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MLA and APA Made EasyMLA and APA Made EasyMLA and APA Made EasyMLA and APA Made EasyMLA and APA Made EasyMLA and APA Made EasyMLA and APA Made EasyMLA and APA Made Easy

1. Getting Started1. Getting Started1. Getting Started1. Getting Started2. The Importance of a First Draft2. The Importance of a First Draft2. The Importance of a First Draft2. The Importance of a First Draft3. Doing Research3. Doing Research3. Doing Research3. Doing Research4. Bringing Research Into Your Paper4. Bringing Research Into Your Paper4. Bringing Research Into Your Paper4. Bringing Research Into Your Paper

� Quoting, Paraphrasing, SummarizingQuoting, Paraphrasing, SummarizingQuoting, Paraphrasing, SummarizingQuoting, Paraphrasing, Summarizing� Avoiding PlagiarismAvoiding PlagiarismAvoiding PlagiarismAvoiding Plagiarism

5. MLA5. MLA5. MLA5. MLA----Style DocumentationStyle DocumentationStyle DocumentationStyle Documentation6. APA6. APA6. APA6. APA----Style DocumentationStyle DocumentationStyle DocumentationStyle Documentation7. Proofreading Strategies7. Proofreading Strategies7. Proofreading Strategies7. Proofreading Strategies

� Points to RememberPoints to RememberPoints to RememberPoints to Remember

� What Are Sources?What Are Sources?What Are Sources?What Are Sources?

� What Are Citations?What Are Citations?What Are Citations?What Are Citations?

� QuotingQuotingQuotingQuoting

� ParaphrasingParaphrasingParaphrasingParaphrasing

� SummarizingSummarizingSummarizingSummarizing

� Avoiding PlagiarismAvoiding PlagiarismAvoiding PlagiarismAvoiding Plagiarism

� Writing a research paper is like writing any other Writing a research paper is like writing any other Writing a research paper is like writing any other Writing a research paper is like writing any other academic paper, with the difference that you are academic paper, with the difference that you are academic paper, with the difference that you are academic paper, with the difference that you are bringing into your essay the words, ideas, and bringing into your essay the words, ideas, and bringing into your essay the words, ideas, and bringing into your essay the words, ideas, and theories of others, often experts in that field of theories of others, often experts in that field of theories of others, often experts in that field of theories of others, often experts in that field of study.study.study.study.

� In the process of writing your research paper, In the process of writing your research paper, In the process of writing your research paper, In the process of writing your research paper, you will learn a new set of vocabulary words and you will learn a new set of vocabulary words and you will learn a new set of vocabulary words and you will learn a new set of vocabulary words and concepts.concepts.concepts.concepts.

� What follows is a list of these words/concepts What follows is a list of these words/concepts What follows is a list of these words/concepts What follows is a list of these words/concepts and their definitions. Becoming familiar with and their definitions. Becoming familiar with and their definitions. Becoming familiar with and their definitions. Becoming familiar with them will help you in the research process.them will help you in the research process.them will help you in the research process.them will help you in the research process.

� A source is what you turn to for information A source is what you turn to for information A source is what you turn to for information A source is what you turn to for information about your topic.about your topic.about your topic.about your topic.

� A source can include any of the following:A source can include any of the following:A source can include any of the following:A source can include any of the following:� a booka booka booka book

� a magazine or newspaper articlea magazine or newspaper articlea magazine or newspaper articlea magazine or newspaper article

� a scholarly journal articlea scholarly journal articlea scholarly journal articlea scholarly journal article

� a film, television show, or radio programa film, television show, or radio programa film, television show, or radio programa film, television show, or radio program

� a web sitea web sitea web sitea web site

� a personal interviewa personal interviewa personal interviewa personal interview

� They generally fall under print sources, nonThey generally fall under print sources, nonThey generally fall under print sources, nonThey generally fall under print sources, non----print sources, and electronic sources.print sources, and electronic sources.print sources, and electronic sources.print sources, and electronic sources.

� A print source can be a periodical or a nonA print source can be a periodical or a nonA print source can be a periodical or a nonA print source can be a periodical or a non----periodical. periodical. periodical. periodical.

� A periodical is a publication that is issued periodically, A periodical is a publication that is issued periodically, A periodical is a publication that is issued periodically, A periodical is a publication that is issued periodically, such as any of the following:such as any of the following:such as any of the following:such as any of the following:

� a newspaper (a newspaper (a newspaper (a newspaper (The Boston GlobeThe Boston GlobeThe Boston GlobeThe Boston Globe););););

� a magazine (a magazine (a magazine (a magazine (NewsweekNewsweekNewsweekNewsweek); ); ); );

� a journal (a journal (a journal (a journal (Journal of Naturopathic Medicine)Journal of Naturopathic Medicine)Journal of Naturopathic Medicine)Journal of Naturopathic Medicine). . . .

� A nonA nonA nonA non----periodical most often refers to a book.periodical most often refers to a book.periodical most often refers to a book.periodical most often refers to a book.

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� A nonA nonA nonA non----print source can include, but is not print source can include, but is not print source can include, but is not print source can include, but is not limited to, any of the following:limited to, any of the following:limited to, any of the following:limited to, any of the following:

� a television or radio programa television or radio programa television or radio programa television or radio program

� a film a film a film a film

� a personal interviewa personal interviewa personal interviewa personal interview

� a class lecturea class lecturea class lecturea class lecture

� a recordinga recordinga recordinga recording

� An electronic source can refer to a source found on An electronic source can refer to a source found on An electronic source can refer to a source found on An electronic source can refer to a source found on the Internet, such as a personal or professional the Internet, such as a personal or professional the Internet, such as a personal or professional the Internet, such as a personal or professional web site. web site. web site. web site.

� There are some electronic sources that originally There are some electronic sources that originally There are some electronic sources that originally There are some electronic sources that originally appeared in print form. These include articles appeared in print form. These include articles appeared in print form. These include articles appeared in print form. These include articles found on databases such as found on databases such as found on databases such as found on databases such as EbscoHost EbscoHost EbscoHost EbscoHost and and and and InfotracInfotracInfotracInfotrac and articles in newspapers and magazines and articles in newspapers and magazines and articles in newspapers and magazines and articles in newspapers and magazines that publish on the web and in print.that publish on the web and in print.that publish on the web and in print.that publish on the web and in print.

� When you bring research (quotations, When you bring research (quotations, When you bring research (quotations, When you bring research (quotations, paraphrases, facts, statistics, etc.) into your paraphrases, facts, statistics, etc.) into your paraphrases, facts, statistics, etc.) into your paraphrases, facts, statistics, etc.) into your paper, you must give credit to the source and its paper, you must give credit to the source and its paper, you must give credit to the source and its paper, you must give credit to the source and its author(s).author(s).author(s).author(s).

� Giving credit to a source is also called citing a Giving credit to a source is also called citing a Giving credit to a source is also called citing a Giving credit to a source is also called citing a source. source. source. source.

� You do this with inYou do this with inYou do this with inYou do this with in----text or parenthetical text or parenthetical text or parenthetical text or parenthetical citations. They are called parenthetical citations citations. They are called parenthetical citations citations. They are called parenthetical citations citations. They are called parenthetical citations because the bibliographic information goes because the bibliographic information goes because the bibliographic information goes because the bibliographic information goes inside parentheses.inside parentheses.inside parentheses.inside parentheses.

� Quotations: Someone else’s exact words, Quotations: Someone else’s exact words, Quotations: Someone else’s exact words, Quotations: Someone else’s exact words, enclosed in quotation marks.enclosed in quotation marks.enclosed in quotation marks.enclosed in quotation marks.

� The ideas, opinions, and theories of someone The ideas, opinions, and theories of someone The ideas, opinions, and theories of someone The ideas, opinions, and theories of someone elseelseelseelse————even if you restate them in your own even if you restate them in your own even if you restate them in your own even if you restate them in your own words in a paraphrase or summary.words in a paraphrase or summary.words in a paraphrase or summary.words in a paraphrase or summary.

� FFFFacts and statisticsacts and statisticsacts and statisticsacts and statistics————unless they are common unless they are common unless they are common unless they are common knowledge and are accessible in many sources.knowledge and are accessible in many sources.knowledge and are accessible in many sources.knowledge and are accessible in many sources.

� Common Knowledge is information that can be Common Knowledge is information that can be Common Knowledge is information that can be Common Knowledge is information that can be found in many sources and that no one can found in many sources and that no one can found in many sources and that no one can found in many sources and that no one can claim owning. It is information that “belongs” to claim owning. It is information that “belongs” to claim owning. It is information that “belongs” to claim owning. It is information that “belongs” to everyone. Often, it is the stuff of encyclopedias. everyone. Often, it is the stuff of encyclopedias. everyone. Often, it is the stuff of encyclopedias. everyone. Often, it is the stuff of encyclopedias. Examples:Examples:Examples:Examples:

� 6 million Jews perished in the Holocaust.6 million Jews perished in the Holocaust.6 million Jews perished in the Holocaust.6 million Jews perished in the Holocaust.

� The Empire State Building is 1,454 feet tall.The Empire State Building is 1,454 feet tall.The Empire State Building is 1,454 feet tall.The Empire State Building is 1,454 feet tall.

� The Civil War ended in 1865.The Civil War ended in 1865.The Civil War ended in 1865.The Civil War ended in 1865.

� You may not have known this before you started You may not have known this before you started You may not have known this before you started You may not have known this before you started your research, but it is still common knowledge. your research, but it is still common knowledge. your research, but it is still common knowledge. your research, but it is still common knowledge. Often, you will encounter knowledge that is Often, you will encounter knowledge that is Often, you will encounter knowledge that is Often, you will encounter knowledge that is common in your field of study, even if the common in your field of study, even if the common in your field of study, even if the common in your field of study, even if the general population may not know it.general population may not know it.general population may not know it.general population may not know it.

� When you quote, you borrow an author’s exact When you quote, you borrow an author’s exact When you quote, you borrow an author’s exact When you quote, you borrow an author’s exact words.words.words.words.

� Use a quotation when…Use a quotation when…Use a quotation when…Use a quotation when…

◦ the wording is so memorable or expresses a point so the wording is so memorable or expresses a point so the wording is so memorable or expresses a point so the wording is so memorable or expresses a point so well that you cannot improve or shorten it without well that you cannot improve or shorten it without well that you cannot improve or shorten it without well that you cannot improve or shorten it without weakening it;weakening it;weakening it;weakening it;

◦ when the author is a respected authority whose opinion when the author is a respected authority whose opinion when the author is a respected authority whose opinion when the author is a respected authority whose opinion supports your own ideas;supports your own ideas;supports your own ideas;supports your own ideas;

◦ when an author challenges or disagrees profoundly with when an author challenges or disagrees profoundly with when an author challenges or disagrees profoundly with when an author challenges or disagrees profoundly with others in the field.others in the field.others in the field.others in the field.

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� Paraphrasing is putting material (including Paraphrasing is putting material (including Paraphrasing is putting material (including Paraphrasing is putting material (including major and minor points) into your own words major and minor points) into your own words major and minor points) into your own words major and minor points) into your own words and sentence structure. and sentence structure. and sentence structure. and sentence structure.

� You can paraphrase a theory, an idea, the You can paraphrase a theory, an idea, the You can paraphrase a theory, an idea, the You can paraphrase a theory, an idea, the results of a study, or a passage in an original results of a study, or a passage in an original results of a study, or a passage in an original results of a study, or a passage in an original source, as long as you use your own words to source, as long as you use your own words to source, as long as you use your own words to source, as long as you use your own words to describe it. describe it. describe it. describe it.

� A paraphrase is often the same length as the A paraphrase is often the same length as the A paraphrase is often the same length as the A paraphrase is often the same length as the original, but it is in your own words.original, but it is in your own words.original, but it is in your own words.original, but it is in your own words.

� Original TextOriginal TextOriginal TextOriginal Text (from James C. Stalker, “Official English or English Only”)(from James C. Stalker, “Official English or English Only”)(from James C. Stalker, “Official English or English Only”)(from James C. Stalker, “Official English or English Only”)

“ We cannot legislate the language of the home, the “ We cannot legislate the language of the home, the “ We cannot legislate the language of the home, the “ We cannot legislate the language of the home, the street, the bar, the club, unless we are willing to set up street, the bar, the club, unless we are willing to set up street, the bar, the club, unless we are willing to set up street, the bar, the club, unless we are willing to set up a cadre of language police who will ticket and arrest us a cadre of language police who will ticket and arrest us a cadre of language police who will ticket and arrest us a cadre of language police who will ticket and arrest us if we speak something other than English” (21).if we speak something other than English” (21).if we speak something other than English” (21).if we speak something other than English” (21).

� ParaphraseParaphraseParaphraseParaphraseStalker points out that in a democracy like the United Stalker points out that in a democracy like the United Stalker points out that in a democracy like the United Stalker points out that in a democracy like the United States, it is not feasible to have laws against the use of States, it is not feasible to have laws against the use of States, it is not feasible to have laws against the use of States, it is not feasible to have laws against the use of a language and it certainly would not be possible to a language and it certainly would not be possible to a language and it certainly would not be possible to a language and it certainly would not be possible to make police enforce such laws in homes and public make police enforce such laws in homes and public make police enforce such laws in homes and public make police enforce such laws in homes and public places (21).places (21).places (21).places (21).

Example taken from Example taken from Example taken from Example taken from Pocket Keys for WritersPocket Keys for WritersPocket Keys for WritersPocket Keys for Writers

by Ann Raimesby Ann Raimesby Ann Raimesby Ann Raimes

� Summaries are often less detailed than Summaries are often less detailed than Summaries are often less detailed than Summaries are often less detailed than paraphrases. paraphrases. paraphrases. paraphrases.

� In a summary, you provide your reader with the In a summary, you provide your reader with the In a summary, you provide your reader with the In a summary, you provide your reader with the gist of the most important sources you find in gist of the most important sources you find in gist of the most important sources you find in gist of the most important sources you find in your own words. your own words. your own words. your own words.

� Summaries give readers basic information and Summaries give readers basic information and Summaries give readers basic information and Summaries give readers basic information and are always in your own words. are always in your own words. are always in your own words. are always in your own words.

� When you include a summary in your paper, When you include a summary in your paper, When you include a summary in your paper, When you include a summary in your paper, introduce the author’s name and/or the work.introduce the author’s name and/or the work.introduce the author’s name and/or the work.introduce the author’s name and/or the work.

� It is fine to bring the words and ideas of other It is fine to bring the words and ideas of other It is fine to bring the words and ideas of other It is fine to bring the words and ideas of other writers into your paper. writers into your paper. writers into your paper. writers into your paper.

� However, when you do so, you must However, when you do so, you must However, when you do so, you must However, when you do so, you must acknowledge your debt to the writers of these acknowledge your debt to the writers of these acknowledge your debt to the writers of these acknowledge your debt to the writers of these sources. sources. sources. sources.

� If not, you are guilty of plagiarism, a serious If not, you are guilty of plagiarism, a serious If not, you are guilty of plagiarism, a serious If not, you are guilty of plagiarism, a serious

academic offense.academic offense.academic offense.academic offense.

� The most blatant and egregious form of The most blatant and egregious form of The most blatant and egregious form of The most blatant and egregious form of plagiarism is putting your name as the author of plagiarism is putting your name as the author of plagiarism is putting your name as the author of plagiarism is putting your name as the author of a paper you did not write. a paper you did not write. a paper you did not write. a paper you did not write.

� The Internet has certainly made it easier for The Internet has certainly made it easier for The Internet has certainly made it easier for The Internet has certainly made it easier for students to find papers on any number of students to find papers on any number of students to find papers on any number of students to find papers on any number of topics. topics. topics. topics.

� However, professors also know how to use the However, professors also know how to use the However, professors also know how to use the However, professors also know how to use the Internet and are quite adept at searching the Internet and are quite adept at searching the Internet and are quite adept at searching the Internet and are quite adept at searching the same sites that students use.same sites that students use.same sites that students use.same sites that students use.

� Other types of plagiarism are more subtle and Other types of plagiarism are more subtle and Other types of plagiarism are more subtle and Other types of plagiarism are more subtle and include any of the following:include any of the following:include any of the following:include any of the following:

◦ failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas; failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas; failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas; failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas;

◦ failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks;marks;marks;marks;

◦ failure to put summaries and paraphrases into your own failure to put summaries and paraphrases into your own failure to put summaries and paraphrases into your own failure to put summaries and paraphrases into your own words. words. words. words.

� Most students who plagiarize are simply Most students who plagiarize are simply Most students who plagiarize are simply Most students who plagiarize are simply unaware of the proper way to document sources unaware of the proper way to document sources unaware of the proper way to document sources unaware of the proper way to document sources in academic writing.in academic writing.in academic writing.in academic writing.

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� In order to avoid plagiarism, be sure that you In order to avoid plagiarism, be sure that you In order to avoid plagiarism, be sure that you In order to avoid plagiarism, be sure that you not only give credit where credit is due, but that not only give credit where credit is due, but that not only give credit where credit is due, but that not only give credit where credit is due, but that you follow the appropriate formats, often either you follow the appropriate formats, often either you follow the appropriate formats, often either you follow the appropriate formats, often either MLA (Modern Languages Association) or APA MLA (Modern Languages Association) or APA MLA (Modern Languages Association) or APA MLA (Modern Languages Association) or APA (American Psychological Association) styles of (American Psychological Association) styles of (American Psychological Association) styles of (American Psychological Association) styles of documentation. documentation. documentation. documentation.

� There are also several good publications There are also several good publications There are also several good publications There are also several good publications available with which students should be familiar. available with which students should be familiar. available with which students should be familiar. available with which students should be familiar. They will be mentioned later in this They will be mentioned later in this They will be mentioned later in this They will be mentioned later in this presentation.presentation.presentation.presentation.

� What is MLA?What is MLA?What is MLA?What is MLA?

� How To Integrate Research Into the Body of How To Integrate Research Into the Body of How To Integrate Research Into the Body of How To Integrate Research Into the Body of Your PaperYour PaperYour PaperYour Paper

� How to Create a “Works Cited” PageHow to Create a “Works Cited” PageHow to Create a “Works Cited” PageHow to Create a “Works Cited” Page

� If you are writing a research paper in English, If you are writing a research paper in English, If you are writing a research paper in English, If you are writing a research paper in English, foreign languages, or other humanities classes, foreign languages, or other humanities classes, foreign languages, or other humanities classes, foreign languages, or other humanities classes, use MLAuse MLAuse MLAuse MLA----style documentation.style documentation.style documentation.style documentation.

� MLA stands for the Modern Language MLA stands for the Modern Language MLA stands for the Modern Language MLA stands for the Modern Language Association. Association. Association. Association.

� The MLA publishes the The MLA publishes the The MLA publishes the The MLA publishes the MLA Handbook for MLA Handbook for MLA Handbook for MLA Handbook for Writing Research PapersWriting Research PapersWriting Research PapersWriting Research Papers. This book contains all . This book contains all . This book contains all . This book contains all of the rules that govern MLAof the rules that govern MLAof the rules that govern MLAof the rules that govern MLA----style style style style documentation.documentation.documentation.documentation.

� All written material (the body of your paper and All written material (the body of your paper and All written material (the body of your paper and All written material (the body of your paper and the “Works Cited” page) is doublethe “Works Cited” page) is doublethe “Works Cited” page) is doublethe “Works Cited” page) is double----spaced.spaced.spaced.spaced.

� MLAMLAMLAMLA----style has two main elementsstyle has two main elementsstyle has two main elementsstyle has two main elements::::

� InInInIn----text Citationstext Citationstext Citationstext Citations

� “Works CitedWorks CitedWorks CitedWorks Cited” PagePagePagePage

� Use inUse inUse inUse in----text citations in the body of your text citations in the body of your text citations in the body of your text citations in the body of your paper when you quote, paraphrase, paper when you quote, paraphrase, paper when you quote, paraphrase, paper when you quote, paraphrase, summarize, or use other borrowed material. summarize, or use other borrowed material. summarize, or use other borrowed material. summarize, or use other borrowed material. Citations should be as concise as possible, Citations should be as concise as possible, Citations should be as concise as possible, Citations should be as concise as possible, while still giving readers enough information while still giving readers enough information while still giving readers enough information while still giving readers enough information to find the full bibliographic information on to find the full bibliographic information on to find the full bibliographic information on to find the full bibliographic information on the “Works Cited” page.the “Works Cited” page.the “Works Cited” page.the “Works Cited” page.

� The ”Works Cited” page is a separate page The ”Works Cited” page is a separate page The ”Works Cited” page is a separate page The ”Works Cited” page is a separate page and carries the heading “Works Cited” (or and carries the heading “Works Cited” (or and carries the heading “Works Cited” (or and carries the heading “Works Cited” (or “Work Cited” if you are using only one “Work Cited” if you are using only one “Work Cited” if you are using only one “Work Cited” if you are using only one source). This is where you list all of your source). This is where you list all of your source). This is where you list all of your source). This is where you list all of your sources, giving the reader full bibliographic sources, giving the reader full bibliographic sources, giving the reader full bibliographic sources, giving the reader full bibliographic information.information.information.information.

� On the “Works Cited” page, sources are always On the “Works Cited” page, sources are always On the “Works Cited” page, sources are always On the “Works Cited” page, sources are always listed alphabetically by the author’s last name. listed alphabetically by the author’s last name. listed alphabetically by the author’s last name. listed alphabetically by the author’s last name.

◦ If your source has no author, go by the first word of the If your source has no author, go by the first word of the If your source has no author, go by the first word of the If your source has no author, go by the first word of the title to alphabetize.title to alphabetize.title to alphabetize.title to alphabetize.

� When listing sources, indent every line after the When listing sources, indent every line after the When listing sources, indent every line after the When listing sources, indent every line after the first line five spaces or onefirst line five spaces or onefirst line five spaces or onefirst line five spaces or one----half inch.half inch.half inch.half inch.

� Underline book titles and web sites.Underline book titles and web sites.Underline book titles and web sites.Underline book titles and web sites.

� Use quotation marks around articles, stories, Use quotation marks around articles, stories, Use quotation marks around articles, stories, Use quotation marks around articles, stories, poems, and essays.poems, and essays.poems, and essays.poems, and essays.

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� There are only two pieces of information that There are only two pieces of information that There are only two pieces of information that There are only two pieces of information that need to go inside the parentheses of an inneed to go inside the parentheses of an inneed to go inside the parentheses of an inneed to go inside the parentheses of an in----text text text text citation: citation: citation: citation:

� the author’s last name the author’s last name the author’s last name the author’s last name

� the page numberthe page numberthe page numberthe page number

� This information refers readers to the full This information refers readers to the full This information refers readers to the full This information refers readers to the full bibliographic information on the “Works Cited” bibliographic information on the “Works Cited” bibliographic information on the “Works Cited” bibliographic information on the “Works Cited” page.page.page.page.

◦ An inAn inAn inAn in----text citation looks like this:text citation looks like this:text citation looks like this:text citation looks like this:� (Smith 165)(Smith 165)(Smith 165)(Smith 165)

◦ If there are two authors, give both last names:If there are two authors, give both last names:If there are two authors, give both last names:If there are two authors, give both last names:� (Jones and Nichols 18)(Jones and Nichols 18)(Jones and Nichols 18)(Jones and Nichols 18)

◦ If there is no author, give the first word of the If there is no author, give the first word of the If there is no author, give the first word of the If there is no author, give the first word of the title:title:title:title:� ((((“RecentRecentRecentRecent” 23)23)23)23)

◦ If there is no page number, give the paragraph If there is no page number, give the paragraph If there is no page number, give the paragraph If there is no page number, give the paragraph number:number:number:number:� (McKnight par. 10)(McKnight par. 10)(McKnight par. 10)(McKnight par. 10)

� Many young women, from all races and classes, Many young women, from all races and classes, Many young women, from all races and classes, Many young women, from all races and classes, have taken on the idea of the American Dream, have taken on the idea of the American Dream, have taken on the idea of the American Dream, have taken on the idea of the American Dream, however difficult it might be for them to achieve however difficult it might be for them to achieve however difficult it might be for them to achieve however difficult it might be for them to achieve it (Sidel 19it (Sidel 19it (Sidel 19it (Sidel 19----20).20).20).20).

� The adult mountain lion population in California The adult mountain lion population in California The adult mountain lion population in California The adult mountain lion population in California is now estimated at four to six thousand (Reyes is now estimated at four to six thousand (Reyes is now estimated at four to six thousand (Reyes is now estimated at four to six thousand (Reyes and Messina B1).and Messina B1).and Messina B1).and Messina B1).

� In California, fish and game officials estimate In California, fish and game officials estimate In California, fish and game officials estimate In California, fish and game officials estimate that since 1972 lion numbers have increased that since 1972 lion numbers have increased that since 1972 lion numbers have increased that since 1972 lion numbers have increased from 2,400 to at least 6,000 (from 2,400 to at least 6,000 (from 2,400 to at least 6,000 (from 2,400 to at least 6,000 (“LionLionLionLion” A21).A21).A21).A21).

� An article that appeared in An article that appeared in An article that appeared in An article that appeared in Research QuarterlyResearch QuarterlyResearch QuarterlyResearch Quarterlystates that, states that, states that, states that, “Their recovery process parallels the Their recovery process parallels the Their recovery process parallels the Their recovery process parallels the steps taken by those recovering from other steps taken by those recovering from other steps taken by those recovering from other steps taken by those recovering from other afflictionsafflictionsafflictionsafflictions” (Russo par. 3).(Russo par. 3).(Russo par. 3).(Russo par. 3).

� Signal phrases help you to transition from your Signal phrases help you to transition from your Signal phrases help you to transition from your Signal phrases help you to transition from your words and ideas to the words and ideas of words and ideas to the words and ideas of words and ideas to the words and ideas of words and ideas to the words and ideas of others. others. others. others.

� With practice, you will learn how to integrate With practice, you will learn how to integrate With practice, you will learn how to integrate With practice, you will learn how to integrate research smoothly into your paper. research smoothly into your paper. research smoothly into your paper. research smoothly into your paper.

� In most cases, it is preferable to include the In most cases, it is preferable to include the In most cases, it is preferable to include the In most cases, it is preferable to include the author’s name in a signal phrase that precedes author’s name in a signal phrase that precedes author’s name in a signal phrase that precedes author’s name in a signal phrase that precedes the quote, fact, statistic, etc. Because the the quote, fact, statistic, etc. Because the the quote, fact, statistic, etc. Because the the quote, fact, statistic, etc. Because the author is already named, you need only list the author is already named, you need only list the author is already named, you need only list the author is already named, you need only list the page or paragraph number in the parentheses.page or paragraph number in the parentheses.page or paragraph number in the parentheses.page or paragraph number in the parentheses.

� The sociologist Ruth SidelThe sociologist Ruth SidelThe sociologist Ruth SidelThe sociologist Ruth Sidel’s interviews with s interviews with s interviews with s interviews with young woman provide examples of what Sidel young woman provide examples of what Sidel young woman provide examples of what Sidel young woman provide examples of what Sidel sees as the sees as the sees as the sees as the “impossible dreamimpossible dreamimpossible dreamimpossible dream” (19).(19).(19).(19).

� Michelle RussoMichelle RussoMichelle RussoMichelle Russo’s article from s article from s article from s article from Research QuarterlyResearch QuarterlyResearch QuarterlyResearch Quarterlystates that states that states that states that “Their recovery process parallels the Their recovery process parallels the Their recovery process parallels the Their recovery process parallels the steps taken by those recovering from other steps taken by those recovering from other steps taken by those recovering from other steps taken by those recovering from other afflictionsafflictionsafflictionsafflictions” (par. 3).(par. 3).(par. 3).(par. 3).

6

� The following signal phrases are good examples The following signal phrases are good examples The following signal phrases are good examples The following signal phrases are good examples of ways you can introduce the findings of your of ways you can introduce the findings of your of ways you can introduce the findings of your of ways you can introduce the findings of your research in your paper:research in your paper:research in your paper:research in your paper:

� AccAccAccAccording toording toording toording to…

� In the words ofIn the words ofIn the words ofIn the words of…

� In a recent study byIn a recent study byIn a recent study byIn a recent study by…

� Current research proves thatCurrent research proves thatCurrent research proves thatCurrent research proves that…

� Avoid overusing the verb “said” in your paper. Avoid overusing the verb “said” in your paper. Avoid overusing the verb “said” in your paper. Avoid overusing the verb “said” in your paper. Here is a list of strong, active verbs that you can Here is a list of strong, active verbs that you can Here is a list of strong, active verbs that you can Here is a list of strong, active verbs that you can use in your signal phrases.use in your signal phrases.use in your signal phrases.use in your signal phrases.

� You can write that someone…You can write that someone…You can write that someone…You can write that someone…

� acknowledges, adds, admits, or agreesacknowledges, adds, admits, or agreesacknowledges, adds, admits, or agreesacknowledges, adds, admits, or agrees

� argues, asserts, claims, or commentsargues, asserts, claims, or commentsargues, asserts, claims, or commentsargues, asserts, claims, or comments

� confirms, believes, declares, or impliesconfirms, believes, declares, or impliesconfirms, believes, declares, or impliesconfirms, believes, declares, or implies

� insists, notes, observes, or points out, insists, notes, observes, or points out, insists, notes, observes, or points out, insists, notes, observes, or points out,

� reports, states, theorizes, or writesreports, states, theorizes, or writesreports, states, theorizes, or writesreports, states, theorizes, or writes

� Often in your research you will encounter Often in your research you will encounter Often in your research you will encounter Often in your research you will encounter quotes, facts, statistics, etc. that are written by quotes, facts, statistics, etc. that are written by quotes, facts, statistics, etc. that are written by quotes, facts, statistics, etc. that are written by someone other than the author of the piece you someone other than the author of the piece you someone other than the author of the piece you someone other than the author of the piece you are reading. Use the following format:are reading. Use the following format:are reading. Use the following format:are reading. Use the following format:

� We generate words unconsciously, without thinking We generate words unconsciously, without thinking We generate words unconsciously, without thinking We generate words unconsciously, without thinking about them; they appear, as James Britton says, about them; they appear, as James Britton says, about them; they appear, as James Britton says, about them; they appear, as James Britton says, “at at at at the point of utterancethe point of utterancethe point of utterancethe point of utterance” (qtd. in Smith 108).(qtd. in Smith 108).(qtd. in Smith 108).(qtd. in Smith 108).

� “We only used seven signs in his presence,We only used seven signs in his presence,We only used seven signs in his presence,We only used seven signs in his presence,” says says says says Fouts. Fouts. Fouts. Fouts. “All of his signs were learned from the other All of his signs were learned from the other All of his signs were learned from the other All of his signs were learned from the other chimps at the laboratorychimps at the laboratorychimps at the laboratorychimps at the laboratory” (qtd. in Toner).(qtd. in Toner).(qtd. in Toner).(qtd. in Toner).

� NOTE: On the NOTE: On the NOTE: On the NOTE: On the “Works CitedWorks CitedWorks CitedWorks Cited” page give the page give the page give the page give the bibliographic information for the source you read, not bibliographic information for the source you read, not bibliographic information for the source you read, not bibliographic information for the source you read, not the source quoted fromthe source quoted fromthe source quoted fromthe source quoted from—since you havensince you havensince you havensince you haven’t read that.t read that.t read that.t read that.

� A “Works Cited” page contains the full A “Works Cited” page contains the full A “Works Cited” page contains the full A “Works Cited” page contains the full bibliographic information to which you have bibliographic information to which you have bibliographic information to which you have bibliographic information to which you have been referring in the body of your paper.been referring in the body of your paper.been referring in the body of your paper.been referring in the body of your paper.

� The “Work Cited” page is…The “Work Cited” page is…The “Work Cited” page is…The “Work Cited” page is…

� the last page of your paperthe last page of your paperthe last page of your paperthe last page of your paper

� doubledoubledoubledouble----spacedspacedspacedspaced

� alphabetizedalphabetizedalphabetizedalphabetized

� There are many different ways to cite sources There are many different ways to cite sources There are many different ways to cite sources There are many different ways to cite sources on your “Works Cited” page, depending on on your “Works Cited” page, depending on on your “Works Cited” page, depending on on your “Works Cited” page, depending on whether your source is a book, an article, a web whether your source is a book, an article, a web whether your source is a book, an article, a web whether your source is a book, an article, a web page, etc.page, etc.page, etc.page, etc.

� You are not expected to memorize each way; You are not expected to memorize each way; You are not expected to memorize each way; You are not expected to memorize each way; you are expected to know how to find the you are expected to know how to find the you are expected to know how to find the you are expected to know how to find the format you need for your particular source.format you need for your particular source.format you need for your particular source.format you need for your particular source.

� Once you find the format, follow it to the letter. Once you find the format, follow it to the letter. Once you find the format, follow it to the letter. Once you find the format, follow it to the letter. Do not add information not in the example.Do not add information not in the example.Do not add information not in the example.Do not add information not in the example.

� The following is an example of a “Works Cited” The following is an example of a “Works Cited” The following is an example of a “Works Cited” The following is an example of a “Works Cited” page. (On the left is the name of the kind of page. (On the left is the name of the kind of page. (On the left is the name of the kind of page. (On the left is the name of the kind of source; this is only to help you in the source; this is only to help you in the source; this is only to help you in the source; this is only to help you in the presentation and does not appear on your presentation and does not appear on your presentation and does not appear on your presentation and does not appear on your “Works Cited” page.)“Works Cited” page.)“Works Cited” page.)“Works Cited” page.)

� While this presentation attempts to give a brief While this presentation attempts to give a brief While this presentation attempts to give a brief While this presentation attempts to give a brief introduction to MLA, it cannot cover all aspects introduction to MLA, it cannot cover all aspects introduction to MLA, it cannot cover all aspects introduction to MLA, it cannot cover all aspects of it. of it. of it. of it.

� If you still have questions, it is best to consult If you still have questions, it is best to consult If you still have questions, it is best to consult If you still have questions, it is best to consult the the the the MLA Handbook for WritersMLA Handbook for WritersMLA Handbook for WritersMLA Handbook for Writers, which is , which is , which is , which is available in the Academic Support Center, or any available in the Academic Support Center, or any available in the Academic Support Center, or any available in the Academic Support Center, or any of the English handbooks mentioned in this of the English handbooks mentioned in this of the English handbooks mentioned in this of the English handbooks mentioned in this presentation.presentation.presentation.presentation.

� You can also visit MLA’s web site at You can also visit MLA’s web site at You can also visit MLA’s web site at You can also visit MLA’s web site at http://www.mla.org/http://www.mla.org/http://www.mla.org/http://www.mla.org/. Click on MLA. Click on MLA. Click on MLA. Click on MLA----Style.Style.Style.Style.

7

� What is APA?What is APA?What is APA?What is APA?

� How To Integrate Research Into the Body of How To Integrate Research Into the Body of How To Integrate Research Into the Body of How To Integrate Research Into the Body of Your PaperYour PaperYour PaperYour Paper

� How to Create a “References” PageHow to Create a “References” PageHow to Create a “References” PageHow to Create a “References” Page

� If you are writing a paper for the sciences or If you are writing a paper for the sciences or If you are writing a paper for the sciences or If you are writing a paper for the sciences or social sciences, follow APAsocial sciences, follow APAsocial sciences, follow APAsocial sciences, follow APA----style style style style documentation.documentation.documentation.documentation.

� APA stands for the American Psychological APA stands for the American Psychological APA stands for the American Psychological APA stands for the American Psychological Association. This organization publishes the Association. This organization publishes the Association. This organization publishes the Association. This organization publishes the The Publication Manual of the American The Publication Manual of the American The Publication Manual of the American The Publication Manual of the American Psychological AssociationPsychological AssociationPsychological AssociationPsychological Association, which offers , which offers , which offers , which offers complete guidelines for manuscript style and complete guidelines for manuscript style and complete guidelines for manuscript style and complete guidelines for manuscript style and citation in APA.citation in APA.citation in APA.citation in APA.

� The MWCC library and the Academic Support The MWCC library and the Academic Support The MWCC library and the Academic Support The MWCC library and the Academic Support Center have copies of this manual. Center have copies of this manual. Center have copies of this manual. Center have copies of this manual.

� Many of the English handbooks mentioned Many of the English handbooks mentioned Many of the English handbooks mentioned Many of the English handbooks mentioned earlier in this presentation also carry earlier in this presentation also carry earlier in this presentation also carry earlier in this presentation also carry information about APA.information about APA.information about APA.information about APA.

� This presentation condenses the most important This presentation condenses the most important This presentation condenses the most important This presentation condenses the most important elements of APA and illustrates how to elements of APA and illustrates how to elements of APA and illustrates how to elements of APA and illustrates how to document commonly used sources. document commonly used sources. document commonly used sources. document commonly used sources.

� If you still have questions after this If you still have questions after this If you still have questions after this If you still have questions after this presentation, consult the APA manual or check presentation, consult the APA manual or check presentation, consult the APA manual or check presentation, consult the APA manual or check out their web site at out their web site at out their web site at out their web site at

http://www.apastyle.org/.

� All written material (the body of your paper and All written material (the body of your paper and All written material (the body of your paper and All written material (the body of your paper and the list of references) is doublethe list of references) is doublethe list of references) is doublethe list of references) is double----spaced. spaced. spaced. spaced.

� APAAPAAPAAPA----style requires parenthetical or instyle requires parenthetical or instyle requires parenthetical or instyle requires parenthetical or in----text text text text citations in the body of your paper when you citations in the body of your paper when you citations in the body of your paper when you citations in the body of your paper when you quote, paraphrase, summarize, or use other quote, paraphrase, summarize, or use other quote, paraphrase, summarize, or use other quote, paraphrase, summarize, or use other borrowed material. borrowed material. borrowed material. borrowed material.

� These parenthetical citations correspond to the These parenthetical citations correspond to the These parenthetical citations correspond to the These parenthetical citations correspond to the full bibliographic entries on the reference page full bibliographic entries on the reference page full bibliographic entries on the reference page full bibliographic entries on the reference page at the end of your paper.at the end of your paper.at the end of your paper.at the end of your paper.

� The reference page is a separate page and The reference page is a separate page and The reference page is a separate page and The reference page is a separate page and carries the heading “References.” This is where carries the heading “References.” This is where carries the heading “References.” This is where carries the heading “References.” This is where you list your sources, alphabetically.you list your sources, alphabetically.you list your sources, alphabetically.you list your sources, alphabetically.

� When listing sources, indent every line after the When listing sources, indent every line after the When listing sources, indent every line after the When listing sources, indent every line after the first line five spaces or onefirst line five spaces or onefirst line five spaces or onefirst line five spaces or one----half inch, as shown half inch, as shown half inch, as shown half inch, as shown in the upcoming examples.in the upcoming examples.in the upcoming examples.in the upcoming examples.

� Capitalize only the first word of an article title Capitalize only the first word of an article title Capitalize only the first word of an article title Capitalize only the first word of an article title and of the subtitle (if any) and all proper names. and of the subtitle (if any) and all proper names. and of the subtitle (if any) and all proper names. and of the subtitle (if any) and all proper names.

� On the references page, do not underline the On the references page, do not underline the On the references page, do not underline the On the references page, do not underline the title of an article or place quotation marks title of an article or place quotation marks title of an article or place quotation marks title of an article or place quotation marks around it. around it. around it. around it.

� Capitalize significant words in the title of a Capitalize significant words in the title of a Capitalize significant words in the title of a Capitalize significant words in the title of a journal.journal.journal.journal.

� Underline or italicize journal titles and volume Underline or italicize journal titles and volume Underline or italicize journal titles and volume Underline or italicize journal titles and volume numbers.numbers.numbers.numbers.

� Capitalize only the first significant word and Capitalize only the first significant word and Capitalize only the first significant word and Capitalize only the first significant word and only proper names within book titles. only proper names within book titles. only proper names within book titles. only proper names within book titles.

� Capitalize the first significant word of the Capitalize the first significant word of the Capitalize the first significant word of the Capitalize the first significant word of the subtitle (if any) of a book.subtitle (if any) of a book.subtitle (if any) of a book.subtitle (if any) of a book.

� Underline book titles.Underline book titles.Underline book titles.Underline book titles.

8

� With APA, there are generally two pieces of With APA, there are generally two pieces of With APA, there are generally two pieces of With APA, there are generally two pieces of information that need to go inside the information that need to go inside the information that need to go inside the information that need to go inside the parentheses of an inparentheses of an inparentheses of an inparentheses of an in----text citation:text citation:text citation:text citation:

� the author’s last name the author’s last name the author’s last name the author’s last name

� the year the article, book, research, etc. was the year the article, book, research, etc. was the year the article, book, research, etc. was the year the article, book, research, etc. was publishedpublishedpublishedpublished

◦ If giving a direct quote, include also the page number.If giving a direct quote, include also the page number.If giving a direct quote, include also the page number.If giving a direct quote, include also the page number.

� The information in the parentheses refers The information in the parentheses refers The information in the parentheses refers The information in the parentheses refers readers to the full bibliographic information on readers to the full bibliographic information on readers to the full bibliographic information on readers to the full bibliographic information on the “References” page.the “References” page.the “References” page.the “References” page.

� Why give the year of publication in the Why give the year of publication in the Why give the year of publication in the Why give the year of publication in the parenthetical citations for APA?parenthetical citations for APA?parenthetical citations for APA?parenthetical citations for APA?

◦ In the sciences and social sciences, current research is In the sciences and social sciences, current research is In the sciences and social sciences, current research is In the sciences and social sciences, current research is valued highly; therefore, the year that the research was valued highly; therefore, the year that the research was valued highly; therefore, the year that the research was valued highly; therefore, the year that the research was conducted is important to note in the body of your conducted is important to note in the body of your conducted is important to note in the body of your conducted is important to note in the body of your paper. paper. paper. paper.

◦ In the humanities, which follows MLAIn the humanities, which follows MLAIn the humanities, which follows MLAIn the humanities, which follows MLA----style style style style documentation, current research is certainly valued; documentation, current research is certainly valued; documentation, current research is certainly valued; documentation, current research is certainly valued; however, criticism of a piece of literature, for example however, criticism of a piece of literature, for example however, criticism of a piece of literature, for example however, criticism of a piece of literature, for example an essay by T.S. Eliot on an essay by T.S. Eliot on an essay by T.S. Eliot on an essay by T.S. Eliot on HamletHamletHamletHamlet (written nearly a (written nearly a (written nearly a (written nearly a century ago), can still be of value to a researcher.century ago), can still be of value to a researcher.century ago), can still be of value to a researcher.century ago), can still be of value to a researcher.

◦ A basic inA basic inA basic inA basic in----text citation of a direct quotation text citation of a direct quotation text citation of a direct quotation text citation of a direct quotation looks like this:looks like this:looks like this:looks like this:� (Davis, 1978, p. 26)(Davis, 1978, p. 26)(Davis, 1978, p. 26)(Davis, 1978, p. 26)

◦ If there is no page number, give the paragraph If there is no page number, give the paragraph If there is no page number, give the paragraph If there is no page number, give the paragraph number:number:number:number:� (McKnight, 2000, para. 10)(McKnight, 2000, para. 10)(McKnight, 2000, para. 10)(McKnight, 2000, para. 10)

◦ For a paraphrase or summary, follow this (note For a paraphrase or summary, follow this (note For a paraphrase or summary, follow this (note For a paraphrase or summary, follow this (note that there is no page number given):that there is no page number given):that there is no page number given):that there is no page number given):� (Davis, 1978)(Davis, 1978)(Davis, 1978)(Davis, 1978)

◦ If there are two authors when paraphrasing, If there are two authors when paraphrasing, If there are two authors when paraphrasing, If there are two authors when paraphrasing, give both last names:give both last names:give both last names:give both last names:� (Jones & Ellis, 1996)(Jones & Ellis, 1996)(Jones & Ellis, 1996)(Jones & Ellis, 1996)

◦ If there are three to five authors, list all If there are three to five authors, list all If there are three to five authors, list all If there are three to five authors, list all authors:authors:authors:authors:� (Levy, Bertrand, Muller, Viking, & Majors, 1997)(Levy, Bertrand, Muller, Viking, & Majors, 1997)(Levy, Bertrand, Muller, Viking, & Majors, 1997)(Levy, Bertrand, Muller, Viking, & Majors, 1997)

◦ Note: For the first reference to a study with Note: For the first reference to a study with Note: For the first reference to a study with Note: For the first reference to a study with more more than two authors, list all authors. more more than two authors, list all authors. more more than two authors, list all authors. more more than two authors, list all authors. For all subsequent references, include only the For all subsequent references, include only the For all subsequent references, include only the For all subsequent references, include only the surname of the first author, followed by surname of the first author, followed by surname of the first author, followed by surname of the first author, followed by “et et et et al.al.al.al.”� (Levy, et al., 1997)(Levy, et al., 1997)(Levy, et al., 1997)(Levy, et al., 1997)

◦ If there is no author, give the first word of the If there is no author, give the first word of the If there is no author, give the first word of the If there is no author, give the first word of the title: title: title: title: � ((((“Strange Encounter,Strange Encounter,Strange Encounter,Strange Encounter,” 1997)1997)1997)1997)

� “If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling for linguists, it was also startling news for animal for linguists, it was also startling news for animal for linguists, it was also startling news for animal for linguists, it was also startling news for animal behavioristsbehavioristsbehavioristsbehaviorists” (Davis, 1978, p. 26).(Davis, 1978, p. 26).(Davis, 1978, p. 26).(Davis, 1978, p. 26).

� As Davis (1978) reported, As Davis (1978) reported, As Davis (1978) reported, As Davis (1978) reported, “If the existence of a If the existence of a If the existence of a If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling for linguists, it was signing ape was unsettling for linguists, it was signing ape was unsettling for linguists, it was signing ape was unsettling for linguists, it was also startling news for animal behavioristsalso startling news for animal behavioristsalso startling news for animal behavioristsalso startling news for animal behaviorists” (p. (p. (p. (p. 26).26).26).26).

� According to Davis (1978), when they learned of According to Davis (1978), when they learned of According to Davis (1978), when they learned of According to Davis (1978), when they learned of an apean apean apean ape’s ability to use sign language, both s ability to use sign language, both s ability to use sign language, both s ability to use sign language, both linguists and animal behaviorists were taken by linguists and animal behaviorists were taken by linguists and animal behaviorists were taken by linguists and animal behaviorists were taken by surprise.surprise.surprise.surprise.

� In the first example on the previous page, the In the first example on the previous page, the In the first example on the previous page, the In the first example on the previous page, the author’s name was included in the parentheses author’s name was included in the parentheses author’s name was included in the parentheses author’s name was included in the parentheses because it was not mentioned when introducing because it was not mentioned when introducing because it was not mentioned when introducing because it was not mentioned when introducing the quotation.the quotation.the quotation.the quotation.

� In the second example, the author was In the second example, the author was In the second example, the author was In the second example, the author was mentioned when introducing the quotation; mentioned when introducing the quotation; mentioned when introducing the quotation; mentioned when introducing the quotation; therefore, only the page number needed to be therefore, only the page number needed to be therefore, only the page number needed to be therefore, only the page number needed to be given in the parentheses.given in the parentheses.given in the parentheses.given in the parentheses.

� The third example was a paraphrase of the The third example was a paraphrase of the The third example was a paraphrase of the The third example was a paraphrase of the original quotation. (No page number was original quotation. (No page number was original quotation. (No page number was original quotation. (No page number was needed in the parentheses.)needed in the parentheses.)needed in the parentheses.)needed in the parentheses.)

9

� As with MLAAs with MLAAs with MLAAs with MLA----style documentation, it is helpful style documentation, it is helpful style documentation, it is helpful style documentation, it is helpful to the reader if you introduce a quotation or to the reader if you introduce a quotation or to the reader if you introduce a quotation or to the reader if you introduce a quotation or other piece of research with a signal phrase.other piece of research with a signal phrase.other piece of research with a signal phrase.other piece of research with a signal phrase.

� Signal phrases help you to transition from your Signal phrases help you to transition from your Signal phrases help you to transition from your Signal phrases help you to transition from your words and ideas to the words and ideas of words and ideas to the words and ideas of words and ideas to the words and ideas of words and ideas to the words and ideas of others. others. others. others.

� The same signal phrases and active verbs The same signal phrases and active verbs The same signal phrases and active verbs The same signal phrases and active verbs mentioned earlier in this presentation work well mentioned earlier in this presentation work well mentioned earlier in this presentation work well mentioned earlier in this presentation work well for both MLA and APA styles.for both MLA and APA styles.for both MLA and APA styles.for both MLA and APA styles.

� Often in your research you will encounter the Often in your research you will encounter the Often in your research you will encounter the Often in your research you will encounter the quotes, facts, statistics, etc. of someone other quotes, facts, statistics, etc. of someone other quotes, facts, statistics, etc. of someone other quotes, facts, statistics, etc. of someone other than the author of the piece you read. Give the than the author of the piece you read. Give the than the author of the piece you read. Give the than the author of the piece you read. Give the name of the author(s) of the work when you name of the author(s) of the work when you name of the author(s) of the work when you name of the author(s) of the work when you introduce the information, and give the introduce the information, and give the introduce the information, and give the introduce the information, and give the secondary source in the parenthetical citation:secondary source in the parenthetical citation:secondary source in the parenthetical citation:secondary source in the parenthetical citation:

� Seidenberg and McClellandSeidenberg and McClellandSeidenberg and McClellandSeidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in s study (as cited in s study (as cited in s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, & Haller, 1993) indicates thatColtheart, Curtis, & Haller, 1993) indicates thatColtheart, Curtis, & Haller, 1993) indicates thatColtheart, Curtis, & Haller, 1993) indicates that…

� NOTE: On the NOTE: On the NOTE: On the NOTE: On the “ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences” page, you will include the page, you will include the page, you will include the page, you will include the bibliographic information of the source you read, not bibliographic information of the source you read, not bibliographic information of the source you read, not bibliographic information of the source you read, not the original sourcethe original sourcethe original sourcethe original source—since you didnsince you didnsince you didnsince you didn’t read the original.t read the original.t read the original.t read the original.

� A “References” page contains the full A “References” page contains the full A “References” page contains the full A “References” page contains the full bibliographic information to which you have bibliographic information to which you have bibliographic information to which you have bibliographic information to which you have been referring in the body of your paper.been referring in the body of your paper.been referring in the body of your paper.been referring in the body of your paper.

� The “References” page is…The “References” page is…The “References” page is…The “References” page is…

� the last page of your paperthe last page of your paperthe last page of your paperthe last page of your paper

� doubledoubledoubledouble----spacedspacedspacedspaced

� alphabetizedalphabetizedalphabetizedalphabetized

� There are many different ways to cite sources There are many different ways to cite sources There are many different ways to cite sources There are many different ways to cite sources on your “References” page, depending on on your “References” page, depending on on your “References” page, depending on on your “References” page, depending on whether your source is a book, an article, a web whether your source is a book, an article, a web whether your source is a book, an article, a web whether your source is a book, an article, a web page, etc.page, etc.page, etc.page, etc.

� You are not expected to memorize each way; You are not expected to memorize each way; You are not expected to memorize each way; You are not expected to memorize each way; you are expected to know how to find the you are expected to know how to find the you are expected to know how to find the you are expected to know how to find the format you need for your particular sources.format you need for your particular sources.format you need for your particular sources.format you need for your particular sources.

� Once you find the format, follow it to the letter. Once you find the format, follow it to the letter. Once you find the format, follow it to the letter. Once you find the format, follow it to the letter. Do not add information not in the example.Do not add information not in the example.Do not add information not in the example.Do not add information not in the example.

� The following is an example of a “References” The following is an example of a “References” The following is an example of a “References” The following is an example of a “References” page. (On the left is the name of the kind of page. (On the left is the name of the kind of page. (On the left is the name of the kind of page. (On the left is the name of the kind of source; this is only to help you in the source; this is only to help you in the source; this is only to help you in the source; this is only to help you in the presentation and does not appear on your presentation and does not appear on your presentation and does not appear on your presentation and does not appear on your “References” page.)“References” page.)“References” page.)“References” page.)

� How to Make Your Paper Perfect (or at least your How to Make Your Paper Perfect (or at least your How to Make Your Paper Perfect (or at least your How to Make Your Paper Perfect (or at least your best work)best work)best work)best work)

� TimeTimeTimeTime

� PatiencePatiencePatiencePatience

� WillWillWillWill

� TimeTimeTimeTime

� PatiencePatiencePatiencePatience

� WillWillWillWill

� TimeTimeTimeTime

� PatiencePatiencePatiencePatience

� WillWillWillWill

� Proofreading takes time.Proofreading takes time.Proofreading takes time.Proofreading takes time.

� There is no way around it. Once you have begun to There is no way around it. Once you have begun to There is no way around it. Once you have begun to There is no way around it. Once you have begun to finalize your paper, you need to give yourself ample finalize your paper, you need to give yourself ample finalize your paper, you need to give yourself ample finalize your paper, you need to give yourself ample time to read it over (and over) again.time to read it over (and over) again.time to read it over (and over) again.time to read it over (and over) again.

� Proofreading is another kind of writing. It is not as Proofreading is another kind of writing. It is not as Proofreading is another kind of writing. It is not as Proofreading is another kind of writing. It is not as creative, perhaps, as brainstorming or developing creative, perhaps, as brainstorming or developing creative, perhaps, as brainstorming or developing creative, perhaps, as brainstorming or developing your ideas, but it is still a part of the writing process.your ideas, but it is still a part of the writing process.your ideas, but it is still a part of the writing process.your ideas, but it is still a part of the writing process.

� Reading your paper one time through is not adequate Reading your paper one time through is not adequate Reading your paper one time through is not adequate Reading your paper one time through is not adequate proofreading.proofreading.proofreading.proofreading.

� Here are some tips.Here are some tips.Here are some tips.Here are some tips.

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� Don’t wait until the night before a paper is due Don’t wait until the night before a paper is due Don’t wait until the night before a paper is due Don’t wait until the night before a paper is due to proofread it; you won’t be allowing yourself to proofread it; you won’t be allowing yourself to proofread it; you won’t be allowing yourself to proofread it; you won’t be allowing yourself enough time to correct it.enough time to correct it.enough time to correct it.enough time to correct it.

� Always correct a hard (paper) copy of your Always correct a hard (paper) copy of your Always correct a hard (paper) copy of your Always correct a hard (paper) copy of your essay; you will catch things on paper that you essay; you will catch things on paper that you essay; you will catch things on paper that you essay; you will catch things on paper that you can’t on screen.can’t on screen.can’t on screen.can’t on screen.

� Read through your paperRead through your paperRead through your paperRead through your paper————not for meaning but not for meaning but not for meaning but not for meaning but for clarity and presentation. for clarity and presentation. for clarity and presentation. for clarity and presentation.

� You’ve already developed meaning in earlier draftsYou’ve already developed meaning in earlier draftsYou’ve already developed meaning in earlier draftsYou’ve already developed meaning in earlier drafts————proofreading is about making sure that your meaning proofreading is about making sure that your meaning proofreading is about making sure that your meaning proofreading is about making sure that your meaning is clear.is clear.is clear.is clear.

� Decide on the areas that you should pay Decide on the areas that you should pay Decide on the areas that you should pay Decide on the areas that you should pay attention to. For instance…attention to. For instance…attention to. For instance…attention to. For instance…

� PunctuationPunctuationPunctuationPunctuation

� SpellingSpellingSpellingSpelling

� InInInIn----text citationstext citationstext citationstext citations

� For each of these areas, read through your For each of these areas, read through your For each of these areas, read through your For each of these areas, read through your paper at least once, paying attention to only one paper at least once, paying attention to only one paper at least once, paying attention to only one paper at least once, paying attention to only one area at a time.area at a time.area at a time.area at a time.

� Go back to the computer after several readings Go back to the computer after several readings Go back to the computer after several readings Go back to the computer after several readings and make corrections on the screen.and make corrections on the screen.and make corrections on the screen.and make corrections on the screen.

� Print out another clean copy.Print out another clean copy.Print out another clean copy.Print out another clean copy.

� Ask a friend, parent, or tutor, to be a second set Ask a friend, parent, or tutor, to be a second set Ask a friend, parent, or tutor, to be a second set Ask a friend, parent, or tutor, to be a second set of eyes.of eyes.of eyes.of eyes.

� This is not cheating; it is common sense. This is not cheating; it is common sense. This is not cheating; it is common sense. This is not cheating; it is common sense.

� Even great writers get help.Even great writers get help.Even great writers get help.Even great writers get help.

� Read the paper backwards, sentence by Read the paper backwards, sentence by Read the paper backwards, sentence by Read the paper backwards, sentence by sentence.sentence.sentence.sentence.

� Sounds crazy? Sounds crazy? Sounds crazy? Sounds crazy?

� It works. It works. It works. It works.

� Out of context, sentences with problems stand out in Out of context, sentences with problems stand out in Out of context, sentences with problems stand out in Out of context, sentences with problems stand out in ways they don’t when you are reading along for ways they don’t when you are reading along for ways they don’t when you are reading along for ways they don’t when you are reading along for meaning.meaning.meaning.meaning.

� Does this method sound like a lot of work?Does this method sound like a lot of work?Does this method sound like a lot of work?Does this method sound like a lot of work?

� It is.It is.It is.It is.

� Have patience with yourself. The more you Have patience with yourself. The more you Have patience with yourself. The more you Have patience with yourself. The more you write the better writer you will become. You will write the better writer you will become. You will write the better writer you will become. You will write the better writer you will become. You will make less mistakes and get better at catching make less mistakes and get better at catching make less mistakes and get better at catching make less mistakes and get better at catching the inevitable ones. the inevitable ones. the inevitable ones. the inevitable ones.

� Hey, we’re human; we all make mistakes Hey, we’re human; we all make mistakes Hey, we’re human; we all make mistakes Hey, we’re human; we all make mistakes occasionally. However, skillful proofreading occasionally. However, skillful proofreading occasionally. However, skillful proofreading occasionally. However, skillful proofreading eliminates many of the most common mistakes.eliminates many of the most common mistakes.eliminates many of the most common mistakes.eliminates many of the most common mistakes.

� Writing (even a research paper) is a craft. Writing (even a research paper) is a craft. Writing (even a research paper) is a craft. Writing (even a research paper) is a craft.

� Mastering the craft requires practice and hard Mastering the craft requires practice and hard Mastering the craft requires practice and hard Mastering the craft requires practice and hard work. work. work. work.

� Most of the mistakes that students make are Most of the mistakes that students make are Most of the mistakes that students make are Most of the mistakes that students make are made out of carelessness. Once the mistake is made out of carelessness. Once the mistake is made out of carelessness. Once the mistake is made out of carelessness. Once the mistake is pointed out, they know hot to fix it and why it’s pointed out, they know hot to fix it and why it’s pointed out, they know hot to fix it and why it’s pointed out, they know hot to fix it and why it’s wrong.wrong.wrong.wrong.

� Those students who take the time are able to Those students who take the time are able to Those students who take the time are able to Those students who take the time are able to produce polished final drafts that reflect produce polished final drafts that reflect produce polished final drafts that reflect produce polished final drafts that reflect intelligence, thoughtfulness, care, and hard intelligence, thoughtfulness, care, and hard intelligence, thoughtfulness, care, and hard intelligence, thoughtfulness, care, and hard workworkworkwork————qualities professors and future employers qualities professors and future employers qualities professors and future employers qualities professors and future employers value.value.value.value.