PROJECT REPORT ONALU(ARITHMETIC &LOCICALUNIT)BYNARESH SINGH DOBAL9540493245n!"#$%&'($)%*+"(,*INTRODUCTIONTO-HDLIn./"!0+.)"n 1 -HDL ) $n $+/"n2( 3"/ -HSIC H$/!4$/5 D5+/)6.)"n%$n'0$'5(-HSIC.$n!3"/-5/2H)'7S655!In.5'/$.5!C)/+0).)* I. ) $ 7$/!4$/5 !5+/)6.)"n %$n'0$'5 .7$. +$n #505! ." ("!5% $ !)').$% 2.5( $. ($n2 %585% "3$#./$+.)"n /$n')n' 3/"( .75 $%'"/).7()+ %585% ." .75 '$.5%585%* T75 +"(6%59).2 "3 .75 !)').$% 2.5( #5)n' ("!5%5!+"0%! 8$/2 3/"( .7$. "3 $ )(6%5 '$.5 ." $ +"(6%5.5 !)').$%5%5+./"n)+ 2.5(: "/ $n2.7)n' )n #5.455n* T75 -HDL%$n'0$'5 +$n #5 /5'$/!5! $ $n )n.5'/$.5! $($%'$($.)"n"3 .75 3"%%"4)n' %$n'0$'5; S5n5! .265 "3 %$n'0$'5 +"n./0+.* ,*2*2 A/+7).5+.0/5 #"!2 T75 5+"n! )(6"/.$n. 6$/. "3 $ -HDL "0/+5 >%5 ).75 $/+7).5+.0/5 !5+%$/$.)"n* E85/2 5n.).2 !5+%$/$.)"n 2"04/).5 (0. #5 $++"(6$n)5! #2 $. %5$. "n5 +"//56"n!)n'$/+7).5+.0/5* An$/+7).5+.0/5!5+%$/$.)"n)$.$.5(5n..7$. !5+/)#5 .75 0n!5/%2)n' 30n+.)"n $n!M"/ ./0+.0/5 "3$ +)/+0).* E$+7 $/+7).5+.0/5 )n 2"0/ !5)'n (0. #5$"+)$.5!#2n$(54).7"n55n.).2)n.75!5)'n* T75$/+7).5+.0/5 #"!2 +"n.$)n .75 )n.5/n$% !5+/)6.)"n "3 .755n.).2*T75)n.5/n$% ./0+.0/5+$n#565+)>5!#2$n2"3.75 3"%%"4)n' ("!5%)n' .2%5*$) A $ 5. "3 )n.5/+"nn5+.5! +"(6"n5n.*#) A $ 5. "3 +"n+0//5n. $)'n(5n. .$.5(5n.*+) A $ 5. "3 5n5!+"(6"n5n.*D$.$D"4A +"(#)n$.)"n "3 ./0+.0/$% $n! #57$8)"/$% $/+7).5+.0/5 *T75 !)B5/5n. ("!5%)n' .2%5 $/5596%$)n5! #5%"4A* S./0+.0/$% .2%5 "3 ("!5%)n' T7) ) ("!5%5! $ $ 5. "3 )n.5/+"nn5+.5!+"(6"n5n.* S0+7 $ ("!5% 3"/ $n AND4 ) 7"4n* T75 n$(5 "3 .75 $/+7).5+.0/5 #"!2 ) AND4* T75$/+7).5+.0/5 #"!2 ) +"(6"5! "3 .4" 6$/.; .75!5+%$/$.)85 6$/. (#53"/5 .75 J524"/! #5')n) $n! .75.$.5(5n. 6$/. ($3.5/ J524"/!#5')n)* T4"+"(6"n5n.!5+%$/$.)"n $/56/55n. )n.75!5+%$/$.)856$/. "3 .75$/+7).5+.0/5 #"!2* T75 !5+%$/5! +"(6"n5n. $/5 )n.$n.)$.5! )n .75.$.5(5n. 6$/. "3 .75 $/+7).5+.0/5 #"!2 0)n' +"(6"n5n.)n.$n.)$.)"n .$.5(5n.* U,: U2: $n! U, $/5 .75+"(6"n5n. %$#5% 3"/ .755 +"(6"n5n. )n.$n.)$.)"n* T75>/. +"(6"n5n. )n.$n.)$.)"n .$.5(5n. %$#5%5! U,: 7"4.7$. )'n$% A $n! B $/5 +"nn5+.5! ." )n60. 6"/. In, $n!In2 "3 +"(6"n5n. AND2 $n! TEMP, ) +"nn5+.5! .""0.60. 6"/. AND2 5n.).2* S)()%$/%2 )n .75 5+"n! $n! .7)/!+"(6"n5n.)n.$n.)$.)"n.$.5(5n.: )'n$%A$n!B$/5+"nn5+.5! ." /565+.)85 6"/. "3 AND 5n.).)5*B* D$.$ D"4 .2%5 "3 ("!5%)n'In .7) ("!5%)n' .2%5: .75 D"4 "3 !$.$ .7/"0'7 .755n.).2 ) 596/55! 6/)($/)%2 0)n' +"n+0//5n. )'n$%$)'n(5n. .$.5(5n.* T75 ./0+.0/5 "3 .75 5n.).2 ) n".596%)+).%265+)>5!)n.7)("!5%)n'.2%5: #0.).+$n#5)(6%)+).%2 !5!0+5!* T75 !$.$ D"4 ("!5% "3 .75 AND4 5n.).2) ')85n #5%"4* T75 !$.$D"4 ) !5+/)#5! 0)n' .4" +"n+0//5n.)'n$% $)'n(5n. .$.5(5n. ("/ 55 .75 #57$8)"/ "3$n 5n.).2 $ $ 5. "3 .$.5(5n. .7$. $/5 595+0.5!55! 6/"+5 .$.5(5n.* T752 !"n". 596%)+).%2 65+)32 .75 ./0+.0/5 "3 .75 5n.).2 #0. (5/5%2). 30n+.)"n$%).2* A 6/"+5 .$.5(5n. ) $ +"n+0//5n..$.5(5n..7$.+$n$665$/4).7)n$n$/+7).5+.0/5#"!2*K"/ 59$(6%5: +"n)!5/ .75 3"%%"4)n' #57$8)"/$% ("!5% 3"/.75 $(5 AND4* A 6/"+5 .$.5(5n. $%" 7$ $ !5+%$/$.)85 6$/.(#53"/5J524"/!#5')n) $n!$.$.5(5n. 6$/. (#5.455nJ524"/! #5')n $n! 5n! 6/"+5)* T75 .$.5(5n.$665$/)n' 4).7)n .75 .$.5(5n. 6$/. $/5 595+0.5!55 3/"(($n2 $/+7).5+.0/5 3"/ $n5n.).2: 47)+7$/+7).5+.0/5."053"/$65+)>+)n.$n+5*?75n .75 +"n>'0/$.)"n 3"/ $n 5n.).2E$/+7).5+.0/5+"(#)n$.)"n) +"(6)%5!)n.".75%)#/$/2: $)(0%$.$#%5"#Q5+. ) +/5$.5!* An 59$(6%5 "3 .75 +"n>'0/$.)"n!5+%$/$.)"n 3"/ .75 HALKEADDER 5n.).2 ) ')85n #5%"4*Library CMOS-LIB, MY-LIB;Configuration CONFIG of HALF-ADDER iFor HA-S!R"C!"REFor #$% #OR&"' 'ntity CMOS-LIB(#OR-GA!E )DA!AFLO*+;En, for;For A$% AND&"' -onfiguration MY-LIB(AND-CONFIG;En, for;En, for;En, CONFIG;,*2*4P$+J$'5EE T75 6/)($/2 60/6"5 "3 $ 6$+J$'5 ) ." 5n+$60%$.55%5(5n. .7$. +$n #5 7$/5! ('%"#$%%2) $("n' .4" "/ ("/5!5)'n 0n).* A 6$+J$'5 ) $ +"(("n ."/$'5 $/5$ 05! ."7"%! !$.$ ." #5 7$/5! $("n' $ n0(#5/ "3 5n.).)5*D5+%$/)n' !$.$ )n)!5 "3 $ 6$+J$'5 $%%"4 .75 !$.$ ." #5/535/5n+5! #2 ".75/ 5n.).)5C .70: .75 !$.$ +$n #5 7$/5!*A6$+J$'5+"n)."3 .4"6$/.; $6$+J$'5!5+%$/$.)"n5+.)"n $n! $ 6$+J$'5 #"!2* T75 6$+J$'5 !5+%$/$.)"n!5>n5 .75 )n.5/3$+5 3"/ .75 6$+J$'5: (0+7 .75 $(5 4$2.7$. .755n.).2!5>n5 .75)n.5/3$+53"/ $("!5%* T756$+J$'5 #"!2 65+)>5 .75 $+.0$% #57$8)"/ "3 .75 6$+J$'5)n .75 $(5 (5.7"! .7$. .75 $/+7).5+.0/5 .$.5(5n. !"53"/ $ ("!5%*A6$+J$'5)+"%%5+.)"n"3+"(("n%205!0#6/"'/$(:!$.$ .265 $n! +"n.$n.*P$+J$'5 $85 +"!)n' $n! 6/"(".5 +"!5 /505*STANDARD$n!TERTIO$/56/"8)!5!)n.75STD%)#/$/2.7$. !5>n5 0530% !$.$ .265 $n! 0.)%).)5*S A TUSET .$.5(5n. ) 05! ." $++5 $ %)#/$/2*P$+J$'5 +"n). "3 .4" 6$/.; E P$+J$'5 75$!5/;T7) !5>n5 .75 +"n.5n. "3 $ 6$+J$'5 .7$. ) ($!5 8))#%5$3.5/ .75 .$.5(5n. T05 %)#/$/2 6$+J$'5Ln$(5 $%%UP$+J$'5 #"!2;T7) 6/"8)!5 .75 )(6%5(5n.$.)"n !5.$)% "3 0# 6/"'/$(:I.5( !5+%$/5! )n .75 #"!2 $/5 n". 8))#%5 ." .75 05/ "3.75 6$+J$'5*,*2*5 T5. #5n+7A .5. #5n+7 ) 05! ." 85/)32 .75 30n+.)"n$%).2 "3 $ !5)'n*T75 .5. #5n+7 $%%"4 .75 !5)'n5/ ." 85/)32 .7530n+.)"n$%).2 "3 .75 !5)'n $. 5$+7 .56 )n .75 HDL2n.75)E#$5! (5.7"!"%"'2* ?75n .75 !5)'n5/ ($J5 $($%% +7$n'5 ." >9 $n 5//"/: .75 +7$n'5 +$n #5 .5.5! ."($J5 0/5 .7$. ). !)! n". $B5+. ".75/ 6$/. "3 .75 !5)'n*N54 85/)"n "3 .75 !5)'n +$n #5 85/)>5! $'$)n. Jn"4n'""! /50%. ." 85/)32 +"(6$.)#)%).2* A .5. #5n+7 ) $. .757)'75. %585% )n.757)5/$/+72 "3 .75!5)'n* T75.5.#5n+7 )n.$n.)$.5 .75 !5)'n 0n!5/ .5. (DUT)* I.6/"8)!5 .75n5+5$/2)n60. .)(0%0 .".75DUT$n!59$()n5 .75 "0.60. 3/"( .75 DUT*HIGH LE-ELDESIGN KLO?K"/EERILINREES"3.4$/5.""%T75 7)'7 %585% !5)'n D"4 ) )%%0./$.5! )n >'0/5*E$+7 .56 ) 596%$)n5! #5%"4.2*, HDL C$6.0/5EEA3.5/ .75 65+)>+$.)"n 7$ #55n +"(6%5.5!: .75 !5)'n5/+$n#5')n.756/"+5"3 )(6%5(5n.$.)"n* T75!5)'n5/+/5$.5 .75 -HDL !5+/)6.)"n .7$. !5+/)#5 .75 +%"+JE#2E+%"+J #57$8)"/ "3 .75 !5)'n* T75 -HDL +"!5 3"/ 5n.).)5"3 .75 !5)'n $/5 5n.5/5!* T75 !5)'n5/ .75n +75+J .75!5)'n3"/$n22n.$95//"/*A3.5/$%% 2n.$95//"/$/5/5("85!: .75-HDL+"!5)85/)>5!3"/ +"//5+.n5#2)(0%$.)n' ).*2*2 -HDL S2n.75)EET75 '"$% "3 .75 -HDL S2n.75) .56 ) ." +/5$.5 $ !5)'n.7$.)(6%5(5n..75/5%5* T75!5)'n5/ %""J $. .75 /56"/. >%5 ." !5.5/()n5 .75 %5 $/5.75 .)()n' /56"/. $n! .75 $/5$ /56"/.* M".2n.75).""%6/"!0+5$n0(#5/"3".75//56"/.0+7$7)5/$/+72/56"/.:)n.$n+5/56"/.:n5./56"/.:6"45/ /56"/.: $n! ".75/* T75 (". 0530% /56"/. )n).)$%%2 $/5 .75 .)()n' $n! $/5$/56"/.: #5+$05 .755 $/5 00$%%2 .75 (". +/).)+$%3$+."/* T75$/5$/56"/. 7"4 .75!5)'n5/ 7"4(0+7"3 .75/5"0/+5 "3 .75 +7)6 .75 !5)'n 7$ +"n0(5!* T75!5)'n5/ +$n .5%% )3 .75 !5)'n ) ."" #)' 3"/ $ 6$/.)+0%$/+7)6 $n! .75 !5)'n5/ n55! ." .$/'5. $ %$/'5/ +7)6: )3 .75!5)'n 7"0%! '" )n." $ ($%%5/ +7)6: "/ )3 .75 +0//5n. +7)64)%% 4"/J >n5* T75 !5)'n5/ +$n $%" '5. $ /5%$.)85 )I5 "3.75 !5)'n ." 05 )n %$.5/ .$'5 "3 .75 !5)'n 6/"+5*T75.)()n'/56"/. 7"4.75.)()n'"3 +/).)+$% 6$.7"/65+)>5! 6$.7 "3 .75 !5)'n* T75 !5)'n5/ 59$()n5 .75.)()n'"3.75+/).)+$% 6$.7+%"5%2#5+$05.7556$.70%.)($.5%2 !5.5/()n5 7"4 3$. .75 !5)'n +$n /0n* I3 .75%"n'5. 6$.7 ) $ .)()n' +/).)+$% 6$/. "3 .75 !5)'n $n! )n". (55.)n' .75 655! /5+$.)"nEES"(5!5)'n5/()'7.4$n.."!"$%5* T7) >%5 !5+/)#5 .75 $+.0$% .)()n' "3 .756/"'/$((5!KPGA!58)+5"/.75>n$% ASIC!58)+5* T7).)()n'>%5: $ (0+7$ 6")#%5: !5+/)#5 .75.)()n'59./$+.5!3/"(.75!58)+5475n). )6%0''5!)n.".752.5( 3"/ .5.)n'* T75 (". +"(("n 3"/($. "3 .7) >%53"/ (". )(0%$."/ ) .75 SDK (S.$n!$/! D5%$2 K"/($.)*2*FP". L$2"0. T)()n' 85/)>+$.)"n A3.5/ .75 6%$+5 $n! /"0.5 6/"+5 7$ +"(6%5.5!: .75!5)'n5/ 4)%%4$n. ." 85/)32 .75 /50%. "3 .75 6%$+5 $n!/"0.5 6/"+5* T75/5 $/5 $ n0(#5/ "3 (5.7"! ."$++"(6%)7 .7) .$J #0. .75 (". +"(("n ) ." 05 6"./"0.5 '$.5 %585% )(0%$.)"n* T7) )(0%$.)"n +"(#)n5 .75n5.%). 05! 3"/ 6%$+5 $n! /"0.5 4).7 .75 .)()n' >%5 3/"(.75 6%$+5 $n! /"0.5 6/"+5 )n." $ )(0%$.)"n .7$. +75+J#".7 30n+.)"n$%).2 $n! .)()n' "3 .75 !5)'n* T75 !5)'n5/+$n /0n .75 )(0%$.)"n $n! '5n5/$.5 $++0/$.5 "0.60.4$853"/( .7$. 7"4 475.75/ "/ n". .75 !58)+5 )"65/$.)n'6/"65/%2$n!)3 .75.)()n')#5)n'(5.* K"/-HDL )(0%$.)"n .7) /59 A half,sub0igure 39 A full,subArithmetic units are usuallygroupedtogether intoanALUhichhas inputs,outputs, and control bits hich tell the ALU hich type of operation to perform.0igure F shos a typical diagram of an ALU. (n this diagram A and : are the datainputs, 0 is the control input to choose the function, % is the result of the functionapplied to A and :, and " is the status of the output so that you +no hen thefunction is done. The e-ample of the ripple carry addition is an effective method of adding binarynumbers. Let us e-trapolate this a little bit and imagine a ;7,bit adder. (f e antto add to ;7,bit numbers e can start at the L&: and move left as e calculatethe carry bits. (f adding to bits ta+es a couple of cloc+ cycles, then the total timeta+en to add all ;7 bits is significant. Than+fully this problem has already beensolved. The solution9 a carry loo+ ahead adder.(n a carry loo+ ahead adder the binary numbers are split into sections, perhaps of