REVIEWCHAPTER 32SECTION 1

The Ottoman Empire in Decline

Prepare for Notetaking

Copy the chart for the Ottoman Empire and take notes based on this presentation

This will go fast since it is reviewNotes on major developments in the period

Long term consequences

Political

Economic

Social

Military

Review Questions

1. What factors led to the territorial decline of the Ottoman Empire over the course of the nineteenth century? What territories were lost?

2. Compare the reforms of the Tanzimat era with the program of the Young Turks.

Are They Still Calling It an Empire?

Decline began in 16th centuryContinually fought Russians for control of

Balkans, Black Sea, and surrounding areasRussia won most conflicts (but not Crimean

War)By 19th Century, Ottoman Empire is smaller,

less powerful and in danger of collapseGreece, Egypt, and Arabia launch successful

independence movementsBritain and France try to keep Ottoman Empire

up (and gain influence in the region)

Military Decline Since 17th Century

Lagged behind European armies in strategy, tactics, weaponry, training

Janissary corps politically corrupt, undisciplined

Provincial governors gained power, private armies

Territorial Losses in 19th Century

Caucasus and central Asia to Russia

Western frontiers to Austria

Balkan provinces to Greece and Serbia

Egypt gained autonomy after Napoleon's failed campaign in 1798 Egyptian general Muhammad

Ali built a powerful, modern army

Ali's army threatened Ottomans, made Egypt an autonomous province

Economic Decline

Less trade as Europeans shifted to the Atlantic

Exported raw materialsImported European

manufactured goodsHeavily depended on

foreign loansForeigners began to

administer the debts of the Ottoman state by 1882

Capitulations

Extraterritoriality: Europeans exempt from Ottoman law

Operated tax-free, levy their own duties in Ottoman ports

Deprived empire of desperately needed income

Reform

Attempt to reform military led to violent Janissary revolt

Mahmud II

When Janissaries resisted, Mahmud had them killed

Cleared the way for reforms

Built an European-style army, academies, schools, roads, and telegraph

Tanzimat Era (1839-1836)

Ruling class sought sweeping restructuring to strengthen state

Broad legal reforms Modeled after Napoleon's

civic codeState reform of

education (1846)Free and compulsory

primary education (1869)

Undermined authority of the ulama, enhanced the state authority

Resistance to Reforms

Religious conservativesLegal equality for minorities resented by

someYoung Ottomans wanted freedom,

autonomy, decentralizationHigh-level bureaucrats wanted more power,

checks on the sultan's power

Cycles of Reform and Repression

1876, coup staged by bureaucrats who demanded a constitutional government

New sultan Abd al-Hamid II (1876-1909) - autocrat suspended constitution,

dissolved parliament, and punished liberals

Reformed army and administration: became source of the new opposition

The Young Turks

Called for universal suffrage, equality, freedom, secularization, women's rights

Forced Abd al-Hamid to restore constitution

Dethroned him (1909)Nationalistic: favored

Turkish dominance within empire, led to Arab resistance

Review Questions

1. What factors led to the territorial decline of the Ottoman Empire over the course of the nineteenth century? What territories were lost?

2. Compare the reforms of the Tanzimat era with the program of the Young Turks.

Next Up…..

Read Section 2 on Russia and complete a chart like the one below for Russia. Put notes in your own words so you can make sure you understood it.

Notes on major developments in the period

Long term consequences

Political

Economic

Social

Military