant than the ha""iness eans "re"onderate

over ends. 5n S a s"eciHc as"ect of the ore )enera "rinci"e aove, can e for#ated as! The)re)o$era$"e o (he !a) o*er (he (err&(or+R orJ re%ar&$% (he !a) as!ore &!)or(a$( (ha$ (he (err&(or+ a.&$% (he -or !ore &!)or(a$( (ha$(he (h&$%. Kor'+bs.& "alle (h&s OI$(e$s&o$al E*al#a(&o$ ,, O=a"(sO Las(O I-e ele*a(e o#r -ors &$ &!)or(a$"e abo*e o#r e3)er&e$"e o (he -orlJ -ee*al#a(e &$(e$s&o$all+ e "alle (h&s or&e$(a(&o$ O#$,sa$eO be"a#se &(sl&$%#&s(&" el#s&o$s "a$ e$a$%er o#r s#""ess or s#r*&*al Gor e6a"e, if %e eievethat %e can achieve )ood heath y sayin), 45 create that %hatever 5 eat is )ood for e,4 and contin#e %ith#nheathy haits, %e ehave intensionay or in an #n-sane anner. Oorzyski caied that eevatin) %ords over

facts ca#ses #ch h#an isery, eca#se it eads to dysf#nctiona, #n-sane, eva#atin) and ehavior. To achieveore sane ehaviors, %e #st ook Hrst to e6"erience. Oorzyski caed this 46tensiona va#ation -- 4Gacts4Girst.4 The ter e6tensiona refers to eevatin) e6"erience aove an)#a)e. 3hen %e oserve, sense, and thendescrie, %e eva#ate e6tensionay. Oorzyski considered this a sane %ay to ake o#r eva#ations of the %ord. Toook, oserve, to#ch, fee, test, sa"e, etc. and then to descrie. Io%, if yo# ook ack at o#r t%o tries, yo#'Hnd that trie B (the sane ones0 "ractice e6tensiona eva#ation, %hie trie (the #n-sane ones0 "racticeintensiona eva#ation. 5t ay e %orth%hie to reread the t%o-tries story to etter )ras" thee6tensionaintensiona distinction. The scientists ookin) for a s#stance corres"ondin) to the %ord 4heat,4eva#ated intensionay. They started %ith the descri"tion 4heat,4 then ooked and searched the territory in vain for

the 4fact4 of 4heat.4We e3)er&e$"e (he -orl &$ a( leas( (-o bas&" -a+s4 Thro#%ho#r se$sesR Thro#%h la$%#a%e We e3)er&e$"e (he -orl (hro#%h o#r


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se$ses as &re"(l+ as -e "a$ We "o#l "all &( e3(e$s&o$al e3)er&e$"e ,,(e$s (o-ar %rea(er sa$&(+ Whe$ -e e3)er&e$"e (he -orl (hro#%h (he&$(er!e&ar+ o la$%#a%e &$&re"(l+J -e "o#l "all &( &$(e$s&o$al e3)er&e$"e,, (e$s (o-ar less sa$&(+ +)os(a(&'a(&o$ 4Mankind in a a)es have had a stron)"ro"ensity to conc#de that for every nae, a distin)#ishae se"arate entity corres"ondin) to the nae #ste6ist and every co"e6 idea %hich the ind has fored for itsef y o"eratin) #"on its conce"tions of individ#athin)s, had to have an o#t%ard o?ective reaity ans%erin) to it.4 8converted into ->rie; - J.S. Mi, A Syste ofLo)ic 4The Gascist State has a conscio#sness of its o%n, and a %i of its o%n, on this acco#nt constit#tes an

4ethica4 state.4 8converted into ->rie; - M#ssoini on the Doctrine of Gascis +)os(a(&'a(&o$bas&"all+ reers (o "o$s(r#&$% a -or as a (h&$%J or re%ar&$% a )#rel+"o$"e)(#al &ea as a real e3&s(e$( or "o$"re(e (h&$% +)os(a(&'a(&o$"losel+ rese!bles re&@"a(&o$ ,, re%ar&$% so!e(h&$% abs(ra"( as a !a(er&al(h&$%. 5n his ook The Eoforts of Unreason! A St#dy of the Motives ehind 5rrationa Tho#)ht, "ertEraysha%-3iias has a cha"ter on hy"ostatization, %here he anayses h+)os(a(&'e abs(ra"(&o$sl&.e4n)and,4 4erany,4 4 "o#$(r+JO a$ O$a(&o$O e #ses (he )hrases O"olle"(&*eabs(ra"(&o$O a$ Oe!)(+ l&$%#&s(&" "o$*e$&e$"eOMi aove descries hy"ostatization orreiHcation. #ssol&$& "o!b&$es re&@"a(&o$ -&(h )erso$&@"a(&o$ b+ (rea(&$% h&sh+)os(a(&'e Oas"&s( s(a(eO 8e!)(+ l&$%#&s(&" "o$*e$&e$"e: as a )erso$ -&(ha "o$s"&e$"e a$ a -&ll #ssol&$&s !a) "o$(a&$s !ore (ha$ "a$ be o#$&$ (he real&(+ or (err&(or+ &( see.s (o re)rese$( ,, a&(&o$J &$ #ssol&$&s"aseJ e3(re!e hall#"&$a(&o$ ,, Osee&$%O -ha( "a$( be o#$+)os(a(&'a(&o$ re)rese$(s (he e3(re!e "ase o %lor&+&$% a !a) -&(ho#( a(err&(or+ ,, a -or -&(ho#( a (h&$% or &s"er$&ble reere$( ,, s#"h as (he-or O%o*er$!e$(4 To (he$ %o #r(her a$ as"r&be (o (h&s s#))oseO%o*er$!e$(O *ol&(&o$ a$ !a%&"al )o-ers 8OThe )#r)ose o %o*er$!e$( &s(o o or )eo)le -ha( (he+ "a$$o( o or (he!sel*esO ,- Araha Lincon0, ree"(s)erso$&@"a(&o$ ,, e*e$ e&@"a(&o$ +)os(a(&'a(&o$ re)rese$(s e3(re!e&$(e$s&o$al e*al#a(&o$ ,, a$ e!)(+ es"r&)(&o$, s#ch that, if yo# ook, oserve, to#ch, fee,test, sa"e, etc., yo# fai to Hnd a referent. onne)#t in e7ect said, 4%o*er$!e$( re)rese$(s a%ra$alloo$.4 Fentha's 4Look to the etter, yo# Hnd nonsense -- ook eyond the etter, yo# Hnd nothin)4a""ies here. Gor a "hioso"hica anaysis of 4)overnent4 (or 4state40 as an e"ty in)#istic convenience, see the

artice! Dee" Anarchy - An iinativist ie% Pf 4The State4. The !aor&(+ o )ol&(&"alSla*es)ea. -ors "o$s(&(#(e e3a!)les o h+)os(a(&'a(&o$ a$ &$(e$s&o$ale*al#a(&o$ ,, -ors @rs(J Oa"(sO las(R or Oalse,o*er,a"(sOR -ors -&(ho#("orres)o$&$% (h&$%s or reere$(s %ra$alloo$s. 4/eat4 a)ain, re"resents a cassice6a"e of hy"ostatization. Feca#se scientists had the astract idea of 4heat,4 they ass#ed that if they searched

on) eno#)h, they %o#d event#ay Hnd a s#stance corres"ondin) to their a". +)os(a(&'a(&o$Jre&@"a(&o$J )erso$&@"a(&o$J e&@"a(&o$J a$ &$(e$s&o$al e*al#a(&o$ !a+ allha*e (he&r roo(s &$ (he !ore )r&!&(&*e or!s o a )he$o!e$o$ "alleO)ar(&"&)a(&o$ !+s(&B#eO y anthro"oo)ist L#cien Levy-Fr#h in his ook /o% Iatives Think.>artici"ation ysti#e can have vario#s eeents! kinds of a"s and odes of ho% %e think the%ord %orks. P#r conce"ts (asic ideas0 and %ords constit#te a"s or odes%hich re"resent or reCect (%e ho"e0 as"ects of the %ord. P#r odes and a"s

can e ore or ess #sef#, eas#red y the res#ts %e "rod#ce #sin) the. P#rodes and a"s -- inc#din) o#r %ords -- can never do ore than a""ro6iate theact#a %ord or the act#a "henoena they seek to re"resent. P#r a"s, odes, and%ords (syos0 constit#te inco"ete astractions -- condensed, si"iHed, and a""ro6iated. Utiatey,the act#a territory deHes vera descri"tion. Utiatey, the %ord cannot descriethe thin). The %ord (territory0 has its for or nat#re. P#r descri"tion of it (a"0 inc#des atest inco"ete detais. /ense the S a"horis (converted into ->rie0! 43hatever descri"tion yo# )ive

soethin) di7ers fro the thin) itsef4 The %ord di7ers fro the thin) it tries to descrie, reCect, or re"resent .Ie#ro-Lin)#istic >ro)rain) (IL>0, descries three asic %ays in %hich o#r


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odes or a"s di7er fro the territory! Deetion -- at est %e #se "artia a"sthey can sedo (if ever0 inc#de a the detais of the territory. Distortion -- o#ra"s often inc#de inor or even a?or inacc#racies one "erson 4sees4 a red car %ith t%o"eo"e, another 4sees4 a ro%n car %ith three "eo"e one tennis "ayer 4sees4 the a as 4in,4 the o""onent

4sees4 it as 4o#t.4 eneraization -- %e often have one )eneraized a" that re"resentsany di7erent "arts of the territory. Gor e6a"e, y )eneraized 4co%4 a" i)ht re"resent co%s

in )enera. 5f soeone asks e %hat reed of co% 5 sa%, a Jersey, #ernsey, /ereford, etc.K, 5 re"y, 43hat do 5care A co%s ook the sae to e4 A fo#rth %ay in %hich o#r a"s ay di7er fro theterritory, %e've aready covered rieCy! addition or ha#cination. 3e 4see4 and "#tinto o#r a" %hat does not e6ist in the territory. 3e 4see4 a 4consteation4 %hereony individ#a stars e6ist. P#r a" contains ore than %hat can e fo#nd in theterritory -- addition or ha#cination. 3hen scientists tried to Hnd a s#stance corres"ondin) to the%ay they 4#nderstood4 the %ord 4heat,4 they atte"ted to add to the territory an e6"ected 4s#stance4 they co#dnever Hnd. Pf co#rse, scientists event#ay discovered their error eca#se they re#ire "hysica evidence %hichthey co#d never Hnd. >re"onderance of Means over nds As far as 5 kno% (a S #aiHcation0, /ans aihin)erHrst en#nciated this "rinci"e in his ook The >hioso"hy of As 5f. /e said that o#r eans tend to ecoe orei"ortant than o#r ends. Gor e6a"e, %e %ant to ecoe ha""y. 3e H)#re if %e ake ots of oney %e' eha""y. Money ecoes the eans to achieve the end of ha""iness. Many of #s then foc#s on akin) oney(eans0, to the e6tent that %e ose si)ht of ecoin) ha""y (end0. The oney ecoes ore i"ortant than theha""iness eans "re"onderate over ends. 5n S a s"eciHc as"ect of the ore )enera "rinci"e aove, can e

for#ated as!

The "re"onderance of the a" over the territory or, re)ardin) the a"as ore i"ortant than the territory. Makin) the %ord ore i"ortant than thethin). Oorzyski caed this 45ntensiona va#ation -- 4Gacts4 Last.4 5f %e eevateo#r %ords in i"ortance aove o#r e6"erience of the %ord, %e eva#ateintensionay. /e caed this orientation 4#n-sane4 eca#se its in)#istic de#sionscan endan)er o#r s#ccess or s#rviva. Gor e6a"e, if %e eieve that %e can achieve )ood heath ysayin), 45 create that %hatever 5 eat is )ood for e,4 and contin#e %ith #nheathy haits, %e ehave intensionayor in an #n-sane anner. Oorzyski caied that eevatin) %ords over facts ca#ses #ch h#an isery, eca#se iteads to dysf#nctiona, #n-sane, eva#atin) and ehavior. To achieve ore sane ehaviors, %e #st ook Hrst toe6"erience. Oorzyski caed this 46tensiona va#ation -- 4Gacts4 Girst.4 The ter e6tensiona refers to eevatin)e6"erience aove an)#a)e. 3hen %e oserve, sense, and then descrie, %e eva#ate e6tensionay. Oorzyskiconsidered this a sane %ay to ake o#r eva#ations of the %ord. To ook, oserve, to#ch, fee, test, sa"e, etc.and then to descrie. Io%, if yo# ook ack at o#r t%o tries, yo#' Hnd that trie B (the sane ones0 "racticee6tensiona eva#ation, %hie trie (the #n-sane ones0 "ractice intensiona eva#ation. 5t ay e %orth%hie toreread the t%o-tries story to etter )ras" the e6tensionaintensiona distinction. The scientists ookin) for a

s#stance corres"ondin) to the %ord 4heat,4 eva#ated intensionay. They started %ith the descri"tion 4heat,4then ooked and searched the territory in vain for the 4fact4 of 4heat.4 3e e6"erience the %ord in ateast t%o asic %ays! Thro#)h o#r senses Thro#)h an)#a)e. 3e e6"erience the%ord thro#)h o#r senses as directy as %e can. 3e co#d ca it e6tensionae6"erience -- tends to%ard )reater sanity. 3hen %e e6"erience the %ord thro#)hthe interediary of an)#a)e indirecty, %e co#d ca it intensiona e6"erience --tends to%ard ess sanity. /y"ostatization 4Mankind in a a)es have had a stron) "ro"ensity toconc#de that for every nae, a distin)#ishae se"arate entity corres"ondin) to the nae #st e6ist and everyco"e6 idea %hich the ind has fored for itsef y o"eratin) #"on its conce"tions of individ#a thin)s, had tohave an o#t%ard o?ective reaity ans%erin) to it.4 8converted into ->rie; - J.S. Mi, A Syste of Lo)ic 4TheGascist State has a conscio#sness of its o%n, and a %i of its o%n, on this acco#nt constit#tes an 4ethica4 state.4

8converted into ->rie; - M#ssoini on the Doctrine of Gascis /y"ostatization asicay refers toconstr#in) a %ord as a thin), or re)ardin) a "#rey conce"t#a idea as a rea

e6istent or concrete thin). /y"ostatization cosey resees reiHcation --re)ardin) soethin) astract as a ateria thin). 5n his ook The Eoforts of Unreason! ASt#dy of the Motives ehind 5rrationa Tho#)ht, "ert Eraysha%-3iias has a cha"ter on hy"ostatization,

%here he anayses hy"ostatized astractions ike 4n)and,4 4erany,4 4 co#ntry,4 and4nation.4 /e #ses the "hrases 4coective astraction4 and 4e"ty in)#isticconvenience.4 Mi aove descries hy"ostatization or reiHcation. M#ssoini coines reiHcation%ith "ersoniHcation y treatin) his hy"ostatized 4fascist state4 (e"ty in)#isticconvenience0 as a "erson %ith a conscience and a %i. M#ssoini's a" containsore than can e fo#nd in the reaity or territory it seeks to re"resent -- addition,


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in M#ssoini's case, e6tree ha#cination -- 4seein)4 %hat can't e fo#nd./y"ostatization re"resents the e6tree case of )orifyin) a a" %itho#t a territory-- a %ord %itho#t a thin) or discernie referent -- s#ch as the %ord 4)overnent. 4To then )o f#rther and ascrie to this s#""osed 4)overnent4 voition and a)ica"o%ers (4The "#r"ose of )overnent is to do for "eo"e %hat they cannot do fortheseves.4 -- Araha Lincon0, reCects "ersoniHcation -- even deiHcation.

/y"ostatization re"resents e6tree intensiona eva#ation -- an e"ty descri"tion,s#ch that, if yo# ook, oserve, to#ch, fee, test, sa"e, etc., yo# fai to Hnd a referent. onne)#t in e7ect said,

4)overnent re"resents a )ranfaoon.4 Fentha's 4Look to the etter, yo# Hnd nonsense -- ookeyond the etter, yo# Hnd nothin)4 a""ies here. Gor a "hioso"hica anaysis of 4)overnent4 (or 4state40 as an

e"ty in)#istic convenience, see the artice! Dee" Anarchy - An iinativist ie% Pf 4The State4. Thea?ority of "oitica Saves"eak %ords constit#te e6a"es of hy"ostatization andintensiona eva#ation -- %ords Hrst, 4facts4 ast or 4fase-over-facts4 %ords%itho#t corres"ondin) thin)s or referents )ranfaoons. 4/eat4 a)ain, re"resents a cassice6a"e of hy"ostatization. Feca#se scientists had the astract idea of 4heat,4 they ass#ed that if they searched

on) eno#)h, they %o#d event#ay Hnd a s#stance corres"ondin) to their a". /y"ostatization,reiHcation, "ersoniHcation, deiHcation, and intensiona eva#ation ay a havetheir roots in the ore "riitive fors of a "henoenon caed 4"artici"ationysti#e4 y anthro"oo)ist L#cien Levy-Fr#h in his ook /o% Iatives Think. >artici"ation ysti#e canhave vario#s eeents!


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E3( l&$.The Wor S(a(e a&$(a&$s (he +(h o a F$&@e Na(&o$al&s(Ie$(&(+

a$$J H (Grederick Mann, Go#nder of Terra Lira, FA in Eo#nications YSanford U. &e"ort \TL@


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o$ a$+ s#be"( $o( &eolo%&"all+ $e#(ralJ as $earl+ as )oss&ble &$e)e$e$(o "o$s"&o#s$ess... #tiatey it %as ho"ed to ake artic#ate s"eech iss#e fro the aryn6 %itho#tinvovin) the hi)her rain centers at a. This ai %as franky aditted in the Ie%s"eak %ord 'D#cks"eak'eanin) 'to #ack ike a d#ck.'4 8e"hasis added; 5' aso introd#cin) here the conce"t of 4fra#d-%ord.4 5'sayin) that certain %ords are fra#d#ent in theseves. [o# don't even have to #se the in a sentence the %orditsef is a ie. Gor e6a"e, the %ord 4Oin).4 3e have a "erfecty )ood %ord 4an.4 3hen a an cas hisef4Oin),4 he's yin) as did John-the-stran)er aove. The %ord itsef is a fra#d. 5n his s#"er ook &estorin) the

Aerican Drea, &oert &in)er devoted an entire cha"ter to ho% 4)overnent4 is ke"t in "ace y certain %ords- Eha"ter :! 4Oee"in) 5t A in >ace.4 ere &s !+ l&s( o s(a(&s( ra#,-ors! 4)overnent,4

4s(a(e,4 4co#ntry,4 4nation,4 4U.S.A.,4 4e"ire,4 4coon%eath,4 4re"#ic,4 4society,4 4e"eror,4 4kin),44#een,4 4"rince,4 4"rincess,4 4"resident,4 4"rie inister,4 4a%,4 4constit#tion,4 4"#ic interest,4 4nationainterest,4 4fair share,4 4coon )ood,4 4nationa sec#rity,4 4socia contract,4 4"#ic "oicy,4 4andate fro the

"eo"e,4 etc. T%o of the 3orst Gra#d-3ords! 4Eonstit#tion,4 and 4La%4 5f yo# think ao#t it,+o# -&ll real&'e(he role o la$%#a%e &$ )ra"(&"all+ all "oer"&o$! e it "arents or teachers coercin) theyo#n) or those as#eradin) as (so-caed0 4state4 or 4)overnent4 coercin) (so-caed0 4s#?ects.4

Pol&(&"&a$s a$ b#rea#"ra(s ha*e a$ ar!or+ o -ea)o$s (he+ #se (o "oer"e(he&r *&"(&!s 5 "#t it to yo# that fra#d-%ords are the ost foridae %ea"ons in their arory - not )#nsand e6"osives. Do "oiticians and #rea#crats #se )#ns or %ordsK 5 f#rther "#t it to yo# that ne6t to4)overnent,4 t%o of their ost "o%erf# fra#d-%ords are 4a%4 and 4constit#tion.4


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E3(4 &!)a"(I$*es(&$% &$ (he la- as a !ar.er a$ !e(ho or alle*&a(&$% *&ole$"e

re&@es a l&beral #$ers(a$&$% o reeo! -h&"h has e!)&r&"all+

a!)l&@e a$ "loa.e ra"&s!

%andaswamy 2B12>riya, 3oen's, ender, and Se6#aity St#dies, MisEoe)e S[M>PS5UM PI >LP&5I >P3&, AIE[ AET5PI 5I A 3P&LDPG MP5I G&PIT5&S!A&T5EL! T/ PFL5AT5PIS PG G&DPM AID T/L5M5TS PG LAL ]UAL5T[,$ 1B S%. L. &ev. +*

Des"itea vastarray of criti#es that have e#cidated the %ays in %hich theU.S. state is dee"y invested in aintainin) socia reations of racis, ca"itais,and hetero"atriarchy, it is sti #ite coon"ace to ass#e that to reedy sociain?#stices one #st t#rn Hrst to the a%. The "#rs#it of e)a e#aity is fre#enty#nderstood as the ost "ra)atic a""roach and a necessary Hrst ste" to any kindof road scae socia chan)e. 5n "ractice , ho%ever, e)a e#aity str#))es have faied todeiver s#stantive socia ?#stice for any )ro#"s . Gre#enty %ritten o7 as a si)n of^the inco"etenessof e)a chan)e , these fai#res are often invoked as evidence of the need for f#rthere)a refor rather than "ro"tin) the serio#s consideration of thea%'s act#a ca"acity to e7ect chan)e that "erha"s they sho#d . ven those critica of e)a strate)ies fre#enty faack on the, citin) e)a refor as a necessary evi, the est that can e achieved in the c#rrent "oitica conte6t, or the Hrst ste" to%ard roader chan)es. 5n this %ay, the a% aintainsa^Herce hod on the "oitica ia)ination. 5n this essay , 5 ar)#e for the i"ortance ofseverin) that hod. The ass#"tions that e)a refor is a"ra)atic and necessary Hrst ste" to socia ?#stice is a reCection of theo#ndaries that circ#scrie %hat is ia)ined as "oiticay "ossie %ithindoinant disco#rse rather than the essentia tr#ths they are often taken to e . To the e6tentthat e)a interventions %i a%ays si#taneo#sy reinforce the e)a a#thority of theU.S. state, e)a refor is o#nd to reiterate rather than transfor #ne#a

distri#tions of "o%er. > innin) "oitica "ossiiities to the a% circ#scriesthe o#ndaries of chan)e in very narro% %ays . 5nstead, oveents for socia ?#stice #st seek to o"en #" "ossiiities for transforation andeva#ate their en)a)eents %ith the a% in ters of the 89++; f#t#re "ossiiities those en)a)eents i)ht o"en or forecose. 5n other %ords, rather than "res#e e)a e#aity is the ans%er, it is necessary to en)a)e %ith

the ore co"e6 #estions ao#t %hat freedo sho#d and co#d ook ike and ocate e)a interventions in reation to this roader vision. 5n order to i#strate these "oints, 5 t#rn Hrst to the historica e6a"e of

eanci"ation and the conse#ent conferra of citizenshi" to forery ensaved "eo"e, a #intessentia oent in the e6"ansion of e)a ri)hts in U.S. history. 5 ook to &econstr#ction ra str#))es over the eanin) of

citizenshi" s"eciHcay eca#se they ark a "artic#ary deHnin) oent in the reconH)#ration of racia vioence thro#)h the constr#ct of the iera s#?ect. iven the %ays that U.S. citizenshi" had een deHned a)ainst

ackness, the Go#rteenth Aendent's e6tension of citizenshi" ri)hts to freed "eo"e forced the nation to )ra""e %ith %hat raciay inc#sive citizenshi" in a nation for)ed thro#)h racia vioence %o#d ook ike. Therefore,

considerin) the e)acies of this historica "eriod raises cr#cia iss#es for conte"orary str#))es for inc#sion, e#aity and the e6tension of e)a ri)hts, "artic#ary )iven the roe eanci"ation has "ayed as an i"ortant

historica reference "oint for these str#))es. anci"ation arked a oent of )reat "ossiiity, and freed "eo"e hed road and diverse visions of freedo that inc#ded re"arations, and o%nershi", freedo of oiity, and

other sef-deHned echaniss of individ#a and coective sef-deterination. nB /o%ever, as Saidiya /artan sho%s, e)a reco)nition as citizens %orked toconstrain and c#rtai these ore e6"ansive "ossiiities of freedo y ockin)freedofor ack "eo"e into an idio deHned y oi)ation, indetedness,and res"onsiiity. n &ather than iti)ate the si)niHcance of racia di7erence inthe nationa ia)ination , the conferra of citizenshi" ri)hts coaorated in 4the "ersistent

"rod#ction of ackness as a?ect ,^threatenin), servie, dan)ero#s, de"endent,irrationa, and infectio#s4 n2 and oi)ed freed "eo"e to sho#derthe res"onsiiities and #rdens of "er"et#ay havin) to deonstrate their"re"aredness for and deservin)ness of citizenshi" in a conte6t %here theirackness arked the as other%ise. n1 This %as evident89+


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sha"ed reco)nition as a iera s#?ect . n< 3hie for %hite ae citizens ieraindivid#ais had a7orded a kind of entiteent and sef-deterination , for freed"eo"e, reco)nition as a iera s#?ect rendered one res"onsie and thereforeae%orthy.n: This %as "artic#ary evident in the %orkin)s of contract. A key distinction et%een the free "erson and the save %as sef-o%nershi" si)niHed "riariy thro#)h the ca"acity to enterinto contract. n= The #nderstandin) of e)a freedo as sef-"ossession eant that there %as no inherent contradiction et%een s#ordination and freedo as on) as s#ordination %as sec#red thro#)h a freey entered into

contract, a "henoenon ost ceary i#strated y the aor and arria)e contracts. nB@ Gor freed "eo"e %ho had oth een str#ct#ray denied access to other ateria reso#rces thro#)h savery and %ho %ere s#?ect to ^

va)rancy a%s that criinaized the ref#sa to enter into on)-ter aor contracts, contracts %ere very #ch coerced. nBB /o%ever,des"ite the fact that theyf#nctioned to iit ack "eo"e's oiity, sec#re the hy"er-e6"oitation of ackaor, and "rovided the )ro#nd for the deveo"ent of carcera instit#tionsdirected at the "#nishent of ack "eo"e , nB enterin) into the aor contractecae disc#rsivey #nderstood as the #intessentia si)n of freedo . nB2 5n fact, freed "eo"e %erecaed #"on to deonstrate their inde"endence and deservin)ness of freedo y f#Hin) the ters of the 89+:; aor contract. nB1 5n this %ay, contract "rovided a r#ric forreinventin) reations of s#ordination y osc#rin) nationa res"onsiiity for thein?#stices of savery and instead dis"acin) this res"onsiiity onto the sho#dersof the forery ensaved. nB* Greedo %as re%ritten as oi)ation and inde"endence anifested as a #rden. nB+ ^Liera conce"ts offreedo aso f#nctioned as a echanis of re)#atin) )ender andse6#aity thro#)h the arria)e contract . 3hie arria)es and other kinshi" ties %ere not e)ay reco)nized #nder savery, one of the Hrst ri)hts freed"eo"e )ained %as arria)e reco)nition. nB< /o%ever, as Oatherine Granke "oints o#t, the e6tension of

^arria)e ri)hts %as )ro#nded in the eief that arria)e

as an instit#tion %o#dhe" civiize freed "eo"e y instiin) hetero"atriarcha )ender nors . nB: A key eeent of therationaization of savery %as the constr#ction of ack inferiority as arked y a ack of the ) ender di7erentiation that %as seen as characteristic of civiization. nB= As Matt &ichardson descries, 4eary atte"ts to con)ea

racist ta6onoies of di7erence thro#)h anatoica investi)ation and ethno)ra"hic oservation "rod#ced the Fack ody as a%ays aready variant and Fack "eo"e as the essence of )ender aerrance, therey deHnin) the

nor y akin) the Fack its o""osite.4 n@ 3hie arria)e reco)nition did "rovide soe tan)ie "rotections to arried freed "eo"e, the eief in arria)e as a civiizin) instit#tion si#taneo#sy reiterated and vaorized

%hite s#"reacist eiefs that ack "eo"e's inferiority %as evidenced in their ack of a""ro"riate )ender and se6#aity. nB Additionay, the e6tension of arria)e ri)hts "rovided the )ro#nd #"on %hich aternative se6#a

arran)eents %ere criinaized and rationaized state a#sterity to%ard ack "eo"e y constr#ctin) the sef-s#7icient ho#sehod as the eans to econoic sec#rity. n As a res#t of thee)a reco)nition of ack arria)es, any freed "eo"e faced convictions forad#tery, fornication, cohaitation, and the fai#re to "rovide for their e)a 89+=;de"endents. n2 5n this %ay, #ch ike the aor contract, the e6tension of ri)hts in fact created ne% oi)ations and ne%)ro#nds #"on %hich ack "eo"e i)ht e "#nished . Miche Go#ca#t ar)#es that one of the distin)#ishin) feat#res of the odern state is theeer)ence ofio"o%er. n1 Unike soverei)n "o%er that is e6"ressed in the ca"acity to take ife, io"o%er is invested in the "rod#ction of kno%ed)e ao#t and re)#ation of "o"#ations, "rocesses ofnoraization and re)#arization, and #tiatey the ca"acity to 4ake ive4 in "artic#ar %ay s . n* /o%ever, Go#ca#t aso notes that soverei)n"o%er does not si"y disa""ear #t rather that the state contin#es to e6ercise soverei)n "o%er aon)side io"o%er. n+ This "rocess is deiited y state racis, %hich 4introd#ces a reak into the doain of ife that is

#nder "o%er's contro! the reak et%een %hat #st ive and %hat #st die.4 n< As io"o%er ecoes concerned %ith re)#atin) the ife of the "o"#ation, racis arks the odies #"on %hich soverei)n "o%er #st sti e

e6ercised. n: Oiin) the interna or e6terna racia threat ecoes #nderstood as a necessary eeent to akin) the "o"#ation stron)er. n= Schoars s#ch as Ann Stoer and Scott Mor)ensen have eaorated on Go#ca#t's

rather scant disc#ssion of racis sho%in) the %ays in %hich io"o%er in fact eer)es in reation to and as a f#nction of coonia vioence. n2@ /artan's anaysis of anti-ack racis and the constit#tion of the iera s#?ect co"icates Go#ca#t's anaysis and adds to schoarshi"that hi)hi)hts the centra roe of racia vioence in the eaoration of state "o% er. n2B As/artan sho%s, d#rin) &econstr#ction, ack "eo"e %ere si#taneo#sy s#?ect to the noraizin) and vioent "o%ers of the state, or "erha"s ore acc#ratey noraizin) "rocesses ecae yet another vehice for state

vioence. n2 Pn the one hand, freed "eo"e %ere s#?ect to 89


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in "artic#ar %ays to sec#re contin#ed anti-ack vioence and that, for any,iera s#?ecthood itsef rationaizes and e)ets state vioence. 5t is essentia thatthe #tiity of the a% for socia chan)e e assessed fro the vanta)e "oint of"eo"e %ho ive at this con?#nct#re .^My "oint then is to insist on the necessityof vocifero#sy chaen)in) he)eonic #nderstandin) of ho% the a% %orks and

%hat the a% o7ers oveents for socia chan)e y centerin) the e6"eriences ofthose for %ho e)a citizenshi" and the e6tension of ri)hts have #nderinedrather than advanced str#))es for freedo. Le)a chan)e is often constr#ed asthe enchark of s#ccess for socia oveents. /o%ever, the caseof &econstr#ction ceary deonstrates ho% e)a reco)nition can in "ractice89


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E3( &!)a"(I$*es(&$% Po-er &$ (he Wor Go*er$!e$( as Ca#se (he Dea(h o&ll&o$s as o&es e"o!e ob&l&'e or a Na(&o$al&s( Ie$(&(+a$$J HQ (Grederick Mann, Go#nder of Terra Lira, FA in Eo#nications YSanford U. The Anatoy of Saves"eak$ Pnine. AAAA0The Oier 3ord 4overnent4 5n &estorin) The Aerican Drea &oert &in)er ackno%ed)es the inC#ence of SyLeon, a#thor of Ione of The Aove. Sy Leon attacked the arro)ant and "retentio#s %ords and "hrases "oiticians#sed (%hat 5 ca Saves"eak0! 4Mandate of the "eo"e,4 4a?ority r#e,4 4deocracy,4 4treason4 (etrayin) a"oitician0, 4assassination4 (kiin) a "oitician0, 4ta64 (steain) y a "oitician0, 4the draft4 (savery "racticed y"oiticians0, 4%ar4 (#rder or)anized y "oiticians on a assive scae0, 4cons"iracy4 (takin) %ith others ao#tdefendin) yo#rsef a)ainst "oiticians0, 4"er?#ry4 (yin) to a "oitician0, 4"#ic )ood,4 4"#ic %efare,4 4"#icd#ty,4 4nationa interest,4 4"#ic service,4 4"#ic servant,4 4einent doain4 (theft of "ro"erty y "oiticians0,4e)a tender,4 4co#nterfeiter4 (a non-"oitician %ho "rints "a"er c#rrency0, 4society,4 4doestic "oicy,4 4forei)n"oicy,4 4c#tthroat co"etition,4 etc. Sy Leon %rites ao#t 4the vera e)erdeain of "oiticaese4 as 4one of the%orst fra#ds ever "er"etrated on ankind...4 5n The irt#e Pf SeHshness Ayn &and %rote! 45t is not a ereseantic iss#e nor a atter of aritrary choice. The eanin) ascried in "o"#ar #sa)e to the %ord 4seHshness4is not erey %ron)! it re"resents a devastatin) inteect#a 4"acka)e-dea4 8of contradictory eeents andeotiona associations;, %hich is res"onsie, ore than any other sin)e factor, for the arrested ora

deveo"ent of ankind.4 The #se o o$e -or "a$ ha*e *as( a$ ar,rea"h&$%"o$seB#e$"es. S#""ose 5 rand yo# as 4seHsh4 in front of a ty"ica a#dience. This "roay tri))ers

eotions in the a#dience, s#ch as dis)#st and hatred. 5t "roay aso tri))ers associations, s#ch as! 4/e onycares ao#t hisef4 4/e's )reedy4 4/e takes #nfair advanta)e of others4 etc. The %ord 4seHshness4 constit#tes

a devastatin) "acka)e-dea. And 5 s#))est that ost Sla*es)ea. -ors(ike 4)overnent,4 4state,44constit#tion,4 4a%,4 4kin),4 4"resident,4 etc.0 ares#ch &$(elle"(,e*as(a(&$%J (ho#%h(,es(ro+&$% )a".a%e,eals ,, (ha( (e$ (o (r&%%er a#(o!a(&" !ea$&$%sJ&!a%esJ asso"&a(&o$sJ e!o(&o$sJ a((&(#es, and hy"notic, st#"efyin) inhiitions -- eneHcia toterrocrats and harf# to their victis. 5n Ione of the Aove Sy Leon %rote! 4Pol&(&"s &s a$&$(elle"(#al a$es(he(&". 5t can d# the ind, "#t it to see", or even ki it "eranenty. This is not anincidenta side e7ect it is a cac#ated res#t that kee"s the "oitician in #siness...4 The e7ect is created

(hro#%h (he el&bera(e a$ "are#l #se o "er(a&$ -ors. 4Oee"in) 5t A in >ace4 is&oert &in)er's tite for Eha"ter : of his &estorin) The Aerican Drea. Most of the cha"ter is devoted to

theA&SIAL 8"olle"(&o$ o -ea)o$s: ,, -ha( I "all )ol&(&"al Sla*es)ea.-- of %ordsterrocrats #se (o !a&$(a&$ (he&r )o-er a$ .ee) (he&r *&"(&!s &$ s#b#%a(&o$.

&oert &in)er anayses ters s#ch as! 4)overnent,4 4society,4 4co#ntry,4 4ta6ation,4 4conscri"tion,4 4oo"hoe,44%indfa,4 4inCation,4 4"atriotic,4 4oi)ation,4 4?#stice,4 4fair,4 4decent,4 4d#ty,4 4"#ic oras,4 4"#ic "ro"erty,4

4"#ic )ood,4 4"#ic interest,4 4)ood of society,4 4d#ty to society,4 etc. Ea"h o (hese (er!sJ (o (hee%ree (ha( &(s a""e)(e as *al&J as (o (he )o-er o (erro"ra(sand red#cesthe "o%er and freedo of their victis. Io% et's foc#s o#r attention on one %ord! 4)overnent.4 5n Ione of theAove Sy Leon aso %rote! 4...85;nteect#ay active "eo"e do not think in a r#t they consider ne% %ays, ne%aternatives any of %hich ay never have een atte"ted efore. F#t this kind of #estionin) s"es death for"oitics ...8E;onsiderin) aternatives the %iin)ness to chaen)e and e6"ore -- this is %hat freedo andinde"endence are a ao#t.4 A#thor O#rt onne)#t coined the %ord 4)ranfaoon4 to descrie astract conce"tsike 4nation,4 4state,4 4co#ntry,4 4)overnent,4 4society,4 45FM,4 etc. /e %rote, 4To discover the s#stance of a)ranfaoon, ?#st "rick a hoe in a toy aoon.4 5n his ook The 5ncredie Secret Money Machine, Don Lancastere6"ains! 4A )ranfaoon is any ar)e #rea#cratic H)ent of "eo"e's ia)ination. Gor instance, there's reay nos#ch thin) as the Geds or the enera eeefetzer Eor"oration. There are a #nch of "eo"e o#t there that reateto each other, and there's soe str#ct#res, and soe "a"er. 5n fact, there's ots and ots of "a"er. The "eo"e sit inthe str#ct#res and "ass "a"er ack and forth to each other and char)e yo# to do so. A these "eo"e, str#ct#res,and "a"er are rea. F#t no%here can yo# "oint to the ar)er conce"t of 4)overnent4 or 4cor"oration4 and say,

4There it is, kiddies4 The onoithic, i) 4they4 is a in yo#r ind.4 8e"hasis added; A )ranfaoon is the#"in) to)ether of any diverse eeents into an astract coection, and to then think and s"eak as if theastract coection is one sin)e entity ca"ae of "erforin) actions. This "henoenon eads "eo"e to say thin)sike 4the )overnent r#ns the co#ntry.4 5 ho"e yo# reaize y no% ?#st ho% as#rd the "revio#s Saves"eak

sentence is Co$s&er (he )oss&b&l&(+ (ha( be"a#se )eo)le %e$erall+ "o$s&er(h&s -or"o$"e)( as *al& a$ a %&*e$J (he+ (h&$.J "o!!#$&"a(eJ a$beha*e &$ -a+s (ha( ha*e res#l(e &$ o*er a h#$re !&ll&o$ )eo)lesla#%h(ere #r&$% (h&sJ (he T-e$(&e(h Ce$(#r+ e"a#se o )ol&(&"albra&$-ash&$% (he O"&(&'e$sO bel&e*e (he+ !#s( O@%h( or (he&r "o#$(r+.4 3henthe terrocrats say, 4o ki the


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evi eney,4 the 4oya citizens4 take #" ars and "roceed to sa#)hter each other. 3o#d this ha""en on s#ch aassive scae in the asence of Saves"eakK Eonsider the "ossiiity that in the sae %ay that the entire 4e)a4

ind#stry asicay rests on the conce"t%ord 4a%,4 (he e$(&re "oer"&*e )ol&(&"al s+s(e!

bas&"all+ res(s o$ (he "o$"e)(-or O%o*er$!e$(OTo e)in to see %hy this i)ht e so,ia)ine a %ord in %hich there are soe %o#d-e-terrocrats and a "o"#ation of eni)htened individ#as %hoeither don't #nderstand the %ord 4)overnent4 or they think it's a siy ?oke. (Gor the "#r"ose of this tho#)ht-e6"erient, ass#e that there's no e#ivaent %ord avaiae to %o#d-e-terrocrats.0 So a %o#d-e-terrocrat

says, 5 re"resent 4yo#r )overnent4 and 5 %ant yo# to "ay e 4yo#r ta6es4 so 5 can defend yo#r "ro"erty andsafety. 5 aso %ant yo# to ?oin 4o#r ary,4 so %e can )o and shoot 4yo#r eneies4 in the 4co#ntry4 ne6t door. 3hat

s#ccess %o#d the %o#d-e-terrocrat haveK &eaize that o$"e (he bas&" "o$"e)(-or

O%o*er$!e$(O &s a""e)(eJ a -hole "o$s(ella(&o$ o Sla*es)ea.

"o$"e)(s-ors soo$ ollo- &$ &(s (ra&l. I +o# a""e)( (he O%o*er$!e$(O

"o$"e)(J +o# also a""e)( (ha( (he (erro"ra(s -ho "all (he!sel*es

O%o*er$!e$(O ha*e (he )o-er to 4ake a%s,4 force chidren into 4schoos4 for "oiticarain%ashin), force "eo"e to "ay 4ta6es,4 force "eo"e into 4aries4 to ki each other, etc., etc. -- %hat Ayn &and

cas a devastatin) "acka)e dea + a""e)(&$% (he bas&" "o$"e)(-or O%o*er$!e$(JO +o#

)os&(&o$ (he (erro"ra(s -ho "all (he!sel*es O%o*er$!e$(O as s#)er&or 8!ore

)o-er#l: a$ +o# )os&(&o$ +o#rsel as &$er&or 8less )o-er#l:. 5f yo# o"erate fro this"ers"ective, the kind of thin) yo# tend to do to "roote ierty is to e) the terrocrats to 4chan)e the a%4 so yo#

can en?oy a itte ore freedo. [o# "osition the in "o%er and yo# "osition yo#rsef in %eakness.o# alsoo)era(e &$ a -a+ (ha(J &$ (he lo$% r#$J re&$or"es a$ )er)e(#a(es (he

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La#ren FW&l"o3J 2015(Fodies of ioence! Theorizin) odied S#?ects in5nternationa &eations, Eha"ter 10

5f donRt to#ch y ?#nk$ is ao#t akin) odies ess visie, and strate)ic visiiity$ is, "recisey, ao#t increasin)

visiiity in order to streaine the air"ort sec#rity "rocess, a ty"e of "rotest kno%n as Cesh- os$(after the "erforance art stye of Cashos$0 is ao#t akin) odies hy"ervisie. 5n erany,critics of the sec#rity "roced#res have s#?ected theseves to screenin)s %hie naked, orneary naked. These Ceshos$ criti#e the e6cess of vision that characterizes thescannersR virt#a stri" search$ (Ma)net and &od)ers @B0 y akin) other traveers andair"ort "ersonne, rather than ony a#thorized )overnent "ersonne, into oserversof odies. Soe of these "rotesters have done even ore to ake their odies e)ie$ accordin) to the tersof the sec#rity assea)e! one eran "rotester %rote "rosthetic$ on her ar, and "iercin)$ %ith an arro%"ointed at her reast (_etter @B@0. John Frennan, a an fro >ortand, Pre)on, %as ac#itted on char)es of

indecent e6"os#re for stri""in) in "rotest of TSA screenin) "roced#res. FrennanRs stateent "oints tothe reversa of the "o%er dynaics in s#ch an act! The irony that they %ant to see enaked, #t 5 donRt )et to take o7 y cothes o7.. . . [o# have a these achines that "retend todo

aff k of tsa case neg - northwestern 2015 6ws.docx

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