Ch 27-3“Europeans Claim Muslim

Lands”

Ottoman Empire Loses Power Reforms Fail

After Suleyman I dies in 1566, empire starts to decline

Ottoman Empire falls behind Europe in technology

Selim II attempts to modernize army and is overthrown

Subject peoples in Greece and Serbia gain independence

European powers look for ways to take Ottoman lands

Europeans Grab Territory Geopolitics

Geopolitics – taking land for its strategic location or products

Access to sea trade routes focuses attention on Ottoman lands

Russia and the Crimean War Crimean War – Russia attacks Ottomans in

1853 to gain warm-water port Russia loses, but Ottomans are shown to

be weak; still lose land

The Decline of Ottoman Rule

The Ottoman Empire in 1914

The Great Game Great Game – war waged between Russia

and Britain over India Battles fought in Afghanistan until British

withdrawal in 1881

Egypt Initiates Reforms Military and Economic

Reforms Muhammad Ali

breaks away from Ottoman control and rules Egypt

Begins series of reforms in military and economy

Shifts Egyptian agriculture from food crops to cash crops

Suez Canal Egypt builds Suez Canal – human-made

waterway Connects the Red Sea to Mediterranean

Modernization efforts create huge debt British oversee financial control of canal,

occupy Egypt in 1881

Geographical Impact of the Suez Canal, 1869

12,300 miles

7,200 miles

Persia

Russia and Britain battle for control of Persia

Why? Russia want access to the

Persian gulf Britain wants Persian oil

and control of Afghanistan Both want natural

resources- oil and tobacco

Persia Pressured to Change The Exploitation of Persia

Russia wants access to Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean

Britain wants Persian oil and Afghanistan Persia concedes to Western businesses

Battle over Tobacco Persian ruler sells concession to Britain to

export tobacco Persians boycott tobacco, leads to riots In 1907, Russia and Britain seize and

divide Persia between them

Review Time

Question 11. Why did Britain take control of the Suez Canal? A. France traded control of the Suez

Canal for control of Nigeria. B. Muhammad Ali considered

maintaining its security a burden. C. Egypt could not pay its foreign debt. D. The British helped the Egyptians

defeat French invaders.

Question 22. By 1914, the Ottoman Empire had A. ceased to exist. B. achieved its greatest size. C. begun to experience a decline. D. declined to about a third of its

greatest size.

Question 33. In 1907, which of the following was divided into spheres of influence by Russia and Britain due to the presence of oil? A. India B. Egypt C. Persia D. Afghanistan

Question 44. What was the main reason for the Crimean War? A. Russia wanted land on the Black Sea to gain

access to the Mediterranean Sea. B. Russia wanted oil and other raw materials

found in Ottoman lands. C. Russia refused to pay an export tax levied by

the Ottoman Empire. D. Russia broke a treaty that limited the amount

of grain it could send through the Bosporus.

Question 55. The Great Game was an example of imperialism practices of the Europeans because A. It caused Germany and Portugal to convert

Non-Christians into Christians in Africa B. It led to the tobacco revolt C. It sparked conflict between England and

Russia over Afghanistan and India for resources

D. It led to the defeat of Ethiopia