Sustainable Urban Transport Fuels and Vehicles!

Transforming Transportation 2013!

!   Presented at Transforming Transportation 2013!

!   Dario Hidalgo, PhD!!   Director of Research and Practice!!   EMBARQ!

Photo:&CTS&EMBARQ&Mexico

Sustainable Urban Transport Fuels and Vehicles

Darío Hidalgo, PhD Director of Research and Practice, EMBARQ

Transforming Transportation January 17th, 2013

Modal Distribution in LAC (2007)

Fuente: Observatorio Movilidad Urbana CAF http://omu.caf.com/

Therefore it is important that we have the cleanest bus technologies

http://airenuevobogota.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/bus-botando-humo.jpg

Meta-analysis of Exhaust Emissions

http://www.embarq.org/en/project/sustainable-urban-transport-fuels-and-vehicles-program

Authors: Erin Cooper, Aileen Carrigan EMBARQ Magdala Arioli, EMBARQ Brasil Umang Jain, EMBARQ India Contributions: Jorge Macias, Cynthia Menendez, Georg Schmid, CTS-EMBARQ Mexico Funding:

Which type of fuel and which technology has the lowest emissions in Brazil, India, and Mexico?

Exhaust Emissions

Emissions Testing

In use, real drive cycle testing

Emissions Standard Testing Engine Testing

US Developing Countries Europe

Fuels and Technologies

Fuels Exhaust After Treatment Technologies

Diesel (and Hybrids) OC – Oxidation Catalyst DPF – Diesel Particulate Filter SCR – Selective Catalytic Reduction EGR – Exhaust Gas Recirculation

Biodiesel (20 and 100%) SCR – Selective Catalytic Reduction EGR – Exhaust Gas Recirculation

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) OC – Oxidation Catalyst TWC – Three-way Catalyst

Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)

Ethanol

Emissions vary with respect to fuels, technologies also significantly between the same fuel type and technology

CO results graph Older technology

THC results graph

Older CNG tech (mostly due to methane)

NOx results graph

CNG with 3WC

Biodiesel

ULSD with SCR

PM results graph

Diesel without emission control technologies

CO2e results graph

ULSD, EGR, DPF, Hybrid

CNG, B20 w/o emission control technologies

Example for India: NOx vs. PM

Example for India: CO2 vs. PM

Additional considerations

! Lab tests versus field tests (major variations, little data apart from Diesel and CNG)

!   Drive Cycle – more variations in urban cycles

! Mileage of vehicle – Nox increases, CO2 a little

! Altitude – Nox, THC, CO2 increases (little data above 1000 meters)

! Overall analysis of emissions: it is important to see various emissions and not to focus on just one, e.g. CO2eq or PM… because there are always tradeoffs

CO THC NOx PM CO2 LNG High Very High Medium Very Low

E95 Very High Very High Very High Very High

E93 Very High Very High Medium Very High

D50+DPF Low Very Low High Medium High

D50 Medium Very Low High Very High Medium

D15+SCR High Very Low Medium Medium Low

D15+OC Very Low Very Low Medium Medium Medium

D15+Hybrid Very Low Very Low Variable Low Variable

D15+EGR Very Low Very Low Medium Medium Very High

D15+DPF Very Low Very Low High Low Very High

D15 Low Very Low High Very High Very High

D≥150+OC Low Low High Very High Low

D≥150 Medium Low Very High Very High Medium

CNG+OC Very Low Very High High Very Low Medium

CNG+3WC Very Low Low Very Low Very Low Medium

CNG Very High Very High Very High Very Low High

B20 Low Low High Medium High

B100+SCR Medium Very Low Low Low Very Low

B100+EGR Very Low Very Low Medium Medium Low

Photo:&CTS&EMBARQ&Mexico

Conclusion ! It is important to see the technologies in the

various dimensions of emissions ! After treatment is very important – EGR, OC,

DPF ! According to the data, the best

combinations are: !   CNG + 3WC !   B100 + SCR !   D15 + OC !   D15+ Hybrid (depends on air conditioning)

! It is necessary to review the total cost of ownership (lifecycle)

Photo:  CTS  EMBARQ  Mexico

¡Gracias!

www.embarq.org

Transforming Transportation 2013!

!   Co-organized by EMBARQ and The World Bank!!   More information at:!! EMBARQ.org!! worldbank.org/transport!

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Transforming Transportation 2013!