SHORT STORY:SHORT STORY: A work of prose fiction shorter A work of prose fiction shorter than short novel; more restricted in characterthan short novel; more restricted in characterss & &

situations. A short story is usually concerned situations. A short story is usually concerned with not more than a few effects, problems awith not more than a few effects, problems andnd

themes.themes.

- It - It emphasizes human emphasizes human nature and human values.nature and human values.

--Time and Characters are Time and Characters are limited but the place is not.limited but the place is not.

Short StoryShort Story

Unlike the novel, the characterUnlike the novel, the characters are s are not not fully fully developeddeveloped. .

No character analysisNo character analysis..

GGenerally a single aspect of enerally a single aspect of character’s personality undergoes a character’s personality undergoes a change change and/and/or is revealed as a result or is revealed as a result of some incident, confrontation or of some incident, confrontation or conflictconflict..

Common FeaturesCommon Features

May be Didactic or just for pleasure. May be Didactic or just for pleasure.

Because of limited length there are Because of limited length there are generally no detailed description of generally no detailed description of background in a short storybackground in a short story..

OOnly a single unified incidentnly a single unified incident is is mentioned.mentioned.

Conflict:Conflict: There must be a problem to talk about; a There must be a problem to talk about; a subject matter (conflict is also essential for other subject matter (conflict is also essential for other

genres like plays, novels)genres like plays, novels)

Types of Types of Conflict:Conflict:

a-) Between Charactersa-) Between Characters

b-) Between the Character & External b-) Between the Character & External ForcesForces

cc-) Inner Conflict-) Inner Conflict

OriginOrigin

Some earlier types, such as myth, Some earlier types, such as myth, legend, fairy tale, fable, essay and legend, fairy tale, fable, essay and character study may be said to be character study may be said to be the FOREFATHERS of the short story. the FOREFATHERS of the short story.

Chaucer’s Chaucer’s Canterbury TalesCanterbury Tales and and Boccaccio’s Boccaccio’s DecameronDecameron are the two are the two early examples.early examples.

Basic Elements of FictionBasic Elements of Fiction

Crisis:Crisis: The moment of the conflict then the The moment of the conflict then the development begins and the tension of your development begins and the tension of your expectations increases up to climaxexpectations increases up to climax

Climax:Climax: The turning point in action; the point of The turning point in action; the point of highest interest or of highest tensionhighest interest or of highest tension,, may may occur at the very end.occur at the very end.

Denouement (resolution): Denouement (resolution): The explanation The explanation of the complications of the story. Climax may orof the complications of the story. Climax may or maymay not involve a denouement. not involve a denouement.

6 Components of the Short Story :6 Components of the Short Story : AA fictional fictional work in prose which puts the emphasis on human work in prose which puts the emphasis on human

values by dealing with a single unified incident.values by dealing with a single unified incident.

PlotPlot

CharactersCharacters

EmotionEmotion

SymbolismSymbolism

ThemeTheme

Point of ViewPoint of View

1.PLOT:1.PLOT: Chain of events and incidents that Chain of events and incidents that takes place in a short story. takes place in a short story.

– Overt plot :Overt plot : not secret, not secret, openopen;; one one incident follows the other incident follows the other chronologicallychronologically

– Covert plot:Covert plot: not open not open;; some incidents some incidents are implied or told indirectly by means are implied or told indirectly by means of flashbacks & narrative projections in of flashbacks & narrative projections in order to break through the monotony.order to break through the monotony.

Plot: Plot: A series of interrelated incidentsA series of interrelated incidents

– Flashback:Flashback: An action told by a An action told by a character (narrator). The character may character (narrator). The character may be facing a DILEMMA be facing a DILEMMA ((conflictconflict)) so he so he recalls his past experiences to explain recalls his past experiences to explain the situation.the situation.

– Narrative projection:Narrative projection: A character may A character may look forward to explain the conflict he is look forward to explain the conflict he is in.in.

BBalancing of alancing of the the forcesforces:: Between Between P & A P & A there there

should be a conflict and their power must beshould be a conflict and their power must be equal.equal. – Protagonist: Protagonist: is the main character is the main character

(hero) in a story or drama, not always (hero) in a story or drama, not always have heroic virtues & got always have heroic virtues & got always embody good qualities. (JAN VALJAN embody good qualities. (JAN VALJAN ininThe MiserablesThe Miserables))

– Antagonist :Antagonist : Opposing force(s) or Opposing force(s) or person(s) ; do not always have to be person(s) ; do not always have to be good & have positive virtues.(The good & have positive virtues.(The dedective indedective in The MiserablesThe Miserables))

Plot:Plot:essential to reveal the characters and the essential to reveal the characters and the story but it is not everything.story but it is not everything.

Foreshadowing: Foreshadowing: may be a hint about what may be a hint about what will follow or what will happen next about will follow or what will happen next about the characters, the setting or the general the characters, the setting or the general atmosphere of the story.atmosphere of the story.Precipitating incident:Precipitating incident: something minor something minor happens at the beginning of the story that happens at the beginning of the story that accelerates the events in the story.accelerates the events in the story.

Setting:Setting: Place + Time + State of Mind. Place + Time + State of Mind.

In Medias ResIn Medias Res : where the plot starts in the : where the plot starts in the middle. middle.

* * IronyIrony the contradiction between what you the contradiction between what you exexpect ,know and want and the REAL FACTpect ,know and want and the REAL FACT..

IronyIrony (from the Ancient Greek (from the Ancient Greek eironeíaeironeía, meaning hypocrisy, , meaning hypocrisy, deception, or feigned ignorance) deception, or feigned ignorance) is a literary or rhetorical device, is a literary or rhetorical device, in which there is an incongruity in which there is an incongruity or discordance between what or discordance between what one says or does, and what one one says or does, and what one means or what is generally means or what is generally understood. understood.

Types of ironyTypes of ironyVerbal ironyVerbal irony is a disparity of expression and is a disparity of expression and intention: when a speaker says one thing but intention: when a speaker says one thing but means another, or when a literal meaning is means another, or when a literal meaning is contrary to its intended effect. An example of contrary to its intended effect. An example of this is sarcasm. this is sarcasm. Dramatic ironyDramatic irony is a disparity of expression is a disparity of expression and awareness: when words and actions and awareness: when words and actions possess a significance that the listener or possess a significance that the listener or audience understands, but the speaker or audience understands, but the speaker or character does not. character does not. Situational ironySituational irony is the disparity of intention is the disparity of intention and result: when the result of an action is and result: when the result of an action is contrary to the desired or expected effect.contrary to the desired or expected effect.

* * Likewise, Likewise, cosmic ironycosmic irony is disparity between human desires and is disparity between human desires and the harsh realities of the outside world.the harsh realities of the outside world.

22. CHARACTERS. CHARACTERS

Character creation is more complex Character creation is more complex than creating a plot from the action. than creating a plot from the action. From the words of the character; we From the words of the character; we can understand and define himcan understand and define him

A character must be the one A character must be the one according to the community soaccording to the community so ddifficult because ifficult because infinite variety infinite variety of of human personality.human personality.

THREE important qualities for good THREE important qualities for good characterization .characterization .

Consistency : Consistency : TThe personality shouldhe personality should nnoot change unless there is a reason for itt change unless there is a reason for it (sometimes he may be an inconsistent (sometimes he may be an inconsistent one as well)one as well)Plausibility: Plausibility: The lifelines of the The lifelines of the charactercharacter..The reader should accept the The reader should accept the character as a human being. People from character as a human being. People from everyday life.everyday life.Motivation:Motivation: The cause for the character The cause for the character to act. Necessary for the characters & to act. Necessary for the characters & also for the readers.also for the readers.

The characters in a short story are The characters in a short story are GENERALLY dramatized, not described.GENERALLY dramatized, not described.

Ways of Dramatizing Characters:Ways of Dramatizing Characters:

Writer paints a Picture of the physical appearance Writer paints a Picture of the physical appearance of the character.(Possession, physical description, of the character.(Possession, physical description, immediate surroundings are factors)immediate surroundings are factors)The setting can help the readers to understand The setting can help the readers to understand the mood of the characterthe mood of the characterTheir speech and dialogues may help usTheir speech and dialogues may help usOpinions of others in the story may give an idea Opinions of others in the story may give an idea about the characterabout the characterGiving extra information about the characters’ Giving extra information about the characters’ acts attitudesacts attitudesThe writer goes directly into the mind of the The writer goes directly into the mind of the character & explains the inner thoughts of himcharacter & explains the inner thoughts of him

Non-Dramatic CharacterizationNon-Dramatic Characterization

Writer can tell the person’s Writer can tell the person’s right character at the right character at the beginning by certain beginning by certain adjectives. adjectives. ((characterization by characterization by expositionexposition) )

Characterization by NarrationCharacterization by Narration

The writer tells us something about The writer tells us something about the character at the very beginning the character at the very beginning and to illustrate it, he may tell an and to illustrate it, he may tell an incident related to that quality. But incident related to that quality. But this is a rare method.this is a rare method.

* * WriterWriterss might use several methods of might use several methods of characterization or only one method may characterization or only one method may be used.be used.

**All the characters don’t have to be All the characters don’t have to be developed fully.developed fully.

Kinds of charactersKinds of charactersROUND CHARACTERROUND CHARACTER: is a fully developed : is a fully developed character.character.FLAT CHARACTERSFLAT CHARACTERS: CARDBOARD characters : CARDBOARD characters also called ^^also called ^^one dimensional charactersone dimensional characters^^. ^^. She / he must JUSTIFY his / her role in the story.She / he must JUSTIFY his / her role in the story.Every character must have an Every character must have an INTEGRAL POINTINTEGRAL POINT in in the whole story.the whole story.STOCK (LITERARY) CHARACTERSTOCK (LITERARY) CHARACTER: If the reader : If the reader can imagine the flat characters’ actions can imagine the flat characters’ actions beforehand, they are called as stock characters. beforehand, they are called as stock characters. Stock characters are used for Stock characters are used for COMIC & COMIC & SATIRICAL EFFECTS. SATIRICAL EFFECTS. They are generally They are generally exaggerated.exaggerated.

Kinds of chars.Kinds of chars.1- ) Major characters:1- ) Major characters:

- - ProtagonistProtagonist-Antagonist-Antagonist-Round Character-Round Characterss

2-Minor characters:2-Minor characters:-Flat character-Flat characterss-Stock (literary) character-Stock (literary) characterss-Foil character-Foil character

kinds of characterskinds of characters

DYNAMIC CHARACTERDYNAMIC CHARACTER: : There should be There should be a (positive) change in the character; a (positive) change in the character; should not END as he started. A change in should not END as he started. A change in the behaviours, opinions, attitudes is the behaviours, opinions, attitudes is necessary.necessary.STATIC CHARACTERSTATIC CHARACTER:: If the character If the character remains the same throughout the story he remains the same throughout the story he is called as STATIC CHARACTER.is called as STATIC CHARACTER.

**Protagonist is the most dynamic character.Protagonist is the most dynamic character.

Kinds of charactersKinds of characters

Foil Character :Foil Character : the contrasting figure , the contrasting figure , opposing character.Foils are minor characters, opposing character.Foils are minor characters, used to emphasize the quality of the major used to emphasize the quality of the major characters.characters.Archetypal character :Archetypal character : Prototype character Prototype characterss who have universal characteristics regardless of who have universal characteristics regardless of time and place, can be found in every time and place, can be found in every theme,storytheme,story. . ((Femme FatalFemme Fatal))Confidante:Confidante: is the person with whom the is the person with whom the protagonist talks and to whom he reveals his protagonist talks and to whom he reveals his secret (A mother, a nurse,a friend may be secret (A mother, a nurse,a friend may be confidante) confidante)

3.EMOTION3.EMOTION

Fiction makes us understand & feel. Fiction makes us understand & feel. So emotion is important but not only So emotion is important but not only the emotions of the characters but the emotions of the characters but the readers’ emotion as well. Non-the readers’ emotion as well. Non-fictional works ,like biographies, fictional works ,like biographies, travel literatures, articles and travel literatures, articles and essays… any prose work that is not essays… any prose work that is not fiction make us only understand.fiction make us only understand.

How are the emotions conveyed? How are the emotions conveyed?

Not told directly. We learn about Not told directly. We learn about them through the actions. Namely; in them through the actions. Namely; in an indirect way, in connection with an indirect way, in connection with the emotions the emotions the tonethe tone and and thethe mood mood of the story are also given.of the story are also given.

The elements of Emotion:The elements of Emotion:Tone: Tone: The way the writer writes the story. The way the writer writes the story. Namely; his attitudes towards his Namely; his attitudes towards his characters & events and towards the characters & events and towards the subject matter determines the tone of the subject matter determines the tone of the story. Some devices to establish the tone story. Some devices to establish the tone (fear,anger,jealousy) created by (fear,anger,jealousy) created by Dramatization.Dramatization.

Mood:Mood: The general total atmosphere of The general total atmosphere of the story. Mood is created through the the story. Mood is created through the emotions.emotions.

Kinds of EmotionKinds of Emotion

Emotions of the character that writer Emotions of the character that writer createscreates

Emotions that the writer wants the Emotions that the writer wants the readers to experiencereaders to experience

Ways of Creating Emotion:Ways of Creating Emotion:

By the representation of a single scene By the representation of a single scene that will create lots of emotion.that will create lots of emotion.By the construction of a longer situation.By the construction of a longer situation.By mentioning the same theme over and By mentioning the same theme over and over again (by the repetition of the same over again (by the repetition of the same theme)theme)By bringing back the memories, long By bringing back the memories, long forgotten events or past experienceforgotten events or past experiencess..By contradiction (showing the conflicting By contradiction (showing the conflicting situations)situations)

Ways of Creating EmotionWays of Creating Emotion II IIBy creating similar incidents (between past & By creating similar incidents (between past & present) especially using descriptions of present) especially using descriptions of sensation.sensation.

e.g. Wind blows against the one’s facee.g. Wind blows against the one’s face The mother stroking the hair of the childThe mother stroking the hair of the child

**These make the reader remember something These make the reader remember something from their own childhood or past experiences from their own childhood or past experiences and feel the same thing with the characters. and feel the same thing with the characters. There may be descriptions of SMELLS & There may be descriptions of SMELLS & SOUNDS.SOUNDS.By describing Abstract ideas & concepts (like By describing Abstract ideas & concepts (like fear , anger, envy, pity, anxiety…etc)fear , anger, envy, pity, anxiety…etc)

Devices for Establishing the MoodDevices for Establishing the Mood::

1.1. Dramatic Irony: Dramatic Irony: What is done and said may not be What is done and said may not be same with the actual fact or reality.same with the actual fact or reality.

2. Suspense: 2. Suspense: What will be the next move? Thinking about What will be the next move? Thinking about an event in the story: Will he do it or not? (out of a dramatic an event in the story: Will he do it or not? (out of a dramatic irony the reader might find himself in suspense)irony the reader might find himself in suspense)

3. Sympathy: 3. Sympathy: Intellectually you understand and admire Intellectually you understand and admire the character. Namely; you understand why he is doing this the character. Namely; you understand why he is doing this or that or why he speaks in that way.(intellectual or that or why he speaks in that way.(intellectual understanding of the character)understanding of the character)

4. Empathy: 4. Empathy: You feel so much for the character that you You feel so much for the character that you feel the same things with him. (Emotional understanding of feel the same things with him. (Emotional understanding of the character) You share same feelings with the charactethe character) You share same feelings with the character)r)

5. Restraint: 5. Restraint: Element of controlling, because too much of Element of controlling, because too much of everything is negative.everything is negative.

Not too muchNot too much Not too littleNot too little

4. SYMBOLISM4. SYMBOLISM A symbol is something such as an object, picture, A symbol is something such as an object, picture, written word, sound, or particular mark that written word, sound, or particular mark that represents something else by association, represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention. For ex: a red resemblance, or convention. For ex: a red octagon may stand for "STOP". Numerals are octagon may stand for "STOP". Numerals are symbols for numbers.symbols for numbers.A symbol can be anything ( A symbol can be anything ( an item, an object an item, an object and even and even a namea name)) that stands for the place of that stands for the place of another thing or anything that is used to explain another thing or anything that is used to explain especially abstract ideas meanings beespecially abstract ideas meanings bettter.ter. All language consists of symbols. The word "cat" All language consists of symbols. The word "cat" is not a cat, but represents the idea of a cat.is not a cat, but represents the idea of a cat.

Kinds of Symbols :Kinds of Symbols :1. Original Symbols :1. Original Symbols : Arise from the Arise from the total structure of the story, a new created total structure of the story, a new created symbol, you can find it in no other fiction.symbol, you can find it in no other fiction. It is the creation of the writer used for the It is the creation of the writer used for the first time.first time.

2. Conventional Symbols: 2. Conventional Symbols: don’t come don’t come out of the story naturallyout of the story naturally,, but have been but have been used before by some others and become used before by some others and become known by the readers. (like moon, sun, known by the readers. (like moon, sun, riverriver……))

Origin of symbolsOrigin of symbolsSymbolism:Symbolism: in the late 19th century esp. in the late 19th century esp. by the development in PSYCHOLOGY & by the development in PSYCHOLOGY & PSYCHIATRY: For Freud , dreams are the PSYCHIATRY: For Freud , dreams are the revelations of subconscious minds of revelations of subconscious minds of people and they are full of symbols and people and they are full of symbols and need to be interpreted.need to be interpreted.

**Figures of speechFigures of speech : (similes, metaphors) : (similes, metaphors) may be used by the writer but they are not may be used by the writer but they are not symbols, just used to strengthen his symbols, just used to strengthen his descriptions.descriptions.

Origin Origin The psychologist, Carl Jung, who studied The psychologist, Carl Jung, who studied archetypes, proposed an alternative archetypes, proposed an alternative definition of symbol, distinguishing it from definition of symbol, distinguishing it from the term "sign". In Jung's view, a sign the term "sign". In Jung's view, a sign stands for something known, as a word stands for something known, as a word stands for its referent. He contrasted this stands for its referent. He contrasted this with symbol, which he used to stand for with symbol, which he used to stand for something that is unknown and that something that is unknown and that cannot be made clear or precise. cannot be made clear or precise.

Psychological Symbols :Psychological Symbols :Archetypal images or symbols. Namely, Archetypal images or symbols. Namely, valid for all the time and all the people valid for all the time and all the people –– universaluniversal symbols symbols. .

e.g.e.g. a pregnant womanà rebirth, a pregnant womanà rebirth, fertility, fertility, continuation of life.continuation of life.Psychological Symbols Psychological Symbols -- may arise from a may arise from a person’s own experience or may arise person’s own experience or may arise from a group experience. from a group experience.

e.g.e.g. a national symbol a national symbol---- flag flag.. Always abstract ideas are symbolizedAlways abstract ideas are symbolized. . e.g.e.g. Picasso’s pigeon symbolizes PEACE Picasso’s pigeon symbolizes PEACE the breast of a motherthe breast of a mother----FERTILITY FERTILITY heartheart---- LOVE LOVE

5. THEME :5. THEME : the central unifying elementthe central unifying element of of

the story.the story.

It is the total summary of all the things It is the total summary of all the things that take place in the story.(it is the that take place in the story.(it is the feeling and the idea that the story gives us feeling and the idea that the story gives us or awakens in our minds and hearts)or awakens in our minds and hearts)

Theme Theme :: is the summary of the story that is the summary of the story that arises a feeling in the mind & heart of the arises a feeling in the mind & heart of the reader or it is the feeling given by the total reader or it is the feeling given by the total summary of all the incidents, summary of all the incidents, conversations, descriptions in the story.conversations, descriptions in the story.

Everything in a story relates to the THEME.Everything in a story relates to the THEME.

The theme cannot be defined in one word The theme cannot be defined in one word or with one simple sentence. For example; or with one simple sentence. For example; the theme is love, nature, loyalty, the theme is love, nature, loyalty, everyone should be happy….. everyone should be happy….. A theme can’t be defined in words or A theme can’t be defined in words or with phrases.with phrases.The theme must be expressed in a well The theme must be expressed in a well constructed sentence. It should express a constructed sentence. It should express a general idea or a life philosophy.general idea or a life philosophy.

For example: For example: One must make time to One must make time to break away the routine daily life to break away the routine daily life to communicate with the other members of communicate with the other members of the society.the society.

6. POINT OF VIEW6. POINT OF VIEW

*Also FOCUS: *Also FOCUS: It is the position of the It is the position of the author from which he is telling the author from which he is telling the story.story.

Different ways of Telling Story:Different ways of Telling Story:– 1) Subjective Narrative Position ( 1st 1) Subjective Narrative Position ( 1st

person’s point of view)person’s point of view)

– 2) Anonymous Narrative Position 2) Anonymous Narrative Position

( objective )( objective )

A. Subjective Narrative Position: (1st A. Subjective Narrative Position: (1st

person’s point of view)person’s point of view) TThe writer refers himself as “he writer refers himself as “II”. ”. There are different variations of There are different variations of subjective narrative position. The subjective narrative position. The narrator may be a major character, narrator may be a major character, minor character, the protagonist, an minor character, the protagonist, an observer etc. observer etc. In subjective narrative position, the In subjective narrative position, the feelings and thoughts of the writer feelings and thoughts of the writer are involved in the story.are involved in the story.

Kinds of Subjective Narrative Position :Kinds of Subjective Narrative Position :

1.Interior Monologue :1.Interior Monologue : Through the all story he Through the all story he thinks in his mind.No actual speaking.thinks in his mind.No actual speaking.

Two kinds: Two kinds: a.Direct Interior Monologuea.Direct Interior Monologue b.Indirect Interior Monologueb.Indirect Interior Monologue

a.Direct: a.Direct: There seems to be no central character.The There seems to be no central character.The reader seems to have a secret knowledge.We become reader seems to have a secret knowledge.We become aware of everything by deducing information from the aware of everything by deducing information from the thoughts of the characters.Another name of this thoughts of the characters.Another name of this direct method is direct method is stream of consciousness.stream of consciousness.

In ‘’ Direct One ‘’ we feel as if we were the one who is In ‘’ Direct One ‘’ we feel as if we were the one who is thinking and feeling , eveything is happenning in the thinking and feeling , eveything is happenning in the mind of the character.mind of the character.

Subjective Narrative Position: Subjective Narrative Position: 1)Interior monologue1)Interior monologue

b.Indirect: b.Indirect: The writer states the central The writer states the central character to present specific details in a rational character to present specific details in a rational manner and comment on the general manner and comment on the general situation.Namely; we see the actions happening situation.Namely; we see the actions happening in the mind of the character.In this form of in the mind of the character.In this form of interior monologoue there is an AGENT between interior monologoue there is an AGENT between us and the mind of the character.us and the mind of the character.

In ‘’Indirect One’’ we have Action. One of the In ‘’Indirect One’’ we have Action. One of the characters in the story begins to think all of characters in the story begins to think all of sudden and comments on the action in his mindsudden and comments on the action in his mind

Subjective Narrative Position: Subjective Narrative Position: 2.Dramatic 2.Dramatic

Monologue :Monologue :

Here the characters actually Here the characters actually SPEAKS & ACTS. It is more SPEAKS & ACTS. It is more common in poetry and common in poetry and fiction.There is a central fiction.There is a central character who is actually talking character who is actually talking to the Author(not to the readers) to the Author(not to the readers) It is effective and can produce a It is effective and can produce a sense of irony.sense of irony.

Subjective Narrative Position:Subjective Narrative Position:

3.Narrator as Participant : 3.Narrator as Participant : Narrator Narrator actually takes part in the story.Namely,he actually takes part in the story.Namely,he is one of the characters in the story.There is one of the characters in the story.There is no rule that the story should take place is no rule that the story should take place in the past,presen or at the time when in the past,presen or at the time when narrator is telling the story.narrator is telling the story. The most effective form of narrator as The most effective form of narrator as participant is when the narrator takes part participant is when the narrator takes part as an ADULT ,because he describes events as an ADULT ,because he describes events with an adult’s eyes.Example ,an adult with an adult’s eyes.Example ,an adult narratin his / her childhood.This is a narratin his / her childhood.This is a subjective view of the character/ writer.subjective view of the character/ writer.

Subjective Narrative Position:Subjective Narrative Position:4.Narrator as Observer : 4.Narrator as Observer : The writer does not The writer does not take part in the story usually outside the events.take part in the story usually outside the events.(observing from the outside)It can be minor (observing from the outside)It can be minor character and can be relatively objective as he character and can be relatively objective as he isn’t taking place in the action.For example: a isn’t taking place in the action.For example: a journalistjournalist In this position, we read about the In this position, we read about the observations of the writer (observer) like a first observations of the writer (observer) like a first hand report.Sometimes the narrator might be the hand report.Sometimes the narrator might be the confident of the character or a neighbour of the confident of the character or a neighbour of the major character and only tells the readers his major character and only tells the readers his observationsobservations Sometimes Narrator(observer) may find Sometimes Narrator(observer) may find himself inthe middle of the action (like the nurse himself inthe middle of the action (like the nurse in Romeo & Juliet). Namely; he may be outside in Romeo & Juliet). Namely; he may be outside the events but from the height of tension he may the events but from the height of tension he may find himself in the middle of the actionfind himself in the middle of the action

Subjective Narrative Position:Subjective Narrative Position:5.Simple or Untrustworthy Narrator : 5.Simple or Untrustworthy Narrator : The The narrator is a simple person and he / she knows or narrator is a simple person and he / she knows or understands the whole action wrong so, narrates understands the whole action wrong so, narrates the whole story wrongly. This kind of narrator can the whole story wrongly. This kind of narrator can be simple minded neighbour or a child so we be simple minded neighbour or a child so we cannot rely on what he/she is telling us.cannot rely on what he/she is telling us. Sometimes the narrator might be lying to us Sometimes the narrator might be lying to us because of this reason the readers must take because of this reason the readers must take care of the story and must read it very carefully care of the story and must read it very carefully so as to understand it truly.This draws the so as to understand it truly.This draws the attention of the reader to the action as it requires attention of the reader to the action as it requires an active reading.an active reading.

Subjective Narrative Position:Subjective Narrative Position:

6.Narrator as a Diariest or Letter 6.Narrator as a Diariest or Letter Writer : Writer : The writer tells the story by The writer tells the story by writing a diary or in the form of writing a diary or in the form of letters.letters.Eveything is all written. Eveything is all written. The writer is an observer & the writer The writer is an observer & the writer tells everything from his point of tells everything from his point of view.Another name of this tecnique view.Another name of this tecnique is is epistolary.epistolary. For example For example Richardson’s Richardson’s Pamela.Pamela.

B.Anonymous (Objective) B.Anonymous (Objective) Narrative Position :Narrative Position :

It is the 3 rd person’s point of view.It is the 3 rd person’s point of view.

The writer is anonymous, we don’t The writer is anonymous, we don’t know who is telling the story.know who is telling the story.

This kind of narrator also can take This kind of narrator also can take place in different positions:place in different positions:

Kinds of Anonymous Narrative Position Kinds of Anonymous Narrative Position

1.Omniscent Narrative Position : 1.Omniscent Narrative Position : If the writer If the writer appears as an omnicient narrator,he is outside appears as an omnicient narrator,he is outside the story and knows & sees everything.the story and knows & sees everything.

– a.Single Character Limited Omniscience: a.Single Character Limited Omniscience: The The writer knows about the heart and mind of only ONE writer knows about the heart and mind of only ONE PERSON(either major or a minor character from the PERSON(either major or a minor character from the story)story)

– b.Dual Character Limited Omniscience: b.Dual Character Limited Omniscience: The writer The writer knows about the heart and mind of only TWO PEOPLE. knows about the heart and mind of only TWO PEOPLE. and usually (protagonist & antoganist)and usually (protagonist & antoganist)

– c.Multi Character Omniscience : c.Multi Character Omniscience : The writer knows The writer knows about the heart and mind of ALL THE CHARACTERS in about the heart and mind of ALL THE CHARACTERS in the story.(this style is very popular in the 19 th century) the story.(this style is very popular in the 19 th century) The author is a godlike person The author is a godlike person

Kinds of Anonymous Narrative PositionKinds of Anonymous Narrative Position

2.Dramatic Narrative Position :2.Dramatic Narrative Position :It is the 3 rd person’s objective point of It is the 3 rd person’s objective point of view,very popular today.The suspense is view,very popular today.The suspense is created in the mind of the readers.’’what created in the mind of the readers.’’what will happen next” is the permanent will happen next” is the permanent question that the readers have in their question that the readers have in their minds.There is no comment, no mind minds.There is no comment, no mind reading (almost like a movie camera)reading (almost like a movie camera)

Also known as “A fly on the wall.” Also known as “A fly on the wall.”