short term2
TRANSCRIPT
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The Lecture14
Objective 4.3
Discuss the effects of short-term
and long-term exposure to violence.
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Bellwork QuestionDo you feel that music, television,
movies, etc. can play a role in onesaggressiveness? Why or why not?
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What are you being asked to do?
Talk in general about the effects of exposure to
violence.
Introduce the assumption that short term effects and
long term effects exist within violence exposure
Discuss both effects with the use of reference to
relevant research.
Provide critical analysis in your discussion to show
an understanding of each effect by evaluating
research, and providing explicit examples of each
effect.
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Violence exposure
While violence is not new to thehuman race, it is an increasingproblem in modern society. Withgreater access to firearms andexplosives, the scope and efficiency
of violent behavior has had seriousconsequences.
We need only look at the recentschool shootings and the escalatingrate of youth homicides among urban
adolescents to appreciate the extentof this ominous trend.
One can simply type in violence ontheir YouTube browser andimmediately become exposed to
violence!
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Violence seems to be culturally in high
demand as movies, video games, music
videos, and even cartoons are becoming
increasingly violent.
This acceptable tolerance for violence seems
to have its effects on our society The extent
to which violent exposure effects our youth
have been debated in psychology for over 50years dating back to Banduras research (this
can be briefly mentioned in your introduction to
show a general knowledge of the history of
aggression research).
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Banduras short term model
Bandura as well as other social
psychologists in the 1960s-1970s
painted a vivid picture of temporary
exposure to violence leading to
temporary aggression.
The research does suggest that the
Aggressive model would have an effect
on the childrenBut was it asi tuat ional change or adispos i t ional
change?
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Banduras short term model
One can hypothesize that constant exposure to situational
factors can lead to a change in dispositional factors (i.e.
seeing someone for a long period of time can change the
way you feelabout the person).
Psychologists have argued this same theory with exposure
to violenceIn this lecture, we will explore the effects of
SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM exposure to violence.
To limit the scope of the lecture, we will limit our lecture
to the effects of short term and long term exposure to
media violence.
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Exposure to media violence
While the causes of youth violence are multifactorialand
include such variables as poverty, family
psychopathology, child abuse, exposure to domestic
and community violence, substance abuse and other
psychiatric disorders, the research literature is quitecompelling that children's exposure to media violence
plays an important role in the etiology of violent
behavior.
While it is difficult to determine which children who have
experienced televised violence are at greatest risk, there
appears to be a strong correlation between media violence
and aggressive behavior with low resilience to violence
exposure.
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DQ #1
What do we mean byresilienceto violence
exposure?
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Resilience
Resilience in psychology refers to the idea of an
individual's tendency to cope with exposure to
negative situations.
In this context, resiliency is the ability to resist
aggressive behavior in spite of being exposed to
violent media. Many chi ldren and at risk teen-
agers do not have high resiliency thus are moreprone to the impact of violent media.
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How does media violence result in
aggressive behavior?
Some researchers have
suggested that very young
children will imitateaggressive acts on TV in
their play with peers.
Before age 4, children are unable todistinguish between fact and fantasy (and
have little resilience to violence exposure)
and may view violence as an ordinary
occurrence (as was the case with Banduras
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Video on violent media and aggression
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gam
ing-can-lead-to-more-aggression_tech
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_tech -
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Research on short term exposure to
violence
After half a century of research, the empirical evidence
regarding the negative effects of violent television, movies
and video games is overwhelming.
Research as consistently found that dispositional
aggression, as well as self-reported, peer-reported and
teacher-reported aggressive behavior correlates with
exposure to violent television shows and videogames.
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Research on short term exposure to
violence
After half a century of research, the empirical evidence
regarding the negative effects of violent television, movies
and video games is overwhelming.
Research as consistently found that dispositional
aggression, as well as self-reported, peer-reported and
teacher-reported aggressive behavior correlates with
exposure to violent television shows and videogames.
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Implications
This research (although in its infantile stage) suggests thatviolent media short term exposure can correlate to lower
activity in the frontal cortex (which is responsible for our
rational thought process). This would mean that you are
possibly more likely to make a irrational decision while you
are listening to or watching aggressive media. Moreresearch needs to be done in order to further support this
assumption.
This research also suggests that continued exposure toviolence can lead to extended inactivity in the frontal
cortex. As we know from Genie, inactivity can lead to
physical damage in this part of the brain. This would
suggest a more permanent disposition for irrational
thoughts and aggression.
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Further research on short term and long
term exposure to violence
The most vivid picture of short term
exposure to violence and its effects
are highlighted in W. James
Potters 2002 book entitled 11
myths of Media Violence in which
he outlined effects of Short Term
and Long Term exposure to media
violence.
Listen to his interview in this
regard:http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violen
ce-in-the-media/
http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/ -
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Research on short term and long term
exposure to violence
One of the most intriguing myths in
Dr. Potters book is that Media
Violence does not affect violent
behavior.
He attempts to disprove this
assumption through a meta-analysis
of numerous cross-cultural studies
that suggest the large effect of shortterm and long term exposure.
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Short term exposure to violence
In his book, The 11 Myths of Media, Potter shares whathe believes to be the several short term effects and longterm effects of media:
Imitation and Copying Behavior: Children and
adults mimic and incorporate a behavior they haveseen a character in media perform.
Triggering Novel Behavior: Media that stimulates aperson to act in a manner that is not copied from a
specific media portrayal the have seen. The viewer uses the stimulation they feel by
watching the negative media to act aggressivelyina novel way to fit the situation at hand.
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DQ #2Can you think of any real
world examples where you
felt aggressiveor angryafter watching a movie?
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Short term exposure to violence
Fight or Flight: Exposure to violent media can
temporarily arouse one physiologically whereby a
persons heart rate and blood pressure increase.
The same physical changes that occur in a persons body
during a real life threat are the same ones that occurwhen there are watching violent or fearful images.
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Short term exposure to violence
Scholars have conducted hundreds of studies concerning
the impact of media violence on childrens aggressive
behavior. Although there is no evidence supporting the
idea that media violence increases violent crime, short
term exposure to violent media appears to have both short-
and long-term effects on childrens aggressive behavior.
For example:In one study investigating the short-term
effects of media violence, elementary school children
exposed to one episodeof Mighty Morphin Power
Rangers demonstrated significantly more (seven times)
intentional acts of aggression, such as hitting, kicking,
and shovingthan did a group that did not watch the
program (Wilson, 1998).
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Short term exposure to violence
http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=dK
WrfjuYFj0
http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=dKWrfjuYFj0http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=dKWrfjuYFj0http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=dKWrfjuYFj0http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=dKWrfjuYFj0http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=dKWrfjuYFj0 -
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Long term exposure to violence
Generalizing to Novel Behaviors: Media can influence
behaviorsnot just specific actions, but a general, long
term manner. Viewers can generalize a particular behavior
to a broader class of behaviors.
Physiological Habituation: This is the building up orincreasing of physiological tolerance over the long
term. With repeated fight-flight responses, the human
body gradually builds up a resistance to the exposure to
media images. This can lead to insensitivity to violent
situations.
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Long term exposure to violence
Narcotizing: Habitual viewing of violent media over time
can increase ones need for violent media. Viewers can
become addicted and crave that strong arousal jag
they get from violent exposures. Violence acts as a drug
in the sense that people become more dependent over
time.
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Long term exposure to violence
Learning Social Norms: When viewers are repeatedly
exposed to violence in media, a person overestimates the
extent to which certain behaviors are socially acceptable.
Sheer repetition of violent portrayals is enough to lead
people to generalize that violence is typical way of dealingwith problems in society.
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Long term exposure to violence
A longitudinal study examining the long-term effects of
exposure to violence found that heavy exposure totelevision violence predicted increased physical
aggression in adulthood, even after researchers controlled
for the childs initial level of aggressiveness, the childs IQ, the
parents education, the parents TV habits, the parentsaggression, and the socioeconomic status of the family.
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Long term exposure to violence
Similarly, childrens exposure to television violence may also
impact their moral development.
In one survey study, Wilson (1999) found that children aged
six to twelve, who were heavy viewers of fantasy violence
programs such as Power Rangers, were more likely than
children who seldom watched such programming to judge
hypothetical examples of aggression as morally correct if
these examples were for reasons of protection.
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DQ #3What problems arise with
becoming desensitizedto
violence?
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Desensitization
According to Potter:
The implications of desensitization are important as it is
possible that reduced inhibitions toward violence might result
in increased aggressive which can have a number of negativeconsequences for both the individual and the society.
Furthermore, the findings suggest that desensitization might
also result in decreased likelihood of being concerned for
the victims of violence, and therefore in decreasedlikelihood of helping a victim of violence.
In other words, we are inclined to be bystanders by
being consistently exposed to violence.
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Conclusion
The results are consistent with the theory that short-termeffects are mostly due to the priming of existing well-
encoded scripts, schemas, or beliefs, which adults
have had more time to encode.
In contrast, long-term effects involve the learning
(encoding) of scripts, schemas, or beliefs.
Whereas short term exposure primes what is already
there, long term creates what will be primed later.
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Critical thinking discussion ideas
Could there beindividual differences in the effect of shortterm exposure?
Is it possible to truly measure short term exposure
empirically without taking into account previousexperiences?
Can gender play a role in short/long term exposure
effects? Why would males be more susceptibleto violent
behavior (consider genetic predispositions).
Can culture play a role in resilience to violence exposure?
Explain.
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The End