Sustainable Transport: Best Practices

Amit Bhatt

Transportation Specialist

EMBARQ, The World Resources Institute Center for SustainableTransport

May 2010

A successful urban transport system involves…Low travel times and travel costs for people and goodsEqual access to urban life opportunities (social services, education, health, recreation)Adequate support to desired form, size and density of the city-regionLimited impact on the environment: air/noise pollution; CO2 emissionsReduced impact on public health: fatalities and injuries from traffic accidents

London, England

London, England

¿What to do?

Alternative 1: Capital intensive solutions

Give greater capacity to the road network to relieve congestionBuild massive rail transport systems (light rail- metro)

Alternative 2: Change paradigms

Give priority to non motorisedtransport and bus-based public transportRestrict indiscriminate automobile use

Capital & Land intensive solutions:

highways

Infrastructure solutions lead to greater automobile dependence

Source: INDICATORS OF TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY IN 37 GLOBAL CITIES, Jeff Kenworthy, Felix Laube, Peter Newman and Paul Barter, World Bank, 1997

Automobile dependence and Regional Economy

Reg

iona

l GD

P pe

r per

son

(USD

199

0)

Automobile Use (Km/year per person)

Automobile dependent cities have more accidents

Cities of United States have 66% more deaths in traffic accidents per person than peer cities in Europe and Asia, and 123% more than Toronto

Accidentalidad

R2 = 0.5748

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000

Uso de Automóvil (Km por año por Persona)

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Automobile Use (Km/year per person)

Source: INDICATORS OF TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY IN 37 GLOBAL CITIES, Jeff Kenworthy, Felix Laube, Peter Newman and Paul Barter, World Bank, 1997

Automobile dependent cities have low densities (occupy large extensions)

R2 = 0.4278

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 5000 10000 15000 20000

Km Carro/Persona/Año (1995)

Pers

onas

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USAAU-NZCanadá

Europa Occ.Europa Or.

Africa

Asia Ingreso Bajo

Asia Alto Ingreso

América Latina

China

Medio Oriente

Source: J. Kenworthy "Transport and Energy Use: A Study of 84 Global Cities", 2003

Automobile Use (Km/year per person 1995)

Pers

ons/

Hec

tare

(199

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Alternative Solutions for Sustainable Urban

Transport

Pedestrian and BicyclesPublic TransportationTransit Oriented Development Disincentives to Car UseCleaner and Cooler Fuels and Vehicles

http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/images/sidewalks/ps_rendering01.JPG

Alternative solutions for sustainable transportLow costHigh impact: reduction of accidents, pollution and travel timesMore compact cities, socially integratedDevelopment of local industryFast implementation (3-5 years from the idea to implementation)

More attractive cities that ease location of businesses and professionals and urban development

Santiago

ManilaLondonSao Paulo

1. Non motorised transportPedestrian and bicycle prioritiesRecovery of invaded public space Infrastructure constructionPromotion and incentivesSafe bicycle parkingRoad safety

LONDONPhotos: DHG

UTRTECH, THE NETHERLANDSPhoto: FPPQQ

1. Non motorised transport

ALAMEDA EL PORVENIR, BOGOTAPhotos: FPPQQ

CARRERA 15, BOGOTAPhotos: IDU

2. Disincentives to indiscriminate car useCongestion charging: Singapore, London, Sweden, SantiagoAdministrative measures (plate restrictions)Parking controlsTaxes (fuel, property)Citizens’ culture

Bogota, no car day

Bogota, Sunday Ciclovía

London

3. Transit- oriented development (TOD)Local scale:

Nodes around stationsJoint development: residental + commercial + education + entertainmentDense Housing (3-4 floors) with generous public space

Helsinki Photo J. Kenworthy

Vancouver Photo J. Kenworthy

ZurichPhoto J. Kenworthy

3. Transit- oriented development (TOD)

Source: IPUCC Curitiba, Brazil

3. Transit- oriented development (TOD)Curitiba, Brazil

Source: http://www.curitiba-parana.com/arquitetura-urbanismo.htm

4. Bus Systems

4. Bus Systems

High qualityUser orientedFastReliableLow cost

Leeds, UK

Sao PauloCuritiba

Bus systems are critical for energy independence in India

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

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1980 2000 2030: BAU 2030 FuelEff.

2030:TWW

2030: SUT 2030 ExtraEffort

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3 Wheelers

2 Wheelers

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Schipper L. Banerjee I. and Ng W.S. “CO2 Emissions from Land Transport in India Scenarios of the Uncertain”, TRB Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 2009

27% Less Energy as compared with 2030 BAU

It is possible for any city to transform itself into a sustainable city…

Bogotá, Colombia, 1998

Bogotá has applied integrated policies for sustainable transport

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Results are extraordinary…Fu

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Total Public TransportTraditional Public TransportTransMilenioBRTS

Private (Car, Two Wheeler)

Active Transport (Walking, Bicycle)

Main mode of transport 1998-2009

Fatalities have reduced 8% annually

“The EMBARQ global network catalyzes environmentally and financially sustainable transport solutions to improve quality of life in cities.”

Mexico City’s Metrobús is one of the largest bus rapid transit systems in the world.

The mayor of MexicoCity campaigned ona platform ofexpanding Metrobúsfrom a one-lineoperation to acitywide networkof 10 lines.

45 Km BRT System

450,000 passengers per day

“It’s nothinglike driving,especially atrush hour wheneveryone’sleaving theoffice.”

MacrobúsGuadalajara reduces travel times, prevents traffic accidents, and helps combat climate change.

Macrobús Guadalajara, México

16 Km, 127,000 passengers/day

The retrofit pilotproject demonstratedthat diesel particulatefilters, when combinedwith clean diesel, canreduce over 90 percentof the particulatematter emitted fromMexico City’s buses.

EMBARQ’s study helped guideMexico City officialsin purchasingthe most cost-effective busesfor their fleet.

Brazil containsnumerousburgeoning citiesthat are nowsuffering from thestandard problemsof growth.

The EMBARQ BRT Simulator shows how small changes can make a big impact on cities planning newBRT corridors.

Rio de Janeiro used EMBARQ software to evaluate a proposed BRT system for carrying potential visitors to the 2016 Olympic Games.

Association for Latin American Bus Rapid Transit

Sustainable transport not only combats climate change; it also improves public health.

CTSS-Andinohelped remove720 highlypolluting shared taxicabs fromthe streets of Arequipa.

By focusingon people, not cars, Arequipa can preserveits historic heritage.

Reducing transportemissions is animportant goalbecause theynegatively impactpublic health andcontribute to globalclimate change.

EMBARQestimates that ifIstanbul does notbegin to addresstransport-relatedair pollution,emissions coulddouble by 2015.

The inter-continental BRT corridoreases congestion along the famous Bosphorus Bridge –one of the keytraffic bottlenecksin the city.

“It seems tome it wouldhelp if thebuses couldhave theirown lane.”

Launched inSeptember 2007,Istanbul’s bus rapidtransit corridoris now one ofthe most heavilytraveled BRT linesin the world.

Millions ofIndians will soonjoin the middleclass and be ina position to buytheir first car.

The national policysets the guidelinesfor cities that wantto receive fundingfor bus rapidtransit and othersustainable urbantransport projects.

The winningbid solidified Indore's position as a model city for sustainable transport.

Delhi's newbus corridor meets its key objectives,but there isstill room for improvement.

Janmarg Ahmedabad, India

Main Advisor: CEPTSupport from ITDP, CAI, EMBARQ

www.embarq.wri.org

¡Muchas Gracias!

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