Ottoman Empire and Decline (1300-1920)

MAIN IDEA The Ottomans established a Muslim

empire that combined many cultures and lasted more than 600 years.

Many modern societies, from Algeria to Turkey, had their origins under Ottoman rule.

EXTENT OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE

ATTRIBUTES OF OTTOMANS Allowed religious tolerance Embraced cultural diversity

How is this different from previous civilizations that we have covered?

Positives? Negatives?

SIEGE OF CONSTANTINOPLE Mehmed II (Mehmed

the Conqueror) Significance:

brought a formal end to the Roman Empire with the fall of the Byzantine Empire

Today known as Istanbul

CASE STUDY: HAGIA SOPHIA

WHAT IS IT? Built by

Constantine What city is it in? Originally a

Christian church Eventually

converted to a Muslim mosque after Ottoman takeover

VIRGIN MARY WITH CHILD (12TH CENTURY)

19TH CENTURY RESTORATIONS

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN DECLINE Reasons

Nationalist revolts Egypt was lost

European pressure

The Middle East in WWI

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS MANDATES

Goal: to guide the former colonies of Germany and Ottoman Empire toward modernization and independence

Reality: opened up Middle East for more foreign involvement

“New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!

The House of Saud newly-created Saudi Arabia. monarchy Islamic and Arab traditions Laws based on Qu’ran

The Pahlavi Family Persia Iran. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk nationalist movement in

Turkey.

Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk” (1881-1938)

What change do you notice from the pictures?

Ataturk’s Reform Program Nationalism

Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara.

Translate Qu’ran into Turkish Secularism republican constitution, non-

religious courts Modernization/westernization

Compulsory, secular education. Banning the fez, adopt Western clothing. Western [Roman] script. Women

unveiled given full citizenship and voting rights

EGYPT TOWARD MODERNIZATION Suez Canal

Goal: cut the travel distance to the east by creating a pathway through Mediterranean and Red Seas

Egypt forced to sell shares

Leads to foreign involvement

Gains independence in 1922 but…

Britain still remains in control

Oil Discovered! First discovered in Persia in 1908. the sheikh of Kuwait promises

exclusive oil rights to the British. Kuwait became a British protectorate

in November, 1914. In 1927, oil struck in Kirkuk, Iraq,

Oil Becomes the New International“Coin of the Realm!”

American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gainoil concessions 1929 Bahrain 1933 Saudi Arabia.

IRAN MODERNIZES Similar to Turkish reforms Movement toward secular government Rapid modernization Westernization

1925, Rezah Khan declared himself SHAH of Iran

created Pahlavi Dynasty. Mohammed Reza Shah

Pahlavi 1953 supports coup

against leftist prime minister Mossadeq

CIA-sponsored dictatorship,

westernization resented by Iranians

1979 Revolution Ayatollah Khomeini

Fundamentalism Hostage crisis

IRAN

ORIGINS OF ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT

MAIN IDEAS Division of Palestine after WWII made

the Middle East a hotbed of competing nationalist movements

Conflicts in the Middle East threaten the stability of the world today.

TWO COMPETING GROUPS

ARABS ISRAELIS

Traditionally Muslim Egypt and Palestine

have biggest issues Different goals

Palestinians want homeland

Egyptians want to be most powerful country in Middle East.

Traditionally Jewish Claimed Jewish land

long before Arab settlement.

Zionism Belief that Jews should

have a homeland Jewish nationalism

WHY IN THE MIDDLE EAST? Remember: Judaism

originates in the Middle East

Historic Jewish Kingdoms had been present in this area long before Arab settlement

ISSUES OF CONTENTION FOR PALESTINIANS