Decline of the Ottoman Decline of the Ottoman EmpireEmpire

The Sick Man of EuropeThe Sick Man of Europe

Chapter 26Chapter 26

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions How did the military defeats of the 1700s signal How did the military defeats of the 1700s signal

the decay of the Ottoman Empire?the decay of the Ottoman Empire? What were some of the reasons for internal What were some of the reasons for internal

decay?decay? How did Sultan’s attempt to reform?How did Sultan’s attempt to reform? How did revolts and rebellions lead to further How did revolts and rebellions lead to further

disintegrationdisintegration What was the significance of the Eastern What was the significance of the Eastern

question?question? What was the Balkan Crisis of 1876-1878?What was the Balkan Crisis of 1876-1878? How did World War I lead to the empire’s fall?How did World War I lead to the empire’s fall?

Ottoman Empire in early 1700sOttoman Empire in early 1700s

Military Defeats of the 1700sMilitary Defeats of the 1700s

1683: defeat after the siege of Vienna shows 1683: defeat after the siege of Vienna shows Ottoman weaknessOttoman weakness

Christian forces carve away at Ottoman landsChristian forces carve away at Ottoman lands Treaties of Karlowitz (1699) and Passarowitz Treaties of Karlowitz (1699) and Passarowitz

(1718) strip Ottoman of Hungary and (1718) strip Ottoman of Hungary and TransylvaniaTransylvania

Lose land in 1710s to Peter the Great Lose land in 1710s to Peter the Great Lose Crimea (Balkan Peninsula) to Catherine Lose Crimea (Balkan Peninsula) to Catherine

the Great in late 1700sthe Great in late 1700s

Signs of Internal DecaySigns of Internal Decay

Poor rulers and weak corrupt governmentPoor rulers and weak corrupt governmentSultans want to modernize face opposition Sultans want to modernize face opposition

from influential old groups and clericsfrom influential old groups and clericsJanissary army becomes outdated and Janissary army becomes outdated and

refuse to changerefuse to changeSultan Selim III assassinated by Sultan Selim III assassinated by

Janissaries in 1807 after attempting to Janissaries in 1807 after attempting to modernize army and navymodernize army and navy

General lack of interest in industrializationGeneral lack of interest in industrialization Minority groups such as Christians and Jews Minority groups such as Christians and Jews

carry out trade with the westcarry out trade with the west Competition with West Competition with West decline of local decline of local

artisansartisans

Attempts at ReformAttempts at Reform

Sultans modernize and secularize Sultans modernize and secularize government bureaucracygovernment bureaucracy

Boost western ideas, science and Boost western ideas, science and technologytechnology

Sometimes meet resistance from the Sometimes meet resistance from the clergyclergy

Mahmud II (1808-1839)Mahmud II (1808-1839)

Built a small professional Built a small professional armyarmy

Tricks Janissaries into Tricks Janissaries into revoltingrevolting

Crushes rebellion and Crushes rebellion and disbands Janissary corpsdisbands Janissary corps

Gets control over AyanGets control over Ayan Begins policy of Begins policy of

westernizationwesternization

Mehmed IIIMehmed III

1820s: assists Mahumd II1820s: assists Mahumd IICreates professional armyCreates professional armySubdues JanissariesSubdues JanissariesBuilds modern navyBuilds modern navy

Tanzimat Reforms 1839-1876Tanzimat Reforms 1839-1876

1839-18761839-1876Westernization of educationWesternization of education Introduces western communication Introduces western communication

systemssystemsWestern style laws and constitutionWestern style laws and constitutionSome increased rights for women, some Some increased rights for women, some

women enter public lifewomen enter public life

Revolts and RebellionsRevolts and Rebellions

Further weaken and cut away at the Further weaken and cut away at the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Revolts and RebellionsRevolts and Rebellions

1820 Greek Revolution: Greece gains 1820 Greek Revolution: Greece gains independence from the Ottoman Empireindependence from the Ottoman Empire

1867 Serbs gain independence1867 Serbs gain independenceDynasty begins to feel increasingly Dynasty begins to feel increasingly

threatened by westernized bureaucrats, threatened by westernized bureaucrats, professionals and military officersprofessionals and military officers

Abdul Hamid (1878-1908) last Abdul Hamid (1878-1908) last sultansultan

Attempts return to despotic absolutism, Attempts return to despotic absolutism, nullifies constitution and decreases civil nullifies constitution and decreases civil rightsrights

Continues to adopt western tech and Continues to adopt western tech and militarymilitary

Forced out with bloodless coupForced out with bloodless coup

The Eastern QuestionThe Eastern Question

How should Western European rulers deal How should Western European rulers deal with the Ottoman Empire?with the Ottoman Empire?

No longer a threatNo longer a threatHeld together volatile parts of Asia and Held together volatile parts of Asia and

EuropeEuropeHeld important place geographically Held important place geographically

between Mediterranean Sea and Indian between Mediterranean Sea and Indian OceanOcean

Worry that collapse will destroy Europe’s Worry that collapse will destroy Europe’s delicate Balance of Powerdelicate Balance of Power

Western nations especially nervous about Western nations especially nervous about increasing Austrian and Russian powerincreasing Austrian and Russian power

Britain and France support Turks against Britain and France support Turks against Russia and Austria even as they take over Russia and Austria even as they take over parts of the empireparts of the empire

Eastern Question in CartoonsEastern Question in Cartoons

Attendant. Attendant. "How do you feel after your bath, my Lord?""How do you feel after your bath, my Lord?"LORD B.LORD B. "Pretty comfortable, thank you!—(Aside. Lost some weight, "Pretty comfortable, thank you!—(Aside. Lost some weight, I fancy.) —You made it so confoundedly HOT  for me!!!" I fancy.) —You made it so confoundedly HOT  for me!!!"

< < The Turkish bathThe Turkish bath / John Tenniel.  / John Tenniel.  InIn: : PunchPunch (7 Oct 1876) (7 Oct 1876)Gladstone tried to influence Government policy on the Eastern Question Gladstone tried to influence Government policy on the Eastern Question

by appealing directly to the public, both on the platform and through by appealing directly to the public, both on the platform and through the press, on behalf of  the Bulgarian victims of Turkish persecution.   the press, on behalf of  the Bulgarian victims of Turkish persecution.   

Eastern Question in CartoonsEastern Question in Cartoons

The Status QuoThe Status Quo

Turkey: Turkey: Will you still Will you still

Befriend me?Befriend me?

Britannia: Britannia: Befriend You?-Befriend You?-

Not with your hands Not with your hands

That colour!That colour!

The Crimean WarThe Crimean War

1854-18561854-1856Britain and France support Ottmans in war Britain and France support Ottmans in war

against Russian expansion into Black seaagainst Russian expansion into Black seaCostly war with over 250,000 casualtiesCostly war with over 250,000 casualtiesDefeat Russia’s forces but shows Defeat Russia’s forces but shows

weakness of Ottoman Empireweakness of Ottoman Empire

British Attitude of the Crimean WarBritish Attitude of the Crimean War

How Jack Made the Turk Usefula at How Jack Made the Turk Usefula at Balaclaya (1856, John Leech in Balaclaya (1856, John Leech in Punch)Punch)

As is that weren’t bad enough…As is that weren’t bad enough…

Construction of Suez Canal in 1869 Construction of Suez Canal in 1869 increases geographic importance of Egyptincreases geographic importance of Egypt

Unification of Italy in 1860s adds another Unification of Italy in 1860s adds another power into the Mediterraneanpower into the Mediterranean

Montenegro, Romania, and Bulgaria Montenegro, Romania, and Bulgaria struggle for greater autonomystruggle for greater autonomy

Balkan Crisis of 1876-1878Balkan Crisis of 1876-1878

Montenegro, Romania, Bulgaria, and Montenegro, Romania, Bulgaria, and Serbia rise upSerbia rise up

Turks suppress rebellion ruthlesslyTurks suppress rebellion ruthlesslyRussia attacks in 1877, and defeats in Russia attacks in 1877, and defeats in

18781878Congress of Berlin of 1878 presided over Congress of Berlin of 1878 presided over

by Bismarck gives Montenegro, Romania, by Bismarck gives Montenegro, Romania, Bulgaria, and Serbia independenceBulgaria, and Serbia independence

The Rise of the Young TurksThe Rise of the Young Turks

Ottoman Society for Ottoman Society for Union and Progress Union and Progress a.k.a. Young Turks a.k.a. Young Turks formed in Paris 1889formed in Paris 1889Goal: restore the Goal: restore the

constitution of 1876constitution of 1876Successful in 1908Successful in 1908

Problems 1908-1914Problems 1908-1914

Division between military leaders Division between military leaders fightingfighting

Young Turks struggle to keep empire Young Turks struggle to keep empire togethertogether

Increasing Arab nationalism Increasing Arab nationalism more loss more loss of landof land

Balkan Wars & World War IBalkan Wars & World War I

1911-1912Italy attacks Ottoman and takes 1911-1912Italy attacks Ottoman and takes control of remaining land in North Africacontrol of remaining land in North Africa

First Balkan War of 1912: Greece, Serbia, and First Balkan War of 1912: Greece, Serbia, and Bulgaria defeat Ottoman forcesBulgaria defeat Ottoman forces

During WWI join the Central powers and are During WWI join the Central powers and are defeated in 1918defeated in 1918

Empire collapses, remaining middle eastern Empire collapses, remaining middle eastern possessions rebel and are taken over by Britain possessions rebel and are taken over by Britain and Franceand France

Modern State of Turkey formed in 1920sModern State of Turkey formed in 1920s

Ottoman Empire during WWIOttoman Empire during WWI

Change Over TimeChange Over Time

Discuss in detail the internal and external Discuss in detail the internal and external forces that led to the decline of the forces that led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire between 1689 and 1918Ottoman Empire between 1689 and 1918Be sure to include (see rubric!)Be sure to include (see rubric!)

A strong thesis statementA strong thesis statementHistorical evidence of changeHistorical evidence of changeAnalysis of both internal and external Analysis of both internal and external

causes of declinecauses of decline