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1NC

Extinction outweighs –

no coping mechanisms, no experience, no trial-and-error, future

generations- Outweighs structural violence

Bostrom 2 (Nick Professor of Philosophy and Global Studies at Yale..

www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html.)JFS

Risks in this sixth category are a recent phenomenon . This is part of the reason why it is useful to distinguish them

from other risks. We have not evolved mechanisms, either biologically or culturally, for managing such risks. Our intuitions and coping strategies have been shaped by our long experience with risks such as dangerous animals,

hostile individuals or tribes, poisonous foods, automobile accidents, Chernobyl, Bhopal, volcano eruptions, earthquakes, draughts, World

War I, World War II, epidemics of influena, smallpo!, black plague, and "I#$. These types of disasters have occurred many times and

our cultural attitudes towards risk have been shaped by trialanderror in managing such haards. But tragic as such events are to

the people immediately affected, in the big picture of things % from the perspective of humankind as a whole ! even

the worst of these catastrophes are mere ripples on the surface of the great sea of life. "hey haven#t significantly

affected the total amount of human suffering or happiness or determined the longterm fate of our species. With the

e!ception of a species&destroying comet or asteroid impact 'an e!tremely rare occurrence(, there were probably no significant e!istential

risks in human history until the mid&twentieth century, and certainly none that it was within our power to do something about. "he

first manmade existential risk was the inaugural detonation of an atomic bomb. "t the time, there was some concern that

the e!plosion might start a runaway chain&reaction by )igniting* the atmosphere. "lthough we now know that such an outcome was

 physically impossible, it qualifies as an e!istential risk that was present at the time. +or there to be a risk, given the knowledge andunderstanding available, it suffices that there is some subective probability of an adverse outcome, even if it later turns out that

obectively there was no chance of something bad happening. $f we don#t know whether something is obectively risky or

not, then it is risky in the subective sense. The subective sense is of course what we must base our decisions on.-/"t any given

time we must use our best current subective estimate of  what the obective risk  factors are.-0/" much greater e!istential risk 

emerged with the build&up of nuclear arsenals in the 1$ and the 1$$2. "n all&out nuclear war was a possibility with both a substantial

 probability and with consequences that mighthave been persistent enough to qualify as global and terminal. There was a real worry

among those best acquainted with the information available at the time that a nuclear "rmageddon would occur and that it might

annihilate our species or permanently destroy human civiliation.-3/  2ussia and the 1$ retain large nuclear arsenals that could be used

in a future confrontation, either accidentally or deliberately. There is also a risk that other states may one day build up large nucleararsenals. 4ote however that a smaller nuclear e!change, between India and 5akistan for instance, is not an e!istential risk, since it would

not destroy or thwart humankind6s potential permanently. $uch a war might however be a local terminal risk for the cities most likely to

 be targeted. 1nfortunately, we shall see that nuclear %rmageddon and comet or asteroid strikes are mere preludes to the

existential risks that we will encounter in the &'st century. The special nature of the challenges posed by e!istential

risks is illustrated by the following points7 Our approach to existential risks cannot b e one of trialan!error. "here is no opportunit# to learn $rom errors . "he reactive approach  % see what happens, limit

damages, and learn from e!perience % is unworkable. 2ather, we must take a proactive approach. "his

re(uires foresight to anticipate new types of threats and a willingness to take decisive preventive action and to bear the

costs 'moral and economic( of such actions. We cannot necessarily rely on the institutions, moral norms, social attitudes or nationalsecurity policies that developed from our e!perience with managing other sorts of risks. 8!istential risks are a different kind of beast.

We might find it hard to take them as seriously as we should simply because we have never yet witnessed

such disasters.-9/ :ur collective fear&response is likely ill calibrated to the magnitude of threat. Reductions in existential

risks are global public goods -;0/ and may therefore be undersupplied by the market -;3/. 8!istential risks are a menace for

everybody and may require acting on the international plane. 2espect for national sovereignty is not a legitimate e!cuse for failing to

take countermeasures against a maor e!istential risk. $f we take into account the welfare of future generations) theharm done by existential risks is multiplied  by another factor, the sie of which depends on whether and how much we

discount future benefits -;9,;</. In view of its undeniable importance, it is surprising how little systematic work has been done in this

area. 5art of the e!planation may be that many of the gravest risks stem 'as we shall see( from anticipated future technologies that we have only recently begun to understand. "nother part of the e!planation may be the unavoidably

interdisciplinary and speculative nature of the subect. "nd in part the neglect may also be attributable to an aversion against thinking

seriously about a depressing topic. "he point, however, is not to wallow in gloom and doom but simply to take a sober

look at what could go wrong so we can create responsible strategies for improving our chances of

survival. In order to do that, we need to know where to focus our efforts.

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 A. Substantially requires at least a 2% reduction --- this is the smallest

 percentage we could fnd 

ord and !hrases 1"#$

 %Substantial& means &o$ real worth an! importance' o$ consi!erable value'valuable.& euest to charitable institution* makin+ ,/- o$ expen!itures in state *hel! exempt $rom taxation' such expen!itures constitutin+ &substantial& part o$ itsactivities. "ax ommission o$ Ohio v. 0merican 1umane 2!ucation Soc.* ,, N.2.334* -5 Ohio 0pp.

B. Plan violates

 American uslim Population is only .!%

alen 1% (0n!rew 6alen* 78uslim opulation in :S; New oll Shows None o$ :s 1ave 0n# <!ea=* i>i+ital "imes* ,,/?/,-*

http;//www.i!i+italtimes.com/muslimpopulationusnewpollshowsnoneushavean#i!ea?959?@* 4/?,/,3 0A)

0ccor!in+ to the new poll* :S citiBens +uesse! the 8uslim population o$ the :S to be about ,3 percent when aske!7Out o$ ever# ,@@ people* how man# !o #ou think are 8uslimC= "his woul! mean that the :S has -4.- million

8uslims. "he realit# is uite !iDerent* with current research puttin+ the percenta+e o$ 8uslims in the

:nite! States at about . percent o$ the population* with an estimate! 5.E million 8uslims in the

:S as o$ 5@,@. 2ven hi+her estimates n! that there are between ve an! ei+ht million 8uslims in the entire

countr#.

". #$ A&&'(A#') '*#(P(#A#'+* 'S BA, &+( ,BA#

imits are necessary or negative preparation and clash/ and their

interpretation ma0es the topic too big. Permitting minor changes li0e the

 plan permits a huge number o cases.

,. # 'S A )+#( because the opportunity to prepare promotes better

debating/ education and airness.

!olitics &'-

O(ama)s top priorit* is securing support for his trade agenda – recent

passage of fast-trac+ greases things forward towards nal approval of !!

Newm*er 2$1. ("or#* 7resi!ent Obama%s tra!e a+en!a sur+es $orwar! a+ain inthe Senate*= 5@,3* http;//$ortune.com/5@,3/@E/5?/obamatra!ea+en!asur+es

$orwar!/)

1is top secon!term priorit# looke! !oome! earlier this month* but the Senate Gust took

another critical step towar! reviving it resi!ent ObamaHs tra!e a+en!a continue! its

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corkscrew turnaroun! "ues!a#* as the Senate move! towar! han!in+ him $asttrack

ne+otiatin+ authorit# to wrap work on a sprawlin+ acic Iim pact. "he upper chamber

vote! E@?4 to en! !ebate on the measure* settin+ up a 6e!nes!a# vote on nal passa+e. "hat shoul! be a breeBe

the real test was clearin+ the E@vote hur!le to!a# an! since the 1ouse approve! $asttrack last

week* a$ter balkin+ the week be$ore* the bill coul! lan! on the presi!entHs !esk $or

his si+nature b# the en! o$ the week. "rue to $orm in a !ebate thatHs packe! in !rama at ever# turn*the Senate vote on "ues!a# was a nailbiter. "he chamber initiall# approve! the measure as part o$ a broa!er tra!e

packa+e back in 8a# but with onl# two votes to spare. "hat meant the mar+in $or error hea!in+ into the "ues!a#

vote was narrow. 0n! it became raBorthin earl# "ues!a# when Sen. "e! ruB (I"exas) the "ea art#courtin+

presi!ential conten!er an! an earl# backer o$ the han!in+ Obama the extra ne+otiatin+ room announce! he was

switchin+ si!es an! woul! be opposin+ $asttrack. ruB* in a reitbart ope!* cite! !ealcuttin+ between Iepublicans

an! >emocrats since the SenateHs rst vote in 8a# as sourin+ him on the initiative. ut a $ra+ile a+reement 

between on+ressional Iepublican lea!ers an! protra!e >emocrats about the path $orwar! prove!

dura(le enough. 0$ter liberal 1ouse >emocrats earlier this month vote! !own a measure exten!in+

assistance to workers !isplace! b# +lobaliBation a pro+ram the# have tra!itionall# champione! but sunk as a

proce!ural +ambit to !erail ObamaHs tra!e push KO lea!ers !eci!e! to split $asttrack authorit# apart an! put it

up $or a separate vote. "he scheme woul! onl# work i$ Iepublicans convince! protra!e >emocrats that the# woul!

uickl# $ollow the stan!alone $asttrack vote with one on the worker assistance pro+ram* $or which the#H! also rall#

support. Senate 8aGorit# Lea!er 8itch 8connell (IM#.) $urther sweetene! the !eal b# pairin+ the workerassistance with a pro+ram to help 0merican steelmakers compete in international markets an in!ucement $or

Iust elt lawmakers in both parties war# o$ what previous tra!e !eals have wrou+ht. >espite threats $rom a number

o$ the ,- Senate >emocrats who helpe! li$t $ast track to passa+e back in 8a# that the# woul! ip a+ainst a so

calle! clean version* onl# one Sen. en ar!in (>8!.) en!e! up switchin+ si!es on "ues!a#. 0$ter the vote*

Sen. Ion 6#!en (>Ore.)* the lea! >emocratic ne+otiator on tra!e as the rankin+ member on the Senate Finance

panel* emphasiBe! that wor+ remains. 7 "his is not about takin+ a victor# lap*= he tol!

reporters outsi!e the Senate chamber* pointin+ to the nee! to ensure the other elements o$

the tra!e packa+e $ollow $ast track to passa+e. 1i+hli+htin+ the schism that the tra!e !ebate has

opene! within >emocratic ranks* Gust steps awa#* a +lumlookin+ Senate 8inorit# Lea!er 1arr# Iei! (>Nev.)

expresse! his !isappointment. 7< still hate the whole pro+ram*= Iei! sai!. 7<Hve never vote! $or a tra!e !eal* an! <

never consi!ere! votin+ $or this one.= Securin+ $ast track does not guarantee passage of

the deal itself * which links twelve acic Iim nations comprisin+ -@ percent o$ +lobal economic activit#.

ut the authorit# woul! allow Obama to sen! his team o$ tra!e envo#s back to the

ne+otiatin+ table with the assurance that whatever nal !eal the# hammer out will

+et a  simple up-or-down vote in Congress  a proce!ural streamlinin+ that the

a!ministration views as critical to extractin+ the most $avorable terms $rom their

counterparts. Obama views the !eal as the cornerstone o$ his secon!term a+en!a*

an! it has spawne! rare common cause between his 6hite 1ouse an! the corporate communit#* which has been

marshalin+ a+ainst stiD an! sustaine! opposition $rom labor an! environmental +roups to muscle $ast track over the

line.

O(ama supports current surveillance of /uslims- he ght to

maintain drains his political Capital

'c+erman 1% (Spencer* 76hite 1ouse <$tar >inner Kuests ress Obama on

Surveillance o$ 8uslims* "heKuar!ian.com 0ckerman is the national securit# e!itor

$or the Kuar!ian :S* the# were the senior writer at 6<I2> an! the senior reporter at

the 6ashin+ton <n!epen!ent. http;//www.the+uar!ian.com/worl!/5@,-/Gul/,E/white

housei$tarobamasurveillancemuslims // 28S).

'ttendees of a hite 0ouse dinner this wee+ cele(rating a /uslim holida*

attempted to leverage their direct interaction with Barac+ O(ama into a

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presidential commitment to discuss widespread and controversial

surveillance of their communities he* left feeling the* had O(amas

interest, (ut not much more. Less than a week a$ter the <ntercept* base! on !ocuments leake! b#

2!war! Snow!en* showe! :S /uslim activists and attorne*s had (een targeted for

surveillance, Obama +athere! le+islators* !iplomats an! :S 8uslim communit# lea!ers to the 6hite 1ouse

on 8on!a# ni+ht $or an <$tar !inner* the sunset meal !urin+ Iama!an. <n remarks release! b# the 6hite 1ouse*O(ama stressed the value of pluralism, sidestepping the surveillance

controvers*  Not ever*one was satised with the omission Some o$ the people

who atten!e! were si+natories o$ a letter sent to the 6hite 1ouse in the wake o$ the <ntercept stor# ur+entl#

reuestin+ a meetin+ with Obama. 6ithout that commitment #et in han!* took the opportunit# to raise the issue

with Obama personall# at the 8on!a# !inner. &3 specicall* as+ed the president if he

would meet with us to discuss N4' sp*ing on the 'merican /uslim

communit* he president seeme! to perk up an! procee!e! to !iscuss the issue* sa#in+ that he

takes it ver# seriousl#*& sai! Junai! Sulahr#* the outreach mana+er $or 8uslim 0!vocates* a le+al an! civil ri+hts

+roup. Obama was non-committal , Sulahr# sai!* but !ispla#e! &a clear willin+ness to !iscuss the

issue.& 1o!a 2lshishtaw#* the national polic# anal#st $or the 8uslim ublic 0Dairs ouncil* sai! that she brou+ht it

up as part o$ a &tablewi!e !iscussion& on post9/,, surveillance o$ :S 8uslims. &Our communities can%t be seen as

suspects an! partners at the same time*& 2lshishtaw# sai!. "hat tension has plagued the O(amaadministrations domestic counterterrorism – or* as it pre$ers* &counterin+ violent

extremism& P $or its entire tenure. "he !epartments o$ Gustice an! homelan! securit# lea! outreach eDorts in 8uslim

an! other local communities* stressin+ vi+ilance a+ainst ra!icaliBin+ inuences an! !ialo+ue with law en$orcement.

 Yet /uslim communities la(or under widespread suspicion of incu(ating

terrorism 4urveillance from law enforcement and 54 intelligence is

ro(ust, from the harvesting of digital communications to the recruitment

of informants inside mos6ues he 7ederal Bureau of 3nvestigation

compiles maps of /uslim (usinesses and religious institutions, without

suspicion of specic crimes he mixed message comes amidst the freight

of a foreign polic* featuring drone stri+es in /uslim countries, a

reluctance to foreclose on indenite detention that functionall* is onl*aimed at /uslims, and di8cult* concluding the war in 'fghanistan P all o$

which have straine! relations with 0merican8uslim communities. 

!olitical capital +e* to !! – empirics prove

/iller and 9oodman 1. QScott* senior a!viser an! hol!s the 6illiam 8. Scholl

hair in <nternational usiness at S<S* 8atthew* 6illiam 2. Simon hair in olitical

2conom# at S<S* &onclu!e the "ransacic artnership& S<S Januar#

csis.or+/les/publication/,-,55?RKreenRivotR6eb.p!$

6hat is nee!e! to conclude !! in 5@,3CT For the :nite! States* tra!e a+reements enter

into eDect once the :.S. on+ress passesT le+islation to implement the provisions

ne+otiate! b# the executive branch. "hatT action is the en! o$ a process that be+ins

with (uilding domestic political support $orT the polic#. 0!vocates in the business communit#

an! elsewhere have a role* but i$T histor# is an# +ui!e presi!ential lea!ership is fundamental  to

makin+ the case to theT public an! mana+in+ the political conicts that are alwa#s a

part o$ tra!e polic#.T <mme!iatel# $ollowin+ the November mi!term elections* incomin+ Senate 8aGorit#T

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Lea!er 8itch 8connell (IMY) an! Speaker John oehner (IO1) ma!e it clear thatT tra!e

a+reements like " were an area o$ potential cooperation with the presi!ent.T >urin+

resi!ent ObamaHs rst term* the implementin+ bills $or $reetra!e a+reementsT (F"0s) with olombia* anama* an!

South Morea passe! the Iepublicancontrolle!T 1ouse b# com$ortable mar+ins* with over 5@@ Iepublicans an! ?@P

E@ >emocratsT votin+ in $avor. "his 5@,, success +ave " talks momentum* with ana!a* 8exico*T an! Japan

!eci!in+ to Goin the talks shortl# a$ter the F"0s passe!. Aotin+ patterns in!icate that tra!e polic# remains an issue

that !ivi!es >emocrats an!T unites Iepublicans. "he presi!ent must activel# mana+e his part#Hspolitics whileT cooperatin+ with Iepublican maGorities in on+ress who will provi!e

the maGorit# o$ T the votes. <tHs never eas# to a!vance an issue that !ivi!es #our usual allies an! unitesT

#our usual opponents* but there is no alternative scenario. <n short* the next step (elongs to the

president. 1e must en+a+e the public on theT issue* un!erscorin+ its importance to the econom# an!* more

broa!l#* the :.S. role inT the worl!. 0n! he must mana+e the !elicate relations with on+ress*

navi+atin+ pastT areas o$ conict to $orm a dura(le (ase of support $or his

a+reements. resi!entialT lea!ership will resonate in other capitals * especiall# "ok#o*

where tra!in+ partnersT are lookin+ $or evi!ence o$ an a!euate political consensus 

in the :nite! States.

!! solidies 54 leadership in 'sia – solves regional sta(ilit*8ichele 7lourno** hie$ 2xecutive* enter $or a New 0merican Securit# an!

$ormer :n!ersecretar# $or >e$ense an! 2l# Iatner* senior $ellow* N0S* 70 "ra!e

>eal with a onus $or National Securit#*= 60LL S"I22" JO:IN0L* ?1.*

www.wsG.com/articles/micheleourno#an!el#ratneratra!e!ealwithabonus$or

nationalsecurit#,-533-3,@.

On the i+ <slan! o$ 1awaii be+innin+ 8on!a#* :.S. oUcials will host tra!e ne+otiators $rom ,, nations spannin+ 0sia an! the

0mericas to work towar! completin+ what coul! be the most si+nicant tra!e !eal in a +eneration. Five #ears in the makin+* the

 "ransacic artnership ( ") woul! cover -@V o$ +lobal gross domestic pro!uct an! a thir! o$

worl! tra!e. 0n# such !eal ultimatel# will have to make it throu+h the :.S. on+ress. <n or!er to prevent lawmakers $rom

amen!in+ the a+reement an! un!oin+ #ears o$ international ne+otiations* on+ress will rst have to provi!e resi!ent Obama with

tra!e promotion authorit#* also known as 7$asttrack*= that allows a #esorno vote on the packa+e. "his is the time $or a!vocates on

both si!es to move be#on! the usual economic ar+uments an! consi!er the extraor!inar# geopolitical sta+es 

involve!. Not ever# tra!e a+reement puts 'merica)s prestige, in:uence and leadership on

the line* but the " !oes. 8uch o$ the histor# o$ the 5,st centur# will be written in 'sia* an! no

region will a;ect 5 4 prosperit# an! securit* more in the comin+ !eca!es. Few in the

re+ion !oubt the $oun!ations o$ 0merican power$avorable +eo+raph#* abun!ant ener+# an! resources*

health# !emo+raphics* !iversit# an! immi+ration* cuttin+e!+e technolo+# an! e!ucation* an! a penchant $or innovation. ut

itHs less clear that 6ashin+ton can +overn eDectivel# an! sustain 0mericaHs

tra!itional +lobal role. ipartisan con+ressional action on $asttrack authorit# woul!

provi!e a welcome counter to skeptics who uestion the :.S. commitment to the

0siaacic. # openin+ new opportunities $or tra!e an! levelin+ the pla#in+ el! $or 0merican businesses an! workers* the

 " woul! $urther fuel 'merica)s economic recover* an! support long-term

growth. 0 healthier scal environment woul! in turn help 6ashin+ton reverse

defense cuts that threaten to un!ermine the :.S. militar#Hs rea!iness an! technolo+ical

e!+e when we nee! them more than ever. >eeper economic en+a+ement in 0sia woul! also help

stren+then 0mericaHs securit# ties* which are a uniue an! central $eature o$ :.S. +lobal

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power. "hese critical partnerships are at their strongest an! most !urable when militar#

cooperation rests on a $oun!ation o$ share! economic interests. 6ealthier partners benetin+

$rom a more open re+ional tra!in+ s#stem woul! be able to !evote +reater resources to helpin+ the :.S.

a!!ress +lobal an! re+ional securit# challen+es* $rom counterterrorism an! maritime securit#

to humanitarian assistance an! !isaster relie$. "he " also represents an unprece!ente! opportunit#

an! one that ma# not return $or !eca!esto establish wi!esprea! tra!e rules in 0sia that a!vance:.S. values an! interests. "he a+reement woul! lock in stron+er labor an! environmental protections* while establishin+ new

rules on intellectual propert# ri+hts an! curbin+ un$air +overnment subsi!ies to stateowne! enterprises. 2nsurin+ that countries like

 Japan* 8ala#sia an! Aietnam elevate their practices to meet these hi+her stan!ar!s woul! #iel! economic an! social re$orms that

the :.S. has lon+ sou+ht to a!vance in 0sia. "his wave o$ re$orm woul! continue as other countries line up to Goin the pact in $uture

roun!s. ritics o$ $ree tra!e in +eneral* an! the " in particular* claim these stan!ar!s !on%t +o $ar enou+h. erhaps* but the per$ect

shoul! not be the enem# o$ the +oo!. Kiven the painstakin+ ne+otiations an! the !iversit# o$ countries involve!* !isruptin+

the !eal now woul! likel# lea! to no !eal at all. <n that event the lea!ership vacuum le$t b#

the :.S. woul! 6uic+l* (e lled (* other powers* most likel# hina* which woul! be more than

happ# to set laxer rules an! lower stan!ar!s $or +lobal tra!e. 1ow woul! the :.S. benet $rom such a race to the bottomC "he +oo!

news is that this contest is ashington)s to lose . olls show that more than twothir!s o$ 0mericans

support increase! tra!e ties overseas* an! there remains a stron+ bipartisan consensus $or :.S. en+a+ement in 0sia. Now it is up

to lawmakers on apitol 1ill to ensure that the :.S. reaps the national securit#win!$all o$ the ".  "o $ail woul! be a historic strategic foll*.

'uthoritarianism &'-

<estrictions on the domestic surveillances of specic races and

ethnicit* (olsters civil li(erties 

C*ril 2$1. (8alkia 0mala* un!er an! executive !irector o$ the enter $or 8e!ia

 Justice (8J) an! co$oun!er o$ the 8e!ia 0ction Krassroots Network' lack

0merica%s State o$ Surveillance' 8ar ?@'

www.pro+ressive.or+/news/5@,3/@?/,@4-/blackamericasstatesurveillance)//0>S

 "he NS0 an! F< have en+a+e! local law en$orcement a+encies an! electronic

surveillance technolo+ies to sp# on 8uslims livin+ in the :nite! States. 0ccor!in+ to F<

trainin+ materials uncovere! b# 6ire! in 5@,,* the bureau tau+ht a+ents to treat 7mainstream= 8uslims as supporters o$ terrorism*

to view charitable !onations b# 8uslims as 7a $un!in+ mechanism $or combat*= an! to view <slam itsel$ as a 7>eath Star= that must

be !estro#e! i$ terrorism is to be containe!. From New York it# to hica+o an! be#on!* local law en$orcement

a+encies have expan!e! unlaw$ul an! covert racial an! reli+ious prolin+ a+ainst

8uslims not suspecte! o$ an# crime. "here is no national securit# reason to prole

all 8uslims. 0t the same time* almost -3@*@@@ mi+rants are in !etention $acilities throu+hout the :nite! States* inclu!in+

survivors o$ torture* as#lum seekers* $amilies with small chil!ren* an! the el!erl#. :n!ocumente! mi+rant

communities enGo# $ew le+al protections* an! are there$ore subGect to brutal policin+practices* inclu!in+ ille+al surveillance practices. 0ccor!in+ to the Sentencin+ roGect* o$ the more than

5 million people incarcerate! in the :nite! States* more than E@ percent are racial an! ethnic minorities. ut b# $ar* the wi!est net is

cast over black communities. lack people alone represent -@ percent o$ those incarcerate!. 8ore black men are incarcerate! than

were hel! in slaver# in ,3@* on the eve o$ the ivil 6ar. Lest some misinterpret that statistic as

evi!ence o$ +reater criminalit#* a 5@,5 stu!# conrms that black !e$en!ants are at

least ?@ percent more likel# to be imprisone! than whites $or the same crime. "his is

not a broken s#stem* it is a s#stem workin+ per$ectl# as inten!e!* to the !etriment o$ all. "he N4' could not have

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spied on millions of cellphones if it were not alread* sp*ing on (lac+

people, /uslims, and migrants 0s surveillance technolo+ies are increasin+l# a!opte! an! inte+rate! b# law

en$orcement a+encies to!a#* racial !isparities are bein+ ma!e invisible b# a me!ia environment that has $aile! to tell the stor# o$

surveillance in the context o$ structural racism.

he ecological crunch is coming---overwhelming scientic evidence provesan impending environmental crisis ris+s extinction

4hearman 4mith $=

(>avi! Shearman W Joseph 6a#ne Smith* 8>' ro$essor at :niversit# o$ 0!elai!*

0u+ust ?@* h> an! solicitor o$ the Supreme ourt o$ South 0ustralia * "he limate

han+e hallen+e an! the Failure o$ >emocrac#* a+es -E* 8X)

 "his impen!in+ crisisis cause! b# the acceleratin+ !ama+e to the natural

environment on which humans !epen! $or their survival. "his is not to !en# that there are other

means that ma# brin+ catastrophe upon the earth. John Kra# $or example3 ar+ues that !estructive war is inevitable as nations

become locke! into the stru++le $or !iminishin+ resources. <n!ee!* Kra# believes that war is cause! b# the same instinctual

behavior that we !iscuss in relation to environmental !estruction. Kra# re+ar!s population increases* environmental !e+ra!ation*

an! misuse o$ technolo+# as part o$ the inevitabilit# o$ war. 6ar ma# be inevitable but it isunpre!ictable

in time an! place* whereas environmental !e+ra!ation isrelentless an! has

pro+ressivel# receive! increasin+ scientic evi!ence. 1umanit# has a recor! o$

!oomsa#ers* most invariabl# wron+* which has brou+ht a Gustiable immunit# to

their utterances. 6arnin+s were present in "he "ales o$ Ovi! an! in the Ol! an! New "estaments o$ the ible*

an! in more recent times some o$ the pre!ictions $rom "homas 8althus an! $rom the lub o$ Iome in

,945* to+ether with the 7population bomb= o$  aul 2hrlich* have not eventuate!. "he

$reuent apocal#ptic pre!ictions $rom the environmental movement are unpopular an!

have been vi+orousl# attacke!. So it must be aske!* what is !iDerent about the present

warnin+s C 0s one example* when Sir >avi! Min+* chie$ scientist o$ the :M +overnment* states that 7in m# view* climate chan+e

is the most severe problem that we are $acin+ to!a#* more serious than the threat o$ terrorism*=E how is this an! other recent

statements !iDerent $rom previous !iscre!ite! pro+nosticationsC Firstl#* the# are base! on themost !etaile!

an! compellin+ science pro!uce! with the same scientic ri+or that has seen

humans travel to the moon an! create worl!wi!e communication s#stems. Secon!l#*

this science embraces aran+e o$ !isciplines o$ ecolo+#* epi!emiolo+#* climatolo+#*

marine an! $resh water science* a+ricultural science* an! man# more* all o$ which

a+ree on the nature an! severit# o$ the problems. "hir!l#* there isvirtualunanimit#o$thousan!s o$ scientistson the +rave nature o$ these problems. Onl# a han!$ul

o$ skeptics remain. >urin+ the past !eca!e man# !istin+uishe! scientists* inclu!in+ numerous Nobel Laureates* have warne! that

humanit# has perhaps one or two +enerations to act to avoi! +lobal ecolo+ical

catastrophe. 0s but one example o$ this multi!imensional problem* the <nter+overnmental anel on limate han+e (<)

has warne! that +lobal warmin+ cause! b# $ossil $uel consumption ma# be acceleratin+.4 Yet climate chan+e is but

one o$ a host o$ interrelate! environmental problems thatthreaten humanit#. "he authors

have seen the veils $all $rom the e#es o$ man# scientists when the# examine all the scientic literature. "he# become a!vocates $or

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a $un!amental chan+e in societ#. "he $reuent prou! statements on economic +rowth b# treasurers an! chancellors o$ the

excheuer instill in man# scientists an imme!iate sense o$ !an+er* $or humanit# has move! one step closer to

!oom. Science un!erpins the success o$ our technolo+ical an! com$ortable societ#. 6ho are the thousan!s o$ scientists who issue

the warnin+s we choose to i+noreC <n ,995 the Io#al Societ# o$ Lon!on an! the :.S. National 0ca!em# o$ Sciences issue! a Goint

statement* opulation Krowth* Iesource onsumption an! a Sustainable 6orl!* pointin+ out that the environmental chan+es

aDectin+ the planet ma# irreversibl# !ama+e the earthHs capacit# to maintain li$e an! that humanit#Hs own eDorts to achieve

satis$actor# livin+ con!itions were threatene! b# environmental !eterioration. Since ,995 man# more statements b# worl! scientic

or+aniBations have been issue!.9 "hese substantiate! that most environmental s#stems are suDerin+$rom critical stress an! that the !evelope! countries are the main culprits. <t was necessar# to make a transition to

economies that provi!e increase! human wel$are an! less consumption o$ ener+# an! materials. <t seems

inconceivable that the consensus view o$ all these scientists coul! be wron+. "here have

been numerous international con$erences o$ +overnments* in!ustr# +roups* an! environmental +roups to !iscuss the problems an!

!evelop strate+#* #et wi!esprea! !eterioration o$ the environment accelerates. 6hat is the evi!enceC "he Kui!e to 6orl!

Iesources* 5@@@ P5@@,; eople an! 2cos#stems* "he Fra#in+ 6eb o$ Li$e,@ was a Goint report o$ the :nite! Nations >evelopment

ro+ram* the :nite! Nations 2nvironment ro+ram* the 6orl! ank* an! the 6orl! Iesources <nstitute. "he state o$ the

worl!Hs a+ricultural* coastal $orest* $reshwater* an! +rasslan! ecos#stems were

anal#Be! usin+ 5? criteria such as $oo! pro!uction* water uantit#* an! bio!iversit#. 2i+hteen o$ the

criteria were !ecreasin+* an! one ha! increase! (ber pro!uction* because o$ the !estruction o$ $orests). "he report

car! on the remainin+ $our criteria was mixe! or there was insuUcient !ata to make a Gu!+ment. <n 5@@3* "he 8illennium 2cos#stem

0ssessment S#nthesis Ieport b# ,*?E@ scientic experts $rom 93 countries was release!.,, <t state! that approximatel# E@

percent o$ the ecos#stem services that support li$e on earthsuch as $resh water*

sheries* an! the re+ulation o$ air* water* an! climateare bein+ !e+ra!e! or use!

unsustainabl#. 0s a result the 8illennium Koals a+ree! to b# the :N in 5@@@ $or a!!ressin+ povert# an! hun+er will not be

met an! human wellbein+ will be seriousl# aDecte!.

his means a transition to environmental authoritarianism)s comingnow---solves extinction

Beeson 1$ (8ark* ro$essor o$ <nternational olitics at 8ur!och :niversit# in

erth* 6estern 0ustralia* 2nvironmental politics* 2nvironmental olitics* ,3(3); 43@P

4E4.*Aolume ,9* issue 5)//0>S

 "he environment has become the !enin+ public polic# issue o$ the era. Not onl# will political responses to

environmental challen+es !etermine the health o$ the planet* but continuin+

environmental !e+ra!ation ma# also aDect political s#stems. "his interaction is likel# to be

especiall# acute in parts o$ the worl! where environmental problems are most pressin+ an! the state%s abilit# to respon! to such

challen+es is weakest. One possible conseuence o$ environmental !e+ra!ation is the

!evelopment or consoli!ation o$ authoritarian rule as political elites come to

privile+e re+ime maintenance an! internal stabilit# over political liberalisation. 2ven

eDorts to miti+ate the impact o$ * or respon! to* environmental chan+e ma# involve a

!ecrease in in!ivi!ual libert# as +overnments seek to trans$orm environmentall# !estructive behaviour. 0s a result*

environmental authoritarianismH ma# become an increasin+l# common response to

the !estructive impacts o$ climate chan+e in an a+e o$ !iminishe! expectations.

he transition is onl* possi(le in a world with limited rights – the1'C is founded on a philosoph* of a(undance that is incompati(lewith environmental survival

0umphre* =

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(8athew 1umphre# 4* Iea!er in olitical hilosoph# at the :niversit# o$ Nottin+ham* :M*

5@@4* 2colo+ical olitics an! >emocratic "heor#; "he hallen+e to the >eliberative <!eal* p.

5@5,//ume$)

<$ these chan+es are necessar#  the !own+ra!in+ * curtailment an! reconceptualisation

o$ !emocrac#* liberties* an! Gustice* as well as the raisin+ to primac# o$ inte+rit# an!

ecolo+ical virtue  how are the necessar# chan+es to come aboutC Aalue chan+e

represents the best%lon+term% hope but the ecolo+ical crisis is not a %lon+term%

problem. "hese chan+es have to be intro!uce! 6uic+l* an! be$ore there has been time

to inculcate value shi$ts in the population. "he !own+ra!in+ o$ ri+hts an! liberties has

to (e achieved through polic* an! institutional chan+e* even while the uestion o$ a lon+term chan+e

o$ values is also a!!resse!. For both these tasks what is reuire! ispolitical lea!ership an! the institution

o$ the state. "he imme!iate problem lies in the collective action problem that arises in respect o$ the loomin+ ecolo+ical constraints on economic

activit# an! the potential collapse o$ the +lobal commons. "he en! o$ the %+ol!en a+e% o$ material abun!ance* as we sli!e back !own the other si!e o$

%1ubbert%s pimpleH will brin+ about intense competition $or scarce resources. "o un!erstan! politics un!er these circumstances* we have to turn back to

1obbes an! urke* the political philosophers who conceptualise! li$e un!er con!itions o$ scarcit#* an! also to lato* commen!e! $or his health# mistrust o$ 

!emocrac#. For Ophuls a crucial element o$ political philosoph# is the !enition o$ realit# itsel$' political philosoph# carries

within it an ontolo+ical component which sets out the $oun!ations o$ politicalpossibilit#. "he contemporar# 6est he sees as !ene! b# the %philosophers o$ the +reat

$rontier% Locke* Smith* an! 8arx. "hese are thepolitical philosophers o$ abun!ance. For

Locke the proviso o$ alwa#s leavin+ %as much an! as +oo!% $or others in appropriation coul! alwa#s be met even when there was no unappropriate! lan!

le$t* as the pro!uctivit# o$ the lan! put to use$ul work woul! alwa#s create better opportunities $or those comin+ later. Smiths %invisible han!% thesis was

also !epen!ent upon the assumption that the material +oo!s woul! alwa#s be available $or in!ivi!ual to accomplish their own economic plans. For

8arx the %hi+her phase% o$ communist societ# arrives %a$ter the pro!uctive $orces

have ... increase! with the allroun! !evelopment o$ the in!ivi!ual * an! all the

sprin+s o$ cooperative wealth ow more abun!antl#% (8arx* ,94@; ,9). For Ophulsthese are all the

political philosophies o$ abun!ance. 2colo+ical crisis* however* returns us to the

1obbesian stru++le o$ all a+ainst all (1eilbroner* ,94-; 9). 6ith ecolo+ical scarcit# we return to the classical problems o$

political theor# that -@@ #ears o$ abnormal abun!ance has shiel!e! us $rom (Ophuls* ,944; ,E-). oth liberalism an!

socialismrepresent the politics o$  this %abnormal abun!ance% an! with the !emise o$

this perio! we return to the eternal problems o$ politics. 1obbes* then* is seen as the political philosopher o$

ecolo+ical scarcit# avant la lettre. %1ar!in%s &lo+ic o$ the commons& is simpl# a special version o$ the +eneral political !#namic o$ 1obbes% &state o$ nature&%

(Ophuls* ,944' ,-). ompetition over scarce resources lea!s to conict* even when all those

involve! realise that the# woul! be collectivel# better oD i$ the# coul! cooperate* %to

brin+ about the tra+e!# o$ the commons it is not necessar# that men be ba!* onl# that the# not be activel# +oo!% (Ophuls* ,944; ,-9). <t is this 1obbesian

stru++le that ma# impose %intolerable strains on the representative political apparatus that has been historicall# associate! with capitalist societies%

(1eilbroner* ,94-; 9). oercion is seen as the solution (an! it is hope!* althou+h as we have seen not $or terribl# +oo! reasons*

that this coercion can be a+ree! !emocraticall#)* an! the appropriate a+ent o$ this solution is the state.

 "he transition $rom abun!ance to scarcit# will have to be centralise! an! expert

controlle!* an! it is unlikel# that %a stea!# state polit# coul! be !emocratic% (Ophuls* ,944;

,E5). 0s we shall see in the $ollowin+ para+raphs* this $aith in the abilit# o$ the state to institute centralise! controls that woul! be obe#e! b# its citiBens is

one o$ the areas that has attracte! erce criticism $rom contemporar# +reen political theorists.

Case-

4olvenc*-

ons of alt causes that cause the same impact- no 4olvenc*

'C>5, 2$1?

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0merican ivil Liberties :nion* E,45@,?* Factsheet; "he NY> 8uslim Surveillance

ro+ram*& https;//www.aclu.or+/$actsheetn#p!muslimsurveillancepro+ram*

0ccesse!; 4,5@,3* /in+ham8

1O6 is the NY> sp#in+ on 8uslim communitiesC "he NY> Hs <ntelli+ence >ivision

uses a variet# o$ metho!s to sp# on an! monitor 8uslim communities without an#

suspicion o$ wron+!oin+. he* include@ /apping of /uslim Communities; "he

NY>Hs >emo+raphics :nit (now the Zone 0ssessment :nit) has mappe!

nei+hborhoo!s pre!ominantl# occupie! b# 5 socalle! 7ancestries o$ interest=

i.e.* national ori+in associate! with 8uslim populationsas well as 70merican lack

8uslims.= "he NY> expressl# exclu!e! $rom its surveillance an! mappin+ activities

non8uslims such as optic hristian 2+#ptians or <ranian Jews. !hoto and Aideo

4urveillance; NY> oUcers* statione! in cars outsi!e o$ mosues* have taken

pictures an! vi!eo o$ those leavin+ an! enterin+ places o$ worship* an! recor!e!

the license plate numbers o$ worshippers atten!in+ services. Iemotel# controlle!NY> cameras have also been place! on li+ht poles* aime! at mosues. !olice

3nformants; "he NY> has recruite! socalle! 7mosue crawlers*= to act as insi!e

observers in mosues. "he# report on sermons* provi!e names o$ atten!ees* an!

take pictures insi!e o$ the mosues. 2mplo#in+ a metho! calle! 7create an!

capture*= the NY> has instructe! in$ormants to 7create= conversations about Giha!

or terrorism an! 7capture= an! report the responses to the police. <n$ormants are

o$ten selecte! $rom a pool o$ arrestees* prisoners* or suspects who are pressure!

into becomin+ in$ormants. !olice <a+ers=; "eams o$ NY> plainclothes oUcers

calle! 7rakers=have been !eplo#e! to 8uslim communities where the# can blen!

in 7consistent with their ethnicit# an! or lan+ua+e.= "he# aim to compile

in$ormation on the communit#* listen in on conversations at 8uslim restaurants an!

businesses* an! i!enti$# 8uslim 7hotspots.= rac+ing 3ndividuals; "he NY> tracks

people who chan+e! their names* investi+atin+ those who coul! be 8uslim converts

or who were 70mericaniBin+= their names. 3ntelligence &ata(ases; "he

<ntelli+ence >ivision has +enerate! !ail# reports on innocent 8uslimsH lives. "he

names o$ thousan!s o$ innocent New Yorkers have been place! in secret police les.

<n$ormation is kept both in an intelli+ence !atabase an! on a stan!alone computer

use! to +enerate intelli+ence reports.

<acism has too man* alt causes- 4tructural Aiolence will still occur

8arc Lamont 0ill Novem(er 2", 2$1.

Q7Iacism is so !eepl# embe!!e! in our ps#che= online. Ieceive! on Februar# ?*

5@,E $rom http;//www.cnn.com/5@,3/,,/54/opinions/hillraceinamerica/

"**1Over the past ,3 months* 0mericans have pai! consi!erabl# +reater attention to

issues o$ race an! criminal Gustice. "his attention will onl# intensi$# with the release o$ theNN/Maiser

Famil# Foun!ation poll on racism in 0merica. "he poll%s n!in+s not onl# spotli+hte! the racial

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perceptions o$ ever#!a# 0mericans but also pointe! to !eeper an! more

intractable $orms o$ racial ineualit# than we o$ten like to acknowle!+e.

 "he poll $oun! that 5 out o$ ,@ blacks an! 1ispanics $elt un$airl# treate! b#

the police over the past ?@ !a#s. "his is virtuall# the same n!in+ $rom the

earl# 5@@@s where black 0mericans $elt euall# vulnerable to policemiscon!uct (there is no !ata on what 1ispanics woul! have sai! in 5@@@s). "he poll also showe!

that in ,@ blacks an! 5 in ? 1ispanics a+ree that the criminal Gustice

s#stem $avors whites.

Kiven the racial ineualit# across the criminal Gustice s#stem $rom arrests to char+in+ to sentencin+ to !eath

penalt# application this is har!l# surprisin+.

2ven 3 in ,@ white 0mericans acknowle!+e! the racial imbalance o$ our s#stem.

4tate-centric curtailment will inevita(l* failcircumvention,

increase in suppression, and extension of power

4chriefer, 1$a!vocac# !irector at Free!om 1ouse an! contributor to New York

 "imes (aula* ,,/9/,@* &"he 6ron+ 6a# to ombat %<slamophobia%&* New York "imes*

www.n#times.com/5@,@/,,/,@/opinion/,@ihte!schrie$er.htmlC

 Rr[@Wmo!ule[0rrowsNavWcontentollection[OpinionWaction[ke#pressWre+ion[Fi

xe!Le$tWp+t#pe[article)//twemchen

 "his week* member states o$ the :nite! Nations will vote on what has become an annual resolution* 7On ombatin+

>e$amation o$ Ieli+ions*= put $orwar! b# the Or+aniBation o$ the <slamic on$erence* a +roup o$ 34 states with lar+e

<slamic populations. "he resolution con!emns what it calls 7!e$amation o$ reli+ions= a va+ue notion that can

perhaps best be !escribe! as a $orm o$ expression that oDen!s anotherHs reli+ious sensibilities an! ur+es

countries to enact laws that prohibit such $orms o$ expression. "he resolutions are part o$ a lar+er an! !an+erouscampai+n to create a +lobal blasphem# law to combat what 8uslim lea!ers re$er to

as 7<slamophobia.= Such a campai+n is deepl* :awed from a human rights

perspective * both in its euation o$ reli+ious !iscrimination (a le+itimate human ri+hts

violation) with the va+ue concept o$ !e$amation* as well as in the propose! reme!# o$

imposin+ le+al limits on $ree!om o$ expression. 0 recent Free!om 1ouse report lookin+ at

blasphem# laws in seven countries !ocuments the ne+ative impact o$ such laws on a ran+e o$ $un!amental human

ri+hts* while notin+ how such laws actuall# contribute to +reater inter$aith stri$e an! conict. ecause no one can

a+ree on what constitutes blasphem#* laws that attempt to (an it are themselves vague*

hi+hl# prone to ar(itrar* enforcement  an! are use! to stie ever#thin+ $rom

political opposition to reli+ious inuir#. articularl# when applie! in countries with

weak !emocratic sa$e+uar!s e.+.* stron+ executives* subservient Gu!iciaries*corrupt law en$orcement blasphem# laws !o nothin+ to achieve their suppose! +oals o$ 

promotin+ reli+ious tolerance an! harmon# an! instea! are disproportionall*

use! to suppress the freedom o$ reli+ious minorities or members o$ the maGorit# reli+ion that

hol! views consi!ere! unortho!ox. <n akistan* $or example* hristians an! 0hma!i##a (8uslims who !o not believe

8uhamma! was the nal prophet) make up onl# 5 percent o$ the population* but have been the tar+et o$ nearl# hal$ 

o$ the more than 9@@ prosecutions $or blasphem# in the past two !eca!es. "he remainin+ prosecutions have been

ma!e a+ainst 8uslims themselves* o$ten simpl# as an eas# wa# to settle personal scores that have nothin+ to !o

with reli+ion. 8ere accusations o$ blasphem# have le! to mob violence in which people have been maime! or kille!

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an! whole communities !evastate!. "he +overnments o$ countries that alrea!# have such problematic laws on the

books are precisel# those countries lea!in+ the char+e to create an international blasphem# law throu+h the :nite!

Nations. "he motivations o$ states like 2+#pt* akistan an! Sau!i 0rabia countries with appallin+ recor!s on

reli+ious $ree!om an! broa!er human ri+hts are unuestionabl# h#pocritical an! have more to !o with their

!esire to score points with unhapp# !omestic populations an! reli+ious extremists than the !esire to $oster reli+ious

tolerance. Support $or blasphem# laws is hi+h amon+ the +eneral public in the <slamic worl!. 2ven the staunchest

a!vocates o$ human ri+hts in the 8i!!le 2ast* in!ivi!uals who are openl# critical o$ their corrupt an! authoritarian

lea!ers* balk at the i!ea that the publication o$ the >anish cartoons or the burnin+ o$ a Moran shoul! be protecte!$orms o$ $ree!om o$ expression. <n a part o$ the worl! where oneHs reli+ion is as ke# to oneHs i!entit# as nationalit#

an! race* most people simpl# view such $orms o$ expression as a bi+ote! attack on their ver# existence. Such views

are bolstere! b# the nee! to better a!!ress the real issues o$ !iscrimination an! violence a+ainst in!ivi!uals

because o$ their reli+ious belie$s* even in establishe! !emocracies. <t is a $act that political parties

espousin+ xenophobic an! anti<slamic views in 2urope have +aine! in both

popularit# an! representation* an! that le+al policies have been enacte! that most

human ri+hts or+aniBations ri+htl# see as restrictin+ the $un!amental ri+hts o$ 8uslims to practice

their reli+ious belie$s. <t is also a $act that man# o$ the same people who !e$en!e! the >anish cartoons as an

important $orm o$ $ree expression somehow $eel per$ectl# Gustie! in criticiBin+ the plans to buil! an <slamic enter

near the site o$ the 6orl! "ra!e enter because it oDen!s them. Yet h#pocris# in 2urope an! the

:nite! States !oes not Gusti$# attempts to brin+ governmental oversight into

what constitutes oDensive expression. 2ven with the best intentions* which are o$ten

lackin+* +overnments shoul! never (e in the (usiness of policing speech . "he tools

o$ !e$eatin+ intolerance* inclu!in+ reli+ious intolerance* start with a le+islative environment that protects peopleHs

$un!amental political ri+hts an! civil liberties* inclu!in+ $ree!om o$ expression. lasphem# laws !onHt work in an#

context an! :.N. member states shoul! reGect them uncon!itionall#

Extensions

!olitics &'-

<egional 3nsta(ilit* 3n 'sia goes Nuclear

Camp(ell D (Murt 8* 0ssistant Secretar# o$ State $or 2ast 0sian an! acic 0Dairs* >r. ampbell serve! in several

capacities in +overnment* inclu!in+ as >eput# 0ssistant Secretar# o$ >e$ense $or 0sia an! the acic* >irector on theNational

Securit# ouncil StaD* previousl# the hie$ 2xecutive OUcer an! co$oun!er o$ the enter $or a New 0merican Securit# (N0S)*

serve! as >irector o$ the 0spen Strate+# Kroup an! the hairman o$ the 2!itorial oar! o$ the 6ashin+ton \uarterl#* an! was the

$oun!er an! rincipal o$ Strat0sia* a strate+ic a!visor# compan# $ocuse! on 0sia* rior to co$oun!in+ N0S* he serve! as Senior Aice

resi!ent* >irector o$ the <nternational Securit# ro+ram* an! the 1enr# 0. Missin+er hair in National Securit# olic# at the enter

$or Strate+ic an! <nternational Stu!ies* !octorate in <nternational Ielation "heor# $rom Ox$or!* $ormer associate pro$essor o$ public

polic# an! international relations at the John F. Menne!# School o$ Kovernment an! 0ssistant >irector o$ the enter $or Science an!

<nternational 0Dairs at 1arvar! :niversit#* member o$ ouncil on Forei+n Ielations an! <nternational <nstitute $or Strate+ic Stu!ies*

7"he ower o$ alance; 0merica in i0sia= June 5@@*

http;//www.cnas.or+/les/!ocuments/publications/ampbellatelSin+hRi0siaRJune@.p!$ ) 

0sian investment is also at recor! levels. 0sian countries lea! the worl! with unprece!ente! in$rastructure proGects.

6ith over ]? trillion in $orei+n currenc# reserves* 0sian nations an! businesses are startin+ to shape +lobal

economic activit#. <n!ian rms are purchasin+ in!ustrial +iants such as 0rcelor Steel* as well as iconic bran!s o$ its

oncecolonial ruler* such as Ja+uar an! Ian+e Iover. hinaHs Lenovo bou+ht <8Hs personal computer 6e call the

trans$ormations across the 0siaacic the emer+ence o$ 7i0sia= to reect the a!option b# countries across 0sia o$

$un!amentall# new strate+ic approaches to their nei+hbors an! the worl!. 0sian nations are pursuin+

their interests with real power in a perio! o$  both tremen!ous potential an! +reat uncertaint#. i0sia

is; Integrating: i0sia inclu!es increasin+ economic inter!epen!ence an! a owerin+ o$ multinational $orums to !eal

with tra!e* cultural exchan+e* an!* to some !e+ree* securit#. Innovating: i0sia boasts the worl!Hs most success$ul

manu$acturin+ an! technolo+# sectors an! coul! start takin+ the lea! in ever#thin+ $rom nance to nanotech to

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+reen tech. Investing: 0sian nations are !evelopin+ in$rastructure an! human capital at unprece!ente! rates. ut

the continent remains pla+ue! b#; <nsecurit#; Kreatpower rivalr# is alive in 0sia. 8assive 

militar# investments alon+ with historic suspicions an! contemporar# territorial an! other 

conicts make war in 0sia plausible. <nstabilit#; From environmental !e+ra!ation to violent extremism to

traUckin+ in !ru+s* people* an! weapons* 0sian nations have much to worr# about. <neualit#; 6ithin nations an!

between them* ineualit# in 0sia is more stark than an#where else in the worl!. <mpoverishe! minorities in

countries like <n!ia an! hina* an! the +ap in +overnance an! capacit# within countries* whether as backwar! asurma or as a!vance! as Sin+apore* present uniue challen+es. 0 tra!itional approach to 0sia will not suUce i$ the

:nite! States is to both protect 0merican interests an! help i0sia realiBe its potential an! avoi! pit$alls. business

an! the hinese +overnment* alon+ with other 0sian nancial pla#ers* inGecte! billions in capital to help stea!# :.S.

investment banks such as 8errill L#nch as the 0merican subprime mort+a+e collapse un$ol!e!. hinese investment

$un!s re+ional in!ustrialiBation* which in turn creates new markets $or +lobal pro!ucts. 0sia now accounts $or over

-@ percent o$ +lobal consumption o$ steel - an! hina is consumin+ almost hal$ o$ worl!Hs available concrete. 3

Natural resources $rom so# to copper to oil are bein+ use! b# hina an! <n!ia at astonishin+ rates* !rivin+ up

commo!it# prices an! settin+ oD alarm bells in 6ashin+ton an! other 6estern capitals. Yet 0sia is not a

theater at peace . On avera+e* between ,3 an! 3@ people !ie ever# !a# $rom causes tie! to conict* an!

suspicions roote! in rivalr# an! nationalism run !eep. "he continent harbors ever# tra!itional an!

nontra!itional challen+e o$ our a+e; it is a caul!ron o$ reli+ious an! ethnic tension' a source o$ terror an!

extremism' an acceleratin+ !river o$ the insatiable +lobal appetite $or ener+#' the place where the most people will

suDer the a!verse eDects o$ +lobal climate chan+e' the primar# source o$ nuclear proli$eration'  an! the most

li+el* theater on 2arth $or a maGor conventional con$rontation an! even a nuclear conic t. oexistin+

with the optimism o$ i0sia are the in+re!ients $or internal stri$e* nontra!itional threats like terrorism*

an! tra!itional interstate conict* which are all magnied (* the ris+ of miscalculation

or poor !ecisionmakin+.

O(ama will ght the plan- <ecent meeting proves he supports

surveillance of /uslims

Blumenthal 1% (8ax lumenthal; 6riter $or 0lternet S#n!ication

service an! online communit# o$ the alternative press* $eaturin+ news

stories $rom alternative newsweeklies* ma+aBines an! webpublications* 7Obama 1umiliates 8uslim Kuests at 6hite 1ouse

Iama!an 2vent* 2n!orses <sraelHs KaBa 0ssault an! NS0 Surveillance*=

4/,4/,-* http;//www.alternet.or+/worl!/obamahumiliatesmuslimwhitehouse

+uestsen!orsin+israels+aBaassault!e$en!in+nsa* 0ccesse!; 4/,4/,3* III)

0t the annual 6hite 1ouse <$tar !inner commemoratin+ the 8uslim holi!a# o$ Iama!an* resi!ent arack Obama en!orse! 

<sraelHs on+oin+ assault on the KaBa Strip an! !e$en!e! +overnment sp#in+ on 8uslim0mericans.

0lon+si!e !oBens o$ 8uslim0merican communit# activists an! 8uslim !iplomats* the 6hite 1ouse welcome!

<sraeli 0mbassa!or to the :S Ion >ermer* an outspoken a!vocate o$ <srael%s settlement

enterprise who has claimed /uslim and 'ra( culture is endemicall* violent. <n

the past* the annual <$tar !inner passe! without much notice. Last #ear* resi!ent arack Obama !elivere! a boilerplate speech to

the assemble! crow! o$ 8uslim0merican communit# activists an! 8i!!le 2astern ambassa!ors about his eDorts to spur

entrepreneurship. ut this time* ami!st a onesi!e! <sraeli assault on the KaBa Strip that was about to claim its 5@@th !eath in Gust a

week* an! which the :S ha! backe! to the hilt* the heat was on. 6hile Obama prepare! his remarks* calls ran+ out with

unprece!ente! intensit# $or invitees to bo#cott the Jul# ,- ceremon#. 0mon+ those who ur+e! a bo#cott in protest o$ the KaBa

assault an! on+oin+ +overnment sp#in+ on 8uslim0mericans was the 0rab0merican 0nti>iscrimination ommittee (0>)* an

establishe! presence in 6ashin+ton representin+ the countr#Hs lar+est 0rab0merican a!vocac# +roup. Joinin+ the bo#cott call was

8ariam 0bu0li* the sister o$ 0hme! 0bu 0li* a :S citiBen ren!itione! to Sau!i 0rabia $or torture be$ore bein+ sentence! to li$e in

prison on !ubious char+es o$ threatenin+ to kill Keor+e 6. ush. 7 "he 6hite 1ouse <$tar is a slap in the $ace

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to those in the 8uslim communit# who have been victims o$ :.S. civilri+hts an!

humanri+hts abuses *= 0bu 0li wrote. 7<t is an attempt b# a!ministration a$ter

a!ministration to whitewash the crimes o$ the :.S. +overnment a+ainst 8uslims b#

paintin+ a lessthanaccurate picture o$ their relationship with the 0merican 8uslim

communit#.= 0s establishe! 8uslim0merican lea!ers like Laila 0l8ara#ati line! up to bo#cott (0l8ara#ati reGecte! an

invitation to the State >epartmentHs <$tar)* others !e$en!e! their presence at the ceremon#. 8ost vocal amon+ them was Iep. Meith2llison (>8N)* one o$ the two 8uslim members o$ on+ress. 7< !isa+ree with the tactic*= 2llison remarke! in a statement release!

b# his oUce. 7<t will not close Kuantanamo a#* +uarantee a ceasere between <srael an! alestine or un!o the NS0Hs tar+etin+ o$

8uslims.= "he 8uslim ublic 0Dairs ouncil (80) echoe! 2llison* insistin+ that the event woul! 7allow Qthem to en+a+e with

senior 6hite 1ouse oUcials $or a !ecent amount o$ time on substantive issues.= 6hile 8uslim0merican civil ri+hts +roups like the

ouncil on 0merican <slamic Ielations have assume! a more con$rontational posture towar!s the 6hite 1ouse an! bo#cotte! a

pra#er break$ast with $ormer New York it# 8a#or 8ichael loomber+ in protest o$ his support $or NY> surveillance o$ 8uslims*

80 has taken an alto+ether !iDerent tack. <ts role as a pai! consultant on the cable "A series* 7"#rant*= was perhaps the best

example o$ its accommo!ationist stance. ro!uce! b# 1owar! Kor!on* the creator o$ 75-= an! 71omelan!*= the show starre! a

white actor pla#in+ a patholo+ical 0rab !ictator who rule! over the !eepl# !#s$unctional ctional nation o$ 0bu!!in. 2ven

mainstream "A critics !eri!e! the series as unbearabl# Orientalist* with the 6ashin+ton ostHs 1ank Stuever !escribin+ it as a

7stulti$#in+l# acte! "A !rama stocke! with tire! an! terribl# broa! notions o$ 8uslim culture in a makebelieve nation on the brink.=

Lea!in+ up to the 6hite 1ouse <$tar* a lea!er o$ a maGor 8uslim a!vocac# or+aniBation tol! me on back+roun! that 80 was

blee!in+ support* especiall# $rom #oun+er activists. 0t the <$tar !inner* Obama launche! into a !e$ense o$ <sraelHs assault on the

KaBa Strip* !eclarin+* 7< will sa# ver# clearl#* no countr# can accept rockets re! in!iscriminatel# at citiBens. 0n! so* weHve been

ver# clear that <srael has the ri+ht to !e$en! itsel$ a+ainst what < consi!er to be inexcusable attacks $rom 1amas.= 1e went on to

claim a+ainst all evi!ence that his a!ministration ha! 7worke! lon+ an! har! to alleviate= the humanitarian crisis in KaBa* an! that it

ha! 7emphasiBe! the nee! to protect civilians* re+ar!less o$ who the# are or where the# live.= 0li MurnaB* the central re+ional

!irector $or the Flori!abase! 2mer+e :S0* was in the au!ience. 1e tol! me that ObamaHs remarks provoke! !eep

!iscom$ort* with atten!ees exchan+in+ !isturbe! looks an! rollin+ their e#es in

astonishment. No one walke! out in protest* however. 70$ter the !inner* < overhear! at least three !iDerent exchan+es

atten!ees pointin+ out that alestinians shoul! have a ri+ht to !e$en! themselves too*= MurnaB recalle!. Like man# others who

 Goine! the !inner* MurnaB was not aware that <sraeli 0mbassa!or Ion >ermer ha! been invite!. >ermer was a lon+time con!ant o$

<sraeli rime 8inister enGamin Netan#ahu an! the son o$ the Iepublican $ormer 8a#or o$ 8iami each. "his #ear* >ermer broke

!iplomatic protocol b# appearin+ at a $un!raiser $or the Iepublican Jewish ommittee* helpin+ to raise mone# $or a partisan

or+aniBation !e!icate! to un!erminin+ ObamaHs a+en!a. erhaps the most startlin+ aspect o$ >ermerHs

presence at the <$tar !inner was his state! belie$ that 7a cultural ten!enc# towar!s

belli+erenc#= is 7!eepl# embe!!e! in the culture o$ the 0rab worl! an! its $oremost

reli+ion.=  0ccor!in+ to MurnaB* >ermer spent the evenin+ isolate! in the 6hite 1ouseHs Kreen Ioom a!Gacent to the main

reception area* where he mille! aroun! mostl# without compan#. None o$ the activists invite! to the !inner approache! him. 6hen

!inner be+an* MurnaB sai! Obama was unusuall# can!i! with those seate! at his table. "he# con$ronte! him on the

issue o$ !omestic sp#in+* an issue that took on renewe! imme!iac# a$ter

revelations b# the <ntercept that the NS0 an! F< has spie! on lea!in+ 8uslim

0merican civil ri+hts activists. Obama attempte! to remin! them that the sp#in+

ha! be+un un!er his pre!ecessor* ush* but defended the practice nonetheless*

!en#in+ that the NS0 ha! violate! an# laws.

3slamopho(ic lo((*ists means plan causes huge ght

C'3< 2$1? Qouncil on 0merican <slamic Ielations hica+o' 8arch ,9* 5@,?' 7"12 <NFL:2N2 OF

<SL08O1O<0 <N ONKI2SS<ON0L OL<"<S=' http;//www.cairchica+o.or+/blo+/5@,?/@?/theinuenceo$

islamophobicpropa+an!istsincon+ressionalpolitics/* 0ccesse! 4/55/,3* 0X

0 select +roup o$ expert propa+an!ists wiel! consi!erable inuence in con+ressional

politics. "hese socalle! scholars an! activists compile misin$ormation that is wi!el#

!iscre!ite! an! pe!!le it to s#mpathetic ri+htleanin+ politicians who re+ur+itate its

resultin+ hate$ul rhetoric on the national sta+e. "he most o!ious o$ these 7misin$ormation

experts= inclu!e ri+ette Kabriel* Frank KaDne#* >aniel ipes* 6ali! hares* Zuh!i Jasser an! >avi! Yerushalmi* Gust

to name a $ew. "heir rhetoric is bi+ote! an! incorrect* #et insi!iousl# shapes our

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national !iscourse throu+h their political allies who hol! inuential positions in

1ouse ommittees. "he most inuential political allies inclu!e; Iep. eter Min+* Iep.

0llen 6est* Iep. Sue 8#rick* Iep. 8ichele auchman* an! Iep. aul roun amon+

others. "hrou+h their various think tanks an! a!vocac# or+aniBations* misin$ormation experts $ear

mon+er an! propa+ate baseless an! inammator# rhetoric that shapes state an! national !iscourse an! polic#.

ri+ette Kabriel characteriBes <slam as bent on the !estruction an! !omination o$0merican $ree!om an! values an! sa#s <slam keeps countries backwar!s* teaches hate an! oppresses

women an! chil!ren. She an! her contemporaries emplo# +ross +eneraliBations euatin+

8uslims with ra!ical <slamists* ar+uin+ that the !iDerence between <slam an! the

6est is the !iDerence between 7civiliBation an! barbarism= an! 7+oo!ness an!

evil.= She is uote! sa#in+ 7the# have no soul* the# are !ea!set on barbarism.= "o cast such a sha!ow o$ ,.3

billion 8uslims as barbaric* hate$ul an! soulless is !an+erousl# re!uctionist an! insi!ious. 1er books* ecause "he#

1ate an! "he# 8ust e Stoppe!* !etail her extremist min!set. 1er or+aniBation 0"^ For 0merica* which boasts

over 53@ chapters nationwi!e* mobiliBes people at the +rassroots level to 7make a !iDerence in their communities=

b# essentiall# propa+atin+ their hate$ul messa+e nationwi!e. "hrou+h this or+aniBation* she en!eavors to la#

the le+islative +roun!work $or !iscriminator# policies a+ainst 8uslims.

'uthoritarianism &'-

Energ* resource depletion will lead to world wars – our government

uses more and more energ* to solve economic and social pro(lems,

and that)s unsustaina(le

0anson D (Ja# 1anson. June 5-* 5@@. 70 0S< <>20 OF 1O6 O:I KOA2IN82N"

6OIMS= Ja#1anson http;//www.Ga#hanson.or+/!emocratic.htm .)

 "hermo!#namic laws* evolution theor#* an! mo!ern +enetic sciences were unknownb# our Foun!ers. "o!a#* these laws an! sciences si+nal the en! o$ our $orm o$

+overnment. "he rst law o$ thermo!#namics (conservation law) states that there

can be no creation o$ matter/ener+#. "his means that the econom# is totall#

!epen!ent upon natural resources $or ever#thin+. "he Kerman ph#sicist 1elmholtB

an! the ritish ph#sicist Lor! Melvin ha! explaine! the principle b# the mi!!le o$ the

,9th centur#. "he secon! law o$ thermo!#namics (entrop# law) tells us that ener+#

is waste! in all economic activit#. <n ,5-* the French ph#sicist Sa!i arnot

$ormulate! the secon! lawHs concepts while workin+ on 7heat en+ines=. Lor! Melvin

an! the Kerman ph#sicist lausius eventuall# $ormaliBe! arnotHs concepts as the

secon! law o$ thermo!#namics. Our +overnment was !esi+ne! to reuire morean!

more ener+# (en!less economic +rowth) to solve social problems* but the

thermo!#namic laws !escribe! above limit the available ener+#. 2ner+# 7resources=

must pro!uce more ener+# than the# consume* otherwise the# are calle! 7sinks=

(this is known as the 7net ener+#= principle). <n other wor!s* i$ it costs morethan

onebarrelo$oil to 7pro!uce= onebarrelo$oil* then that barrel will never be

pro!uce! P the mone# price o$ oil is irrelevant^ "hus* the net ener+# principle places

strict limits (in the ph#sical sense) on our +overnmentHs abilit# to solve social

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problems. 0lthou+h bankers can print mone#* the# can not print ener+#^ iolo+ists

have $oun! that our +enes pre!ispose us to act in certain wa#s un!er certain

environments. "his explains wh# histor# repeats itsel$ an! wh# humans have

en+a+e! in war a$ter war throu+hout histor#; $rom timetotime an environment

emer+es when 7inclusive tness=Q3 is serve! b# attackin+ #our nei+hbor an!

stealin+ his resources. QE Since our +overnment was !esi+ne! to reuire ever+rowin+ ener+# resources* but ener+# resources are strictl# limite! b#

thermo!#namic laws* soonerorlater our +overnment will collapse into another or+#

o$ worl! wars. <tHs Gust a matter o$ time...

Case-

Case turns-