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Passage APassage A

Passage BPassage B

Passage APassage A

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1.1. Are you hesitant about revealing your identity when you Are you hesitant about revealing your identity when you chat on the Internet? Why?chat on the Internet? Why?

Yes. Because we’re worried that someone will cheat us Yes. Because we’re worried that someone will cheat us after he or she knows our real identity.after he or she knows our real identity.

Reference:Reference:

2. Do you think cyberspace poses dangers to us? Why or 2. Do you think cyberspace poses dangers to us? Why or why not? Please give your reasons.why not? Please give your reasons.


No. Because the cyberspace itself is not dangerous. It is No. Because the cyberspace itself is not dangerous. It is dangerous only when some of its users use it to deceive dangerous only when some of its users use it to deceive others.others.

3. Can you list some positive and negative impacts of 3. Can you list some positive and negative impacts of digital culture on society at large?digital culture on society at large?Reference:Reference:

Negative impacts of the digital culture: 1) Some people are Negative impacts of the digital culture: 1) Some people are easily addicted to the Internet. They spend much time chatting easily addicted to the Internet. They spend much time chatting in the Internet while they ignore their study and work. 2) Some in the Internet while they ignore their study and work. 2) Some people can take advantage of the Internet to cheat other people can take advantage of the Internet to cheat other people and spread something bad such as porn and people and spread something bad such as porn and misleading information. It leads to people’s dishonesty.misleading information. It leads to people’s dishonesty.Positive impacts of the digital culture: There is lots of Positive impacts of the digital culture: There is lots of important information and life-changing opportunities on the important information and life-changing opportunities on the Internet. It’s easier for people to communicate with each other.Internet. It’s easier for people to communicate with each other.

Read About ItRead About It

• Language Points

• Content Awareness

• Language Focus

Why Digital Culture Is Good for You?

The news media, along with social and behavioral scientists, have

recently sent out a multitude of warnings about the many dangers that

await us out there in cyberspace.

The truth of the matter is that the Web is no more inherently dangerous tha

n anything else in the world.

It is not some amorphous entity capable of inflicting harmful outcomes on

all who enter. In fact, in and of itself, the Web is fairly harmless. It has no

special power to overtake its users and alter their very existence. Like the

old tale that the vampire can not harm you

unless you invite it to cross your threshold, the Internet cannot

corrupt without being invited. And, with the exception of children and the

weak-willed, it cannot create what does not already exist.

(1) Like alcohol, the Web simply magnifies what is already there:

Experts are concerned that the masking that goes on online poses a

danger for everyone who is a part of the Digital Culture. Before we know it,

the experts tell us, we will all use fake identities, become fragmented, and

will no longer be sure of just who we are. Wrong.

The only people who feel compelled to mask, and otherwise

misrepresent themselves online are the same people who are mysterious

and unfrank in “real life”...the Net just gives them one more tool to practice

their deceit.

As for the rest of us, getting taken in by these people is a low probability.

We know who these folks are in the “real world”. The Internet does not

“cause” people to disguise as something they are not. As for the Digital

Culture getting cheated by these dishonest folks, well, there are just as

many “cues” online to decipher deception as there are in the “real world”.

The competent WebHead

can recognize many red flags given off by the online behavior of other

s. Oftentimes the intentions of fellow users is crystal clear, especially

over time.

When someone is trying to deceive us online, inconsistencies, the essence that they are trying “too hard” or are just plain unbelievable, often come through loud and clear. Likewise, just like in the “real world”, a host of other unacceptable

tendencies can be readily recognized online. Narcissism (it’s all about “meeeee”), those people who have nothing but negativity or unpleasant things to say about others, and those who feel compelled to undermine others and who think they must blow out the other guys’ candles in order for their own to shine can be spotted a cybermile away.

(2) The Web can bring out the best in people: Gregarious, frank folks in “real life” usually carry these same traits over to their online life. Most are just as fun-loving online if not more so, as they are at a party, at work, or at the local bar. Though admittedly, some are not quite as much fun to be around without a stiff drink.

Shy folks have a “safer” environment online than in the “real world” and can learn to express themselves more freely on the Net (you’ve never seen anyone stutter on e-mail, have you?) allowing them to gain confidence and communication skills that can eventually spill over into other aspects of their lives. Helpful people in “real life” are often just as willing to come to someone’s assistance online as anywhere else.

(3) People are judged differently on the Web: On the Internet people are judged by their personality, beliefs and online actions, NOT by their physical appearance. This is good. It not only gives ugly folks an aid, but causes beautiful People to have to say something worth listening to in order to get attention.

(4) People open up more: Many people are opening up a whole lot more these days since they are not required to use their real name and provide their real identity in the Internet.

(5) We’re connected: Members of the Digital Culture know full well that there is a wealth of important information and life-changing opportunities out there in cyberspace. The Web has opened doors for

many of us that otherwise would never have been an option. Research possibilities and networking are just two such opportunities.

(6) We Learn the Power of Words and to be Better Listeners: With no facial expressions, body language, or physical appearance to distract us, members of the Digital Culture have learned the power of words ... both their own, and others’. We know very well how a simple string of words can harm, hurt and offend, or how they can offer humor, help, support and encouragement. Most experienced members of the online culture have learned to become wordsmiths, carefully crafting the words they use to convey exactly what they mean so as not to be misunderstood.

Many of us have also learned to become far better listeners thanks to the Internet. Not only do we choose our words more carefully but we (especially those who communicate via email as opposed to chat rooms) are forced to wait until the other person finishes before we can speak or respond.

(846 words)

Vampire Vampire

A vampire is a creature in A vampire is a creature in legends and horror stories in legends and horror stories in Western culture. Vampires are Western culture. Vampires are said to come out of graves at said to come out of graves at night and suck the blood of living night and suck the blood of living people. people.

Meeeee Meeeee

Its actually the word “me” with Its actually the word “me” with the sound “e” lengthened to the sound “e” lengthened to produce an emphatic effect. In produce an emphatic effect. In the passage “me” refers to the passage “me” refers to Narcissism. Narcissism.

Why Why DigitalDigital Culture Is Good for You? Culture Is Good for You?

ExamplesExamples

• a digital switch, digital computer(a digital switch, digital computer( 数字计算机数字计算机 ), ),

• digital controller (digital controller ( 数字控制器数字控制器 ))

digitaldigital aa. .

— — of or based on a system by which information is of or based on a system by which information is represented in the form of changing electrical signals represented in the form of changing electrical signals

along withalong with

— — together with together with

ExamplesExamples

• Along withAlong with the letters posing questions, there are the letters posing questions, there are answers written by people who are supposed to know answers written by people who are supposed to know how to solve such problems. how to solve such problems.

• She was released from prison She was released from prison along withalong with two other two other politicians. politicians.

awaitawait v.v.

— — wait for wait for

ExamplesExamples

• There is a contract There is a contract awaitingawaiting signature. signature.

• John spent three months in prison John spent three months in prison awaitingawaiting trial and trial and was eventually found guilty of “forcibly obstructing was eventually found guilty of “forcibly obstructing business.” business.”

The truth of the matter is that the Web is no more The truth of the matter is that the Web is no more inherentlyinherently dangerous than anything else in the world. dangerous than anything else in the world.

ExamplesExamples

• The high speed and high power that are so essential The high speed and high power that are so essential for the successful operation of the military planes are for the successful operation of the military planes are inherentlyinherently uneconomical. uneconomical.

• It seems that human beings are It seems that human beings are inherentlyinherently social social animals.animals.

inherently inherently adad. .

— — by its or one’s nature; intrinsically by its or one’s nature; intrinsically

More to learnMore to learn

The truth of the matter is that the Web is no more The truth of the matter is that the Web is no more inherentlyinherently dangerous than anything else in the world. dangerous than anything else in the world.

In fact, the Web in itself is as safe as anything else in the In fact, the Web in itself is as safe as anything else in the world. world.

ParaphraseParaphrase

inflictinflict v.v.

— — force somebody to experience (something very force somebody to experience (something very unpleasant) unpleasant)

ExamplesExamples

• These sufferings inflicted on the children by the These sufferings inflicted on the children by the blockade are terrible to see. blockade are terrible to see.

• I wish you wouldn’t keep inflicting your view on I wish you wouldn’t keep inflicting your view on others in the room. others in the room.

alteralter v.v.

— — change or make sb or sth. change change or make sb or sth. change

ExamplesExamples

• These clothes are too large; they must be These clothes are too large; they must be alteredaltered. .

• His appearance hasn’t His appearance hasn’t alteredaltered a bit. a bit.

corruptcorrupt v.v.

— — cause to become morally bad; change from good to cause to become morally bad; change from good to bad bad

ExamplesExamples

• When she started her career she was an honest and When she started her career she was an honest and decent girl but vanity decent girl but vanity corruptedcorrupted her quickly. her quickly.

• Sex and violence on the television and film can Sex and violence on the television and film can corruptcorrupt young people. young people.

exception exception n.n.

— — ( a case of ) excepting or being excepted; a situation ( a case of ) excepting or being excepted; a situation that is unusual and varies greatly from the excepted that is unusual and varies greatly from the excepted norm norm

ExamplesExamples

• Snow was generally light or did not remain on the Snow was generally light or did not remain on the ground long after falling. There were few ground long after falling. There were few exceptionsexceptions..

• You must all take the examination. I can make no You must all take the examination. I can make no exceptionsexceptions. .


with the exception ofwith the exception of— — except; apart from except; apart from

ExamplesExamples

• With the exception ofWith the exception of Tom, everyone went to summer Tom, everyone went to summer camp. camp.

• With the exception ofWith the exception of a few spelling mistakes, it is a a few spelling mistakes, it is a good composition. good composition.


without exceptionwithout exception— — including all, with no exclusion including all, with no exclusion

ExamplesExamples

• You must all take the physical exam You must all take the physical exam without without exceptionexception..

• All members, All members, without exceptionwithout exception, must fill out this , must fill out this form. form.

magnifymagnify v.v.

— — make something larger than it really is; exaggerate make something larger than it really is; exaggerate

ExamplesExamples

• The glass The glass magnifiedmagnified the object so that we saw it bigger the object so that we saw it bigger than life-size. than life-size.

• She tends to She tends to magnifymagnify all her problems and complain all her problems and complain incessantly. incessantly.

posepose n.n.

— — a position in which someone stands, sits, etc., esp. in a position in which someone stands, sits, etc., esp. in order to be photographed, painted order to be photographed, painted

ExamplesExamples

• He nervously assumed a stiff He nervously assumed a stiff posepose next to the fireplace. next to the fireplace.

• The children were photographed in amusing The children were photographed in amusing posesposes. .


posepose v.v.

— — cause (esp. a problem or difficulty) cause (esp. a problem or difficulty)

ExamplesExamples

• I’m glad they’re coming to stay but it does I’m glad they’re coming to stay but it does posepose the the problem of where they can all sleep. problem of where they can all sleep.

• The increase in student numbers The increase in student numbers posesposes many problems many problems for the universities. for the universities.

fakefake a.a.

— — made and intended to deceive made and intended to deceive

ExamplesExamples

• Nowadays Nowadays fakefake name-brand articles flood the stalls name-brand articles flood the stalls along this lane. along this lane.

• He wore a He wore a fakefake moustache to the party. moustache to the party.


fakefake v.v.

— — copy something so as to deceive copy something so as to deceive

ExamplesExamples

• He He fakedfaked her signature to get money from the bank. her signature to get money from the bank.

• Tom was arrested for Tom was arrested for fakingfaking some famous paintings. some famous paintings.

compelcompel v.v.

— — make (a person or a thing) do something by force, make (a person or a thing) do something by force, moral persuasion or orders that must be obeyed moral persuasion or orders that must be obeyed

ExamplesExamples

• He was He was compelledcompelled to give up his studies due to his to give up his studies due to his illness. illness.

• We are often We are often compelledcompelled to say things we don’t mean to say things we don’t mean out of politeness.out of politeness.

misrepresentmisrepresent v.v.

— — give an intentionally untrue account or explanation ofgive an intentionally untrue account or explanation of

ExamplesExamples

• The company The company misrepresentedmisrepresented its products in the its products in the advertisement. advertisement.

• ““The press are The press are misrepresentingmisrepresenting my views on this my views on this matter,” he claimed.matter,” he claimed.

As for the rest of us, getting As for the rest of us, getting taken intaken in by these people is a low by these people is a low probability.probability.

ExamplesExamples

• It took me a long time to take in the title of this novel. It took me a long time to take in the title of this novel.

• The meaning of the sentence is too involved for the The meaning of the sentence is too involved for the students to take in at once.students to take in at once.

take intake in vv. .

— — understand fully understand fully


As for the rest of us, getting As for the rest of us, getting taken intaken in by these people is a low by these people is a low probability.probability.

ExamplesExamples

• He was quite taken in by her pretense of modesty. He was quite taken in by her pretense of modesty.

• We are completely taken in by his story and lent him We are completely taken in by his story and lent him the money at once.the money at once.

take intake in vv. .

— — deceive; cheat deceive; cheat


As for the rest of us, getting taken in by these people is a low As for the rest of us, getting taken in by these people is a low probability.probability.

The rest of us are far from likely to be cheated by The rest of us are far from likely to be cheated by these people online. these people online.


cuecue n.n.

— — hint or suggestion, a signal for someone to do hint or suggestion, a signal for someone to do somethingsomething

ExamplesExamples

• When I turn around I saw that it was your When I turn around I saw that it was your cuecue to stop to stop talking and exit the room. talking and exit the room.

• They started collecting the dishes and washing up, so They started collecting the dishes and washing up, so that was our that was our cuecue to leave the party. to leave the party.

competentcompetent a.a.

—— having the ability or skill to do something having the ability or skill to do something

ExamplesExamples

• I wouldn’t say she was brilliant but she is I wouldn’t say she was brilliant but she is competentcompetent at her job. at her job.

• My secretary is perfectly My secretary is perfectly competentcompetent, but she doesn’t , but she doesn’t have initiative.have initiative.

When someone is trying to When someone is trying to deceivedeceive us online, inconsistencies, us online, inconsistencies, the essence that they are trying “too hard” or are just plain the essence that they are trying “too hard” or are just plain unbelievable, often come through loud and clear.unbelievable, often come through loud and clear.

ExamplesExamples

• They They deceiveddeceived children into stealing from children into stealing from supermarkets. supermarkets.

• We are We are deceiveddeceived by his uniform ─ we had assumed by his uniform ─ we had assumed that he was a soldier.that he was a soldier.

deceive deceive vv. .

— — cause sb. to accept as true or good what is false or bad, cause sb. to accept as true or good what is false or bad, esp. for dishonest purpose; cheat esp. for dishonest purpose; cheat


When someone is trying to When someone is trying to deceivedeceive us online, inconsistencies, us online, inconsistencies, the essence that they are trying “too hard” or are just plain the essence that they are trying “too hard” or are just plain unbelievable, often come through loud and clear.unbelievable, often come through loud and clear.

When someone is trying to deceive us online, you would When someone is trying to deceive us online, you would discover very obvious contradictions in what they say. discover very obvious contradictions in what they say. These would be unfailing proof that they are trying “too These would be unfailing proof that they are trying “too hard” or are simply not to be trusted. hard” or are simply not to be trusted.


likewiselikewise ad.ad.

——in the same way; similarly in the same way; similarly

ExamplesExamples

• Just water these flowers once a week, and Just water these flowers once a week, and likewiselikewise the the trees in the garden. trees in the garden.

• I became angry, and she reacted I became angry, and she reacted likewiselikewise..

tendencytendency n.n.

——a likelihood to move in a certain direction or do sth; a likelihood to move in a certain direction or do sth; trend trend

ExamplesExamples

• There is a There is a tendencytendency for the unemployment to rise in for the unemployment to rise in this field. this field.

• There is a growing There is a growing tendencytendency for people to pursue for people to pursue lifelong education.lifelong education.

Narcissism (it’s all about “meeeee”) Narcissism (it’s all about “meeeee”) 22, those people who have , those people who have nothing but negativity or unpleasant things to say about nothing but negativity or unpleasant things to say about others, and those who feel compelled to others, and those who feel compelled to undermineundermine others and others and who think they must who think they must blow outblow out the other guys’ candles in order the other guys’ candles in order for their own to shine can be spotted a cybermile away.for their own to shine can be spotted a cybermile away.

ExamplesExamples

• Drugs Drugs underminedundermined his health. his health.

• He He underminedundermined my authority by allowing students to my authority by allowing students to be absent from class. be absent from class.

undermine undermine vv. .

— — weaken (esp. someone’s power or chance of success), weaken (esp. someone’s power or chance of success), often gradually often gradually


Narcissism (it’s all about “meeeee”) 2, those people who have Narcissism (it’s all about “meeeee”) 2, those people who have nothing but negativity or unpleasant things to say about nothing but negativity or unpleasant things to say about others, and those who feel compelled to others, and those who feel compelled to undermineundermine others and others and who think they must who think they must blow outblow out the other guys’ candles in order the other guys’ candles in order for their own to shine can be spotted a cybermile away.for their own to shine can be spotted a cybermile away.

ExamplesExamples

• She She blewblew the oil lamp the oil lamp outout. .

• The sudden wind The sudden wind blew outblew out the candles . the candles .

blow out blow out vv. .

— — extinguish by blowing extinguish by blowing


Narcissism (it’s all about “meeeee”) 2, those people who have Narcissism (it’s all about “meeeee”) 2, those people who have nothing but negativity or unpleasant things to say about nothing but negativity or unpleasant things to say about others, and those who feel compelled to others, and those who feel compelled to undermineundermine others and others and who think they must who think they must blow outblow out the other guys’ candles in order the other guys’ candles in order for their own to shine can be spotted a cybermile away.for their own to shine can be spotted a cybermile away.

Self-centered people can be recognized from very far Self-centered people can be recognized from very far away online because they tend to criticize others or away online because they tend to criticize others or devalue others in an effort to win more attention and devalue others in an effort to win more attention and respect from others. respect from others.


bring outbring out v.v.

—— evoke, present evoke, present

ExamplesExamples

• This kind of work This kind of work brings outbrings out the best in him. the best in him.

• A crisis can A crisis can bring outbring out the best and the worst in people. the best and the worst in people.


bring outbring out v.v.

——publish, produce publish, produce

ExamplesExamples

• He still insisted that he He still insisted that he bring outbring out her book in the her book in the summer. summer.

• The company has The company has brought outbrought out a new type of laptop a new type of laptop computer. computer.

open upopen up v.v.

—— speak more freely speak more freely

ExamplesExamples

• When she felt she could trust me she began to When she felt she could trust me she began to open upopen up. .

• Usually after a few drinks he would Usually after a few drinks he would open upopen up. .

option option n.n.

—— choice; one thing which can be chosen from a set of choice; one thing which can be chosen from a set of possibilities possibilities

ExamplesExamples

• One One optionoption would be to reduce the scale of the would be to reduce the scale of the construction project. construction project.

• You have the You have the optionoption of manual or automatic of manual or automatic transmission. transmission.

offend offend v.v.

—— hurt the feelings of; upset hurt the feelings of; upset

ExamplesExamples

• The father was very The father was very offendedoffended that his children forgot that his children forgot his birthday. his birthday.

• His crud language His crud language offendedoffended her sense of modesty. her sense of modesty.

craft craft v.v.

—— carefully make something by hand or carefully carefully make something by hand or carefully conceive or choose conceive or choose

ExamplesExamples

• This is a beautifully This is a beautifully craftedcrafted vase. vase.

• This is a beautifully This is a beautifully craftedcrafted poem, the words and poem, the words and rhythm following effortlessly. rhythm following effortlessly.


craft craft n.n.

—— skill, esp. with one’s hand; skill in deceiving people skill, esp. with one’s hand; skill in deceiving people

ExamplesExamples

• He is learning the He is learning the craftcraft of wood carving. of wood carving.

• He used his He used his craftcraft to persuade the customer to buy that to persuade the customer to buy that expensive article. expensive article.


Compound wordsCompound words

• handcraft, stagecraft, craftsman. handcraft, stagecraft, craftsman.

craft craft n.n.

—— a boat or a ship a boat or a ship

ExampleExample

• The harbour was full of pleasure The harbour was full of pleasure craftcraft. .

Compound wordsCompound words

• aircraft, spacecraftaircraft, spacecraft

convey convey v.v.

—— make (feelings, ideas, thoughts, etc.) known make (feelings, ideas, thoughts, etc.) known

ExamplesExamples

• I tried to I tried to conveyconvey what I felt in a clumsily worded what I felt in a clumsily worded speech.speech.

• He put his finger to his lips to He put his finger to his lips to conveyconvey to us that we to us that we shouldn’t say anything. shouldn’t say anything.

thanks to thanks to —— because of, owing to because of, owing to

ExamplesExamples

• Thanks toThanks to your help I have succeeded in my mission. your help I have succeeded in my mission.

• It is It is thanks tothanks to Jim that I get out of real trouble last Jim that I get out of real trouble last time. time.

oppose oppose v.v.

—— regard (esp. a suggestion or planned course of action ) regard (esp. a suggestion or planned course of action ) with strong disapproval; against with strong disapproval; against

ExamplesExamples

• Many people Many people opposedopposed making war on Iraq. making war on Iraq.

• He was strongly He was strongly opposedopposed to my plan. to my plan.

Content AwarenessContent Awareness

• Read and Choose Read and Choose (Ex. 2)(Ex. 2)

• Read and Think Read and Think (Ex. 3)(Ex. 3)

• Read and Complete (Ex. 4)Read and Complete (Ex. 4)

Ex. 2Ex. 2 Choose the best answer to each question with the Choose the best answer to each question with the information from the passage.information from the passage.

1.1. The media and many social and behavioral scientists think that The media and many social and behavioral scientists think that

the Web _______.the Web _______.

A)A) is very dangerous to surfersis very dangerous to surfers

B)B) is the most evil thing in the worldis the most evil thing in the world

C)C) has special power to overpower its usershas special power to overpower its users

D)D) is fairly innocent of any evil effectsis fairly innocent of any evil effects

1.1. The media and many social and behavioral scientists think that The media and many social and behavioral scientists think that

the Web _______.the Web _______.

A)A) is very dangerous to surfersis very dangerous to surfers

B)B) is the most evil thing in the worldis the most evil thing in the world

C)C) has special power to overpower its usershas special power to overpower its users

D)D) is fairly innocent of any evil effectsis fairly innocent of any evil effects

Ex. 2Ex. 2 Choose the best answer to each question with information Choose the best answer to each question with information from the passage.from the passage.

2.2. According to the passage, people who like to deceive online are According to the passage, people who like to deceive online are

________.________.

A)A) those who are faithful in the real worldthose who are faithful in the real world

B)B) those who are compelled to deceive in the real worldthose who are compelled to deceive in the real world

C)C) those who also like to cheat in the real worldthose who also like to cheat in the real world

D)D) those who are always masking themselves in the real those who are always masking themselves in the real

worldworld

2.2. According to the passage, people who like to deceive online are According to the passage, people who like to deceive online are

________.________.

A)A) those who are faithful in the real worldthose who are faithful in the real world

B)B) those who are compelled to deceive in the real worldthose who are compelled to deceive in the real world

C)C) those who also like to cheat in the real worldthose who also like to cheat in the real world

D)D) those who are always masking themselves in the real those who are always masking themselves in the real

worldworld


3.3. How do shy people feel when they are communicating on the How do shy people feel when they are communicating on the

Internet?Internet?

A)A) They feel more confident on the Internet.They feel more confident on the Internet.

B)B) They can disguise themselves.They can disguise themselves.

C)C) They feel more nervous on the Internet.They feel more nervous on the Internet.

D)D) They won’t be laughed at stuttering.They won’t be laughed at stuttering.

3.3. How do shy people feel when they are communicating on the How do shy people feel when they are communicating on the

Internet?Internet?

A)A) They feel more confident on the Internet.They feel more confident on the Internet.

B)B) They can disguise themselves.They can disguise themselves.

C)C) They feel more nervous on the Internet.They feel more nervous on the Internet.

D)D) They won’t be laughed at stuttering.They won’t be laughed at stuttering.


4.4. When members of the digital culture make use of the Internet, When members of the digital culture make use of the Internet,

they will________.they will________.

A)A) broaden their horizonsbroaden their horizons

B)B) get more opportunity to change their livesget more opportunity to change their lives

C)C) find more chances to get to know each otherfind more chances to get to know each other

D)D) become addicted to surfingbecome addicted to surfing

4.4. When members of the digital culture make use of the Internet, When members of the digital culture make use of the Internet,

they will________.they will________.

A)A) broaden their horizonsbroaden their horizons

B)B) get more opportunity to change their livesget more opportunity to change their lives

C)C) find more chances to get to know each otherfind more chances to get to know each other

D)D) become addicted to surfingbecome addicted to surfing


5.5. If you want to succeed in an online communication you If you want to succeed in an online communication you

should__________.should__________.

A)A) increase your typing speed so that you can input more increase your typing speed so that you can input more

informationinformation

B)B) be more patient and listen to others carefully be more patient and listen to others carefully

C)C) carefully choose your words so as not to be carefully choose your words so as not to be

misunderstoodmisunderstood

D)D) interrupt people when they are too talkativeinterrupt people when they are too talkative

5.5. If you want to succeed in an online communication you If you want to succeed in an online communication you

should__________.should__________.

A)A) increase your typing speed so that you can input more increase your typing speed so that you can input more

informationinformation

B)B) be more patient and listen to others carefully be more patient and listen to others carefully

C)C) carefully choose your words so as not to be carefully choose your words so as not to be

misunderstoodmisunderstood

D)D) interrupt people when they are too talkativeinterrupt people when they are too talkative

Ex. 3Ex. 3 Answer the following questions with information from the Answer the following questions with information from the passage.passage.

1.1. What can help us to detect the dishonest folks online?What can help us to detect the dishonest folks online?

Some hints (or cues) in what they say, for example, Some hints (or cues) in what they say, for example,

inconsistencies.inconsistencies.

ReferenceReferenceReferenceReference


2.2. Are you willing to tell your online friends your about worries or Are you willing to tell your online friends your about worries or

frustrations? Why or why not?frustrations? Why or why not?

Yes. Because I needn’t expose my real identity and in this way I Yes. Because I needn’t expose my real identity and in this way I

can relieve my mental pressure more freely.can relieve my mental pressure more freely.



3.3. What is the power of words on the Internet?What is the power of words on the Internet?

Words can harm, hurt and offend. In the same way words can Words can harm, hurt and offend. In the same way words can

offer humor, help, support and encouragement. offer humor, help, support and encouragement.



4.4. What is the writer’s attitude toward the digital culture?What is the writer’s attitude toward the digital culture?

Supportive. The whole passage is arguing for that.Supportive. The whole passage is arguing for that.


Ex. 3Ex. 3 Answer the following questions with information you obtain Answer the following questions with information you obtain from the passage.from the passage.

5.5. Do you enjoy the digital culture? Justify your answer.Do you enjoy the digital culture? Justify your answer.

This is an open exercise. Try to justify your answer.This is an open exercise. Try to justify your answer.


Ex. 4Ex. 4 Complete the summary of the text. The first letter of the Complete the summary of the text. The first letter of the missing word has been given to you,missing word has been given to you,

The news media and social and behaviour scientists have recentlThe news media and social and behaviour scientists have recentl

y y (1)(1) w_______ us, Internet users that web (2) c____________ can be w_______ us, Internet users that web (2) c____________ can be

(3) d__________ because some Internet users can hide behind false (3) d__________ because some Internet users can hide behind false

(4) i__________ and names to deceive us. However, the author thinks (4) i__________ and names to deceive us. However, the author thinks

the Internet is not inherently dangerous unless you are weak-willed or the Internet is not inherently dangerous unless you are weak-willed or

willing to be (5) c________. Then the author (6) i__________ the reasowilling to be (5) c________. Then the author (6) i__________ the reaso

ns why the bad people using the net can't deceive us. Finally the authns why the bad people using the net can't deceive us. Finally the auth

or lists five (7) a__________ of the Internet. or lists five (7) a__________ of the Internet.

warned communication

dangerous

identities

cheated illustrates

advantages

Ex. 4Ex. 4 Complete the summary of the text. The first letter of the Complete the summary of the text. The first letter of the missing word has been given to you,missing word has been given to you,

First, the Web can bring out the best in people; second, people are First, the Web can bring out the best in people; second, people are

judged (8) d__________ on the Web and thus people will not judge judged (8) d__________ on the Web and thus people will not judge

others by their (9) a__________ only; third, people will speak and others by their (9) a__________ only; third, people will speak and

write more freely on the Web; fourth, the Web provides us with more write more freely on the Web; fourth, the Web provides us with more

(10) o__________ to change our lives; and finally we learn the power (10) o__________ to change our lives; and finally we learn the power

of words and learn to become better listeners on the web. In short, of words and learn to become better listeners on the web. In short,

digital culture is good for us.digital culture is good for us.

differently

appearance

opportunities

Language FocusLanguage Focus

• Vocabulary (Ex. 5) (Ex. 5)

• Phrases (Ex. 6)(Ex. 6)

• Synonyms & Antonyms (Ex. 7)Synonyms & Antonyms (Ex. 7)

• Read and Translate (Ex. 8)(Ex. 8)

• Read and Simulate (Ex. 9)(Ex. 9)

1.1. By the age of 20, Mozart had written some ten operas and was By the age of 20, Mozart had written some ten operas and was well prepared for the demanding audiences that _____ him in well prepared for the demanding audiences that _____ him in Vienna.Vienna.

awaited awaited

awaitawait maskmask pose pose distract distract undermine undermine spotspot overtake overtake judgejudge cuecue offend offend

2.2. After only three years in the American market, our US sales there After only three years in the American market, our US sales there ______ those in Japan. ______ those in Japan.

have overtakenhave overtaken

Ex. 5Ex. 5 Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Make changes Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Make changes where necessary.where necessary.

3.3. Earthquakes ____ such serious danger to the country that Japan Earthquakes ____ such serious danger to the country that Japan has become a world leader in earthquake prediction, earthquake-has become a world leader in earthquake prediction, earthquake-proof construction techniques, and disaster preparedness by proof construction techniques, and disaster preparedness by both civil defense forces and the general public. both civil defense forces and the general public.

pose pose

4.4. American artists often took their ______ from European literary American artists often took their ______ from European literary salons and art schools, and cultured Americans traveled to salons and art schools, and cultured Americans traveled to Europe to become educated. Europe to become educated. cues cues



5.5. A series of body explosions ________ all hopes for a peaceful A series of body explosions ________ all hopes for a peaceful solution in the Middle East. solution in the Middle East.

has underminedhas undermined

6.6. When he realized the police had _____ him, the man made for the When he realized the police had _____ him, the man made for the exit as quickly as possible.exit as quickly as possible.

spotted spotted



7.7. Many of the scientists and engineers are ______ in terms of how Many of the scientists and engineers are ______ in terms of how profitable their achievements are.profitable their achievements are.

judged judged

8.8. A person who moves to a house on a busy street may initially be A person who moves to a house on a busy street may initially be _____ every time a noisy vehicle drives by but after a month he _____ every time a noisy vehicle drives by but after a month he will become used to it.will become used to it.

distracted distracted



9.9. These publishers all depended on the favor of the English crown These publishers all depended on the favor of the English crown for their existence, and so they only published materials that did for their existence, and so they only published materials that did not _____ royalty.not _____ royalty.

offend offend

10.10. They will seek to persuade others that they are moral in the They will seek to persuade others that they are moral in the accepted sense of the term in order to ____their motives to gain accepted sense of the term in order to ____their motives to gain the awards.the awards. maskmask



1.1. This work has ________ the best in him even though he is not as This work has ________ the best in him even though he is not as good usually.good usually.

brought out brought out

2.2. He likes all winter sports _______ skiing because he thinks He likes all winter sports _______ skiing because he thinks skiing is too dangerous. skiing is too dangerous.

with the exception ofwith the exception of

Ex. 6Ex. 6 Complete the following sentences with phrases or Complete the following sentences with phrases or expressions from the passage. Make changes where expressions from the passage. Make changes where necessary.necessary.

3.3. During the last 20 years, computing power has doubled about During the last 20 years, computing power has doubled about every 18 months ____ the creation of faster microprocessors, every 18 months ____ the creation of faster microprocessors, the incorporation of multiple microprocessor designs, and the the incorporation of multiple microprocessor designs, and the development of new storage technologies. development of new storage technologies. thanks tothanks to

4.4. Don’t let yourself be _____ by those advertisements, which offer Don’t let yourself be _____ by those advertisements, which offer false information and mislead you. false information and mislead you.

taken intaken in


5.5. During the years following World War II, the United States and During the years following World War II, the United States and the former Soviet Union engaged in efforts to construct the former Soviet Union engaged in efforts to construct intercontinental ballistic missiles ______traveling thousands of intercontinental ballistic missiles ______traveling thousands of miles armed with nuclear warheads. miles armed with nuclear warheads.

capable ofcapable of


1. __________________ is similar in meaning to ____________________.1. __________________ is similar in meaning to ____________________.





InternetInternet networknetwork webweb interconnectioninterconnection globalglobalofflineoffline worldwideworldwide digitaldigital harmfulharmful deceitdeceitonlineonline numericalnumerical deceptiondeception harmlessharmless

Internet Internet

Ex. 7Ex. 7 The following computer-related words occur in this text. Find The following computer-related words occur in this text. Find five pairs of near synonyms and two pairs of near antonyms.five pairs of near synonyms and two pairs of near antonyms.

Synonyms

webweb

global global worldwideworldwide

network network interconnectioninterconnection

digital digital numericalnumerical

deceit deceit deceptiondeception

1. ________________ is nearly opposite in meaning to 1. ________________ is nearly opposite in meaning to

__________________.__________________.

2. ________________ is nearly opposite in meaning to 2. ________________ is nearly opposite in meaning to

__________________.__________________.

InternetInternet networknetwork webweb interconnectioninterconnection globalglobalofflineoffline worldwideworldwide digitaldigital harmfulharmful deceitdeceitonlineonline numericalnumerical deceptiondeception harmlessharmless

online online

Ex. 7Ex. 7 The following computer-related words occur in this text. Find The following computer-related words occur in this text. Find five pairs of near synonyms and two pairs of near antonyms.five pairs of near synonyms and two pairs of near antonyms.

Antonyms

offlineoffline

harmless harmless harmfulharmful

Ex. 8Ex. 8 Translate the following sentences into English.Translate the following sentences into English.

1.1. 要是他适合当校长，那么哪个学生都可以当。（要是他适合当校长，那么哪个学生都可以当。（ no moreno more

…than…than））

no more…thanno more…than

He is no more fit to be a headmaster than any schoolboy He is no more fit to be a headmaster than any schoolboy would be.would be.


2.2. 至于她的父亲，她不敢肯定是否会接收她和至于她的父亲，她不敢肯定是否会接收她和她她的小孩。的小孩。 (as (as

for)for)

as foras for not sure whethernot sure whether

As for her father, she is not sure whether he will accept As for her father, she is not sure whether he will accept her and her baby.her and her baby.


undermineundermine whilewhile

Staying up late will undermine one’s health while going to Staying up late will undermine one’s health while going to bed early and getting up early will benefit it.bed early and getting up early will benefit it.

3.3. 晚睡会损害健康而早睡早起有益于健康。晚睡会损害健康而早睡早起有益于健康。 (undermine)(undermine)


conveyconvey

The ambassador personally conveyed the president’s The ambassador personally conveyed the president’s message to the premier. message to the premier.

4.4. 大使亲自向总理转达了总统的问候。大使亲自向总理转达了总统的问候。 (convey)(convey)

personallypersonally

5.5. 这个女孩决定敞开心扉，把她看见的一切都告诉警方。这个女孩决定敞开心扉，把她看见的一切都告诉警方。(open up)(open up)


open upopen up what she had what she had seenseen

The girl decided to open up and tell the police what she The girl decided to open up and tell the police what she had seen.had seen.

1.1. The truth of the matter is that the Web is The truth of the matter is that the Web is no moreno more inherently inherently dangerous dangerous thanthan anything else in the world. anything else in the world.

Ex. 9Ex. 9 Read the following sentences carefully, and then make your Read the following sentences carefully, and then make your own sentences using the patterns in red.own sentences using the patterns in red.

________________________no moreno more_____ _____ thanthan_______________._______________.

I happen to know that the new method is I happen to know that the new method is no moreno more reliable reliable thanthan the old one. the old one.


2.2. Like the old tale that the vampire Like the old tale that the vampire cannotcannot harm you harm you unlessunless you you invite it to cross your threshold, the Internet cannot corrupt invite it to cross your threshold, the Internet cannot corrupt without being invited.without being invited.


I I cannotcannot be happy be happy unlessunless I find a job. I find a job.


_________ _________ cannotcannot_____ _____ unlessunless___________________________.___________________________.

3.3. The only people who feel compelled to mask, and The only people who feel compelled to mask, and otherwiseotherwise misr misrepresent themselves online are the same people who are mysteriepresent themselves online are the same people who are mysterious and unfrank in “real life”.ous and unfrank in “real life”.


Man should provide positive models for kids who might Man should provide positive models for kids who might otherwiseotherwise be out street. be out street.


________otherwiseotherwise____________________________________.____________________________________.

4.4. LikewiseLikewise, just like in the “real world”, a host of other , just like in the “real world”, a host of other unacceptable tendencies can be readily recognized online.unacceptable tendencies can be readily recognized online.


A fish doesn’t know what water is. A fish doesn’t know what water is. LikewiseLikewise, we often , we often do not think too much about the culture we are raised do not think too much about the culture we are raised in.in.


LikewiseLikewise, ________________________________________________., ________________________________________________.

5.5. On the Internet people On the Internet people are judged byare judged by their personality, beliefs their personality, beliefs and online actions, and online actions, not bynot by their physical appearance. their physical appearance.


At first glance, a book At first glance, a book is often judged byis often judged by the quality the quality and appearance of its cover, and appearance of its cover, not bynot by its content. its content.


_________ _________ judged by judged by_______________, _______________, not bynot by_____________._____________.

SituationSituationSituationSituation TaskTaskTaskTask TIPSTIPSTIPSTIPS

Work in pairs and complete the following tasks.Work in pairs and complete the following tasks.

SituationSituationSituationSituation TaskTaskTaskTask


Old buildings can remind people of Old buildings can remind people of traditional culture. But now, many old traditional culture. But now, many old buildings are demolished in order to build buildings are demolished in order to build new buildings or new factories. People new buildings or new factories. People usually have different ideas on protecting usually have different ideas on protecting old things. old things.

TIPSTIPSTIPSTIPS

SituationSituationSituationSituation TaskTaskTaskTask


Work in pairs to discuss or debate the topic: Work in pairs to discuss or debate the topic: “Is it necessary to Protect Traditional “Is it necessary to Protect Traditional Culture?” Culture?” Suppose you and your friend Suppose you and your friend have different opinions on protecting old have different opinions on protecting old buildings.buildings.

TIPSTIPSTIPSTIPS

nostalgic (nostalgic ( 思乡的思乡的 ,,怀旧的怀旧的 ), keep up wit), keep up with the times, preserve, historical value of h the times, preserve, historical value of old things, our forefathers’ society, heritold things, our forefathers’ society, heritage , to sacrifice modern technologyage , to sacrifice modern technology

nostalgic (nostalgic ( 思乡的思乡的 ,,怀旧的怀旧的 ), keep up wit), keep up with the times, preserve, historical value of h the times, preserve, historical value of old things, our forefathers’ society, heritold things, our forefathers’ society, heritage , to sacrifice modern technologyage , to sacrifice modern technology

I get so nostalgic when I walk through these old buildings.I get so nostalgic when I walk through these old buildings.

A people can be modern and still appreciate the past.A people can be modern and still appreciate the past.

……much time, effort, and money goes into restoring an old building…much time, effort, and money goes into restoring an old building…

Out with the old, in with the new!Out with the old, in with the new!

If we don’t preserve our heritage, then the next generation…If we don’t preserve our heritage, then the next generation…

I get so nostalgic when I walk through these old buildings.I get so nostalgic when I walk through these old buildings.

A people can be modern and still appreciate the past.A people can be modern and still appreciate the past.

……much time, effort, and money goes into restoring an old building…much time, effort, and money goes into restoring an old building…

Out with the old, in with the new!Out with the old, in with the new!

If we don’t preserve our heritage, then the next generation…If we don’t preserve our heritage, then the next generation…

Expressions you may use:Expressions you may use:

Words you may use:Words you may use:

TIPSTIPSTIPSTIPS

Write a short passage of 120 words or so on the topic: Write a short passage of 120 words or so on the topic: “Importance of Culture in Business”.“Importance of Culture in Business”.


Importance of Culture in BusinessImportance of Culture in Business

Culture plays an important role in business. In different cultures Culture plays an important role in business. In different cultures there are different ideas about when meetings should be there are different ideas about when meetings should be scheduled, how much notice should be given, where people scheduled, how much notice should be given, where people should be seated and how the negotiations should proceed. should be seated and how the negotiations should proceed. During the negotiation there are also vast cultural differences in During the negotiation there are also vast cultural differences in what is considered appropriate language, communication style what is considered appropriate language, communication style and body language. For example, some cultures value eye contact, and body language. For example, some cultures value eye contact, others do not. Some cultures use "yes" as an acknowledgement of others do not. Some cultures use "yes" as an acknowledgement of what the person has said, others use "yes" only for agreement. what the person has said, others use "yes" only for agreement. Social conventions of greeting, dress, eating and entertaining Social conventions of greeting, dress, eating and entertaining also vary considerably amongst cultures and these are important also vary considerably amongst cultures and these are important to learn since a lot of business takes place while having dinner or to learn since a lot of business takes place while having dinner or enjoying drinks together.enjoying drinks together.

If a businessman attempts a cross-cultural business If a businessman attempts a cross-cultural business partnership without an adequate awareness of his collaborate’s partnership without an adequate awareness of his collaborate’s culture, he is likely to encounter misunderstanding and may even culture, he is likely to encounter misunderstanding and may even cause offence. This will damage and may even end the business cause offence. This will damage and may even end the business relationship. Therefore, cultural differences must be carefully relationship. Therefore, cultural differences must be carefully handled when doing business with people from different handled when doing business with people from different countries.countries.

Passage BPassage B

• Think About It

• Read About It

Before reading the passage B, describe the pictures to your Before reading the passage B, describe the pictures to your classmatesclassmates

1. 1. Try to define “culture” after discussing it with your Try to define “culture” after discussing it with your classmates.classmates.

Culture, in anthropology, the patterns of behavior and Culture, in anthropology, the patterns of behavior and thinking that people living in social groups learn, create, and thinking that people living in social groups learn, create, and share. Culture distinguishes one human group from others. It share. Culture distinguishes one human group from others. It also distinguishes humans from other animals. A people’s also distinguishes humans from other animals. A people’s culture includes their beliefs, rules of behavior, language, culture includes their beliefs, rules of behavior, language, rituals, art, technology, styles of dress, ways of producing rituals, art, technology, styles of dress, ways of producing and cooking food, religion, and political and economic and cooking food, religion, and political and economic systems.systems.


2.2. Have you ever been to a place with a culture that is Have you ever been to a place with a culture that is different from yours? What differences have you different from yours? What differences have you noticed?noticed?

OpenOpen


3.3. Have you ever experienced any kind of culture Have you ever experienced any kind of culture shock? Tell your story to your classmates.shock? Tell your story to your classmates.

OpenOpen


Read About ItRead About It

• Language Points

• Content AwarenessContent Awareness

• Language Focus

• Reading Skill Practice

• Translating Skill Practice

Cultural Differences Cultural Differences

In 1993, I had my first opportunity to visit Russia as a representative of the University of California. I was there to provide some technical assistance in the area of agricultural labor management. “Russians are a very polite people,” I had been tutored before my arrival. One of my interpreters, once I was there, explainedthat a gentleman should pour the lemonade (a type of juice) for the ladies and show other courtesies to them.

Toward the end of my three-week trip I was invited by my young Russian host and friend Dmitri Ivanovich and his lovely wife Yielena

out to dinner. At the end of a wonderful meal Yielena asked if I would

like a banana. I politely declined and thanked her, and explained I was

most satisfied with the meal. But the whole while my mind was

racing: “What do I do? Do I offer her a banana even though they are

as close to her as they are to me? What is the polite thing to do?”

“Would you like a banana?” I asked Yielena.

“Yes,” she smiled, but made no attempt to take any of the three

bananas in the fruit basket. “What now?” I thought.

“Which one would you like?” I fumbled.

“That one,” she pointed at one of the bananas. So all the while thin

king about Russian politeness I picked the banana Yielena had pointe

d at and peeled it half way and handed it to her. Smiles in Yielena and

Dmitri’s faces told me I had done the right thing. After this experience

I spent much time letting the world know that in Russia, the polite thin

g is to peel the bananas for the ladies.

Sometime during my third trip I was politely disabused of my notion.

“Oh no, Grigorii Davidovich,” a Russian graciously corrected me. “I

n Russia, when a man peels a banana for a lady it means he has a ro

mantic interest in her.” How embarrassed I felt. And here I had been

proudly telling everyone about this tidbit of cultural understanding.

Certain lessons have to be learned the hard way.

Some well meaning articles and presentations on cultural differences have

a potential to do more harm than good and may not be as amusing

. They present, like my bananas, too many generalizations or quite a

distorted view.

Some often-heard generalizations about the Hispanic culture

include: Hispanics need less personal space, make less eye contact,

touch each other more in normal conversation, and are less likely to

participate in a meeting. Generalizations are often dangerous, and especially when accompanied by recommendations such as: move closer when talking to Hispanics, make more physical contact, don’t expect participation, and so on.

Differences between people within any given nation or culture are much greater than differences between groups. Education, social standing, religion, personality, belief structure, past experience, affection shown in the home, and a myriad of other factors will affect human behavior and culture.

Sure there are differences in approach as to what is considered

polite and appropriate behavior both on and off the job. In some

cultures “yes” means, “I hear you” more than “I agree.” Length of

pleasantries and greetings before getting down to business, level of

tolerance for being around someone speaking a foreign (not-understood)

language, politeness measured in terms of gallantry or etiquette (e.g.,

standing up for a woman who approaches a table, yielding a seat on the

bus to an older person, etc.) and manner of expected dress are all

examples of possible cultural differences and traditions.

In Mexico it is customary for the arriving person to greet the

others. For instance, someone who walks into a group of people

eating would say provecho (enjoy your meal). In Chile, women often

greet both other women and men with a kiss on the cheek. In Russia

women often walk arm in arm with their female friends. Paying

attention to customs and cultural differences can give someone outside that culture a better chance of assimilation or acceptance

. Ignoring these can get an unsuspecting person into trouble.

There are cultural and ideological differences and it is good to have an understanding about a culture’s customs and ways

. Aaron Pun, a Canadian ODCnet correspondent, wrote: “

In studying cross-cultural differences, we are not looking at individuals but a comparison of one ethnic group against others. Hence, we are comparing two bell curves and generalizations cannot be avoided

.” Another correspondent explained the human need to categorize. True,

but the

danger comes when we act on some of these generalizations,

especially when they are based on faulty observations. Acting on generalizations about such matters as eye contact, personal space, touch, and interest in participation can have serious negative consequences.

(781 words)

representativerepresentative nn. .

—— a person who has been chosen to act in place of one or a person who has been chosen to act in place of one or more others more others

ExamplesExamples

• Members of Parliament are the elected Members of Parliament are the elected representativesrepresentatives of the British people. of the British people.

• Who is your group’s Who is your group’s representativerepresentative to give a to give a presentation to the class?presentation to the class?

tutortutor vv. .

—— give instructions to give instructions to

ExamplesExamples

• Children are routinely Children are routinely tutoredtutored for hours after school . for hours after school .

• He He tutoredtutored us in English. us in English.


tutortutor nn. .

—— a teacher who works with one student or a small a teacher who works with one student or a small group , either at a college or university or in the home group , either at a college or university or in the home of a child or youngster of a child or youngster

ExamplesExamples

• His His tutortutor encouraged him to read widely. encouraged him to read widely.

• Many poor college students earn part of their tuition Many poor college students earn part of their tuition fees by working as fees by working as tutorstutors..

interpreterinterpreter nn. .

—— a person who puts something spoken in one language a person who puts something spoken in one language into the words of another language into the words of another language

ExamplesExamples

• At a press conference an At a press conference an interpreterinterpreter should translate should translate quickly and accurately. quickly and accurately.

• An An interpreterinterpreter plays an important role in plays an important role in negotiations. negotiations.

courtesycourtesy nn. .

—— polite behavior; good manners; polite remarks or polite behavior; good manners; polite remarks or actions actions

ExamplesExamples

• You might get on better with your roommate if you You might get on better with your roommate if you show him some show him some courtesycourtesy. .

• The young salesman displayed a complete lack of The young salesman displayed a complete lack of courtesycourtesy to the customers until one day a lady to the customers until one day a lady complained to the management. complained to the management.

Sometime during my third trip I was politely Sometime during my third trip I was politely disabuseddisabused ofof my my notionnotion

disabusedisabuse vv. .

— — cconceive sb that their idea is wrong; free sb from a onceive sb that their idea is wrong; free sb from a wrong belief wrong belief

ExamplesExamples

• He thought that all women liked fashionable clothes, He thought that all women liked fashionable clothes, but she soon but she soon disabuseddisabused him him ofof that idea. that idea.

• I must I must disabusedisabuse you you ofof the idea that all women are the idea that all women are weak . weak .


Sometime during my third trip I was politely Sometime during my third trip I was politely disabuseddisabused ofof my my notionnotion

When I went to Russia for the third time a Russian When I went to Russia for the third time a Russian politely corrected my wrong notion.politely corrected my wrong notion.

embarrassembarrass vv. .

—— cause to feel anxious and uncomfortable cause to feel anxious and uncomfortable

ExamplesExamples

• She She embarrassedembarrassed her opponent by posing awkward her opponent by posing awkward questions at the most unexpected moments. questions at the most unexpected moments.

• I felt I felt embarrassedembarrassed that I didn’t pass the examination. that I didn’t pass the examination.

Some well meaning articles and presentations on cultural Some well meaning articles and presentations on cultural differences have a differences have a potentialpotential to do more harm than good and to do more harm than good and may not be as amusing.may not be as amusing.

potentialpotential nn. .

— — abilities and determination to develop, achieve or abilities and determination to develop, achieve or succeed; possibility to develop in a certain way or succeed; possibility to develop in a certain way or have a certain effect have a certain effect

ExamplesExamples

• Yao Ming is a young basketball player with great Yao Ming is a young basketball player with great potentialpotential. .

• We should make full use of our We should make full use of our potentialpotential. .



potentialpotential aa. .

— — that may happen or become so, although not actually that may happen or become so, although not actually existing at present existing at present

ExamplesExamples

• The first and foremost of the CIA’s jobs is assessing The first and foremost of the CIA’s jobs is assessing the long-term the long-term potentialpotential threat to the United States by threat to the United States by other countries. other countries.

• Social security is facing Social security is facing potentialpotential financial difficulties. financial difficulties.



Some articles and talks aim to help readers and audience Some articles and talks aim to help readers and audience to understand about cultural differences, but in fact, to understand about cultural differences, but in fact, are likely to mislead them, as well as being are likely to mislead them, as well as being uninteresting. uninteresting.

distortdistort vv. .

—— give an intentionally false or dishonest, or give an intentionally false or dishonest, or exaggerated account of exaggerated account of

ExamplesExamples

• Information on the Web can be Information on the Web can be distorteddistorted to influence to influence what people think about the world and what they do. what people think about the world and what they do.

• Cognitive therapists believe that irrational beliefs or Cognitive therapists believe that irrational beliefs or distorteddistorted thinking patterns can cause a variety of thinking patterns can cause a variety of serious problems, including depression and chronic serious problems, including depression and chronic anxiety. anxiety.

participate inparticipate in vv. .

—— take part in take part in

ExamplesExamples

• We actively We actively participate inparticipate in mass sports activities such mass sports activities such as the city marathon. as the city marathon.

• Prisoners may Prisoners may participate inparticipate in work or educational work or educational activities outside of prison under certain conditions. activities outside of prison under certain conditions.

accompanyaccompany vv. .

—— be provided or exist at the same time as something; be provided or exist at the same time as something; go with, esp. on a journey go with, esp. on a journey

ExamplesExamples

• Let me Let me accompanyaccompany you to the restaurant. you to the restaurant.

• AccompanyingAccompanying these temperature variations were these temperature variations were some periods of rather heavy precipitation. some periods of rather heavy precipitation.

recommendationrecommendation nn. .

—— advice or suggestion advice or suggestion

ExamplesExamples

• My teacher wrote me a letter of My teacher wrote me a letter of recommendationrecommendation to to support my job application. support my job application.

• The famous scientist put forward two very The famous scientist put forward two very controversial controversial recommendationsrecommendations concerning concerning environmental protection. environmental protection.

Differences between people within any given nation or culture Differences between people within any given nation or culture are much greater than differences between groups.are much greater than differences between groups.

The differences between people in one country or one The differences between people in one country or one culture are much greater than those between two culture are much greater than those between two countries or two cultures. countries or two cultures.

affectionaffection nn. .

—— a fond feeling for a fond feeling for

ExamplesExamples

• Mrs. Waters had, in truth, not only a good opinion of Mrs. Waters had, in truth, not only a good opinion of Tom, but a very great Tom, but a very great affectionaffection for him. for him.

• Iranians of the same sex will often kiss each other on Iranians of the same sex will often kiss each other on the cheek as a greeting and sign of the cheek as a greeting and sign of affectionaffection. .

get down toget down to vv. .

—— finally finally begin to give serious attention to begin to give serious attention to

ExamplesExamples

• It’s hard to It’s hard to get down toget down to work after a long holiday. work after a long holiday.

• I really must I really must get down toget down to my studies. I’ve dillydallied my studies. I’ve dillydallied for too long. for too long.

tolerancetolerance nn. .

—— willingness to accept or allow different or willingness to accept or allow different or questionable behavior, beliefs, customs questionable behavior, beliefs, customs

ExamplesExamples

• Thomas E. Dewey, consistently advocated the Thomas E. Dewey, consistently advocated the promotion of promotion of tolerancetolerance and liberty. and liberty.

• Many countries that practice linguistic Many countries that practice linguistic tolerancetolerance find find that they can accommodate people of different that they can accommodate people of different languages to live in harmony with each other. languages to live in harmony with each other.

in terms ofin terms of

—— expressed by; from the point of view of expressed by; from the point of view of

ExamplesExamples

• They try to find the best deal they can They try to find the best deal they can in terms ofin terms of price, quality, convenience. price, quality, convenience.

• Every citizen pays some emotional price for crime Every citizen pays some emotional price for crime in in termsterms of insecurity and anxiety. of insecurity and anxiety.

yieldyield vv. .

—— allow others to have; give up allow others to have; give up

ExamplesExamples

• He was forced to He was forced to yieldyield the post of general manager. the post of general manager.

• Neither Congress nor the Supreme Court should Neither Congress nor the Supreme Court should yieldyield to pressure from the media. to pressure from the media.


yieldyield vv. .

—— supply or produce supply or produce

ExamplesExamples

• That tree That tree yieldsyields a lot of fruit. a lot of fruit.

• The empty house The empty house yieldedyielded us shelter. us shelter.

Paying attention to customs and cultural differences can give Paying attention to customs and cultural differences can give someone outside that culture a better chance of assimilation someone outside that culture a better chance of assimilation or acceptanceor acceptance

If they pay attention to the customs and cultural If they pay attention to the customs and cultural differences those who come from another culture have a differences those who come from another culture have a better chance of being accepted by the local people. better chance of being accepted by the local people.

There are cultural and ideological differences and it is good to There are cultural and ideological differences and it is good to have an understanding about a culture’s customs and wayshave an understanding about a culture’s customs and ways

In another country, the cultural and political beliefs are In another country, the cultural and political beliefs are different from ours, therefore it’s helpful to know its different from ours, therefore it’s helpful to know its customs and ways.customs and ways.

correspondentcorrespondent nn. .

—— someone employed by a newspaper, television station someone employed by a newspaper, television station etc., to report news from a certain area or about a etc., to report news from a certain area or about a certain topic certain topic

ExamplesExamples

• American American correspondentscorrespondents in the European theatre in the European theatre accused the military of delaying, coloring and accused the military of delaying, coloring and suppressing news. suppressing news.

• ABC network ABC network correspondentcorrespondent Bill Stewart, covering Bill Stewart, covering the civil war in Nicaragua, was murdered by a the civil war in Nicaragua, was murdered by a member of the Somoza government’s National Guard. member of the Somoza government’s National Guard.

In studying cross-cultural differences, we are not looking at In studying cross-cultural differences, we are not looking at individuals but a comparison of one ethnic group against individuals but a comparison of one ethnic group against others. others. HenceHence, we are comparing two bell curves3 and , we are comparing two bell curves3 and generalizations cannot be avoided.generalizations cannot be avoided.

hencehence adad. .

— — that is the reason or explanation for; thereforethat is the reason or explanation for; therefore

ExamplesExamples

• HenceHence, the dogs had learned to associate a certain cue , the dogs had learned to associate a certain cue with food. with food.

• A better working environment improves people’s A better working environment improves people’s performance, and performance, and hencehence their productivity. their productivity.


In studying cross-cultural differences, we are not looking at In studying cross-cultural differences, we are not looking at individuals but a comparison of one ethnic group against individuals but a comparison of one ethnic group against others. others. HenceHence, we are comparing two bell curves3 and , we are comparing two bell curves3 and generalizations cannot be avoided.generalizations cannot be avoided.

When we study the differences between different When we study the differences between different cultures we are comparing the collective culture rather cultures we are comparing the collective culture rather than individuals from each culture. Therefore we focus than individuals from each culture. Therefore we focus on their general differences which will not be true of on their general differences which will not be true of everyone within those cultures.everyone within those cultures.

base …onbase …on vv. .

—— make (something) using (something else) as the make (something) using (something else) as the starting point starting point

ExamplesExamples

• This film is This film is based onbased on the novel written by Hemingway. the novel written by Hemingway.

• His arguments are His arguments are based onbased on facts. facts.

act onact on vv. .

—— do something according to do something according to

ExamplesExamples

• You should You should act onact on this advice at once or it will be too this advice at once or it will be too late. late.

• Acting onActing on your recommendation I plan to apply for your recommendation I plan to apply for the job. the job.

Content AwarenessContent Awareness

• Read and Choose Read and Choose (Ex. 12)(Ex. 12)

• Read and Answer Read and Answer (Ex. 13)(Ex. 13)

Ex. 12 Choose the best answer to each question with information from the passage.

1.1. What did the author learn about Russians before he visited What did the author learn about Russians before he visited

Russia?Russia?

A)A) They are very polite.They are very polite.

B)B) They are frank and romantic.They are frank and romantic.

C)C) Their behavior is usually very different.Their behavior is usually very different.

D)D) They are very hospitable.They are very hospitable.

1.1. What did the author learn about Russians before he visited What did the author learn about Russians before he visited

Russia?Russia?

A)A) They are very polite.They are very polite.

B)B) They are frank and romantic.They are frank and romantic.

C)C) Their behavior is usually very different.Their behavior is usually very different.

D)D) They are very hospitable.They are very hospitable.

2.2. How did the author feel about peeling a banana for a lady in How did the author feel about peeling a banana for a lady in

Russia during his first visit to Russia?Russia during his first visit to Russia?

A)A) He felt he was doing the right thing in line with Russian He felt he was doing the right thing in line with Russian

culture.culture.

B)B) He felt embarrassed for having broken a Russian custom.He felt embarrassed for having broken a Russian custom.

C)C) He felt he was making a mistake.He felt he was making a mistake.

D)D) He felt excited about his romantic experience. He felt excited about his romantic experience.

2.2. How did the author feel about peeling a banana for a lady in How did the author feel about peeling a banana for a lady in

Russia during his first visit to Russia?Russia during his first visit to Russia?

A)A) He felt he was doing the right thing in line with Russian He felt he was doing the right thing in line with Russian

culture.culture.

B)B) He felt embarrassed for having broken a Russian custom.He felt embarrassed for having broken a Russian custom.

C)C) He felt he was making a mistake.He felt he was making a mistake.

D)D) He felt excited about his romantic experience. He felt excited about his romantic experience.


3. How did the author realize that he had made a cultural blunder?3. How did the author realize that he had made a cultural blunder?

A)A) He studied Russian etiquette after his first visit to Russia.He studied Russian etiquette after his first visit to Russia.

B)B) He got a hint from the lady he offered the banana to.He got a hint from the lady he offered the banana to.

C)C) He was politely corrected by a Russian during his third He was politely corrected by a Russian during his third

visit.visit.

D)D) He consulted some books and realized his mistake.He consulted some books and realized his mistake.


3. How did the author realize that he had made a cultural blunder?3. How did the author realize that he had made a cultural blunder?

A)A) He studied Russian etiquette after his first visit to Russia.He studied Russian etiquette after his first visit to Russia.

B)B) He got a hint from the lady he offered the banana to.He got a hint from the lady he offered the banana to.

C)C) He was politely corrected by a Russian during his third He was politely corrected by a Russian during his third

visit.visit.

D)D) He consulted some books and realized his mistake.He consulted some books and realized his mistake.

4.4. What does the author mean by studying cross-cultural What does the author mean by studying cross-cultural

differences?differences?

A)A) Studying the differences between individuals within oneStudying the differences between individuals within one

ethnic group. ethnic group.

B)B) Making a comparison between one ethnic group and Making a comparison between one ethnic group and

anotheranother

in terms of culture. in terms of culture.

C)C) Making cultural generalizations about one culture based Making cultural generalizations about one culture based

onon

the standards of the other. the standards of the other.

D)D) Comparing and categorizing different cultures.Comparing and categorizing different cultures.

4.4. What does the author mean by studying cross-cultural What does the author mean by studying cross-cultural

differences?differences?

A)A) Studying the differences between individuals within oneStudying the differences between individuals within one

ethnic group. ethnic group.

B)B) Making a comparison between one ethnic group and Making a comparison between one ethnic group and

anotheranother

in terms of culture. in terms of culture.

C)C) Making cultural generalizations about one culture based Making cultural generalizations about one culture based

onon

the standards of the other. the standards of the other.

D)D) Comparing and categorizing different cultures.Comparing and categorizing different cultures.


55 What can we infer about the author from the passage?What can we infer about the author from the passage?

A) He was a male tourist.A) He was a male tourist.

B)B) He could speak Russian very well.He could speak Russian very well.

C)C) He often traveled around the world.He often traveled around the world.

D)D) He was an expert in world cultures.He was an expert in world cultures.


55 What can we infer about the author from the passage?What can we infer about the author from the passage?

A) He was a male tourist.A) He was a male tourist.

B)B) He could speak Russian very well.He could speak Russian very well.

C)C) He often traveled around the world.He often traveled around the world.

D)D) He was an expert in world cultures.He was an expert in world cultures.


1.1. Why did the author visit Russia?Why did the author visit Russia?

To provide some technical assistance in the area of To provide some technical assistance in the area of

agricultural labor management.agricultural labor management.



2.2. Why did Yielena not decline his offer?Why did Yielena not decline his offer?

She did not want to make their guest feel embarrassed.She did not want to make their guest feel embarrassed.



3.3. How can we get to understand other cultures according to the How can we get to understand other cultures according to the

author?author?

By reading and listening to what culture experts say, above By reading and listening to what culture experts say, above

all, by observing and comparing.all, by observing and comparing.



4.4. What do the cultural differences listed in the passage suggest?What do the cultural differences listed in the passage suggest?

These cultural differences do exist but they are incomplete These cultural differences do exist but they are incomplete

and superficial.and superficial.



5.5. Think of some cross-cultural differences that might cause cultural Think of some cross-cultural differences that might cause cultural

misunderstanding and even difficulties in your communication misunderstanding and even difficulties in your communication

with Westerners.with Westerners.

Open.Open.


Language FocusLanguage Focus

• Vocabulary (Ex. 14) (Ex. 14)

• Phrases (Ex. 15)(Ex. 15)

• Vocabulary (Ex. 16)Vocabulary (Ex. 16)

• Translation (Ex. 17)(Ex. 17)

1.1. I was really ______ when I knocked over the cup of tea on my I was really ______ when I knocked over the cup of tea on my teacher’s desk.teacher’s desk.

embarrassed embarrassed

2.2. The literacy council will begin a training program for volunteers The literacy council will begin a training program for volunteers who will go to _____ the farmers in the remote areas. who will go to _____ the farmers in the remote areas.

tutor tutor


tutortutor embarrass embarrass potentialpotential appropriate appropriate affectionaffectionyieldyield hencehence presentation presentation romantic romantic recommendation recommendation

3.3. The western part of China has enormous ______ for economic The western part of China has enormous ______ for economic development, but a lot of investment is also needed.development, but a lot of investment is also needed.

potential potential

4.4. Weather in Britain defies forecast and _______ is an object of Weather in Britain defies forecast and _______ is an object of interest and speculation to everyone.interest and speculation to everyone.

hence hence




5.5. The sports writers all predicted the American basketball team The sports writers all predicted the American basketball team would not _____ the first place to Russian.would not _____ the first place to Russian.

yield yield

6.6. She has a great ______ for the nursery of children and the She has a great ______ for the nursery of children and the children all like her very much.children all like her very much.

affection affection



7.7. Dress neatly and attractively in an outfit ______ to the job.Dress neatly and attractively in an outfit ______ to the job.

appropriate appropriate

8.8. Professor David asked one of the students to give a _________ Professor David asked one of the students to give a _________ on American thriller movies. on American thriller movies.

presentation presentation



9.9. She thinks her boyfriend is _______ because he sends her a rose She thinks her boyfriend is _______ because he sends her a rose every morning.every morning.

romantic romantic

10.10. The chairman made a _____on the firm’s investment abroad to The chairman made a _____on the firm’s investment abroad to the board of directors.the board of directors.

recommendationrecommendation


1.1. Criminals are very diverse ______ gender, race and age. Some Criminals are very diverse ______ gender, race and age. Some are indeed white men in their 40s, but others are black men in are indeed white men in their 40s, but others are black men in their teens, white women in their fifties, and so on. their teens, white women in their fifties, and so on.

in terms of in terms of

2.2. I longed to have the opportunity of _______ the panel discussion I longed to have the opportunity of _______ the panel discussion to state my view.to state my view.

participating inparticipating in


3.3. It’s hard to ______ work after such a long vacation.It’s hard to ______ work after such a long vacation.

get down toget down to

4.4. You must ____ your argument ______ facts if you hope to win You must ____ your argument ______ facts if you hope to win the debate.the debate.

base…onbase…on


5.5. No one is willing to help John because he never ______ others’ No one is willing to help John because he never ______ others’ advice. advice.

acts onacts on


1. polite behavior / good manners c____________1. polite behavior / good manners c____________

2. a well-mannered and considerate man g____________2. a well-mannered and considerate man g____________

3. cause (sb) to feel self-conscious, awkward or ashamed3. cause (sb) to feel self-conscious, awkward or ashamed

e____________e____________

4. the knowledge or skill obtained or developed by a learning4. the knowledge or skill obtained or developed by a learning

process process

e____________e____________

courtesycourtesy

Ex. 16Ex. 16 You are required to write out the words you have learned in You are required to write out the words you have learned in the text according to the definition given on the left column. the text according to the definition given on the left column. The first letter of the word is given.The first letter of the word is given. According to the According to the explanation on the left , you are required to write out the explanation on the left , you are required to write out the words you have learned in the text, the first letter of the word words you have learned in the text, the first letter of the word is given.is given.

gentlemangentleman

embarrassembarrass

educationeducation

5. characteristics and qualities of a person seen as a whole5. characteristics and qualities of a person seen as a whole

p____________p____________

6. way of acting or functioning 6. way of acting or functioning b____________b____________

7. feeling of fondness 7. feeling of fondness a____________a____________

8. to gratify the need, desire, or expectation of 8. to gratify the need, desire, or expectation of

s____________s____________

9. right and proper 9. right and proper a___________a___________

personalitypersonality

Ex. 16Ex. 16 You are required to write out the words you have learned in You are required to write out the words you have learned in the text according to the definition given on the left column. the text according to the definition given on the left column. The first letter of the word is given.The first letter of the word is given. According to the According to the explanation on the left , you are required to write out the explanation on the left , you are required to write out the words you have learned in the text, the first letter of the word words you have learned in the text, the first letter of the word is given.is given.

behaviorbehavior

affectionaffection

satisfysatisfy

appropriateappropriate


1.1. 过量的运动对身体健康弊多利少，所以我们必须控制运动过量的运动对身体健康弊多利少，所以我们必须控制运动量。量。 (do more harm than good)(do more harm than good)

excessiveexcessive

do more harm do more harm than goodthan good

Excessive exercises does more harm than good to one’s Excessive exercises does more harm than good to one’s health. Therefore we must control the amount of exercise health. Therefore we must control the amount of exercise we do.we do.


2.2. 他几次试图加入他们的谈话，但都由于胆小而放弃了。他几次试图加入他们的谈话，但都由于胆小而放弃了。 (m(m

ake a few attempts to)ake a few attempts to)

make a few make a few attempts toattempts to

He made a few attempts to join in their conversation, but He made a few attempts to join in their conversation, but he gave up out of timidness.he gave up out of timidness.

timidnesstimidness


3.3. 就方便快捷而言，火车无法与飞机竞争。就方便快捷而言，火车无法与飞机竞争。 (in terms of)(in terms of)

in terms ofin terms of

Trains cannot compete with planes in terms of Trains cannot compete with planes in terms of convenience and speed.convenience and speed.


4.4. 就中美文化作一对比会有助于你尽快明白和适应在美国的就中美文化作一对比会有助于你尽快明白和适应在美国的学习环境。学习环境。 (a comparison of)(a comparison of)

a comparison ofa comparison of

adapt toadapt to

Making a comparison between Chinese and American Making a comparison between Chinese and American cultures will help you to better understand and adapt to cultures will help you to better understand and adapt to your study environment in the USA.your study environment in the USA.


5.5. 在公共汽车上年轻人给老弱病残让座是中国人的传统美德。在公共汽车上年轻人给老弱病残让座是中国人的传统美德。(yield)(yield)

yield their seats toyield their seats to

It is a traditional Chinese virtue for the young on buses to It is a traditional Chinese virtue for the young on buses to yield their seats to the old, the weak, the sick and the yield their seats to the old, the weak, the sick and the disabled.disabled.

Facts are statements that can be verified ─ that is, proven to be Facts are statements that can be verified ─ that is, proven to be true. Opinions are statements that express subjective feelings, true. Opinions are statements that express subjective feelings, attitudes, or beliefs. Their truth will have to be proved.attitudes, or beliefs. Their truth will have to be proved.

Here are a few examples of each:Here are a few examples of each:

FactsFacts

1. The average American adults spend 25 hours per week on 1. The average American adults spend 25 hours per week on housework.housework.

2. U.S. military spending has increased over the past ten years.2. U.S. military spending has increased over the past ten years.

Distinguishing Fact from OpinionDistinguishing Fact from OpinionDistinguishing Fact from OpinionDistinguishing Fact from Opinion


OpinionsOpinions

1. By the year 2020 tobacco should have become illegal, as 1. By the year 2020 tobacco should have become illegal, as various other drugs are currently illegal.various other drugs are currently illegal.

2. If John F. Kennedy had lived, the United States would have 2. If John F. Kennedy had lived, the United States would have become quite different.become quite different.

Facts, once verified or taken from a reputable source, can be Facts, once verified or taken from a reputable source, can be accepted and regarded as reliable information. Opinions, accepted and regarded as reliable information. Opinions, however, are not reliable sources of information and should be however, are not reliable sources of information and should be questioned and carefully evaluated. Some authors are careful to questioned and carefully evaluated. Some authors are careful to signal the reader when they are presenting an opinion. signal the reader when they are presenting an opinion.


ExercisesExercises

Watch for such words and phrases as:Watch for such words and phrases as:

it is believed apparentlyit is believed apparently

in my view presumablyin my view presumably

it is likely that in my opinionit is likely that in my opinion

seemingly this suggestsseemingly this suggests

one explanation is possiblyone explanation is possibly

18. Read the following paragraphs and decide whether the colored 18. Read the following paragraphs and decide whether the colored statements express fact or opinion. If you think they express statements express fact or opinion. If you think they express opinion, write down the words that indicate opinion on the part of opinion, write down the words that indicate opinion on the part of the writer rather than fact.the writer rather than fact.

Why People JoinWhy People Join

(1) (1) The landscape in their minds was as strange as the The landscape in their minds was as strange as the corpse-littered village they left behind.corpse-littered village they left behind. They had started as They had started as seekers after meaning, direction, comfort and love. (2) seekers after meaning, direction, comfort and love. (2) The The People’s Temple, which provided a number of social services to People’s Temple, which provided a number of social services to the poorthe poor, had filled their lives with purpose. But in the jungle of , had filled their lives with purpose. But in the jungle of Guyana, it had all turned into fear and hatred.Guyana, it had all turned into fear and hatred.

Why did they join an organization like the People’s Temple? Why did they join an organization like the People’s Temple? And why did they stay in it? (3) And why did they stay in it? (3) Few if any of the thousands of Few if any of the thousands of cult groups in the U.S. are as violent as the Guyana group was cult groups in the U.S. are as violent as the Guyana group was in its last days, but many of them share a number of unusual in its last days, but many of them share a number of unusual characteristicscharacteristics. Social scientists who have studied these groups . Social scientists who have studied these groups agree that most cult members are in some sort of emotional agree that most cult members are in some sort of emotional trouble before they join.trouble before they join.

(4) (4) Once recruits start going to meetings, they are frequently Once recruits start going to meetings, they are frequently subjected to various drills and disciplinessubjected to various drills and disciplines that weary them both that weary them both physically and emotionally, producing a sort of trance.physically and emotionally, producing a sort of trance.

18. Read the following paragraphs and decide whether the colored 18. Read the following paragraphs and decide whether the colored statements express fact or opinion. If you think they express statements express fact or opinion. If you think they express opinion, write down the words that indicate opinion on the part of opinion, write down the words that indicate opinion on the part of the writer rather than fact.the writer rather than fact.

(5) (5) Cut off from family and friends, the new member gets Cut off from family and friends, the new member gets repeated infusions of the cult’s doctrinesrepeated infusions of the cult’s doctrines. The lonely, . The lonely, depressed, frightened and disoriented recruit often experiences depressed, frightened and disoriented recruit often experiences what amounts to a religious conversion.what amounts to a religious conversion.

At this point, the cultist’s life is no longer his own. At this point, the cultist’s life is no longer his own. Personalities change from the lively and complex patterns of Personalities change from the lively and complex patterns of normality to those of an automaton reciting what he has been normality to those of an automaton reciting what he has been taught. The usual problems of living have been replaced by a taught. The usual problems of living have been replaced by a nearly childish existence in which the cult and its leaders supply nearly childish existence in which the cult and its leaders supply all rules and all answers. (6) all rules and all answers. (6) Erich Fromm, in his classic paper Erich Fromm, in his classic paper on the rise of Nazism, called this process the “escape from on the rise of Nazism, called this process the “escape from freedom.”freedom.”


18. Read the following paragraphs and decide whether the colored 18. Read the following paragraphs and decide whether the colored statements express fact or opinion. If you think they express statements express fact or opinion. If you think they express opinion, write down the words which indicate this.opinion, write down the words which indicate this.

1. opinion (strange) 1. opinion (strange)

2. fact 2. fact

3. opinion ( share a number of unusual characteristics) 3. opinion ( share a number of unusual characteristics)

4. fact4. fact

5. fact 5. fact

6. opinion (escape from freedom)6. opinion (escape from freedom)

18. Read the following paragraphs and decide whether the colored 18. Read the following paragraphs and decide whether the colored statements express fact or opinion. If you think they express statements express fact or opinion. If you think they express opinion, write down the words which indicate this.opinion, write down the words which indicate this.

数量词的翻译数量词的翻译 (Numbers)(Numbers)数量词的翻译数量词的翻译 (Numbers)(Numbers)

数量词的翻译方法和技巧数量词的翻译方法和技巧数量词的翻译方法和技巧数量词的翻译方法和技巧

数词的翻译

英汉两种语言表示数量的方法时有不同，翻译中不仅需要仔细推敲如何表达，有时还需要进行换算。例如：1 ten thousand 万， one hundred thousand 十万 , one hundred million 亿 , one billion 十亿 , ten billion 百亿2 hundreds of: 数百 thousands of: 数千；成千上万 tens of thousands of: 千千万万 millions of: 数百万；千百万 millions of millions of 亿万与此相类似的还有一些表示数量的名词： decades: 几十（年） scores: 好几十；大量 dozens: 数打 ; 数十

数量词的翻译数量词的翻译 (Numbers)(Numbers)数量词的翻译数量词的翻译 (Numbers)(Numbers)

数量词的翻译方法和技巧数量词的翻译方法和技巧数量词的翻译方法和技巧数量词的翻译方法和技巧

ExercisesExercises

量词的翻译

1. 度量衡单位词的翻译：直接将量词译为对应的汉语。例如： ton: 吨 gram: 克 foot: 英尺 inch: 英寸2. 普通名词作量词则应按语境来译，必须符合汉语的表达习惯。例如： a piece of news: 一则消息 a colony of ants: 一窝蚂蚁 a cake of soap: 一块肥皂3. 翻译时增加量词。例如： a chair: 一把椅子 a horse: 一匹马 a tree: 一棵树 A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. 一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。

1. Petroleum, natural gas and coal come from plants that lived 330 1. Petroleum, natural gas and coal come from plants that lived 330 million years ago.million years ago.

2.2. Although there exist only about 90 elements in nature, they Although there exist only about 90 elements in nature, they combine to form thousands of different substances in the world.combine to form thousands of different substances in the world.

Ex. 19Ex. 19 Translate the following sentences into Chinese, paying Translate the following sentences into Chinese, paying attention to the translation of the numerals and quantifiers.attention to the translation of the numerals and quantifiers.

石油﹑天然气和煤都是由石油﹑天然气和煤都是由 33 亿亿 33 千万年千万年以前的植物形成的。以前的植物形成的。

虽然自然界大约只有虽然自然界大约只有 9090 种元素，但它们的结合可构成世界上千种元素，但它们的结合可构成世界上千

千万万种不同的物质。千万万种不同的物质。

3.3. Nobel’s original legacy of nine million dollars was invested, and Nobel’s original legacy of nine million dollars was invested, and the interest on this sum is used for the awards which vary from the interest on this sum is used for the awards which vary from $30 000 to $125 000.$30 000 to $125 000.

4.4. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the propositions that all men are created equal.the propositions that all men are created equal.


诺贝尔提供的遗产原数为诺贝尔提供的遗产原数为 900900 万万美元，这些钱投资后所得利息美元，这些钱投资后所得利息

用作奖金，奖金的数额从用作奖金，奖金的数额从 33 万美元到万美元到 12•512•5 万万美元不等。美元不等。

八十七年八十七年前，我们的先辈们在这个大陆上创立了一个新的国家，前，我们的先辈们在这个大陆上创立了一个新的国家，

它孕于自由之中，奉行一切人生来平等的原则。它孕于自由之中，奉行一切人生来平等的原则。

5.5. In practice, a rotor weighing about 10 tons and rotating at 3,000 In practice, a rotor weighing about 10 tons and rotating at 3,000 r.p.m. may be so well balanced that the motion, except for r.p.m. may be so well balanced that the motion, except for sound, is just perceptible.sound, is just perceptible.


实际上，一根重约实际上，一根重约 1010 吨吨﹑每分钟﹑每分钟 33 千转千转的转子可以平衡得非的转子可以平衡得非

常好，以致于除了响声外，人们几乎觉察不出它的运转。常好，以致于除了响声外，人们几乎觉察不出它的运转。

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