naSromi exeba qarTuli enis gansxvavebul doneebs. aris cda _ ganisazGvros enis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi doneTa mixedviT. calkea gamoKofili Sualeduri (morfonolo-giuri da morfosintaqsuri) movlenebis analizi.

redaqtori: filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati, profesori lali ezugbaia

Tedo uTurgaiZe

w i n a s i t K v a o b awinamdebare naSromi ar aris SemosazGvruli erTi romeli-

me donis movlenaTa analiziT. igi exeba fonematur, morfologi-ur da sintaqsur sistemebs da globalur sistemaSi am doneTa sistemebis urTierTzemoqmedebis kanonzomierebebs, rasac Cven vuwodebT S u a l e d u r (m o r f o n o l o g i u r da m o r f o -s i n t a q s u r ) sistemebs, ramdenadac maT aqvT sakuTari mi-marTulebebi da Sedegebi. sayiroa maTi gamiJvna calkeul do-neTa sistemebisganac da erTimeorisganac.

xSirad movlenis aGwera xdeba mxolod erTi donis fargleb-Si da terminebSi, maSin roca sruli aGwera SesaZlebelia mxo-lod morfonologiur an morfosintaqsur sistemaTa farglebSi, aseTia magaliTad: (1) msazGvrelisa da sazGvrulis urTierTobe-bi Zvelsa da Tanamedrove qarTulSi; (2) S3-isa da O3-is niSanTa distribucia Zvel qarTulsa da zogierT kiloSi.

rogorc dasawKisSi vTqviT, ar visazGvrebiT erTi romelime donis sakiTxebiT. vexebiT gansxvavebul doneTa im cnobil movlenebs, romelTa kvalifikacia, Cveni azriT, sadavoa an ara-damakmaKofilebeli.

sistemaTa mixedviT Sualeduri sistemebis kvalifikacia sa-Tanadod ver moxerxdeba, Tu ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli calke-ul doneTa sistemebSi moqmedi ganKenebuli wesebi. amiTaa gamowveuli rigi konkretuli sakiTxis Semotana rogorc fonologi-idan, ise morfologiidan da sintaqsidan, raTa amas Semdeg mohKoloda msJeloba Sualedur sistemaTa wesebze.

naSromi warmoadgens cdas, gamokveTilad mieCinos ad-gili Sualedur sistemebs calkeul doneTa sistemebs Soris.

3

Sesavali

S e s a v a l ienis Koveli done xasiaTdeba sakuTari sistemiT, romelsac

qmnian konkretuli donis elementebi da maTTvis damaxasia-Tebeli sintagmaturi wesebi.

doneTa mixedviT gansxvavebulia rogorc sistemis ele-mentebi, ise maT elementTa urTierTobis wesebic.

warmodgenil debulebaTa sruli realizacia mxolod abstraq-tulad agebul sistemebSia SesaZlebeli, realurad moqmed ena-Si saqme gvaqvs doneTa sistemebis urTierTzemoqmedebis u-amrav SemTxvevasTan _ es aris brZola doneTa mier sakuTari wesebis primatis damKarebisaTvis enis globalur sistemaSi.

samwerlobo enasa da dialeqtebSi idealuri sistemebi iden-turia, Tu sxva ena ar mZlavrobs romelime maTganze, globalu-ri sistemebi ki, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, Kvela erTeuls, sa-mwerlobo enasa Tu ama Tu im dialeqts, sakuTari aqvs.

enobriv movlenaTa analizSi arsebiTia ganKenebuli siste-mebis kanonzomierebis dadgena da gamovlena imisa, ramde-nad emTxvevian isini erTimeores samwerlobo enasa da dialeqtebSi. aucilebelia gansxvavebis mizezTa dadgenac, ro-desac aseTi arsebobs. mxolod amis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli realurad moqmedi enis monacemTa saTanado analizi morfo-nologiuri da morfosintaqsuri mimarTulebiT. aseTma midgo-mam Seapiroba winamdebare naSromis aGnagobaca da cal-keul nawilTa kvlevis meTodikac.

kvlevis aseTi mimarTulebis gareSe SeuZlebelia, magali-Tad, garkveva imisa, saidan gaCnda micemiT brunvaSi ka-xuri dialeqtis /kac/ da qvemoimerulis /kacis/ formebi; agreTve garkveva imisa, rom g a n K e n e b u l s i s t e m a S i es formebi identuria samwerlobo qarTulis /kacs/ formisa; aseve SeuZle-beli iqneboda Zveli qarTulis /mcireman darbazman/ da Tana-medrove qarTulis /mcire darbazma/ SesitKvebaTa gramatikuli kavSiris identifikacia ganKenebul sistemaSi, romelic ucvlelad rCeba saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi, xanmeti periodidan dGem-de.

naSromi Sedgeba xuTi nawilisagan: f o n o l o g i i s, m o r -f o l o g i i s, m o r f o n o l o g i i s, s i n t a q s i s a da m o r f o s i n -t a q s i s a g a n. aris cda _ ukve cnobili Tu axlad gamovlenili -movlenebis bazaze ganxilul iqnes TiToeuli nawilis konkretuli

4

Tedo uTurgaiZe

Tu zogadi sakiTxebi zemoT warmodgenili meTodologiuri mi-dgomiT.

winamdebare naSromSi vcdilobdiT gvekvlia iseTi movle-nebi an sakiTxebi, romelTac adre ar SevxebivarT. ramdena-dac SesaZlebeli iKo veridebodiT adre Catarebuli msJelobis ganmeorebas, amitom zogi movlenisa Tu sakiTxis kvlevam fragmentuli saxe miiGo, Tumca vcdilobdiT aseTi movlenebisa Tu sakiTxebisTvis konkretuli misamarTi migveca.

5

fonematuri sistema

fonematuri sistema

1976 wels gamoqveKnda Cveni naSromi `qarTuli enis fo-nematuri struqtura~, sadac warmodgenilia qarTuli enis xmo-vanTa da TanxmovanTa paradigmatuli da sintagmaturi cxrile-bi Sesabamisi debulebebiT.

1978 wels daibeyda Cveni `фонематическая структура грузин-ского языка~ (51). gansxvavebiT qarTuli teqstisgan, rusulSi da-vumateT, ikew-is redaqtoris moTxovniT, erTi Tavi (III), romelic exeba qarTuli enis TanxmovanTa sintagmaturi analizis istori-as. aris cda _ vaCvenoT Cveni Tvalsazrisis gansxvaveba Cve-namde arsebuli Tvalsazrisebisagan.

1976-1978 wlebis Semdeg dabeydil ramdenime werilSi vexebodiT rogorc Seswavlis istorias, ise fonematuri sistemis sxvadasxva sakiTxebs. mogvixda zogi Cveni debulebis uarKofa, zogi debulebis dacva. qvemoT SevexebiT am dama-tebebs. maTi gaTvaliswinebiT vcdilobT, vaCvenoT Cveni amja-mindeli Tvalsazrisi qarTuli enis fonologiuri sistemis Sesaxeb.

8

Tedo uTurgaiZe

v o k a l i z m iCveni `qarTuli enis fonematuri struqturidan~ (1976) pa-

radigmatul nawils ZiriTadad ucvlelad vtovebT. uarKofilia de-buleba _ `grZeli xmovani fonemas warmoadgens TuSurSi. xmovanTa sigrZis fonemizacia Sedegia TuSuris naxurTan Se-revisa~ (57, 13).

msgavsad qarTuli enis sxva dialeqtebisa, grZeli xmovne-bi TuSur dialeqtSic bifonematur erTeulad unda miviCnioT: (1) TuSur dialeqtSi xmovnebi Tavkidura poziciaSi aSkara Zlieri SemarTviT gamoiTqmeba, mag.: ‡a q , ‡ e x l , ‡ i q ; ‡ o y `ke-vi~, ‡ a G m i a ‡ `aGmarTi~ da sxv. (2) derivatiuli -a sufiqsi fuZis bolos ‡ bgeras dairTavs uTuod da Zlieri damarTva uC-ndeba: b i y a ‡ (erT b i y a ‡ xKav `erTi biyi hKavs~), q a l a ‡ (q a l a ‡ mosvl‹ `qaliSvili mosvlia~), f e r a ‡ (f e r a ‡ Kofil `msgavsi Kofila~), u g o n a ‡ `suleli~ (u g o n a ‡eb Kofilan `su-lelebi Kofilan~) da sxv. gansxvavebiT warmoqmnis -a sufiq-sisgan, Zireul /a/-s Zlieri damarTva ar uviTardeba: deda (d e -d a xKvan‹ `deda hKolia~), mTa (m T a Kofil `mTa Kofila); sa-mzeo, saZroxe, ƒuƒu (ƒ u ƒ u moxarSes `selis xinkali moxar-Ses~) da sxv. (3) eqspresiul sitKvebSi Zlieri damarTva Kvela xmovans uCndeba: h i ‡ `diax~, h o ‡, romelic h o -sgan eq-spresiulobiT gansxvavdeba; (4) [‡] bgera Cndeba grZel xmo-vanTa momdevnodac, romelTac qmnian zmniswinis xmovani da gvaris an qcevis xmovani prefiqsi, esenia: ‰‡, Š‡, ‹‡ da ‡, mag.: w‰‡qvis (< wa-aqvis `miaqvs~), wŠ‡G (< wa-eG `waeGo~), w‡� G (< wa-uG `wauGo~).

Zlieri damarTvis mqone zemoT miTiTebuli formebi gviC-venebs, rom [‡] aris tipiuri glaidi xmovnebs Soris da grZeli xmovnebis momdevnod. magaliTebi V‡V kompleqsTaTvis: ‡ a ‡ i s `ai, is~; ‡ a ‡ i m a s `ai imas~; ‡ a ‡ i q `ai iq~; J a ‡ o , x i ‡ o mamakacTa Zveleburi saxelebi. J a ‡ o a n e b i da x i ‡ o a n e b i (gvaris ganStoebebi) dGemde aris Semonaxuli; s i ‡ o qalis Zveleburi saxeli. eqspresiuli sigrZis mqone xmov-nebi ixileT zemoT.

a‡ daboloebiT saxeli TanxmovanfuZiani xdeba da am xmovans Zlieri damarTva Kvela brunvaSi gahKveba: biya‡-m, biya‡-s, biya‡is, biya‡iT, biya‡ad º biy‰‡d.

9

fonematuri sistema

uTuod delimitaciis funqcia hqonda [‡]-s SeTavsebuli zmniswinis xmovansa da mis momdevno xmovans Sorisac hi-atusis moSlasTan erTad, magram b i y a ‡ m, b i y a ‡ s ... tipis formebSi [‡]-s mxolod delimitaciis funqcia rCeba.

TuSuri dialeqtis grZelxmovniani formebi xmovanTa siste-mis gaurTuleblad identuri ori xmovniT unda warmovadginoT, e. i. [‰‡] fonematurad Caiwereba /a-a/ saxiT, fonetikurad [a-a‡]. fonetikuri CaweriT identur xmovanTagan meores Zlieri damarTva aqvs. analogiuri analizi Catardeba sxva grZel xmovnebTan, mag. ‹‡ (biy‹‡?! gaoceba-CakiTxvis formaSi) fo-nematurad Cawereba /i-i/ saxiT, fonetikurad ki [i-i‡] an [‹‡] saxiT.

_ vin mosvl‹? `vin mosvlia?~_ biy. `biyi~ (vajiSvili)_ biy‹‡?! º biyi‡? `biy‹?~qarTuli saliteraturo enisa da dialeqtebisTvis ucvlelad vto-

vebT 1976 wlis paradigmatul sqemas (50, 11):aweuloba

dabali saSualo maGaliarabagismi-eri

a e i

bagismieri o u

xmovanTa warmoebis adgili icvleba imis mixedviT, romel Tanxmovans mosdevs: winawarmoebis TanxmovanTa (kbilis-mierTa da nunismierTa) momdevnod xmovnebi ufro win wa-weulia, vidre rbilsasismierTa da xaxismierTa momdevnod. amis gaTvaliswinebiT 1976 wels Seiqmna xmovanTa aq warmodgenili sqema mxolod ori niSnis mixedviT. sqemaSi /o/-sTvis gamoricxulia mxolod maGali aweuloba. dabali aweulobis dros ki ukanawarmoebis /a/-sgan gansxvavdeba bagismiero-bis niSniT (ufro vrclad amis Sesaxeb 50, 4-12). sqemas ucvle-lad vtovebT da mas ufro metad viTvaliswinebT xmovanTa ax-landel sintagmatur analizSi.

ZiriTadi debuleba, romelic asaxavs xmovanTa sintagma-tur mimarTebas: x m o v a n T a k o m p l e q s e b i e r T i m o r -f e m i s f a r g l e b S i i k r Z a l e b a (50, 31); es qarTuli enis genetikuri Tvisebaa (SeiZleba iTqvas _ qarTveluri enebis), rac safuZvlad edeba morfonologiur procesebs morfemaTa sazGvrebze. am procesebs ganvixilavT III nawilSi.

10

Tedo uTurgaiZe

k o n s o n a n t i z m iucvlelad vtovebT paradigmatul cxrils (50, 74). viZleviT

mis axal redaqcias /ƒ/ fonemis damatebiT. Cqamierebi sonorebi

xSulebi napralovnebipirismierebi

cxv

irism

iere

bi

mjG

eri

Kru

mjG

eri

Kru

fSvi

nvie

ri m

kveT

ri

fSvi

nvie

ri

mkv

eTri

gve

rdiT

i m

TrTo

li

wKvilbagismieri b f p v mwinaenis-mierebi

kbilismierebi d T t

l r nwinanunismiere-bi

Z c w z sukananunismie-rebi

J C y j Sukanae-nis-mie-rebi

rbilsasimierebi g q k G x Kxaxismierebi ƒ

xorxismierebi hqarTuli enis TanxmovanTa paradigmatuli cxrili

ori fonemis /v/-sa da /ƒ/-s kvalifikacia gaxda sadavo diaq-roniul da sinqroniul doneebze.

/v/-sa da /ƒ/-s paradigmatuli identifikacia ar aris mxolod diaqroniuli Ziebis sakiTxi, ramdenadac Zveli qarTuliseburi va-riantebiTa da distribuciiT maT axlac vxvdebiT qarTuli enis Ta-namedrove dialeqtebSi.

davas iwvevs Zvel qarTul teqstebSi u(u) da v(v) niSnebiT gamoxatuli Tanxmovnebis ([…]-sa da [v]=s fonematuri kvali-fikacia. am bgeraTa gamomxatveli amomwuravi distribuciuli analizi mocemulia T. gamKreliZisa da g. mayavarianis erTob-liv naSromSi (10, 38). distribuciul analizSi gansxvavebuli pozi-

u (u) Tanxmovans anton pirvelma daasva Tavze umarcvlobis diakriti-kuli niSani (dawvrilebiT ix. T. uTurgaiZe, qarT. enis Seswavlis istoria, 1999, 195). … antonis Semdeg misma mimdevrebmac gamoiKenes. am niSans dGes iKeneben qarTveluri dialeqtebis teqstebSi.

11

fonematuri sistema

ciebis gverdiT gadamkveTi poziciebic aris naCvenebi; axsnilia poziciuri damTxvevis mizezebic, rac ukavSirdeba fuZeTa kum-Svas _ /v/-s winamavali xmovnis reduqcias (h-Kav-s, Sdr. h-Kv-an-an; Se-Kav, Sdr. Kv-el-i da sxv.), zog SemTxvevaSi ki v > … procesis gasamarTleblad daSvebulia `Zveli qarTulis Tval-sazrisiT anomaliuri formebis~ kumSva ufro adreul, ZvelqarTu-lamdel, periodSi. kerZod, Tavi arsebiTi saxeli Zvel qarTulSi ukumSvelia, magram misgan miGebulia -T‚s Tandebuli (igive -T…is), rac T a v fuZis kumSvis gareSe SeuZlebeli iKo. am vi-Tarebis gaTvaliswinebiT keTdeba daskvna: `ufro adre es fuZe `kumSvadi~ unda KofiliKo da maSin adgili eqneboda poziciur monacvleobas v/… ([v] xmovnis Semdeg, […] Tanxmovnis Semdeg; sax. [Tavi]; naT. [*T…-is-/a] (ise rogorc sax. [wKali]: naT. [wKl-is-a]~ (10, 42).

warmodgenili analizis safuZvelze avtorebi varaudoben, rom poziciuri dapirispireba meoreulia [v]-sa da […]-s Soris _ maT SeeqmnaT gadamkveTi poziciebi (CN_V da C_C) morfono-logiur cvlilebaTa safuZvelze (10, 40) da moxda maTi fonemi-zacia: `Zveli qarTulis doneze [v] da […] segmentebi ori damo-ukidebeli fonemis realizacias warmoadgenen, Tumca /v/:/…/ opoziciis funqcionaluri datvirTva friad umniSvnelo unda Kofi-liKo~ (10, 41). aqve keTdeba SeniSvna: `Zvel qarTulSi ar das-turdeba morfemaTa (resp. sitKvaTa) iseTi wKvilebi, romelTa Semadgeneli erTeulebis sxvaoba mxolod […:v] opoziciiT Kofi-liKo gamoxatuli, Tumca amgvari SesaZlebloba principSi gamoricxuli ar aris~ (10, 41).

am bgeraTa distribucias, wina mkvlevarTagan gansxva-vebiT, ganvixilavdiT morfemaTa farglebSi, morfemaTa sazGvrebze maT monacvleobas ki vaanalizebdiT morfemaTa SidamimarTebebis fonze. 1969 wels Zveli qarTulis doneze [v] da […] erTi fonemis variantebad miviCnieT maTi Tavisufali monacvleobis gamo: cvaleba/c…aleba, qva/q…a... minimaluri wKvilebi /v/:/…/ dapirispirebisaTvis ar arsebobs, maTi Tavisu-fali Senacvleba ki udavoa Zvel ZeglebSi (iKvnes / iK…nes, fqvili / wisq…ili...), rac safuZveli gaxda Cveni daskvnisaTvis.

Tav fuZis -T‚s (=T…is) TandebulTan Sepirispirebis safuZ-velze (sax. naT.) miGebuli daskvnac _ TiTqos ufro adreul, ZvelqarTulamdel, qarTulSi es fuZe kumSvadi iKo, ar migvaC-nia gamarTlebulad: Tav fuZe qarTul enaSi mudam ukumSveli iKo da aris. saerTod, CVC tipis fuZeTagan sul sami fuZea (wel-, xan-, bal-), kumSvas rom ganicdis Tanamedrove qarTul-

12

Tedo uTurgaiZe

Si. adre isinic ukumSveli iKo. Tav fuZis kumSva mohKva mis sareduqcio poziciaSi moxvedras, sadac is Tandebulad iqca. analogiuri gziT moxda CVC tipis zemoT CamoTvlil fuZeTa kumSva, magaliTad weliwad rTul fuZeSi pirveli marcvlis wel ukumSvelia, kumSva xdeba mxolod mesame marcvalSi (wel+(iTi)wl+ad < *wel-iTi welad), rac CVC tipis morfemaTa kum-Svas damokidebuls xdis maT adgilze marcvalTmimdevrobaSi: mareducirebeli marcvlis win fuZiseuli meore da amis mo-mdevno marcvlebSi kumSva Cveulebrivia qarTulSi, romlis fo-nematuri maxasiaTebelia erT- an ormarcvliani fuZeebi.

damoukidebel sitKvaTa formacvalebis monacemebi Zvel qarTulSi gvavaraudebinebs, rom […] bgerasTan dakavSirebiT orToepias KovelTvis ar Seesabameboda samwerlobo enis or-Tografia. amis mizezi, rogorc samarTlianadaa aGniSnuli, aris nareduqciali formebis siaxlove ureduqcio formebTan: `[v] po-ziciaSi Tanxmovansa da xmovans (an Tanxmovans) Soris gvaqvs Cveulebriv iseT `nareduqcial~ formebSi, romelTa kav-Siri `ureduqcio~ formebTan Zveli qarTulis doneze Jer kidev naTelia da romelTa warmoeba Zveli qarTulis TvalsazrisiT pro-duqciuli modelebis mixedviT xdeba. aseTia Kvela zemoTgan-xiluli magaliTi: xed-av-s xed-v-a, v-Sev Sv-a Sv-il-i da sxv.~ (10, 42).

Zveli qarTulis analogiuria viTareba moxeur dialeqtSi. oGond aq Tavisufali monacvleoba [v]-sa da […]-s Soris ufro farTodaa warmodgenili. i. gigineiSvilis, v. Tofuriasa da i. qav-TaraZis `qarTuli dialeqtologiis~ (I, 1961) moƒeuri teqstebis mixedviT wKvilbagismieri […] xSirad gvxvdeba Cqamieri Tan-xmovnebis momdevnod, aseTebia: s…, g…, T…, C…, k…, q…, t…, w…, x…, S…, c…, K…. aseve xSiria [v]-sa da […]-s Tavi-sufali monacvleoba. gvxvdeba, erTi mxriT, i K … n e s (36, b.5) da v i K … e n i T (37, b.6), meore mxriT, v i K v e n T o (34, 25) da i K v i s k e (28, 16), aseve s T … e l z e (28, 14) da s T v l o -b i s k e (30, 167), s … e l i (29, 37) da d a v a s v e l e b (31, 7) da sxv. bunebrivia, analogiuri viTareba vivaraudoT sxva Cqa-mierTa momdevnodac. […] / [v] monacvleoba moxeveTa warmoTqmaSi Sepirobebulia saliteraturo enis kodTan SereviT. es faqtia da fiqsirebulia saTanado teqstebSi.

rac Seexeba sonorebs, maT mxolod [v] mosdevs, rogorc Zvel qarTulSi, mag.: arvin, ƒnva, gamonaklisia p a l … e b i , ro-

miTiTeba Kvelgan xdeba `qarTuli dialeqtologiis (I)~ mixedviT.

13

fonematuri sistema

melSic […] miGebulia /o/-s reduqciiT (paloebi > pal…ebi), e. i. /o/-s variantia xmovnis win da ara /v/ fonemisa sonoris mo-mdevnod.

moxeurSic ar moipoveba minimaluri wKvilebi /v/ : /…/ da-pirispirebiT, amitom isini aqac /v/ fonemis alofonebad unda miviCnioT.

arsebobs Zvel qarTulSi /v/:/…/ fonemaTa arsebobisa da dapirispirebis gansxvavebuli mtkicebis cda megrulis Cveneba-Ta mixedviT.

g. kartozias mtkicebiT, `rom Zveli qarTuli teqstebi C_V po-ziciaSi naxmari ori _ v da u _ grafemiT or gansxvavebul fone-mas warmogvidgendnen da Zveli qarTulis orTografiulsa da or-Toepiul normebs Soris winaaGmdegoba ar iKo, amas, vfiqrob, megrulis monacemebi adastureben. saqme is aris, rom Zvel qarTul teqstebSi C_V poziciaSi v da u grafemebiT gadmoce-mul bgerebs megrulSi sxvadasxva SesatKvisebi aqvT: u grafe-miT gadmocemul bgeras (anu /…/ fonemas) megrulis [v] da […] spirantebi SeesatKviseba, v grafemiT gadmocemul bge-ras (anu /v/ fonemas) ki _ megrulis u xmovani, rac Seexeba lazurs, aq Zveli qarTuli orive fonemis SesatKvisad [v] da […] spirantebi (anu erTi da imave fonemis alofonebi) gvaqvs~ (26, 94).

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom enis genetikuri fonematu-ri Tviseba xorcieldeba morfemis farglebSi, qarTvelur enaTa Cvenebis mixedviT Cqamier TanxmovanTa momdevnod */v/-s mxolod /…/ alofoni eqneboda, sxva poziciebSi ki _ [v].

morfonologiur cvlilebaTa safuZvelze [v]-s pozicia advilad icvleboda mis win im xmovnis Cavardnis Semdeg, romelic Ta-vis mxriv Cqamier Tanxmovans mosdevda. aseT SemTxve-vebSi morfemaTa identifikaciis wesi gamZleobas sZenda [v] variants sawinaaGmdegod fonematuri moTxovnilebisa (marx-av-s marx-v-a, v-Sev Sv-a...), maSin roca fonematuri mo-TxovniT xmovnis Cavardnis Semdeg [x]-sa da [S]-s momdev-nod mosalodneli iKo […] : [marx…a], [S…a]).

[v]/[…] Tavisufali monacvleoba arsebiTad xdeba morfe-maTa sazGvrebze: fonematuri dawoliT /-v/ alomorfi Cqamier-Ta momdevnod moiqceoda […] bgerad (iKav iK…is) da es orTografiaSic aisaxeboda. aseTi SemTxvevebi mravlad dastur-deba Zvel qarTulSi; meore mxriT, reducirebuli morfemis /-v/ alomorfma Tavisi warmomavlobis mixedviT (-av _ /-av/ /-v/) SeiZleba SeinarCunos orTografiuli saxe (iKav iKvis), mi-

14

Tedo uTurgaiZe

uxedavad imisa, rom orToepiaSi CqamierTa momdevnod uTu-od […] iTqmeboda. aseTi varaudi emKareba im formebs, rom-lebSic moxda /-v/-s gardaqceva /-…/-d.

zemoT aGwerili viTarebidan amosvliT unda davaskvnaT, rom CqamierTa momdevnod Zireuli […] Tavis saxes inarCu-nebs qarTvelur enebad diferencirebis Semdegac: Zv. qarT. sx…a: megr.-laz. Sx…a. amaT adgilze s x v a an S x v a meo-reulia, rogorc Tavisufali monacvleobis wesis normebis gvian-deli Sedegi. arsebiTia, rom am poziciaSi …-s adgilze xmovnis gaCena ar xdeba megrulSic, rogorc g. kartozias naSromidan (26) Cans, morfemaTa sazGvarze ki, sadac Tavdapirvelad [v] ivaraudeba CqamierTa momdevnod xmovnis Cavardnis Sede-gad (marx-v-a, Sv-a), iqmneboda ra arabunebrivi kompleqsebi (Cqamieri Tanxmovani + [v]), sayiro iKo maTi daZleva an [v>…] gardaqmniT, rac moxda kidec qarTulsa da lazurSi, an Zlieri poziciis SeqmniT C+v kompleqsSi, rac ganxorcielda me-grulSi iracionaluri xmovnis ganviTarebiT. megrulSi moxda am iracionaluri xmovnis labializeba v-s win, rac damTavrda u-s (xmovnis) SeqmniT: ˆv>u. aviGoT saerToqarTveluri Ziri Sv (<Sev) _ qarT. Svas º S…as (Sdr. Zv. qarT. Svili º S‚li), laz. sqvas º sq…as; megr. *sqvas > *sqˆvas >squas; aseve qarT. mS…e (>mSo), megr. *msqva >*msqˆva > squa. am mxriv saKuradGeboa amosavali *s… Ziris variantebi megrulis wKve-tilis mwkrivisa da sawKisis formebSi: megr. oS…es: qarT. Ses…es. rac Seexeba sawKisebs qarTulsa da megrulSi (qarT. sma, megr. Suma), isini fonetikuri gardaqmniT arian miGebu-li: qarTulSi pauzis momdevnod anlautSi labialuri kompleqsi-dan amovardnilia … (s…ma > sma, Sdr. s…ams), megrulSi ki [o]-s win xdeba […]-s gauCinareba (S…oma > Soma > Suma). [o]-s gadasvla [u]-Si xdeba Temis niSnis /m/-s gavleniT.

sonorTa momdevnod /v/ ar aris bunebrivi erTi morfemis farglebSi, amitom ver xdeba sonori+v kompleqsTa (*lv, *nv, *rv) rekonstruireba saerToqarTvelur doneze. am tipis kombi-naciebs SevxvdebiT an morfemaTa sazGvarze, an nasesxeb leqsikaSi. qarTulsa da lazurSi aqac sarTo wesi moqmedebs, kompleqsi ar icvleba: wil-v-a (qarT., laz.), qarT. rva, laz. orvo, megrulSi ki am SemTxvevaSic [u] xmovani gvaqvs amosavali [v] Tanxmovnis adgilze: wil-u-a, bruo. aqac sonori + v kom-pleqsSi iracionaluri xmovnis gaCenaa savaraudebeli: *wil-v-a > *wilˆv-a > wil-u-a, e. i; sintagmaturi winaaGmdegobis da-ZlevisaTvis, qarTulisa da lazurisagan gansxvavebiT, megruls

15

fonematuri sistema

sxva gza aurCevia _ iKenebs iracionalur xmovans, raTa Seq-mnas Zlieri pozicia arabunebrivi kompleqsis dasaZlevad.

moxeurSic, rogorc vnaxeT, sonorTa momdevnod mxolod [v] variantiT aris /v/ warmodgenili.

/ ƒ / - s f o n e m a t u r i s t a t u s i s a T v i s

samecniero literaturaSi fonematuri TvalsazrisiT /ƒ/ xSula-dac aris miCneuli da napralovnadac. fonetikuri ZiebiT igi orive niSans atarebs _ spirantoidia (4, 310). bunebrivia, interess iw-vevs [ƒ] bgeris gansxvavebuli fonematuri kvalifikacia xSulobi-sa da napralovnobis diferencialur niSanTa urTierTmimarTebis TvalsazrisiT.

paradigmatul cxrilebSi xSulTa sameulebis dapirispireba homorganul napralovnebTan `xSulobasa~ da `napralovno-bas~ aqcevs TanxmovanTa diferencialur niSnebad sxva tem-bralur niSnebTan erTad. eseni urTierTdapirispirebuli niSnebia da qarTuli Tanxmovnebis diferencialur niSanTa konebis auci-lebeli elementebi: rodesac n. mari winaenismierTa ena-sasis JgufSi erTimeoris gverdiT aTavsebs T da S Tanxmovnebs (33, 027), maTi erTimeorisagan gansxvaveba mTlianad emKareba xSulobisa da napralovnobis niSanTa dapirispirebas: g. axvle-dianis `qarTul TanxmovanTa cxrilSic~ (4, 91) d:z, T:s, d:J... fonemaTa dapirispireba xdeba xSulobisa da napralovnobis niSnebiT: /d T t/ ganekuTvnebian `xSulebs~, /z s j/ ki _ `araxSulebs~, anu napralovnebs; dapirispirebul fonemebs sxva niSnebi saerTo aqvT.

qarTul enaSi eqsperimentuli ZiebiT gamoiKo iseTi Tan-xmovnebic, romlebic fonetikurad aGniSnul orive niSans atare-ben (4, 41; 42, 35; 4, 310 da Semdeg): aqvT rogorc xSva, ise naprali. aseT TanxmovanTa sami Jgufi gamoiKofa, kerZod: af-rikatebi, spirantoidebi da Sereuli ragvarobis sonorebi. afrikatTa warmoTqmaSi xSvas mosdevs naprali, spirantoidTa warmoTqmaSi naprali uswrebs xSvas; Sereuli ragvarobis so-norebSi xSva da naprali erTdroulad xorcieldeba.

afrikatebi: /Z, c, w; J, C, y/spirantoidebi: /ƒ, K/Sereuli ragvarobis sonorebi: /m, n, l/

16

Tedo uTurgaiZe

urTierTdapirispirebul niSanTa arseboba erTi bgeris far-glebSi KovelTvis aKenebda am bgeraTa fonologiuri interpreta-ciis sakiTxs, rac arc iKo da arc axla aris erTgvarovani.

zemoT dasaxelebul `qarTul TanxmovanTa cxrilSi~ afrika-tebi ganekuTvnebian `rTul xSulebs~, spirantoidebi ki _ `mar-tiv xSulebs~. advili misaxvedria, ratom xdeba ase: g. axvledi-anis TvalsazrisiT, afrikati Seicavs homorganul xSulsa da na-pralovans, magaliTad, xSuli /T/ da napralovani /s/ kbilismiere-bia, bunebrivia, cxrilSi am komponentTa homorganulia maTi Semcveli /c/ afrikatic (Ts>c)... analogiuri msJeloba Catardeba sxva afrikatTa da maT komponentTa mimarT. bunebrivia, mo-vlenaTa urTierTobis aseTi logika ganapirobebda `rTuli xSuli~ niSnis Semotanas cxrilSi: radgan T, s da c kbilismierebad iq-nen miCneuli, /c/ mxolod `rTuli xSulobiT~ daupirispirdeboda `martiv xSul~ /T/-s. magram aseTi daskvna maSinve saeyvo xdeba, rogorc ki /T/ da /c/ sxvadasxva lokalur rigebSi aGmo-Cndebian, rogorc es sxvaTa cxrilebSia (62, 17; 59, 10; 43, 148; 36, 11): radgan /T/ da /c/ sxvadasxva lokalur rigs gane-kuTvnebian, `rTuli xSuli~ maTTvis zedmeti niSania fonologiu-rad, gindac /c/ fonetikurad rTul bgerad miviCnioT (e. i. xSvisa da napralis Semcvelad). `qarTul TanxmovanTa cxrilSi~ swo-red lokaluri rigebis mixedviT gansxvavebam, Cveni azriT, aa-cila spirantoidebi `rTuli xSulis~ niSans /g, k, q/-sTan mimar-TebaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom fonetikurad spirantoidebic rTuli arian.

radgan enaSi arsebobs gamokveTili `xSulebica~ da `napralovnebic~ (fonetikurad Seureveli xSuli da napra-lovani bgerebi), romelTa fonologiuri interpretacia `xSulebad~ da `napralovnebad~ davas ar iwvevs, sin-tagmatur planSi maTi gansxvavebuli qcevis mixedviT SegviZlia SevamowmoT `rTul TanxmovanTa~ fonologi-ur `xSulad~ an `napralovnad~ miCnevis siswore. ase, magaliTad, `qarTul TanxmovanTa cxrilSi~ araxSulad miCneuli /l/ _V poziciaSi ar uswrebs win /z, s, j, S/ spirantebs erTi mo-rfemis farglebSi, Sebrunebuli rigi ki daSvebulia amave piro-bebSi, e. i. _V poziciaSi ar gvxvdeba lz-, ls-, lS-, lj- kompleq-sebi, dasaSvebia zl-, sl-, Sl-, jl-. Tu /l/-s analogiurad iqceva `qarTul TanxmovanTa cxrilSi~ xSulad miCneuli /n/, ra Tqma

17

fonematuri sistema

unda, /n/-c napralovnad unda miviCnioT1; marTlac, bunebrivia zn-, sn-, Sn-, jn-, ar gvxvdeba Tavkidurad nz-, ns-, nj-, nS-. es mosalodnelic iKo, radgan /n/-s warmoTqmas ar syirdeba skdoma, rac aucilebelia xSulTa warmosaTqmelad. amave dros /n/-s enis xSvis ganbnevis zona vrcelia: SesaZlebelia rogorc kbilebTan, ise nunis nebismier adgilze (win, Suaze, ukan). es imitom xdeba, rom wina enis moqmedebis areSi / n/ erTa-derTi nazaluri Tanxmovania, nazalobis niSani ki Giaobis ni-Sania, radgan am niSnis realizacia xdeba ganxsnil cxviris Gru-Si (naqi daSvebulia), skdomasac amitom ar sayiroebs.

rac Seexeba / m/-s, isic ganxilul sonorTa bunebisaa fonologiurad, magram masubstantivebeli elementia da amitom morfologiuri stratumis moTxovniT arGvevs zemoT mi-TiTebul wess, Tumca diaqroniuli ZiebiT ar yirs morfologi-uri sazGvris aGdgena / m/-s momdevnod (m-jave, m-saxu-ri, m-ze, m-Sieri da sxv.). / m/-s fonetikuri cvlilebebi, rom-lebsac adgili aqvs qarTulSi (resp. qarTvelur enebSi), sa-erTod Cqamier napralovanTa win, zemoT CamoKalibe-buli wesebis dadasturebaa: mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Semde-gi fonetikuri cvlilebebi sitKvis Tavkidurad:

ms>fs: msueni>fsveni, msxali>fsxali, msxili>fsxili...mz>bz: mze>bze, mziTi>bziTi, mziri>bziri...mj>bj: mjave>bjave...mS>fS: mSuinva>fSvinva, mSvildi>fSvildi...gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom /m/ _ am poziciaSi Tu ar

gardaiqmna Tavisi lokaluri rigis romelime xSulad (rac garkveul wesebs emorCileba), ikargeba, magaliTad, msxali>sxali, mSobeli>Sobeli da sxv. amis sapirispirod fo-netikuri cvlileba ar xdeba, rodesac Cqamier napralovnebs mo-sdevs sonori napralovnebi, maT Soris sm-, zm-, Sm-, jm- rai-me cvlilebas ar ganicdian. aseTsave mimarTebas gviCvenebs xSulTa da napralovanTa kompleqsebi (xSuli+napralovani da napralovani+xSuli). msJelobas aGar ganvagrZobT, realuri vi-TarebisTvis mivuTiTebT Cvens naSromze (50, 91-93, 97-99), sadac naCvenebia, rom martivi xSulebi da afrikatebi (`rTuli xSulebi~) erTnair mimarTebas amjGavneben sonorebTan da Cqamier napralovnebTan, ris safuZvelzec afrikatebis miCneva

1 g. axvlediani /m, n/ sonorebs xSul Tanxmovnebad miiCnevs (ix. `qarTul TanxmovanTa cxrili~).

18

Tedo uTurgaiZe

xSulebad gamarTlebulia _ sintagmatur mimarTebaSi ise iqcevian, rogorc martivi xSulebi. mxolod h. fogtma scada eCvenebina qarTul afrikatTa martiv xSulTagan gansxvavebuli qceva rTul kompleqsebSi, magram misi debuleba _ oTxwevra kompleqsebSi Tavkidurad KovelTvis naxevradxSulia (=afri-kats), bolokidurad ki _ wminda dentaluri (=martiv xSuls) (59, 71), realur viTarebas ver asaxavs: drtvinva, tkrciali, Zrwola, TrTola sitKvaTa dasawKisi kompleqsebi h. fogtis sawi-naaGmdego Cvenebas iZlevian (50, 91-93, 97-98).

axla SeiZleba daisvas Teoriuli xasiaTis kiTxva: ramdenad misaGebia paradigmatuli niSnebis (Cven SemTxvevaSi `xSu-loba~ da `napralovnoba~) saboloo gansazGvra (ukeT verifi-kacia) sintagmaturi mimarTebebiT? `saboloo~ imitom, rom pirveli gadawKveta mainc paradigmatuli identifikaciis wesebiT xdeba. pirveli nabiJi am TvalsazrisiT h. fogts ekuTvnis, rode-sac man scada funqciurad ganesxvavebina `wminda xSuli~ da `naxevrad xSuli~. vfiqrobT, es meTodurad gamarTlebulia, radgan sintagmaturi mimarTebebi paradigmatul monacemeb-ze damKarebiT dgindeba. aviGoT Tundac harmoniul kom-pleqsTa n. mariseuli daxasiaTeba: `Согласные переднеязычные... при стечении с заднеязычными... сочетаются всегда глухие (w, y, t, s, S) или средние (c, C, T) безразлично с глухими (K, k) и средними (x, ƒ, q), звонкие (z, Z, J, d, z, j) со звонкими~ (33, 023). n. maris mier gamoKvanili sintagmaturi wesi CamoKalibebulia paradig-matul terminebSi, rogoricaa: winaenismieri, ukanaenismieri, mkveTri (глухой), fSvinvieri (средний) da mjGeri (звонкий).

isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom urTierTgamomricxavi fone-tikuri maxasiaTeblebis erTi bgeris farglebSi arsebobis Se-mTxvevaSi (afrikatebi, spirantoidebi, Sereuli gvarobis sonore-bi) fonologiuri interpretaciis Semowmebis sxva gza arc arse-bobs.

rac Seexeba /K, ƒ/ `spirantoidebs~, maT miiCnevdnen ukanaenismier an enisZirismier xSulebad, Sesabamisad uwodebdnen velarul an faringalur xSulebs, mag., h. fogti da g. axvlediani am Tanxmovnebs fonologiurad orive xSulebad miiCnevda, miuxedavad SemarTvaSi napralis arsebobisa (42, 35). amis mizezi, unda vivaraudoT, iKo is, rom /K, ƒ/-s lokaluri rigiT ganasxvavebdnen /g, k, q/ xSulebisgan, kerZod: h. fog-ti /g, k, q/-s miiCnevda postpalatalurad, /K, ƒ/-s ki _ velarulad; g. axvledliani /g, k, q/-s ukanaenismierad (anu velarulad, xo-

19

fonematuri sistema

lo /K, ƒ/-s xaxismierad (anu enisZirismierad aqtiuri organos mixedviT).

saerTo azriT, n. maridan moKolebuli, /ƒ, K/ xSuli Tan-xmovnebia. mxolod n. iuSmanovma gamoTqva azri qarTu-li /K/-s napralovnobis Sesaxeb, rac ar iqna gaziarebuli qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi. ase, magaliTad g. axvlediani amasTan da-kavSirebiT werda: `n. iuSmanovi qarTul K-s miiCnevs `KelxSul Grmad ukanaenismier spirantad~ da, maSasadame, ragvaro-biT uTanasworebs a-ɛ-s (h _ ‡-s _ T. u.), rogorc spirantebs. amas SeuZlia gamoiwvios gaugebroba, radganac sruliad aS-karaa, rom K xSulia~ (4, 322).

Cven samociani wlebidan moKolebuli vamtkicebT, rom K KelxSuli napralovania fonetikuradac da fonologiuradac, mas SeuZlia realizdebodes rogorc velaruli, ise faringaluri alofone-biT (50, 65). mivmarToT zemoT aprobirebul sintagmatur plans: rogorc mosalodneli iKo, harmoniul kompleqsebSi K mo-sdevs homogenur da heterorganul xSulebs da ar uZGvis win erTi morfemis farglebSi, e. i. bunebrivia pK-, tK-, wK-, yK-, ar aris bunebrivi Sebrunebuli rigi: Kp-, Kt-, Kw-, Ky-. fonetikuri gardaqmnebic amaze miuTiTeben, rac adreve iqna SemCneuli (tx>tK: texs tKdebis _ v. Tofuria).

axlaxan analogiuri mosazreba gamoTqva T. gamKreliZem (9, 2000), rac, bunebrivia, misaGebia CvenTvis, oGond ver da-veTanxmebiT g. axvledianisa da Cveni Tvalsazrisis urTierTmi-marTebis gagebaSi. T. gamKreliZe wers: `TviT g. axvlediani erTgan aGniSnavs: `maSasadame, K fonetikurad abruptivia, fonologiurad _ napralovani, amas xels uwKobs, albaT, K-s spi-rantoidoba~ (4, 294) da iqve ganagrZobs: `arsebiTad amave Tvalsazriss gamoTqvams T. uTurgaiZe, romelic Tvlis, rom [K] KelxSuli napralovani bgeraa~ (9, 2503) (miTiTebulia Cveni na-Sromis is adgilebi, romlebic exeba [K]-s fiziologias, mis reali-zacias napralovan bgerad (50, 43, 67). Cveni naSromis sxva adgilze K fonemaze msJelobisas g. axvledianis citirebul adgil-Tan dakavSirebiT vwerdiT: `g. axvledianis varaudSi uxerxu-loba minimumamdea daKvanili, kerZod, rogorc zemoT vna-xeT, ar aris swori, rom /K/ xSulia fonetikurad. fonologiuri kva-lifikaciis mixedviT uTuod sworia: /K/ napralovania G x-sTan erTad, maSasadame, uxerxuloba iqneba im mxriv, rom bgera-Ta fiziologiur specifikaze damKarebul fonologiur sistemaSi Se-usabamobaa _ xSuli gamodis araxSuli~ (50, 69). Semdeg iqve

20

Tedo uTurgaiZe

ganxiluli gvaqvs velarul TanxmovanTa fonologiuri mimarTe-bebi maTi Jgufis /K/-sTan: a) /K/ upirispirdeba /G x/-s rogorc KelxSuli napralovani araKelxSul napralovnebs, /k/-s ki _ ro-gorc KelxSuli napralovani KelxSul aranapralovans da a. S.

/K/-ze msJeloba amiT ar dagvimTavrebia: 1971 w. ganvi-xileT harmoniul kompleqsTa A da B Jgufebis diaqroniuli mi-marTeba. g. axvledianma, radgan /K/ xSulad miaCnda, B Jgu-fis harmoniuli kompleqsebi meoreulad miiCnia A JgufTan Se-darebiT. misi azriT, moxda A Jgufis velar komponentTa ganap-ralovneba (bg>bG, fq>fx...); varaudobda, rom ganapralovne-bas gadaurCa mxolod /K/ komponentiani kompleqsebi (pK, tK...), romlebic, rogorc A Jgufis kompleqsebi, axlac xSulTa kombinaciebs warmoadgenen. Cven, sapirispirod am Tvalsaz-risisa, B Jgufis kompleqsebi miviCnieT diaqroniulad uwinare-sad A JgufTan mimarTebiT. simoklisaTvis moviKvanT erT ad-gils reziumedan: `Комплексы неосновных моделей (сюда входят и гармонические комплексы со смычными компонентами) вторичны~ (53, 125).

/K/-ze msJelobas davamTavrebT imiT, rom, rogorc zemoT aGvniSneT, Cven gamovKaviT /K/-s ori alofoni: velaruli [K] da faringaluri [K] (e. i. am bgeris warmoeba SesaZlebelia rbil sa-sasTanac da xaxaSic). /K/-s dispersiis gafarToeba SesaZlebe-lia imitom, rom am zonaSi ar aris sxva KelxSuli napralovani.

/K/-s gverdiT T. gamKreliZe Seexo /ƒ/ fonemasac. gan-sxvavebiT sxva mkvlevarTagan, misi kvalifikaciiT, /ƒ/ postvela-ruli napralovania. mkvlevari varaudobs, rom swored amis gamo moxda misi SerwKma /x/-sTan; /ƒ/-s napralovnobis da-madastureblad miiCnia misi distribuciuli qceva.

distribuciul qcevaze, rogorc napralovnoba-xSulobis erT-erT kriteriumze, zemoT gvqonda msJeloba. axla ki gvinda ganvacxadoT, rom swored am safuZvelze ver CaiTvleba /ƒ/ napralovan Tanxmovnad.

v. Tofurias mier dadgenili wesiT, Zvel qarTulSi bunebrivia ƒs, ƒS, ƒc kompleqsebi, erTi mxriT, da sx, cx, Sx, Cx, meore mxriT. amasTan dakavSirebiT T. gamKreliZe varaudobs, rom `ƒ da x fonemaTa amgvari distribuciuli qceva homogenur (Kru) spirantebsa da afrikatebTan mimarTebaSi avlens maT homogenur spirantul bunebas da asxvavebs maT Sesabamisi xSulebisagan. dapirispirebas maT Soris, rogorc Cans, mxolod warmoebis adgili qmnis (velari x½ sapirispirod postvelari ƒ spirantisa); amis Sesabamisad ƒ spiranti distribuciulad ukav-

21

fonematuri sistema

Sirdeba homogenur sibilantur spirantebsa da afrikatebs aqce-siuri -ƒs-, -ƒS-, -ƒc- kompleqsebis Sesaqmnelad; amisgan gan-sxvavebiT, x spiranti Sesabamis homogenur spirantebsa da afrikatebTan decesiur -sx-, -Sx-, -cx-, -Cx- kompleqsebs qmnis. am kompleqsebSic, iseve, rogorc A da B sistemebis harmoniul kompleqsebSi, saTanado fonemuri dapirispirebis (am SemTxvevaSi) ƒx fonemuri dapirispirebis) neitralizacia xdeba~ (9, 253).

am vrcel citataSi sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ramde-nime mniSvnelovani debulebaa erTimeoresTan dakavSirebuli, rasac Semdeg efuZneba avtoris saboloo daskvna; amitom sa-yiroa maTi cal-calke ganxilva: (1) daviwKoT imiT, rom v. Tofu-riam zemoT aGniSnuli aqcesiur da decesiur kompleqsTa rigebi realizaciis wesTa mixedviT bolomde Seavso da aseTi daskvna gaakeTa: `Kvela zemoTqmulisda kvalad gamodis, rom u Z v e -l e s p e r i o d S i qarTveluri enebi

1. s S c C ciSlaut-afrikatebisa da winaenismieri TØs me-zoblad xØs, [d] z j Z JØsTan GØsa da [t] w yØs gverdiT KØs atarebdnen da qmnidnen sx, Sx, cx, Cx, Tx; [dG], zG, jG, ZG, JG; [tK], wK, yK kompleqsebs, xolo

2. xsenebuli bgerebis win ki ƒ's da gvqonda ƒs, ƒS; ƒc, ƒC; [ƒd, **ƒz, ƒj; ƒZ, ƒJ, ƒw, ƒy] Jgufebi. varskvlavqveS moqceulTa-Tvis magaliTi ar moipoveba~ (17, 47).

Teoriuli ganzogadebiT, ra Tqma unda, ƒs, ƒS; ƒc, ƒC kom-pleqsebis gverdiT ƒf, ƒT kompleqsebic unda vivaraudoT. swo-red amas Seexeba v. Tofurias SeniSvna ƒs, ƒc rigis kompleq-sebTan dakavSirebiT: `msgavsive wesi, gvgonia, unda KofiliKo daculi sxva sameul (d T t; b f p) TanxmovnebTan~ (v. Tofuria, 1979, gv,. 473). am SeniSvnaSi nagulisxmebi kompleqsebidan qarTvelur enebSi dadasturebul kompleqsebs mxolod fSvinvi-erTa ƒf da ƒT kompleqsebs davumatebT da erTad warmovad-genT /x/ da /ƒ/ fonemaTa Semcvel kompleqsebs or rigad, TiTo-euls _ or-ori qveJgufiT:

I. (a) fx, Tx, cx, Cx; sx, Sx (b) xf, xT, xc, xC; xs, xSII. (a) fƒ, Tƒ, cƒ, Cƒ; sƒ, Sƒ (b) ƒf, ƒT, ƒc, ƒC; ƒs, ƒS(b) qveJgufebSi (a)-s Sebrunebuli TanamimdevrobiT lag-

deba kompleqsTa komponentebi orsave rigSi. amis Semdeg SeiZleba davsvaT kiTxva mocemul rigTa mixedviT: avlenen x da ƒ, rogorc T. gamKreliZe varaudobs, `homogenur (Kru) spi-rantul bunebas~? am monacemTa mixedviT pasuxi uarKofi-Tia, radgan qarTveluri enebisTvis miuGebelia I rigis (b) Jgufis,

22

Tedo uTurgaiZe

II rigis (a) Jgufisa da II rigis (b) Jgufis ƒ + xSuli kompleqsebi, maSin roca bunebrivia, I rigis (a) Jgufis Kvela kompleqsi da II rigis ƒ + winaenismieri napralovani kompleqsebi, e. i. ƒs, ƒS kompleqsebi mxars ubams xSuli + napralovani Tanamimdev-robas da, meore mxriT, ar ubams mxars winaenismieri napra-lovani + x (sx-, Sx-) Tanamimdevrobas (ar arsebobs sƒ da Sƒ), rac imas niSnavs, rom /x/ da /ƒ/ erTi ragvarobis fonemebi ar aris: /x/ udavo napralovania, /ƒ/ ki iqceva xSulTa msgavsad (ƒs-, ƒS-; Sdr. fs-, fS-). distribuciul safuZvelzec, amrigad, /ƒ/ xSuli fonemaa.

roca vlaparakobT fs-, fS-; ƒs-, ƒS- (xSuli + napralovani) izomorful kompleqsebze, bunebrivia, ver SevexebiT /s, S/ na-pralovanTa kombinaciebs /T, c, C/ fSvinvier xSulebTan, rad-gan isini (T, c, C; s, S) ganekuTvnebian erT (winaenismier TanxmovanTa) klass da dauSvebelia maTi uSualo Tanamim-devroba erTi morfemis farglebSi _V poziciaSi: Ts, TS; cs, cS... iseve dauSvebelia, rogorc ukanaenismierTa klasis wevr-Ta kombinacia (qK- an kK) amave pirobebSi.

Cvens msJelobaSi calke ar gamoiKo ƒc (Zveli qarTuli mƒce), romelic erTaderT gamonaklis realizacias warmoadgens ƒ + xSuli kombinaciebSi. ƒc- moulodnelia, roca ara gvaqvs ƒf-, ƒT-, ƒC-. /ƒ/-s distribuciuli wesi unda CamoKalibdes am ukanasknel kompleqsTa Cvenebis niadagze: /ƒ/ xSuli dauS-vebelia bagismier da winaenismier homogenur xSulTa win erTi morfemis farglebSi _V poziciaSi. es wesi ufro ganzogaddeba, roca ukanaenismieri xSuli /q/ analogiurad iq-ceva: isic, /ƒ/-s msgavsad, ar uZGvis win bagismier da winae-nismier fSvinvier xSulebs -qf-, qT-, qc-, qC- ar gvxvdeba erTi morfemis farglebSi _V poziciaSi (qc- morfonologiuri cvlilebis Sedegia: qec > qc-, sadac ar aris gamoricxuli -ec calke morfe-ma iKos). amrigad, aseT viTarebaSi ƒc- akrZaluli kompleqsia sistemis CvenebiT da unda aixsnas an TanxmovanTa Soris xmovnis CavardniT da SesaZlo morfologiuri sazGvriT (ƒ-Vc; Sdr. ƒ-ed /ƒ-ad, sx-ed _ (da)sx-n-es, wKu-ed, ku-ed da sxv.), anda sesxebiT.

uTuod isic simptomaturia, rom saerTo-qarTvelur an ori qarTveluri enis doneze rekonstruirdeba *fs-, *fS-, *ƒs-, *ƒS mzardi napralovnobis kompleqsebi, sadac /ƒ/ ikavebs xSuli Tanxmovnis adgils sistemaSi da ar rekonstruirdeba *cƒ-, *Cƒ-, *fƒ-, *Tƒ-, sadac /ƒ/ daikavebda napralovani Cqamieris adgils,

23

fonematuri sistema

Sdr. realizebuli *fx-, *Tx-, *cx-, *Cx-, sadac ukanaenismieris napralovnoba eyvs ar iwvevs.

(2) Tu sworia, rom /x/ napralovania, /ƒ/ ki _ xSuli, bunebri-via, ver vilaparakebT maTi dapirispirebis neitralizaciaze, ro-gorc amas adgili aqvs x G dapirispirebaSi.

24

Tedo uTurgaiZe

q a r T u l i e n i s T a n x m o v a n T a s i n t a g m a t u r i a n a l i z i

enebi xasiaTdebian TanxmovanTa maTTvis damaxasiaTe-beli specialuri kombinaciebiT, romlebic asaxaven enaTa gene-tikur Tvisebebs. eseni b u n e b r i v i k o m p l e q s e b i a . amaT gverdiT enaTa arsebobis grZel manZilze Cndeba gansxvave-buli (aragenetikuri) kombinaciebic s e s x e b i s , m o r f e m a -T a S e x o r c e b i s a Tu s x v a a m r i g i s movlenaTa gavle-niT.

genetikuri Tviseba vlindeba morfemis farglebSi _ `mniSvnelobis mqone umcires elementSi~. morfema uJredia, romelic enis arsebobis mTel manZilze atarebs mis fonematur da morfologiur Tvisebebs.

Cveni TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli enisTvis bunebrivia Tanxmo-vanTa mzardi napralovnobis kompleqsebi, rac ganisazGvreba Semdegi formuliT: kompleqsis Koveli momdevno Tanxmovani ganekuTvneba TanxmovanTa sxva klass da winas aGemateba napralovnobiT (50, 103). formulaSi SezGudva edeba Cqamier-Ta kombinaciebs _ komponentebi homogenuria, anu mo-mdevno napralovani saxmo simTa moqmedebiT uTuod identuria win mdgomisa, sonorTa win ki es SezGudva moxsni-lia.

samecniero literaturaSi cnobili `keTilxmovani kompleqse-bis~ nawili da `harmoniuli kompleqsebis~ B Jgufi bunebriv kompleqsebs ganekuTvnebian. am JgufebSi gaerTianebulia mzardi napralovnobis (xSuli + napralovani) kompleqsebi. ma-Ti rekonstruqcia saerToqarTvelur donezec xerxdeba (36), ma-Sin roca g. axvledianis A Jgufebis kompleqsTa arseboba ama-ve qronologiur doneze Teoriulad daSvebulia mxolod B da A Jgufebis izomorfizmis safuZvelze. SevniSnavT, rom izomor-fizmze laparaki SeiZleba mxolod ori niSnis: decesiuri rigisa da komponentTa homogenurobis mixedviT. xSul + xSuli kombi-nacia, bunebrivia, xSuli + napralovani kombinaciis izomor-fuli ver iqneba. aGniSnuli ori niSani arasakmarisia modelis do-neze. harmoniul kompleqsebTan dakavSirebul mimoxilvas vagrZelebT Cveni weriliT, romelic mieZGvna a. SaniZis 100 wlis Tavs (54). viTvaliswinebT jak van ginekenis Tvalsazrissac qarTuli enis TanxmovanTa bunebriv kompleqsebSi kompo-

25

fonematuri sistema

nentTa `damavali siZlieris~ mixedviT ganawilebis Sesaxeb. j. van ginekeni aqve miuTiTebs arabunebriv kompleqsebzec qarTul enaSi.

kompleqsebSi fonemaTa urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb msJeloba ori TvalsazrisiT aris aucilebeli: (1) bunebrivi da ara-bunebrivi kompleqsebis gamovlena SesaZleblobas iZleva ga-movTqvaT (viqonioT) Tvalsazrisi enis mravalsaukunovan ge-netikur Tvisebaze; (2) avxsnaT morfonologiuri cvlilebebi gra-matikul modelSi: davadginoT cvlilebaTa mizezi da garda-qmnis mimarTuleba.

harmoniul kompleqsTa gansazGvrisaTvis qarTulSi

1.0. `harmoniul kompleqsTa~ Seswavlas TiTqmis erTi sa-ukunis istoria aqvs qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi. mkvlevarni am kompleqsebs axasiaTebdnen garkveuli struqturuli niSnebiT, romlebic arsebiTad emTxveodnen, magram zogi niSnis (niS-nebis) mixedviT gansxvavdebodnen kidec.

1.1. sxvadasxva dros mkvlevarTa mier `harmoniul~ (resp. `keTilxmovan~) kompleqsad miCneulia TanxmovanTa eqvsi tipis kombinacia wKvilebSi.

gansxvavebuli harmoniuli JgufebisaTvis g. a x v l e d i a n i s mier gamoKenebuli pirobiTi A da B aGniSvnebis kvalobaze da-narCen Jgufebsac laTinuri literebiT gamovxatavT (C,D,E da F-iT).

1.1.1. s. xundaZis cxrilis mixedviT `keTilxmovan~ kompleqsTa oTxi Jgufi gamoiKofa.

cxrilibagismierni xorxis-

miernikbilis-mierni

sasis-mier-ni

ssisina da SiSina

b g d ` y J magari da sxvilip k t ` w Z magari da wmin-

daf

v(bagekbi-lis)

q G xK h

T r j SC c

rbili da sxvili

` l n z s rbili da wminda (76, 96)

26

Tedo uTurgaiZe

keTilxmovan kompleqsTa Jgufebi: A B C DbgdgZgJg

fqTqcqCq

pktkwkyk

fx-Tx-cx-Cx-

____

sxSxsKSK

zGjG

fs-fS-

(ix. qve-moT 2.1)

aqac da qvemoTac Jgufebis SigniT kompleqsTa adgilze Casmuli tire miuTiTebs imaze, rom cxrili ver iZleva saTanado kompleqsebs an, miuxedavad cxrilis moTxovnilebisa, TviT av-tori ar varaudobs mas; aGuniSnavi, e. i. carieli uJrebi ki (ma-galiTad, aq C JgufSi) miuTiTebs imaze, rom am adgilze raime kompleqsi gamoricxulia Teoriulad.

ragvarobis terminebi: `magari~, `rbili~, `sxvili~, `wmin-da~, romelTac s. xundaZe xmarobs, antikuri xanidan modis, oGond maT gansxvavebuli gageba aqvT sxvadasxva enisa da sxvadasxva drois mkvlevrebTan. s. xundaZis cxrilSi `maga-ria~ mjGeri da mkveTri xSulebi; Kvela napralovani da fSvinvieri xSuli `rbilia~. aq ar vixilavT `sxvili~ da `wmin-da~ niSnebs, radgan TanxmovanTa sintagmatur analizSi maT ar iKenebs s. xundaZe.

1.1.2. n. m a r m a qarTuli enis wKvil TanxmovanTa kom-pleqsebSi komponentTa b u n e b r i v i m i m a r T e b e b i aGwera ragvarobis sxva terminebSi da uwoda `harmoniuli~, Sesabamisad wKvilebic iwodeba harmoniul kompleqsebad. warmovadgenT n. maris terminebs Tanamedrove SesatKvise-biT:

`mjGeri~ _ mjGeri`saSualo~ _ fSvinvieri`Kru~ _ mkveTri (33, 023).`Zlieri~ _ xSuli. `Zlieria~ martivi xSulebi da afrikate-

bi. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom n. maris `bgeraTa klasifikacia-Si~, garda /Z, c, w, J, C, y/-si afrikatebia /G, x, K, ƒ/-c. maSasa-dame, `Zlieria~ Kvela martivi da rTuli bgera, romlebic xSulia an Seicaven xSul komponents. wminda xSuli afrikatTan Seda-rebiT ufro Zlieria.

`susti~ _ napralovani bgera: `sonorebi~, `spirantebi~ da `sibilantebi~.

27

fonematuri sistema

n. marma Tavisi cxrilis mixedviT (33, 030) gamoKo har-moniul kompleqsTa sami Jgufi:

A B C_dgZg_

_Tqcq_

_tkwk_

_dGZGJG

_TxcxCx

_tKwKyK

sKsx_

_zG_

n. maris `harmoniul kompleqsebSi~ ver moxvda, miuxe-davad cxrilis moTxovnilebisa, bagismierTa kombinaciebi uka-naenismierebTan. B JgufSi isini Semoaqvs a. SaniZes 1930 wels (65, 12).

C JgufSi sx, zG kompleqsebis arseboba Teoriulad varau-dobs Sx, jG kompleqsebsac, romlebic n. mars ar warmoudge-nia am JgufSi.

qarTuli enis TanxmovanTa mimarTebaze msJelobda j. van ginekeni (12) XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi. misi gamokvleva emKareba n. marisa da n. mar-m.brieris erTobliv naSroms. sintagmatur mimarTebaTa arsebiT niSnebad gamoKofilia Semdegi Tvisebebi: homogenuroba x S u l T a da f r i k a t i v -T a kompleqsebSi, decesiuri rigi k o m p o n e n t T a S o r i s da komponentTa d a m a v a l i T a n a m i m d e v r o b a . am Tvi-sebaTagan gasarkvevia termini `damavali Tanamimdevroba~ (12, 32). es termini emKareba TanxmovanTa n. mariseul kla-sifikacias `Zlierebad~ da `sustebad~: sustia s o n o r e b i , s i -b i l a n t e b i da s p i r a n t e b i , d a n a r C e n i Zlieri Tanxmov-nebia.

rogorc sust, ise Zlier TanxmovanTa Soris arsebobs Sida ierarqia sisustisa da siZlieris mixedviT. am terminTa mniSvne-loba n. marma gansazGvra `afxazur analizur anbanSi~: sustia is Tanxmovnebi, romlebic advilad emorCilebian cvlilebas, Se-iZleba daikargon kidec (34, 29).

qarTuli enis TanxmovanTa siZliere-sisuste n. marma Zveli saliteraturo qarTuli enis gramatikis (33) 030-e gverdze warmoadgina specialuri sqemiT, romlis kvadratSi ganTavse-bulia afrikatebi, kvadratis gareT, marcxniv or vertikalur svetSi sonorebi (r, l, m, n, …) da spirantebi (h, ), kvadratis marJvniv svetSi _ sibilantebi (s, z, S, j). m a r t i v i x S u l e b i (kvadratis Tavze da boloSi) da a f r i k a t e b i g a n e k u T v n e b i a n Z l i -e r T a n x m o v a n T a J g u f s . afrikatebi martiv xSulebze na-klebi siZlierisaa, radgan maT sibilanturi elementic urevia (Z <

28

Tedo uTurgaiZe

dz, c < Ts, J < dj, C < TS, y < tS). cxrilis bolos xSulTa grafaSi meore m-c aris KruTa rigSi warmodgenili, aqvea mjGeri Zlieri Tanxmovani v. ufro gvian n. marma m. brierTan erTad daweril naSromSi m da v …-sTan erTad sust bgerebSi (anu sonoreb-Si) Seitana. j. van ginekeni am naSroms emKareboda.

axla termini damavali gasagebia _ igi miuTiTebs iseT k o m p l e q s e b z e , r o m l e b S i c K o v e l i m o m d e v n o T a n x m o v a n i m i s w i n m d g o m z e n a k l e b i s i Z l i e -r i s a a . qvemoT warmovadgenT TanxmovanTa Jgufebs siZlie-ris xarisxis mixedviT:

1. martivi xSul-mskdomebi2. afrikatebi3. afrikatebi4. sibilantebi5. sonorebin. maris am sqemaSi afrikatTa ori rigia warmodgenili, ro-

melTagan zogi ar Semonaxula an sxva JgufSia gadasuli, ase ma-galiTad K afrikatia, miGebulia kh kombinaciiT, G-c afrikatia, miGebulia g kompleqsisgan, ƒ miGebulia q-s da % SerwKmiT da a. S.

j. van ginekeni Tanamedrove qarTulSi bunebriv kompleq-sebad miiCnevs orkomponentian TanxmovanTa kombinaciebs C q a m i e r i + s o n o r i SemadgenlobiT (Kr, yr, Cl, Sr, gr da sxv.); samkomponentian kompleqsTa boloSic sonorebi dgas, maT win SeiZleba uZGodes decesiuri rigis homogenur xSulTa wKvili, romelTac n. mari harmoniul kompleqsebs uwodebda (wkl, ykv, tkl, tKv...) an Cqamieri xSulisa da napralovnis wKvili (Cxl, Txr, dGv da sxv.). amave JgufSi erTiandeba Cqamieri da sonorTa wKvilebiT Seqmnili samwevriani kompleqsebi (cvl, cvr, Cvr, Zvn, qvr da sxv.).

Tumca, unda SevniSnoT, aq iseTi kombinaciebic mohKva, romelTac `damavali siZlieris~ kompleqss ver vuwodebT sa-klasifikacio wesebis mixedviT, esenia: Cqv, Cqm, cql, cqv, Cql... am kompleqsebSi afrikats mosdevs martivi xSuli, e. i. isini aGmavali siZlieris kompleqsebia da ara damavalisa. vfiq-robT, isini distribuciuli analizis Sedegad mohKvnen damavali siZlieris kompleqsTa JgufSi.

j. van ginekeni aGmavali siZlieris sq, Sq, sT, ST, sf, Sf kompleqsebs gamonaklisebad miiCnevs, bunebrivad ar miaC-nia qarTuli enisTvis.

siZlieris kleba xdeba isris mimarTulebiT

29

fonematuri sistema

1.1.3. g. a x v l e d i a n m a A da B sistemebi warmoadgina srulad. manve A sistema Seavso Jg, Cq, yk kompleqsebiT (5, 124). g. axvledians bg, fq, pk gvian Semoaqvs A sistemaSi (6). warmovadgenT am sistemebs:

A BbgdgZgJg

fqTqcqCq

pktkwkyk

bGdGZGJG

fxTxcxCx

pKtKwKyK

1.1.4. harmoniuli kompleqsebis mkvlevarTagan uTuod unda aGiniSnos g. mayavariani, romelmac saerTo-qarTvelur doneze, garda CvenTvis ukve cnobili A, B, C, D Jgufebisa, gamoKo kidev E, F Jgufebic, sul eqvsi Jgufi (36, 81).

A B CzGfxpK

dGTxtK

ZGcxwK

Z1Gc1xw1K

JGCxyK

bgfqpk

dgTqtk

Zgcqwk

Z1gc1qw1k

JgCqyk

sx zG s1x_/_/

D E F

fsbz

fSbj/?/

sk s1k sT s1Tstsw

g. a x v l e d i a n i s A Jgufi g. mayavarianis naSromSi B-s saxeliT aris warmodgenili, xolo B Jgufi _ A-s saxeliT. am JgufTa A-Ti Tu B-Ti aGniSvna SemTxveviTi ar Cans: g. axvledianis va-raudiT, sadac gvaqvs xSulTa kompleqsebi, is Jgufi pirveladia, B Jgufis kompleqsebi (xSuli + napralovani) ki meoreuli, miGebuli meore komponentis ganapralovnebiT. g. mayavaria-ni A da B Jgufebs ar asxvavebs qronologiurad da arc erTimeo-risagan gamohKavs, misi azriT, orive Jgufi `markirebulia saer-To-qarTveluri fonologiuri sistemis TvalsazrisiT~ (36, 82): xolo xSuli + napralovani Sedgenilobis kompleqsTaTvis A-s da-rqmeva, unda vivaraudoT, ganpirobebulia imiT, rom g. maya-varians udavod miaCnia *Z1G *c1x *w1K kompleqsebis rekon-struqcia saerTo-qarTvelur doneze, maSin roca xSulkomponen-tebiani kopleqsebis (*Zg, *cq, *wk...) rekonstruqcia aGniSnul qronologiur doneze mxolod am ori Jgufis kompleqsTa izomor-

30

Tedo uTurgaiZe

fizms emKareba (36,87). qvemoT am pirobiT aGniSvnebs viKenebT g. axvledianis mixedviT.

1.1.5. a. S a n i Z e harmoniulad miiCnevs mxolod B Jgufis kompleqsebs. specialuri msJeloba mas am Jgufebze ar hqonia (62).

1.1.6. zemoT warmodgenili cnobebis mixedviT, Tu qrono-logias mxedvelobaSi ar miviGebT, sxvadasxva mkvlevarTan harmoniuli kompleqsebi warmodgenilia gansxvavebuli raode-nobis JgufebiT: a. SaniZe mxolod B Jgufs miiCnevs harmoniu-lad, g. axvlediani _ A da B Jgufebs, n. mari _ A, B, C-s, s. xun-daZe _ A, B, C, D-s. xolo g. mayavariani _ A, B, C, D, E, F Jgu-febs.

2.0. harmoniulobis (resp. keTilxmovnobis) gageba, dasa-xelebul avtorebTan, zogadi saerTo principebis garda, gan-sxvavebuli principebis SemotaniTac xasiaTdeba: saerToa kompleqsebSi komponentTa warmoeba gansxvavebul adgi-lebze (heterorganulobis principi) da erTgvaroba ragvarobis garkveuli niSnis / niSnebis mixedviT (homogenurobis principi). mcire gadaxrebi am niSnebis gagebaSic aris. sxvaobas qmnis damatebiTi principebi, romlebic SemoaqvT avtorebs kompleqsTa ragvarobis mixedviT daxasiaTebaSi da heteror-ganul komponentTa rigis gansazGvraSi (pirvel an meore ad-gilze) kompleqsis SigniT.

2.1. s. xundaZe keTilxmovan kompleqsTa misaGebad or princips miiCnevs arsebiTad: (a) heterorganulobas (`Zireul sitKvaSi erTaT ar moxvdeba erTi organos xmebi~ (76,96) da (b) homogenurobas simagre-sirbilis mixedviT (`magar xmas misdevs magari, rbils _ rbili~ (76, 96).

s. xundaZe qarTuli enis wKvilTanxmovnian keTilxmovan kompleqsebs ar zGudavs decesiurobis principiT (aseve iqceva g. mayavariani, ix. qvemoT), dg kompleqsis gverdiT keTil-xmovnurad aris CaTvlili gd-c da sxv. amiT is gansxvavdeba n. maris, g. axvledianisa da a. SaniZisagan, romelTa harmoniuli kompleqsebi uTuod decesiuria (ix. qvemoT).

termini unda ukavSirdebodes T. b u s l a e v i s keTilxmov-nebas (благозвучие). keTilxmovnobis principi TanxmovanTa ganawilebaSi gamoixateba arabunebrivi kompleqsebis mi-swrafebiT bunebrivi SeTanxmebisaken fonetikur gardaqmna-Ta gziT (7, 64); bunebriobisken miswrafebiT xsnis s. xundaZec kz > gz, kc > qc, ks > qs (ekzameni > egzameni, redakcia > redaqcia, aleksandre > aleqsandre) cvlilebebs (76, 97).

31

fonematuri sistema

s. xundaZes, rogorc zemoT aGvniSneT, keTilxmovnobisa-Tvis aqvs mecnieruli kriteriumebi: komponentTa h e t e r o r -g a n u l o b a da h o m o g e n u r o b a . es principebi kargad iKo cnobili rusul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi. homogenurobis principze SeiZleba mivuTiToT v. trediakovskis 1748 wlis na-Sromze rusuli orTografiis Sesaxeb (48, 485). xolo heterorga-nulobis Sesaxeb _ f. buslaevis istoriul gramatikaze (7, 85). am naSromze uTiTebs g. wereTeli 1872 wels (am droisTvis ar-sebobda am naSromis oTxi gamocema) da sxv.

qarTvelTagan heterorganulobis princips qarTuli enis Tan-xmovanTa bunebriv kompleqsebSi pirvelad Seexo mwerali g. wereTeli (g. goriselis fsevdonimiT). man warmoebis adgilis mi-xedviT gamoKo sami `gvaris~ Tanxmovnebi: baguri xmebi (bagismierebi), kbiluri xmebi (kbilismierebi), saoxravi xme-bi (ukanaenismierebi, h laringalurTan erTad). wesi CamoKali-bebulia am Jgufebis mixedviT: `sxvadasxvagvari asoebi (iva-raudeba bgerebi _ T. u.) SeerTdebian xolme erTad da er-Tgvarni ki sul ara~ (72, 43).

aqvea meore saKuradGebo debulebac, sadac ukve msJe-loba xdeba bgeraTa ragvarobis mixedviT: `Kvelaze ufro advi-lad SeerTdeba sxvadasxvagvaris uxmo asoebTan xmovani da calxma (ivaraudeba sonori _ T. u.) asoebi~ (72, 42). zemoT aGniSnul rusul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi es debulebac wi-na planzea wamoweuli da Cveulebriv gadadis saxelmZGvane-lodan saxelmZGvaneloSi. unda vivaraudoT, rom n. mari swo-red am Cveulebriobis gamo ar uTiTebs s. xundaZeze harmoni-ul kompleqsebze msJelobis dros, romelTac pirvelad 1908 wels Seexo `ZiriTad tabulebSi~.

2.2. n. mari A da B Jgufebs sami principis mixedviT aKali-bebs: (a) h e t e r o r g a n u l o b i T (d e c e s i u r i T a n a m i m -d e v r o b i T : w i n a e n i s m i e r s m o s d e v s u k a n a e n i s -m i e r i );

(b) h o m o g e n u r o b i T T a n x m o v a n T a s i Z l i e r i s mixedviT (aucilebelia Semdegi kombinaciebi: martivi xSuli + martivi xSuli an martivi xSuli + afrikati an afrikati + afrikati);

(g) h o m o g e n u r o b i T s a x m o s i m e b i s m o q m e -d e b i s mixedviT (mjGerTan dgas mjGeri, fSvinvierTan _ fSvinvieri, mkveTrTan _ mkveTri). aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom am principebs n. mari C JgufSi bolomde ver icavs. bolomde daculia mxolod decesiurobis principi, danarCeni ori principi ki darGveulia, kerZod, (a) darGveulia homogenurobis principi

32

Tedo uTurgaiZe

siZliere-sisustis mixedviT _ cxrilis mixedviT K, x, G Tanxmov-nebi afrikatebia, maSasadame, Zlierebic, C JgufSi isini sustebs (s, z napralovnebs) mosdeven, rac ar xdeba A da B JgufebSi, iq mxolod Zlier TanxmovanTa kombinaciebia; (b) darGveulia homogenurobis principi saxmo simebis moqmedebis mixedvi-Tac erT SemTxvevaSi, kerZod, sK kompleqsSi fSvinviers mo-sdevs mkveTri Tanxmovani (n. maris terminologiiT: `saSua-los~ mosdevs `Kru~).

2.3. a. S a n i Z i s a da g. a x v l e d i a n i s a T v i s harmoni-ulobis gansazGvraSi arsebiTia winawarmoebis (bagismierebi-sa da winaenismierebis) TanxmovanTa homogenuri kavSiri saxmo simebis moqmedebis mixedviT ukanaenismierebTan decesiuri TanamimdevrobiT.

2.4. g. m a y a v a r i a n i harmoniulobis friad Tavisebur gansazGvras iZleva. upirveles Kovlisa, is harmoniul kompleq-sebs ar zGudavs decesiurobis principiT (`harmoniuli Jgufi Se-iZleba iKos decesiurica da aradecesiuric~ (36, 79). mis gamo-kvlevaSi Taviseburad aris warmodgenili saxmo simebis mo-qmedebis mixedviT homogenurobis principi napralovanTa da xSulTa kombinaciebSi, kerZod, h o m o g e n u r a d a r i s g a m o c x a d e b u l i f S v i n v i e r i n a p r a l o v n i s a d a m k v e T r i x S u l i s k o m b i n a c i a im sababiT, rom `napra-lovanTa klasis TanxmovnebisaTvis araarsebiTia dapirispireba KruTa da mkveTrTa seriebs Soris, Kru spirantisa da mkveTri Tanxmovnisagan Semdgari Jgufebi Tanaxmad definiciisa ho-mogenur Jgufad CaiTvleba~ (36, 79).

aqve warmodgenilia harmoniulobis originaluri definicia: `harmoniulis saxelwodebiT aGvniSnavT iseT homogenur Jgu-febs, romelTac aqvT unari daikavon cali Tanxmovnis adgili er-Ti morfemis farglebSi nebismier garemocvaSi~ (36, 79). ro-gorc vnaxeT, g. mayavarianis naSromSi homogenuroba erTi rigis kompleqsebSi Taviseburad aris gagebuli; amave dros er-Ti axali principic Semovida mis gansazGvraSi _ harmoniul kompleqsTa mier c a l i T a n x m o v n i s m s g a v s i q c e v a n e b i s m i e r p o z i c i a S i .

am naSromSi uTuod T a v i s e b u r i a isic, rom h a r m o -n i u l k o m p l e q s e b s F k l a s S i q m n i a n w i n a e n i s m i -

am msJelobaSi `Kru~ faravs `fSvinviers~. Senacvleba emKareba imas, rom, g. mayavarianis azriT, qarTulSi (resp. qarTvelur enebSi da amdenad saerToqarTvelurSic) KruebTan mimarTebaSi markirebulia mjGeri da mkveTri Tanxmovnebi (33,12).

33

fonematuri sistema

e r i T a n x m o v n e b i c (sT, s1T, st, sw), rac sxva mkvlevreb-Tan, rogorc vnaxeT, gamoricxulia. SeiZleba davsZinoT amas: Tu sT, s1T, st kompleqsebSi ase Tu ise daculia komponentTa gansxvavebuli lokaluri rigi, sw kompleqsSi esec darGveulia, radgan /s/-c da /w/-c naSromSi me-3 lokalur rigSi arian warmodgenili (36, 11).

3.0. TanxmovanTa harmoniuli kompleqsebis zemoT warmodgenili Teoriis TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli Jgufebidan unda gamovricxoT calkeuli kompleqsebi da mTlianad Jgufebic ro-gorc araharmoniuli, kerZod: /sK/ kompleqsi n. maris Jgufidan, E da F Jgufebi g. mayavarianis mier CamoKalibebuli eqvsi Jgu-fidan.

/sK/ kompleqsi sKida sawKisSi gvxvdeba morfemaTa Se-saKarze: s-Kid-a, amdenad, e s k o m p l e q s i f o n e m a t u r i s t r u q t u r i s faqti arc aris, Tavi rom davaneboT fSvinvieri /s/-sa da mkveTri /K/-s SeuTavseblobas homogenurobis Tval-sazrisiT. aqve unda ganvixiloT /sk/-c, romelic g. mayavarian-ma mainc homogenur kompleqsad miiCnia, radgan napralo-vani fonemebisaTvis ararelevanturad CaTvala dapirispireba fSvinvierobisa da mkveTrobis mixedviT (es argumenti Tu mi-saGebi aGmoCndeba, n. maris /sK/ kompleqsisTvisac gamo-dgeba). amasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas Semdegi: Jer erTi, aGniSnuli dapirispireba arsebiTia meore wevrisTvis, /k/-sTvis, romelic mkveTrobiT upirispirdeba rogorc mjGer /g/-s, ise fSvinvier /q/-s; meorec, /sk/ mosalodneli ar aris struqturulad, roca sistemaSi ar aris /zg/ da /sq/ udavod homogenuri kom-pleqsebi: /zg/ saerTod ar gvxvdeba, /sq/ ki meoreulia (an ses-xebis gziT Semosul sitKvebSi dasturdeba, an fonetikuri garda-qmnebiT aris miGebuli: sqema, sqesi... nasesxebi sitKvebia, sqeli meoreulia, Sdr. Zv. qarTulis zrqeli; sqdeba, Sdr. xeT-qa, Zv. qarT. ganhTqda da gansTqdoma).

rac Seexeba sT, st, sw kompleqsebs, garda imisa, rom er-Ti aqtiuri organos Tanxmovnebia kompleqsebSi gaerTianebu-li, rasac adgili ara aqvs sxvagan (b a g i s m i e r e b s a da u k a n a e n i s m i e r e b S i ), struqturulad es kompleqsebic miuGebeli Cans, radgan enaSi ar gvxvdeba zd, zZ, zJ, sc, sC, romlebSic homogenurobis principi daculia, rac harmoniul kompleqsTa ZiriTad Tvisebad aris miCneuli da lokalurad iseTi-ve mimarTebaa, rogoric sT, st, sw kompleqsebSi.

aqve unda aGiniSnos uTuod, rom `harmoniuli kompleqse-bi~ ver daikaveben cali Tanxmovnis adgils erTi morfemis far-

34

Tedo uTurgaiZe

glebSi `n e b i s m i e r g a r e m o c v a S i ~, rogorc g. mayavari-ani varaudobs. saqme is aris, rom amis SesaZleblobas ar iZle-va qarTuli enis TanxmovanTa sintagmaturi kanonzomierebe-bi: harmoniuli kompleqsebi ubralod ikrZaleba, sruliad gamori-cxulia garkveul TanamimdevrobaSi, sadac Tavisuflad Jdeba cali Tanxmovani, ase magaliTad: (bza) sitKvaSi /b/-s Canac-vleba SeuZlebelia bG, dG, ZG, JG harmoniuli kompleqsebiT im mizeziT, rom _V poziciaSi dauSvebelia Tanamimdevroba Gz, maSasadame, dauSvebelia bGz, dGz, ZGz, JGz mimdev-robebiT dawKebuli sitKvebic: aseve /zGarbi/ formaSi /G/-s ver CavanacvlebT bG, dG, ZG, JG kompleqsebiT, radgan imave _V poziciaSi qarTulis nebismier qvesistemaSi akrZalulia zb, zd, zZ, zJ Tanamimdevrobani, maSasadame ar gveqneba sitKvebi, romlebic daiwKeba bzG, zdG, zZG, zJG Tanamimdev-robebiT da a. S.

aqve gvinda moviKvanoT akrZalvis iseTi SemTxvevebic, romlebic TiTqos moulodnelia, magram es erTi SexedviT, si-namdvileSi igi ganpirobebulia qarTuli enis TanxmovanTa fone-maturi struqturis kanonzomierebebiT. amovideT zogadi debu-lebidan, romelic bunebrivia Kvela enisTvis da kargad aris cno-bili; Tu enas aqvs xy Tanamimdevroba da yz Tanamimdevro-bac garkveul poziciaSi, aqve uTuod iqneba xyz Tanamimdev-robac.

qarTul enaSi dGes _V poziciaSi bunebrivia fx, Tx, cx, Cx harmoniuli kompleqsebi, aseve dasturdeba xS da xs kom-pleqsebic am poziciaSi (xSiri, xSva; xsna, xsovna da a. S.), maSasadame, sitKvis dasawKisSi unda velodeT fxS, TxS, cxS, CxS; fxs, Txs, cxs, Cxs kompleqsebsac, q a r T u l e n a S i k i a r c e r T i a m a T g a n i a r d a s t u r d e b a , e. i. (fSa) sitKvaSi cali Tanxmovani (f) ver iqneba Canacvlebuli harmoniuli fx, Tx, cx, Cx TanxmovnebiT da a. S.

e s a r a r i s S e m T x v e v i T o b a . aq saqme gvaqvs mkacr kanonzomierebasTan: xS da xs q a r T u l e n a S i m e -o r e u l i k o m p l e q s e b i a , Sedegi paradigmatul sistemaSi momxdari cvlilebebisa, kerZod ƒ/x monacvleobisa, rac bolo-mde ganxorcielda saliteraturo qvesistemaSi da qarTuli enis mraval dialeqtSi (sul ramdenime kiloSi SemogvrCa /ƒ/ Tan-xmovani). am cvlilebis (ƒ/x) safuZvelze miviGeT Zveli qarTuli enisTvis miuGebeli wKvilebi: xS, xs (Sdr. Zv. qarTulis ƒS, ƒs) da enaSi gaCnda fonematuri struqturis sawinaaGmdego wKvi-lebi bunebrivi (struqturiT daSvebuli) sx, Sx wKvilebis gverdiT

35

fonematuri sistema

(/ƒ/-s mqone dialeqtebSi viTareba Zveli qarTulis nairia). s w o -r e d a m m i z e z i T qarTuli enis Tanamedrove sistemaSi me-oreulobisa da bunebrivi struqturuli modelis sawinaaGmdego TvisebaTa gamo xS da xs ar gvxvdeba zemoT CamoTvlil sa-mkomponentian kompleqsebSi (fxS, TxS, cxS...).

aq warmodgenili viTarebis mixedviT erTaderTi Jgufi (bG, fx, pK...) ar iwvevs mkvlevarTa daeyvebas _ igi Kvelas Se-aqvs harmoniul kompleqsebSi.

B Jgufis kompleqsebi xasiaTdeba komponentTa heteror-ganulobiT, homogenurobiTa da araxleCadobiT (erTi morfemis farglebSi komponentTa Soris sxva Tanxmovani ar daiSveba, miuxedavad imisa, kompleqsi Tavdapirvelia Tu raime foneti-kuri cvlilebiT aris miGebuli).

Tu B Jgufs miviCnevT amosavlad, wKvil TanxmovanTagan qarTulSi Sedgeba harmoniul kompleqsTa sami Jgufi:

I II IIIfsqsƒs

fSqSƒS

bzgz_

bjgj_

bGdGZGJG

fxTxcxCx

pKtKwKyK

sx zG Sx jG

I JgufSi ori kompleqsi ara gvaqvs /ƒ/-s mjGeri korelatis uqonlobis gamo. B Jgufidanve amosvliT daxasiaTebaSi Semo-va isic, rom harmoniuli kompleqsis bolo wevri napralovania uTuod, wina wevri ki SeiZleba xSulic iKos (I da II JgufebSi) da napralovanic (III JgufSi).

imis gamo, rom /s, z, S, j/ komponentebi harmoniul kom-pleqsTa JgufebSi meore wevradac gvevlinebian (fs, fS, bz, bj...) da pirvel wevradac (sx, zG, Sx, jG), qarTulSi Teoriulad savaraudebelia Cqamier TanxmovanTa samwevriani harmoni-uli kompleqsebic, romlebic Seadgenen IV Jgufs.

IVfsx, fSx, bzG, bjG

amitom aris, rom dialeqtebSi meoreuli xS da xs metaTezisiT gadadian bunebriv Tanamimdevrobaze: xSiri /Sxiri, xsna / sxna da sxv.

36

Tedo uTurgaiZe

fsxili, fsxiti, fsxlikurwa; fSxvna, fSxalva; bzGali, bzGeli; bjGali, bjGarebi.

IV JgufSic samive wevri heterorganulia, homogenuri da araxleCadi.

fonematur sistemaSi SeiZleba gamoiKos qarTuli enis Semdegi genetikuri Tvisebebi:

(1) sitKvis bolos marcvlis daxurvis tendencia, rac mkveT-rad aris gamoxatuli aGmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis dialeqteb-Si.

(2) bunebrivia sitKvaTa erTmarcvliani da ormarcvliani fu-Zeebi.

(3) ar aris bunebrivi xmovanTa kompleqsebi erTi morfe-mis farglebSi.

(4) erTi morfemis farglebSi bunebrivia TanxmovanTa mzardi napralovnobis kompleqsebi.

37

morfologia

morfologia

qarTuli enis brunebis sistema

bruneba aris saxelis formacvaleba zmnasTan kavSirSi: zmnasTan kavSiri qmnis brunebis kategoriis zogad mniSvne-lobas (kategoriis safuZvels) _ aqtantobas. brunebis kategoriis elementebia brunvebi. brunebis kategoriis aseTi gageba aris nawilobriv navaraudebi brunvis ganmartebaSi, romelsac iZle-va lingvisturi enciklopediuri leqsikoni (32): `Падеж грамма-тическая категория имени, выражающая его синтаксические отношения к другим словам высказывания или к высказыванию в целом...~ (32, падеж).

ramdenadac citirebul adgilas miTiTebaa saerTod s i n -t a q s u r k a v S i r z e , romelic brunvis mqone saxels aqvs wi-nadadebis sxva wevrebTan, pirvel rigSi, savaraudebelia zmnasTan kavSiri, magram e s g a n m a r t e b a a r i Z l e v a b r u n v i s g a C e n i s a u c i l e b e l p i r o b a d m x o l o d z m n a s T a n k a v S i r i T S e m o f a r g v l i s s a S u a l e b a s . CvenTvis amjamad arsebiTi iKo zmnasTan kavSirze miTiTeba. saxelis sxva rigis sintaqsur kavSirze brunvebTan (resp. brune-basTan) mimarTebiT qvemoT sagangebod vimsJelebT.

brunvaTa zmnasTan kavSiris aspeqtiT msJeloba aris r. ia-kobsonis, C. filmoris da sxvaTa cnobil naSromebSi. r. iakobso-ni iZleva calkeul brunvaTa zogad mniSvnelobebs da maT ker-Zo gamovlinebebs sintaqsur urTierTobaTa saxiT. misi gan-martebiT, k e r Z o s i n t a q s u r i m n i S v n e l o b e b i z o g a -d i m n i S v n e l o b i s v a r i a n t e b i a (21, 143). am naSromis mixedviT, vfiqrobT, aseTi daskvnis gamotanac SeiZleba: TviT zogadic zmnasTan kavSiridan gamomdinareobs. amis dama-dastureblad migvaCnia Semdegi debulebebi: `Значение винительного так тесно и непосредственно связано с действием, что он может управляться только глаголом... предмет обозначенный винительным падежом представлен как объект, по отношению к которому говорящий активно выражает свою точку зрения...~ (21, 140).

saxelobiTi da braldebiTi brunvebis literaturaSi arsebul sintaqsur daxasiaTebas, rogorc subieqtisa da obieqtisa, bral-debiTTan dakavSirebiT r. iakobsoni sworad miiCnevs (21, 139, 140), oGond saxelobiTis daxasiaTebas _ `падеж обозначающий

44

Tedo uTurgaiZe

субъекта деятельности~ (gv. 139) arasrulKofilad acxadebs imi-tom, rom rusul enaSi saxelobiTi brunvis zogadi funqcia daxa-siaTebis gareSe rCeba: es brunva iseT SemTxvevebSic gamoiKeneba, rodesac qmedeba ar xdeba saerTod (время _ деньги): zog SemTxvevaSi ki saxelobiTi brunviT obieqtia gadmocemuli (сын наказан отцом). mxedvelobaSi misaGebia isic, rom qvemdebaris rolSi SesaZlebelia sxva brunvis formac.

brunebis sistemis gagebis TvalsazrisiT friad mniSvnelova-nia is, rom r. iakobsoni saxelobiT da braldebiT brunvaTa daxa-siaTebas axdens brunebis kategoriis arsidan amosvliT: `...Винительный как бы указывает, что на объект направлено действие, именительный же, напротив, сам по себе не содержит указания ни на наличие, ни на отсутствие отношения к действию~ (gv.141). maSa-sadame, saxelobiTi da braldebiTi brunvebi, r o g o r c b r u n e b i s k a t e g o r i i s e l e m e n t e b i , a q d a p i r i s p i -r e b u l i a s a e r T o a m o s a v a l T a n (kategorialur mniSvne-lobasTan) _ qmedebasTan urTierTobis mixedviT, daskvnac am aspeqtiT keTdeba: `У к а з а н и е н а н а л и ч и е о т н о ш е н и я (Bezug) является, таким образом, п р и з н а к о м в и н и т е л ь н о г о в п р о т и в о п о л о ж н о с т ь и м е н и т е л ь н о м у ...~ (gv. 141) s a x e l o b i T i b r a l d e b i T i brunvebis korelaciaSi amitom markirebulad braldebiTia mi-Cneuli (21, 141). swored amis gamo aris bruneba morfologiuri kategoria, rom igi emKareba elementTa (brunvaTa) paradig-matul mimarTebebs.

saxelTa brunebaze msJelobis dros arc J. laionzis sintaqs-Tan mimarTebiT gakeTebuli gancxadebaa SemTxveviTi: `Принцип на котором, видимо, основаны традиционные парадигмы, сводится к следующему: выделяется именно шесть падежей, потому что это минимальное число синтаксически релевантных различий, с помощью которых оказывается возможным формулировать правила выбора формы, пригодные для всех склонений как в единственном, так и во множественном числе~ (30, 309).

mniSvnelovania J. laionzis es debulebac: `Главная проблема, связанная с определением падежа как грамматической категории, состоит в решении вопроса о том, сколько из этих черт частных "индоевропейских" свойств мы хотим сохранить в нашем определении~ (30, 307-8).

C. filmors brunvaTa TeoriaSi Semoaqvs konceptualuri CarCo, sadac calke ganixileba siGrmiseuli struqtura, romelSic winadadeba warmodgenilia zmniTa da masTan brunviT da-

45

morfologia

kavSirebuli saxeliT an saxelebiT. iqve SeniSnavs: `Важно понимать что объяснительная ценность универсальной системы глубинных падежей заключается в их синтаксической, а не в (просто) морфологической природе~. meore werilSic _ Дело о падеже открывается вновь, romlis Targmanic НЗЛ-is imave tomSia da-beydili, C. filmori brunebas ukavSirebs S i n a g a n s e m a n t i -k a s , romelic ganisazGvreba ara paradigmatulad (kontraste-bisa da opoziciebis sistemiT) (58, 400), aramed sintaqsurad _ struqturul elementTa urTierTobis konteqstSi: scenebSi (anu situaciaSi) rolebis mixedviT ganisazGvreba is, Tu winadadebis romeli Semadgeneli gamodis subieqtis rolSi da romeli _ obieq-tis rolSi. swored am konteqstSi xdeba miTiTeba l. tenieris va-lentobis Teoriaze.

l. tenieri struqturul wKobas (sapirispirod xazobrivisa) mi-iCnevda humboldtis `enis Sidaformad~ (47, 45).

C. filmori sanimuSod iGebs meqanikuri qmedebis gamomxatvel situacias hit `dartKma~. igi wers, aseT situaci-ebSi advilia konceptualuri CarCos Sedgena: `...Предмет, который используется, это поциенс, предмет на который с его помощью оказывают воздействие это цель, а тот, кто оперирует первым предметом, - это агенс~ (58, 523). am msJelobaSi naTlad aris warmoCenili zmnis arsebiTi roli saxelTa gramatikuli mniSvne-lobisa da formis gansazGvraSi.

sayiroa mkacrad gaimiJnos sintaqsuri da morfolo-giuri brunebis kategoriaSi. udavoa, rom: (1) zmniT gamo-xatul qmedebaSi winadadebis Kvela arsebiTi saxeli iGebs mo-nawileobas; (2) qmedebaSi gansxvavebuli saxis monawileoba (anu gansxvavebuli roli) ganapirobebs saxelTa gansxvavebul gramatikul funqciebsa da Sesabamis formebs.

zemoT warmodgenil debulebaTa safuZvelze s a x e l i s z m n a s T a n u r T i e r T o b a u n d a m i v i C n i o T b r u n e b i s k a t e g o r i i s w a r m o q m n i s p i r o b a d , anu brunebis ka-tegoriis zogadi mniSvneloba aris aqtantTa gamoxatva, rac xorcieldeba paradigmatuli mimarTebiT: kategoriis elementebis formaTa da funqciaTa Sepirispirebis safuZvelze, ris gamoc bruneba morfologiuri kategoriebis rigSi dge-ba.

analogiisaTvis: xilTa gamaerTianebelia mcenareuli warmo-mavloba (Kvela saxeobas xe isxams) xilis saxeobaTa dapiris-

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pireba ki xdeba gemos (da konfiguraciis) mixedviT: vaSli msxali komSi da sxv.

Cveni msJeloba SeiZleba davamTavroT ferdinand de sosi-uris uarKofiTi damokidebulebiT formisa da funqciis danawile-baze morfologiasa da sintaqss Soris: `Отделяя морфологию от синтаксиса, ссылаются на то, что объектом этого последнего являются присущие языковым единицам функции, тогда как морфология рассматривает только форму~ (45, 168). aseTi daKofa arasworad miiCnia, radgan, misi azriT, brunebis paradigmaSi wevrTa ga-erTianeba xdeba swored funqciis safuZvelze: `...Разные формы существительного... объединяются в единую парадигму склонения только благодаря сравнению функций, свойственный этим формам~ (45, 168). aqvea es debulebac: es gansxvavebuli funqciebi morfologiaSi Sedian imdenad, ramdenadac Kovel funqcias Se-esabameba gansazGvruli bgeriTi maCvenebeli.

s a x e l s winadadebaSi, garda zmnisa, kavSiri aqvs msazGvrelTanac. zemoT msJeloba gvqonda z m n a s T a n k a v S i r z e , rogorc b r u n e b i s k a t e g o r i i s z o g a d i m n i S v n e l o b i s g a n m s a z G v r e l m o v l e n a z e , axla SeiZleba davsvaT kiTxva, ramdenad mniSvnelovania am Tval-sazrisiT winadadebaSi arsebiT saxelTa kavSiri msazGvrelTan, anu m s a z G v r e l T a n k a v S i r s a q v s T u a r a r a i m e g a v l e n a c a l k e u l i b r u n v e b i s w a r m o q m n a s T a n ? es kiTxva Cndeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom w i n a d a d e -b a S i a r s e b i T i s a x e l i s s x v a s i t K v e b T a n k a v S i r i z o g a d a d m i C n e u l i a b r u n v a T a s i s t e m i s s a f u Z -v l a d : `saxelis nair-nair formebs Soris gamoiKofa erTi Jgufi, romlis wevrebs leqsikuri mniSvneloba erTi aqvT, magram gansxvavdebian winadadebaSi moxmarebis mixedviT, sitKvaTSoriso urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT~ (62, 44). am ganmar-tebas gverdiT daudgeba ЛЭС-is debuleba, romelic dasawKisSi moviKvaneT. mis mixedviT gamonaTqvamis farglebSi brunvis kategoria sintaqsur kavSirebs amKarebs saxelsa da gamonaT-qvamis sxva wevrebs Soris.

Semdgomi msJelobis sicxadisaTvis dasawKisSive unda iT-qvas, rom aqtantis rolSi mxolod arsebiTi saxeli gamodis. sxva metKvelebis nawilTaTvis aucilebelia substantivacia _ arsebiT saxelad moqceva, rom qmedebis monawiled iqcnen.

Л. Т е н ь е р : "Актанты - это всегда существительные или их эквиваленты" (47, 117).

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am Sesavlis Semdeg SeiZleba kiTxva konkretulad da-vsvaT: brunebis kategoriis elementTa (brunvaTa) SeqmnaSi ra roli eniyeba sazGvrulis kavSirs msazGvrelTan?

s a z G v r u l i s a d a m s a z G v r e l i s k a v S i r i s a z -G v r u l i T i m a r T e b a, amdenad sazGvrulis gverdiT msazGvrelis raime gavlena brunebis sistemis CamoKalibebaze gamoricxulia: msazGvreli sazGvrulis ro-melime Tvisebis gamomxatveli sitKvaa, igi formalurad (an rai-me sxva gziT) imeorebs sazGvruls, raTa ar moxdes komuni-kaciuri gaugebroba _ ama Tu im sazGvrulis msazGvreli ar mi-eweros sxva saxeliT gamoxatul sazGvruls. es viTareba kargad Cans brunebis, ricxvisa da sqesis mqone aglutinaciur da fleq-siur enebSi, sadac msazGvreli am kategoriaTa mixedviT imeo-rebs sazGvrulis formebs, mag., Zv. qarT.: kac-i saxier-i, kac-man saxier-man, kac-sa saxier-sa... kac-n-i saxier-n-i, kac-Ta saxier-Ta; rus.: родная сестра, родной брат... родные сестр-ы, родн-ые брат-я...

sazGvrulisa da msazGvrelis urTierTobis bunebis Secnobis TvalsazrisiT friad saKuradGeboa aqtiuri tipologiis enaTa Cve-neba. msazGvrelisa da sazGvrulis urTierTobis oTxi formulidan, romlebsac iZlevian T. gamKreliZe da v. ivanovi, Cven sakiTx-Tan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania me-2 da me-4 formulebi: A_In {-os} da In_A {-om}, romlebSic -os aqtiur klass gamoxa-tavs, -om ki _ inaqtiurs. formulaTa mixedviT cxadia, rom m-sazGvrelebi sakuTari klasis niSnebs ki ar atareben, aramed sazGvrulis klasisas (In {-os} da A {-om}) (11, 277). a m n a i r i g a f o r m e b a m s a z G v r e l i s a d a k a v S i r e b u l i a g a n -k u T v n e b i s m k a c r p r i n c i p T a n _ msazGvreli Tavisi sazGvrulis klasis niSans unda atarebdes am ukanas-knelisadmi misi sruli gankuTvnebis gamosaxatavad uf-ro mkafiod: s a z G v r u l i angariSs ar uwevs m s a z G v r e -l i s k l a s s , mas sakuTari klasis niSans aZlevs da amiT iCemebs mas, riTac sxva sazGvrulebs uspobs masTan gramatikuli urTierTobis saSualebas.

amave naSromSi saKuradGeboa aqtiur da inaqtiur klasTa markerebis zmnaSi gamoCena, erTi mxriT, da maTi monawile-oba brunvaTa CamoKalibebaSi, meore mxriT: (1) xdeba g a n -

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs nulovani alomorfiT warmodgenili msazGvreli, romlis sazGvruli iseve mkacrad aris miTiTebuli, rogorc materialurad realizebuli brunvis niSnis mqone msazGvrelis sazGvrulisa (ix. qvemoT).

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z o g a d e b a -os n i S n i s a a g e n s i s a T v i s , x o l o -om n i S -n i s a _ p a c i e n s i s a T v i s , m i u x e d a v a d i m i s a , a g e n s i d a p a c i e n s i k o n k r e t u l a d r o m e l k l a s s g a n e k u T v n e b i a n ; (2) g a n z o g a d e b i s a v e s a f u Z -v e l z e w a r m o i q m n e b i a n struqturul-sintaqsuri aqtivi da inaqtivi, r o m l e b i c m i C n e u l i a s a x e l o b i T i da b r a l d e b i T i b r u n v e b i s w i n a r e s a f e x u r a d (11, 277) .

roca laparakia agensisa da paciensis terminebSi, gasage-bia, rom saqme gvaqvs zmnisa da saxelis urTierTobasTan. er-Tic: `struqturul-sintaqsuri~ winapiroba Cans `konceptualuri CarCos~ CamoKalibebisaTvis, romelsac SevexeT C. filmoris brunebis TeoriaSi.

`struqturul-sintaqsuri agensisa da paciensis~ warmo-qmna varaudobs struqturuli elementebis siGrmiseuli urTierTo-bis CamoKalibebis procesis gaSlas, amis Sedegia rogorc l. te-nieris `struqturuli mimdevroba~, ise C. filmoris `konceptualu-ri CarCo~. Kovelive es gamoixateba v. humboldtis `enis Sida-formis terminebSi~.

zemoT ramdenJerme xazgasmiT aGiniSna, rom aqtanTa zmnasTan mimarTeba aris is zogadi Tviseba, rac brunebis ka-tegoriaSi aerTianebs saxelTa erTimeoresTan paradigmatulad mimarTul gansxvavebul formebs _ brunvebs. bunebrivia, fun-qciurad gansxvavebuli aqtantebi gamoxatulebis planSic arse-biTad gansxvavebulni arian, rac aKalibebs brunebis sistemas.

qarTuli zmnebis aqtantTagan zogi pirmimarTia, zogi _ pir-miumarTavi. pirmimarToba-pirmiumarTaoba warmoqmnis gansxvavebuli funqciebisa da formebis elementTa _ brunvaTa or Jgufs. qarTuli enis saxelTa brunebis sistema SeiZleba daxa-siaTdes zemoT warmodgenili ori Jgufis mixedviT or safexurad: pirvel safexurze s a x e l o b i T i , m o T x r o b i T i m i c e m i T i , rogorc pirmimarT aqtantTa brunvebi, upirispirdebian n a -T e s a o b i T , m o q m e d e b i T da v i T a r e b i T brunvebs. I Jgufis sameulSi (sax., moTxr., mic.) warmodgenili arian s u b i -e q t i s , p i r d a p i r i o b i e q t i s a da i r i b i o b i e q t i s brun-vebi. am rolebSi ar gvxvdeba arc erTi brunva meore Jgufidan (naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi). meore safexurze orive Jgufis SigniT cal-calke xdeba brunvaTa paradigmatuli Sepirispireba aGniSnuli Jgufuri dapirispirebis fonze. am or Jgufs gamoKofda h. aronsonic imaze damKarebiT, rom sax., moTx. da mic. brunvebs SeeZloT gamoexataT gardamavali

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predikaciis agensi (varaudobs, rom III seriis aqtivTa mic. brun-vaSi dasmuli aqtantic subieqtia) (3).

pirmimarT aqtanTa brunvebi: s a x e l o b i T i , m o -T x r o b i T i , m i c e m i T i .

saxelobiTi, moTxrobiTi da micemiTi brunvebi martivi wi-nadadebis farglebSi Semdegnairad inawileben subieqturi, pir-dapirobieqturi da iribobieqturi aqtantebis rolebs: moTxrobiTi brunva mxolod subieqtis brunvaa. martiv winadadebaSi Tu saxeli dgas moTxrobiT brunvaSi, igi uTuod subieqtia; Tu mar-tiv winadadebaSi ar aris moTxrobiTi brunva, maSin subieqts gamoxatavs saxelobiT brunvaSi dasmuli saxeli; saxelobiTi brunva moTxrobiTis gverdiT martiv winadadebaSi aris pirdapi-ri obieqtis brunva.

saxelobiTi brunvis forma SeiZleba mxolod saxeldebisa-Tvis iKos naxmari zmnasTan kavSiris gareSe (saTaurebi, abre-bi...), amitom, rogorc subieqtis brunva, moTxrobiTi ufro mar-kirebulia saxelobiTTan SedarebiT. saxelobiTi nakleb markire-bulia micemiT brunvasTan SedarebiTac: saxeldebis funqciis garda, saxelobiTs SeuZlia subieqtisa da pirdapiri obieqtis gamoxatva.

maSasadame, moTxrobiTi saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi micemiTi dapirispirebebSi moTxrobiTi subieqtis brunvaa; sa-xelobiTi da micemiTi ki, Sesabamisad rigisa, pirdapiri da iribi obieqtebis brunvebia: subieqturi moTxrobiTi brunvis gverdiT saxelobiTi mxolod pirdapiri obieqtis brunvaa, micemiTi ki _ iri-bi obieqtisa.

subieqturi saxelobiTi brunvis gverdiT pirdapiri da iribi obi-eqtebi orive micemiT brunvaSi dgas. es xdeba zmnaTa I seriis formebTan. am obieqtTa gansxvaveba I seriaSi SesaZlebelia funqciaTa mixedviT: pirdapiri obieqti micemiT brunvaSi (OdD) paciensia, iribi obieqti micemiT brunvaSi (OindD) ki _ adresati, visTvisac xdeba qmedeba. paciensi adresati semantikuri dapirispireba mkafiod miJnavs micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli aq-tantebis gansxvavebul gramatikul mniSvnelobas. C. filmoris konceptualur CarCoSi pirdapiri da iribi obieqtebi erTimeores-Tan dapirispirebulia paciensoba-adresatobiT, Sdr. r. iakobso-ni: usulo saxelTa saerTo formiT warmodgenili saxelobiTi da braldebiTi brunvebi rusul enaSi garCeulia zmnasTan gansxva-vebuli kavSirebiT.

Cveni msJeloba ufro gamokveTil saxes miiGebs, Tu brun-vaTa gansxvavebas movaxdenT iniciatorisa da arainiciatoris

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terminebSi (52, 12). saxelobiT brunvaSi dasmuli aqtanti pirmi-marTic aris da iniciatoric, aseve moTxrobiT brunvaSi dasmuli aqtanti rogorc pirmimarTi, ise iniciatoria. maT Soris gansxva-veba imiT mKardeba, rom moTxrobiTi brunvis forma am Tvi-sebas KovelTvis atarebs, saxelobiTi ki maSin, roca winadade-baSi ar aris moTxrobiTi.

Tu winadadebaSi aris moTxrobiTi brunvis mqone sub-stantivi, mis gverdiT saxelobiTi rCeba pirmimarTad, magram iZens meore Tvisebas _ moiqceva paciensad.

pirmimarTi da paciensi SeiZleba iKos micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli saxelic, amitom aris, rom erTi da igive substantivi gansxvavebul mwkrivebSi SeiZleba saxelobiT an micemiT brunvaSi iKos warmodgenili, rogorc pirmimarTi da paciensi. saxelobiTisagan micemiTi gansxvavdeba imiT, rom arasodes iqneba iniciatori da Tu moTxrobiTi da saxelobiTi formebis gverdiT iqneba winadadebaSi, am dros iqneba adresati bene-facianti (anu eqsperienceri, recipienti). maSasadame, micemi-Tis gverdiT saxelobiTi aris an (a) iniciatori, rac ver iqneba mi-cemiTSi dasmuli saxeli versad, an (b) paciensi, rac ver iqneba imave winadadebaSi micemiTi brunviT warmodgenili meore sa-xeli.

rac Seexeba pirmiumarTav aqtantTa brunvebs, maTi fun-qciebic kargad aris cnobili samecniero literaturaSi.

n a T e s a o b i T i gankuTvnebiTi funqciis mqone brunvaa. upirveles Kovlisa, naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnad ver CaiTvleba e. w. marTuli da m a r T u l -S e T a n x m e b u l i msazGvrelis -is sufiqsi (kacisa Ze, Ze kacisa). aq es sufiqsi warmoqmnis ele-mentia, brunvis niSnebi mis Semdeg modis (kacisa-, kacisa-). viTareba analogiuria Tanamedrove qarTulSi: kacis- Ze-, Ze- kacisa-. Tanamedrove qarTulSi `kacis Zegli~ ra gage-biTac ar unda vixmaroT [(1) kacis sakuTreba, (2) kacma rom gamoaqandaka, (3) kacs rom gamoxatavs], Kvelgan gankuT-vnebasTan gveqneba saqme.

rac Seexeba e S i n i a k a c i s a tipis SesitKvebebis sub-stantivis formebs (erideba, ekrZaleba... swams, hmarTebs... k a c i s a ), maTi saxiT saqme gvaqvs Kofil msazGvrelebTan, romelTac ganxorcielebuli elipsis safuZvelze daukavebiaT da-karguli (Cavardnili) sazGvrulis adgili (29, 145). geSinis, gueSi-nis e- prefiqsian formebSi mosalodnelia ori aqtanti saxelobiTi da micemiTi brunvebis formiT (*eSinis mas igi, *gueSinis Cuen igi). subieqti (igi) Cavardnila da adgili daukavebia mis

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msazGvrels: `gueSinis e r i s a amis~ (m. 21, 26); `gueSinis e r i s a g a n (g. 21, 26C). savaraudebelia e r i s a iKo msazGvreli r i s x v a sazGvrulisa warmodgenili situaciis mixed-viT (*gueSinis risxva erisa amis > gueSinis erisa amis); Sdr. `hrwmena wignisa da sitKua igi~ i. 2.22. aqac wignisa Kofili msazGvrelia, romelsac sazGvruli daukargavs _ winaswar-metKvelis ambavi (e. i. ambavi wignisa > wignisa); am SerwKmul winadadebaSi `sitKua igi~ swored is subieqtia, rome-lic ikargeboda, aq igi msazGvrelis gareSea warmodgenili (`hrwmena... sitKua igi~).

naTesaobiTi brunvis adgili aseT SesitKvebebSi zogJer mi-cemiTs ukavia: `herodes eSinoda iovanesa~ (mr. x, 20). ori micemiTi gardauval zmnaSi arabunebrivia, SeuZlebelia es siGrmiseuli mimarTebidan modiodes. aseTi zmnuri formebi ori micemiTiT uTuod im periodisaa, roca msazGvreli iwKebda sazGvrulis adgilis dakavebas da gamowveulia subieqtis kom-pensirebis cdiT, e. i. raGacnairi cdaa subieqtze miTiTebisa perfeqtul formaSi. aseTi arabunebrivi Sexameba aqtantebisa e S i n i s , e k r Z a l v i s tipis zmnebTan [`ekrZaleboda mas~ (mr. 6, 20C)., magram `ekrZalebodeT kacTagan~ (m. 10, 17)] qmedebis iniciatoris gamoxatvis gzebis Ziebis Sedegia.

moqmedebiTi brunva ramdenime erTimeorisgan gan-sxvavebul mniSvnelobas aerTianebs, rogoricaa: g a m o s v l i T i , sayurvlisa da T a n a o b i s (ablativi, instrumentalisi da komuta-tivi).

viTarebiTi brunva gardaqmniTi funqciiT (konversivi) gamoirCeva sxva brunvaTagan.

aGniSnuli ori Jgufis brunvebi sxvamxrivac upirispirdebian erTimeores. warmoqmnis unari Kvela brunvis niSans aqvs, magram amas gansxvavebulad axorcieleben pirmimarTi da pirmiumarTavi aqtantebis brunvis niSnebi, kerZod: pirmimarTi aqtantebis (sax., moTx., miT.) brunvis niSnebi nebismier ara-saxels saxelad moaqceven ise, rom TviTon inarCuneben brun-vis niSnis funqcias, sxvanairad: pirmimarTi aqtantebis brunvis niSanTa win sxva metKvelebis nawilTa forma saxelis fuZed moiqceva, magaliTad: Gir-s (zmna) Girs-i, Girs-ma, Girs-s (saxeli). aseve xdeba zmnizedebis moqceva saxelad: pirvelad (zz.) pirvelad-i, pirvelad-ma, pirvelad-s (saxeli), pirobiT (zz.) pirobiT-i, pirobiT-ma, pirobiT-s (saxeli); Zveli qarTulidan: mrwam-s (zmna) mrwams-i (sax.), mrwams-man, mrwams-

52

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sa; aqa (zz) aqa-, aqa-man, aqasa (sax.) `aqauri...~ mun (zz.) mun-i (sax.) mun-man, mun-sa (sax.) `iqauri...~

l. tenieris sqemiT es gardaqmnebi ase gamoixateba:zmna zmnizeda zmna iqcevis aqa (zz)

brunvisniSnebi saxeli

brunvisniSnebi saxeli

br.niSani -i

iqcevis-i(sax.)

-(<-i) aqa- (sax.)

pirmimarT aqtanTa formebic SeiZleba moiqcnen sxva me-tKvelebis nawilebad, magaliTad, zmnizedad warmoqmnis ele-mentiT (SemoklebiT we) an fleqsiuri elementis (brunvis niS-nis) dakargviT:

arsebiTi sax. ars. saxeli dGe- (<{-i}) SabaTi

-s(we) dGes (zz.) -s(we) SabaTs (zz)

warmoqmnili d G e s da S a b a T s zmnizedebi ar daiSleba _ warmoqmnis elementi fuZeSi Sedis, gansxvavebiT saxelis-gan, sadac -s (dGe-s, SabaT-s) brunvis niSania da Canacvle-badi elementia (dGe-s, dGe-m...), zmnizedas paradigma ara aqvs, formaucvleli sitKvaa, is ar daiSleba. amnairi warmoebi-saa d i l a s , s a G a m o s ; dialeqtebSi (mag., TuSurSi) warmo-qmnis es modeli farTod gamoiKeneba: Tenebas `gaTenebi-sas~, Gamebas `daGamebisas~, wvelas `wvelis dros~, ƒvnas `xvnis dros~ da sxv.

qarTulSi translacia saxeli / zmnizeda fleqsiuri elementis dakargviTac xorcieldeba: `G a m e muSaobs, d G e sZinavs~. arsebiTi sax. dGe- (<-{-i})

- dGes (zz.)

na-arqoniT xorcieldeba: d G e fuZe Tu miiGebs brunvis ni-Sans, saxelia (dGe-<dGe-i) da brunebis paradigmis wevri xdeba; Tu dakargavs brunvis niSans (e. i. paradigmis wevro-bas), zmnizedaa.

meore Jgufis aqtantTa (naT., moq., viT.) brunvis niSnebi translaciis drois TviTon moiqcevian warmoqmnis elemente-bad da fuZis SemadgenlobaSic Sedian, mag.: piroba (sax.)

sqemaSi arsebiTi saxelis brunva {-i} su-fiqsis nulovani alomorfiT (/-/ gamoixata, misi dakargva ki gamoklebis niSniT (_), maSasadame, dGe- (sax.)dGe (zz.) fleqsiuri elementis (brunvis niSnis) qo-

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pirobiT (zz.), pirveli (sax.) pirvelad (zz.)... am zmnizedebi-dan pirveli Jgufis aqtantTa brunvis niSnebiT zemoT warmo-dgenili sqemiT SeiZleba saxelTa axali formebi miviGoT.

arsebiTi sax. zz.

-i saxeli

mag.: pirobiT (zz.)pirobiTi (sax.); pirvelad (zz.)pirveladi (sax.).rogorc vxedavT, translaciis saSualebiT enas uaGresad

moqnili iaraGi eZleva: gansazGvruli raodenobis fuZeebisgan sxvadasxva rigis formaTa TiTqmis ganusazGvreli raodenobis warmoeba SeuZlia.

Cvens msJelobaSi ver Semovida `wodebiTi brunva~, rom-lis statusi, rogorc brunvisa, didi xania sadavod aris gamxdari CvenSi. radgan Cven brunvebi arsebiT saxelTa aqtantobas da-vukavSireT, am kriteriumiT `wodebiTi~, ra Tqma unda, ver Sevidoda brunvaTa rigSi.

damatebiT SeiZleba vTqvaT Semdegi: im fonze, sakuTari saxelebi rom gauTanabrdnen sazogado saxelebs brunvis niS-nebiTa da savrcobebiT, KuradGebas iqcevs Zveli qarTuli mi-marTvis formebis Semonaxva mimarTvis dros (SoTa! Tamar! ivane!...). ufro meti, zog dialeqtSi meti gamomxatvelobisTvis adamianis saxelTa fuZe icvleba gamartivebisken: maKval! na-Tel! (kaxurSi); SŒT! iv‰n! (qalTa metKveleba TuSurSi); dia-leqtebSi mimarTvis sruli saxeebic ixmareba (naTela!) da -o sufiqsiT daboloebulebic (daviTo, SoTav, maTev < maTeo...).

ratom gvaqvs aseTi yreli suraTi, ratom ver dasrulda saku-Tar saxelTa gramatikuli qcevis identifikacia sazogado saxe-lebTan?

_ mizezi advili misagnebia: rqmevis saxeliT adresati ukve gamorCeulia sxvaTagan da, bunebrivia, sayiro aGar gaxda mimarTvis specialuri mawarmoebeli misi KuradGebis misaq-cevad. rqmevis saxelebTan gamoKenebuli mimarTvis -o suif-qsi analogiis Sedegia da enobrivi TvalsazrisiT saqme gvaqvs siyarbesTan: Tu SŒT! SoTa! da SoTav! erTsa da imave funqci-

gansxvaveba Zveleburad rCeba fuZeTa kumSva-kvecis mixedviT. adamianis rqmevis saxelebi Zveleburad ukumSvel-ukuvecelia. am morfonologiur cvlilebebs brunebis sistemis CamoKalibebasTan saerTo araferi aqvs. morfonologiuri cvlilebebi ukve CamoKalibebuli sistemis farglebSia ganxorcielebuli.

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as asrulebs TuSur dialeqtSi, aseve maKvala! maKval! da maKvalav! (<maKvalao) _ kaxurSi, ra aucilebeli funqcia aqvs `maKvalav!~, `SoTav!~ formaTa -v sufiqss am dialeqtebSi? misi xmareba ar aris aucilebeli, rasac ver vitKviT aqtantTa for-mebSi brunvis niSnebze. es niSnebi qmnian brunebis sistemis erTeulebs (brunvebs); maT gareSe saxels gramatikuli funqcia ekargeba.

rac Seexeba msazGvrel saxelTa markirebuli da nulovani alomorfebiT warmodgenas, maT Sesaxeb vimsJelebT morfo-sintaqsur nawilSi.

bolos SevexebiT l o k a l u r b r u n v e b s . am saxeliT Ta-namedrove qarTulSi gamoiKo sami brunva. maTi gamoKofis safuZvelia istoriulad ganxorcielebuli morfonologiuri cvlilebebi, es brunvebia: s a d a o b i T i (saxlSi, saxlze), g a m o s v l i T i (saxlidan) da m i w e v n i T i (saxlamde). amaT gverdiT mTis kiloebSi gamoiKo `ormagi brunebis~ formebi: s a d a o b i T -g a m o s v l i T i (saxlSiiT da saxlzeiT), s a d a o b i T -m i w e v n i -T i (saxlSiamdi). am ori brunvis formaTa Sesaxeb naTqvamia, rom maT `ori brunvis mniSvneloba aqvs (62, 77).

adre aGvniSneT, rom morfonologiur cvlilebebs brunvaTa morfologiuri statusi ar Seucvlia. damatebiT vitKviT, rom Teori-ulad gamoricxulia ori brunvis niSani saxelis erT formaSi, rad-gan brunvebi brunebis kategoriis elementebia, maT mxolod Canacvleba SeuZliaT.

is formebi, romelTac a. SaniZe `lokaluri brunvis~ for-mebs uwodebs, umetes wilad zmnizedebia, ris e r T - e r T i n i S a n i a r i s m a T i x e l a x a l i w a r m o e b a -iT s u fi q -s i T ; saxelTa brunvis formebs ki -iT ar daerTvis: s a x l S i Tu Tandebuliani micemiTi brunvaa (`am saxlSi bevri gadaixada~ an `am saxlze bevrs fiqrobs~), misi garTuleba -iT sufiqsiT Se-uZlebelia im Teoriul safuZvelze, rom erTi forma or brunvas ver gamoxatavs. magram Tu es formebi amovardnilia brune-bis paradigmidan da zmnizedis funqciiT arian warmodgenili, maT garTuleba -iT sufiqsiT Cveulebrivia mTis dialeqtebSi. swored esenia or brunvisniSnianebad miCneuli, maSin roca orive niSani zmnizedis mawarmoebelia. zmnizedaTa garTule-ba -iT sufiqsiT Zvel qarTulSic xdeboda da gansakuTrebiT bev-ria saSual qarTulSi, mag.: mun muniT `iq iqidan~ (Sdr. saxlze saxlzeiT `saxlze~ `saxlzeidian~), mun muniT-gan `iq iqidan~, mun muniTke `iq iqiTken~, aqa aqaT (<aqaT) `aq aqedan~... rogorc vxedavT, eseni pirve-

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ladi zmnizedebi da maTgan -iT sufiqsiT nawarmoebi meoradi rTuli zmnizedebia.

amave -iT sufiqsiT Cans miGebuli d G i s i T zmnizeda. Cans, pirveladi iKo *d G i s (Sdr. zamTris `zamTarSi~, zafxulis `zafxulSi~), romelsac darTvia -iT da miGebulia rTuli formis d G i s i T . am rTuli formis cveTiT Cans miGebuli d G i s i (`qa-laqs Sexval naTliv, d G i s i ~, vefxistKaosani, 1071, 4). ufro srulad ix. qvemoT.

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subieqturi meore pirisa da obieqturi mesame piris {h-} prefiqsi qarTulSi

a. SaniZe {h-} morfemas `saerTo qarTulisTvis~ prototipul saxed miiCnevs (64, 360).

`sazogadod Kvela is qarTuli kiloebi, romelTac vicnobT Cven istoriulad, Zveli Zeglebidan, Tu cocxlad dGes, iseT for-mebs gvaZlevs uGvlilebaSi, rom aGniSnuli prefiqsebis ZiriTad fonetikur saxed unda miviCnioT h. danarCeni saxeebi (nuli, , x, G, s, z, S, j) am ZiriTadi saxisgan aris ganviTarebuli bgera-Ta Senacvlebis niadagze~ (64, 360). aq warmodgenili debule-bebi Cveni Semdgomi msJelobis amosavalia.

Tanamedrove qarTul dialeqtebs Soris erT-erT ZiriTad gansxvavebas [h] bgeris fonetikuri gardaqmnis gansxvavebuli SesaZlebloba iZleva, kerZod: (a) [h] S e i Z l e b a g a q r e s u k v a l o d n e b i s m i e r p o z i c i a S i . amis fonematuri uda-vo dadasturebaa is, rom /h/ qarTulSi, garda eqspresiuli nawi-lakebisa (ha! ho! uh! eh! oh!...), ara gvxvdeba sxva fonemaTa mezoblad erTi morfemis farglebSi; (b) imis gamo, rom laringa-luri [h]-s warmoTqma sametKvelo aparatSi ar xasiaTdeba spe-cifikuri konfiguraciiT, advilad xerxdeba misi asimilireba enis-mieri gansxvavebuli Jgufis (winaenis, Suaenis, ukanaenis) Tanxmovnebis mier: /d, T, t; Z, c, w/ Jgufis win, Sesabamisad saxmo simebis moqmedebisa, [h] gadadis [s] [z] bgerebSi, ukananunismieri Jgufis /J C y/-s win [S] [j] variantebSi, xolo ukanaenismieri /g q k ƒ K/ Jgufis win _ /x/ /G/ variantebSi. rac Seexeba asimilacias bagismier TanxmovanTa /b f p/ Jgufis win, igi emKareba am bgerebis ukanaenismier TanxmovnebTan sa-ziaro akustikur efeqts (22). am Jgufis Tanxmovnebis winac /x//G/ variantebia.

im dialeqtebSi, sadac winaenismieri napralovnebi [s, z, S, j] xmovanTa momdevnod iZlevian [] bgeras (mag.: botani, muti, gardis `gazrdis~, e `es~, i `is~ da sxv.) moxda variant-Ta nivelireba [] bgerad. am mxriv gamorCeulia qarTluri da ka-xuri dialeqtebi.

iq, sadac ara xdeba winaenismier napralovanTa gadasvla []-Si (mag., mTis dialeqtebSi), [h] gansxvavebulad asimilirdeba sxvadasxva sawarmoTqmo JgufTa TanxmovnebTan. uTuod un-da aGiniSnos isic, rom am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi SesaZle-

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belia zemoT miTiTebul gardaqmnaTa realizacia srulad ara xde-bodes an SemTxveviT ver moxerxdes romelime formis dafiqsi-reba dialeqtebSi. es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs imas, rom we-sebi unda Seswordes. J e r k i d e v g a m o u v l e n e l i a n a r a r e a l i z e b u l i f o r m e b i v i r t u a l u r a d u n d a C a i T -v a l o s .

aq uTuod unda gavixsenoT a. SaniZis cda 1920 wlis mo-nografiaSi, moexdina dialeqtTa klasifikacia S2-isa da O3-is {h-} morfemis xmarebis saxeTa mixedviT. igi werda: `meore piris subieqturisa da mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsis ƒmarebis mi-xedviT dGes-dGeobiT cocxali kiloebi or mTavar Jgufad iKofa: aGmosavlurad da dasavlurad~ (63, 144).

`aGmosavluri kiloebi Tavis mƒriT kidev or Jgufad gaiKofa, Tu am gaKofas S2-is ƒmarebis wesi daedo, maSin qarTlis kilo calke gamoiKofa, erT mƒares, da danarCeni kiloebis (kaxuri, qiziKuri, fSauri da TuSuri) meore mƒares iqneba, xolo ukeTu gadaJguf-gadmoJgufebis sazomad O3-is ƒmarebis wess mi-viGebT, maSin calke gamoiKofa ƒevsuruli da sxvebi ki (qarTlu-ri, kaxuri, qiziKuri, fSauri da TuSuri) meore mƒares moeqce-va~ (63, 145).

`qarTlis kilos erTi ram Tviseba axasiaTebs, romelic mas sxva aGmosavluri kiloebidan gansxvavebul beyeds asvams. es gaxlavs meore piris subieqturi prefiqsis dakargva da ami-tom moTxrobiTisa da brZanebiTis erTmaneTSi areva da for-maluri ganurCevloba~ (63, 147).

aqvea warmodgenili dasavlur kiloTa daxasiaTeba amave niSnebiT: `meore piris subieqturisa da mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsis ƒmarebis sakiTxi dasavlur kiloebSi sul ubralod aris gadawKvetili: sxvadasxva mizezis gamo aq daikarga erTi pre-fiqsica da meorec~ (63, 178). am sakmaod mkacrad CamoKalibebul wesebs axlavs frTxili gancxadebebi: (1) `qarTli didia da SeuZlebelia, Kvelgan erTgvaroba iKos~ (63, 1471); (2) `specialurma Seswavlam SesaZlebelia gamoarkvios, rom S2 da O3 zogierT zmnaSi mainc, dasavlur kiloebsac moepove-bodes, rogorc warsulis naSTi~ (63, 172).

es sifrTxile gamowveulia imiT, rom qarTuli dialeqturi masalis moZieba mas uwevda pirveli msoflio omis dasavleTis frontis lazareTebSi mimofantul qarTvel JariskacebTan _ dia-leqtTa TiTo-orola warmomadgenlebTan. a. SaniZe am dros kargad icnobda aGmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis dialeqtebs, ro-

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melTac swavlobda 1911-1913 wlebSi, da, ra Tqma unda, mSobliur gurul kilos.

axla imis Sesaxeb, riT daupirispirda `ƒevsuruli~ danarCen dialeqtebs: `awmKosa da mKoobadis formebs Soris axal qar-TulSi sazogadod gansxvavebuli niSania mxolod Tandebuli (=zmniswini _ T. u.). ƒevsuruli ki ufro Sors wavida: igi Seeca-da, rom awmKosa da mKoobadis diferenciacias meti formaluri mƒare hqonoda da am miznisTvis man mesame piris obieqturi nawilaki gamoiKena: igi miuCina mKobadis formebs (mo-xklavs, da-swers), xolo awmKosa da namKo usrulis formebi uprefiqsod datova (klavs, klevda; wers, werda), miuxedavad imisa, rom sintaqsuri konstruqcia zmnis awKmoSiac da mKobadSiac erTi da igivea (klavs mas, moxklavs mas; wers mas, daswers mas)... (63, 164).

aq warmodgenili debulebebi Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT friad saKuradGeboa. maT dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.

{h}-s variantTa simciridan Tu amovalT, I Jgufs qmnian qarTluri da kaxuri. S2-isa da O3-is {h-} am JgufSi realizebu-lia /-/// variantebiT: /-/ gvxvdeba xmovanTa momdev-nod, /-/ ki _ pauzis momdevnod. /-/-s win xmovani an zmnis-winisaa, an romelime nawilakisa (nu, ara, vera, gana...), an win mdgomi sitKvis damaboloebelia; mag.: nu wer, nu dawers, Zmasa wers... metKvelebaSi [] win mdgom xmovans ekedleba: /vera wers/, /nu wer/ da sxv., rac dakavSirebulia damarcvlis moTxovnilebasTan (55).

II JgufSi Sedian aGmosavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebidan fxouri Jgufis kiloebi (xevsuruli, moxeuri, TuSuri) da Kvela da-savluri dialeqti; amaT {h-} gamoexatebaT /s-/ /z-/ /S-/ /j-/ /x-/ /G-/ /-/ variantebiT. sxvaoba variantTa met-nakleb gavrcelebulebaSia.

III Jgufis dialeqtebia: fSauri, mTiuluri, gudamaKruli. eseni qarTluris did gavlenas ganicdian, S2-isa da O3-is markirebis we-sebiT scildebian mTis dialeqtebsa da ixrebian qarTlurisken. am JgufSi vxvdebiT TviT /h-/ alomorfs da mis gverdiT _ xmo-vanTa momdevnod, /-/ /s-/ /h-/ variantebs. amaT I da II Jgufis dialeqtebSi ver SevxvdebiT.

sailustracio masala III Jgufis dialeqtebidang u d a m a K r u l i

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cxors gaxedode (qd 81, 19), g a k v e b a v s ƒarsa (qd 83, 22); magsa _ hqonda (qd 81, 12), wekvas ver moswev (81, 27); vin gahKveboda (qd 82, 19), mixKva (qd 82, 19); gadavhKri (qd 83, 31) da sxv.

m T i u l u r i

ara dgebiTo? (qd 64, 16), mixeda (qd 64, 41); dasyirdeba (qd 56, 28), ar misca (qd 65, 14), gaahwro (qd 65, 4); nu Syam (qd 56, 7), Taveb dasyiriso (qd 62, 24), coli astKdomia (qd 62, 41), davhkuwavT (qd 58, 22).

m T i u l u r i

batarasaca _ qvian Jielai (qd 127, 18), dafenen da gaSre-ba (qd 129, 9); Cxir-windis meti ara hqonia (qd 132, 34); givi-ai gasTibs da axvetodi (qd, 127, 19); mters ro mahklavdes, maSyrides ƒels da dahkravdes saxlsa (qd 138, 18); Tu hƒnevdi svilsao (qd 134, 37) da sxv.

I Jgufidan qarTlurSi gvaqvs /-/ niSniT warmodgenili S2: `xuTkunyula, gamaswari?~ (qd 296, 12) `gamaswar, xuTkun-yulao!~ (qd, 296, 3); Sdr. iqve `gagaswari ki ara, zedmetic iKoo~ (qd, 296, 13). am formaTa SepirispirebiT udavoa, rom /-/ aq S2-s niSania. es atenis xeobis nimuSia.

b. JorbenaZis mixedviT /-/ S2-is niSnad dadasturebulia Crdilo da centralur qarTlurSi, dasavlurSi ki ar gvxvdebao (78, 291). es uTuod dasavlur dialeqtebTan mezoblobiT aixsneba. oGond ar iqneba gasakviri, rom qarTlis dasavleTSic, sadac xSiria migracia dasavleT saqarTvelodan, nulovani variantis gverdiT subieqturi meore piri /-/ niSniTac ixmaron, rogorc, magaliTad, dasavlur kiloebSi, sadac S2 da O3 ZiriTadad nulova-ni variantiT arian warmodgenili, aqa-iq mainc II JgufisTvis da-maxasiaTebeli niSnebiT aGiniSneba O3, Tumca gacilebiT na-klebi intensivobiT, vidre es fxouri Jgufis dialeqtebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

qarTlurSi, ubralod, /-/ prefiqsis mqone formaSi pauzis mo-mdevnod da Tanxmovnis win (sitKvis Tavkidurad) iqmneba arabunebrivi kombinacia _ C Tanmimdevrobis saxiT (am po-ziciaSi kaxurSi ikargeba /-/) da [] vardeba formidan. amas ga-

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vlena mouxdenia xmovnis momdevno []-s xmarebazec, e. i. fonematuri dawoliT Kvelgan dundeba morfologiuri moTxovna, msgavsad saliteraturo qarTulisa, sadac TxrobiTi da brZanebiTi kiloebis formebi II pirSi erTimeores emTxveva. saliteraturo qarTulSi es uTuod qarTluridan modis.

qvemoT warmovadgenT masalas II Jgufis dasavluri dia-leqtebisTvis.

g u r u l idasTanxmda (qd 420, 38); davSyam (qd 421, 9), xavda

(421, 6) `hKavda~, xolia (qd 422, b. 6) `hKolia~, xavs (qd 421, 16) `hKavs~; Sdr. mTis dialeqtebis xK a v `hKavs~, zdia, zdia bzisunaxavs (qd 428, 9), nu gascinef (429, 26), roca xari daSyirden (qd 430, 13), miGgvaren (qd 419, 38) `mihgva-res~

i m e r u l ib. JorbenaZe uTiTebs Semdeg formebze (68, 467); da-

sCexav, dasdgav, dasweqi, daswKvite; dasCexavs, dasdgavs, xKavs º xavs, moSyrian, daxkra.

a y a r u l S ib. JorbenaZe uTiTebs Semdeg formebze (78, 557): da-

hcqeri, Sehyam, mohwKda, Syirdeba, SeSyams º Sehyams; jJobnis, dajJerda; axkida, gamoxKva, xKolia º xolia, xKavs º xavs, mixKavs º mixavs.

rogorc vxedavT, S2, O3 pirTaTvis dasavluri dialeqtebi sru-lad xmaroben {h-} morfemis im variantebs, romlebic aGmo-savleT saqarTvelos fxouri Jgufis arqaul dialeqtebSi gvaqvs, esenia: /s-//z-//S-//j-//G-//x-/. ara gvxvdeba /-/ alomorfi, romelic I Jgufis dialeqtTa specifikas warmoadgens.

rac Seexeba nulovan variants (/-/), mas SeuZlia dasav-lur dialeqtebSi aq warmodgenili variantebi Secvalos, iq ga-vrcelebis mxrivac 90%-mde aGwevs.

arsebiTi am SedarebiT gamovlinda is, rom Tanamedrove aGmosavluri arqauli dialeqtebi da dasavluri dialeqtebi S2-isa da O3-is m a r k i r e b i s s a e r T o g z a s g a d i a n ; maT So-ris gansxvaveba am mxriv zmnur formaTa markirebis mixedviT raodenobrivia da ara Tvisobrivi.

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qarTlursa da kaxurSi unifikacia moxda {h-}-s morfonologi-uri gardaqmnis gansxvavebuli gziT warmarTvis (h>) gamo, rac qarTluris gavleniT mezobel fSaursa da mTiulur-guda-maKrulSic mimdinareobs.

miuGebelia debuleba xevsurulis specifikis Sesaxeb, riTac a. SaniZe am dialeqts upirispirebs Kvela danarCens: TiTqos a w m K o m K o f a d i dapirispirebisTvis am dialeqtSi sakma-risi ar aGmoCnda zmniswini da `am miznisTvis mesame piris obieqturi nawilaki gamoiKena: igi miuCina mKobadis formebs (mo-xklavs, da-swers), xolo awmKosa da namKo usrulis for-mebi uprefiqsod datova (klavs, klavda; wers, werda)... (63, 164).

debulebis sailustraciod moKvanili magaliTebis mixedviT kargad Cans, rom awmKosa da namKo usrulis formebs zmnis-winic akliaT, garda piris niSnisa, amitom debuleba damatebiT argumentacias moiTxovda, es erTi, meorec, is zmnebi, romel-Tac ara aqvT O3 mSvenivrad awarmoeben mKofadis formebs mxolod zmniswiniT, rogoricaa erTpiriani pasivebi: uniSno vne-biTebi da -d sufiqsiani vnebiTebi: qrebis gaqrebis, Srebis gaSrebis; Savdebis gaSavdebis, brundebis dabrundebis... orpirian aqtivebSic, romelTac pirdapiri damateba I seriaSi mi-cemiT brunvaSi aqvs, kargad Cans zmniswinis damoukidebeli roli mKofadis warmoebaSi, magaliTad araKs s w u r a v s araKs m o s w u r a v s , balaxs s T i b s balaxs m a s T i b s . ai, adgili b. gaburis teqstidan: `mTaSi Tu sTibs, es gaburi~ (qd 20, 28), iqvea esec: `xis cel ras masTibs?~ (qd 20, 30).

mizezi klavs maxklavs, wers daswers formaTa dapi-rispirebisa piris niSnis markirebis mixedviT m x o l o d m o -r f o n o l o g i u r i a , drois warmoebis morfologia aq arafer Sua-Sia.

xevsurulSi, ise rogorc Zvel qarTulSi, awmKos uzmniswino formebSi piris niSani ikargeba fonematuri SeuTavseblobis gamo: am konkretuli sailustracio formebis mixedviT ar aris bunebrivi pauzis momdevnod (sitKvis dasawKisSi) /xk/ da /sw/ kompleqsebi, radgan maTSi gaerTianebulia, erTi organoTi na-warmoebi Tanxmovnebi (ukanaenismierebi da winaenismiere-bi) es kompleqsebi erTi morfemis farglebSi saerTod ar dastur-deba qarTulSi.

rac Seexeba zmniswinian formebs, damarcvlisas piris ni-Sani da fuZiseuli Tanxmovani sxvadasxva marcvalSi eqcevian da bunebrivad realizdebian (mox-klavs, das-wers). analogiuri

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axsna eqneba Zveli qarTulis klavs mohklavs, wers da-swers formaTa Sepirispirebasac.

aqve imasac vitKviT, rom xevsurulisnairi dapirispireba ka-xursac axasiaTebs: klavs maklams, wers dawers; /-/ ka-xurSi O3-is niSania da uzmniswino formebSi imave mizeziT ikargeba, ra mizeziTac xevsurulSi O3-is /x-/ an /s-/ prefiqsebi.

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obieqtTa markirebisaTvis qarTul zmnaSi

qarTuli zmnis arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia pirisa da ricxvis kategoriebi da maTi markirebis sakmaod rTuli sistema. am sa-kiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Cveni zogi mosazreba warmovadgi-neT 2002 wlis monografiaSi (52). winamdebare naSromSi zogi sakiTxi damatebiT aris Seswavlili, zogic gansxvavebul inter-pretacias iGebs. erT-erTia pirdapiri obieqtis markirebis sakiTxi sampirian zmnaSi. amas Cven ganvixilavT arn. Ciqobavas Tvalsazrisis fonze. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs `martivi winadade-bis problema qarTulSi~, am naSromis 1968 wlis `meore gamocemis winasitKvaoba~ da zogi debuleba ZiriTad nawilSi.

arn. Ciqobavas `martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi~ arsebiTi mosabrunia qarTuli enis sintaqsis Seswavlis istoriaSi. igi mniSvnelovania `meTodologiuri imanentizmis~ manifesta-ciiTa da sruliad axali koordinaciis TeoriiT. aGniSnuli monogra-fiis meore gamocemaSi (1968) avtorma upasuxa kiTxvas, ro-melic pasuxgaucemeli darCenia pirvel gamocemaSi (1928). es exeba `pirveli MO-isa~, anu pirveli morfologiuri obieqtisa da `meore MO-is~ gansxvavebul sintaqsur kavSirs Semasme-nelTan.

`pirveli MO~ orpiriani gardamavali zmnis pirdapiri dama-tebaa, romelic Semasmenels marTavs pirSi da iTanxmebs ri-cxvSi; `meore MO~ ki sampiriani gardamavali zmnis pirdapiri damatebaa, r o m e l i c S e m a s m e n e l s v e r m a r T a v s p i r S i , m a g r a m i T a n x m e b s r i c x v S i . Sesabamisad koordinaciis TeoriaSi maT gansxvavebuli saxelebi aqvT: `pir-veli MO~ aris didi k o o r d i n a t i , `meore MO~ ki _ umciresi k o o r d i n a t i .

meore gamocemis winasitKvaobaSi swored am sxvaobis mizezis garkvevas cdilobs avtori. igi pasuxs scems kiTxvas _ `SeiZleba aGiniSnebodes mravlobiTi ricxvi obieqtisa, piri ki aGuniSvneli rCebodes?~ (68, 013), rogorc es xdeba Zveli qar-Tulis sampiriani zmniT gamoxatul SemasmenelSi.

avtoris pasuxi dadebiTia, rac emKareba imas, rom q a r -T u l i z m n i s u G v l i l e b a S i C a n s k l a s o v a n i u G v l i -l e b i s k v a l i (v. Tofuria, 1942): klasovani uGvlileba garda-mavali zmnisa aGniSnavs obieqts saxelobiTs brunvaSi _ mis

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k l a s s a da m r a v l o b i T o b a s , pirs ki _ ara (68, 013). am faqtTan dakavSirebiT keTdeba daskvna: `amrigad, moixsna sakiTxi o r i o b i e q t i s p i r i s aGniSvnisa qarTuli enis garda-maval zmnaSi; gasagebi gaxda, ratomaa, rom gardamavali zmnis subieqtur-obieqtur uGvlilebaSi SeiZleba gvqondes s u -b i e q t i s a da mxolod e r T i obieqtis piris niSani, ori obieqtis piri ki zmnaSi ar dasturdeba~ (68, 013).

kavkasiur enaTagan wova-TuSurSi aris is viTareba, ro-melzec uTiTebs arn. Ciqobava o b i e q t i s r i c x v i s m a r k i -r e b a s a d a p i r i s n i S n i s a G u n i S v n e l o b a s T a n da-kavSirebiT, kerZod, wova-TuSuris pirovan-klasovan uGlebaSi piri uCndeba an subieqts, an pirdapir obieqts; gardamaval zmnaSi subieqtis piris niSnis gverdiT aGniSnulia pirdapiri obi-eqtis klasi da mravlobiToba, mag.: as knaTi baƒbinas `me bi-yebi davzarde~ (Zv. qarTuliT: g a v z a r d e n ). b-aƒ-b-in-as for-maSi -as subieqtis niSania (S1), orive b- prefiqsi gamoxatavs obieq-tis klass mravlobiT ricxvSi; Sdr. v-aƒ-v-in-as `gavzarde~ (is, adamiani mamr. sqesis).

Cven gadmoveciT arn. Ciqobavas Tvalsazrisi da movaxdi-neT misi ilustrireba wova-TuSuri zmnis mixedviT.

vfiqrobT, garkveul dazustebas iTxovs `pirveli MO-isa~ da `meore MO-is~ gansxvavebuli kvalifikacia maTi markirebisa da sintaqsuri funqcionirebis mxriv.

(1) upirveles Kovlisa, Tu `orobieqtian~ zmnaSi `meore MO ar aris markirebuli, aseTi zmna sampirianad ver CaiT-vleba; am terminis SenarCuneba SesaZlebelia mxolod im Se-mTxvevaSi, Tu obieqtebi erTdroulad iqneba markirebuli.

(2) pirmiumarTavi aqtantebi qarTul zmnaSi ricxvis niSans ver aCenen.

(3) diaqroniulad kargad Cans, rom zmnis formaSi ricxvis niSani uCndeba aqtants, romlis piric ukve markirebuli iKo masSi, kerZod: (a) zmnaTa formebSi ricxvi aGeniSna mravlo-biTobis -eb sufiqsian subieqtur pirebsa da (b) irib obieqts II da III pirebSi, romelTa simravle Zvel qarTul enaSi ar aGiniSnebo-da.

savaraudebelia, rom mravlobiT ricxvSi ormxrivi markire-ba (garda aqtantisa, zmnis formaSic) sakmaod gvian moxda piris niSanTa markirebasTan SedarebiT, e. i. T u r i c x v i w a r m o d g e n i l i a z m n i s f o r m a S i , u T u o d s a v a r a -

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u d e b e l i a p i r i s niSanic, rac `meore MO-is" arsebobis SemTxvevaSic dasturdeba rig zmnebTan.

warmovadgenT magaliTebs, sadac sampirian zmnaSi markirebulia swored pirdapiri damateba, anu `meore MO~: `Sen saKvarelsa gagKaro, ese rad genacvalebis~ (ve-fxistKaosani 299, 4); `me sofelman momaSorva ukeTessa Cemsa mzesa~ (vefxistKaosani 810, 3) da sxv., m- da g- prefiqsebi Od aqtantis niSnebia I da II pirebSi.

sampirian zmnaSi markirebulia pirdapiri obieqtis pirica da mravlobiTi ricxvic: `me Segasminne Tquen mamasa~ (i. 5, 45); `GmerTman migucna ƒelTa TquenTa~ (I 167, 28); `mi-gcnen Tquen yirsa~ (m. 24, 9) da sxv.

warmodgenili masalis mixedviT kargad Cans, rom (1) sa-mpirian zmnaSi SeiZleba markirebuli iKos pirdapiri obieqtis pi-rica da mravlobiTi ricxvic (Segasminne); (2) roca markirebulia pirdapiri obieqti, zmnis formaSi ar gamoixateba iribi obieqtis niSani da piriqiT, rac niSnavs imas, rom orobieqtian zmnaSi materialurad markirebulia erT-erTi obieqti, meore ki uTuod nulovani alomorfiT aris warmodgenili, maSasadame, `xTxovna~ (man igi mas) formaSic pirdapiri obieqti nulovani alomorfiT aris warmodgenili, iseve rogorc `Segasminne~ for-maSi _ iribi obieqti.

qarTul zmnaSi subieqtic ar aris markirebuli materialurad obieqtTa pirveli da meore pirebis niSanTa gverdiT: momec da mogec (momcem da mogcem) formebSi subieqturi pirebic ivaraudeba, magram isini zmnur formebSi materialurad mar-kirebuli ar aris, maT simravle ki KovelTvis gamoixateba ama-ve kombinaciebSi: momcemT Tqven me (S2

p).zemoT ganxilul formebSi nulovani alomorfebi fonetikurad

aris Sepirobebuli.obieqturi aqtantebi _ pirdapiri da iribi I seriis mwkrivebSi

formalurad emTxvevian erTimeores, garda imisa, rom piris niSnebic saziaro aqvT. gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT obieqtTa ga-rCeva Jobs davukavSiroT konversias: `kaci u r e m s kedels aJaxebs~ `u r e m i kedels eJaxeba~. am situaciaSi, rodesac Zneldeba imis garCeva, romelia pirdapiri obieqti sampiriani gardamavali zmnis obieqturi aqtantebidan _ `urems~ Tu `ke-dels~, konversiuli gardaqmniT advilad gamovarCevT pirdapir obieqts _ `urems~, romelmac pasiur zmnasTan brunva Seic-vala (`uremi~) subieqtad moqcevisas, iribi (`kedels~) ki isev micemiT brunvaSi darCa.

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rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi pirebi ukve Zvel qarTulSia CamoKalibebuli da gamoKofilic aris samecniero literaturaSi, rasac ver vitKviT pirTa mravlobiTi ricxvis formebze samwerlo-bo enaSi. pirTa markireba Zvel qarTulsa da Tanamedrove qar-TulSi (gansakuTrebiT dialeqtebSi) seriozulad aris gansxvave-buli.

p i r T a m a r k i r e b i s a T v i s d i a q r o n i u l p l a n S i

istoriulad qarTulic aqtiur enebs ganekuTvneba (g. klimo-vi; T. gamKreliZe, v. ivanovi). aqtiuri enebis zmnaSi dasawKis periodSi aGiniSneboda aqtiuri an inaqtiuri erT-erTi aqtanti (-OS -OM). meore safexurze, garda subieqtisa, pirdapiri obieq-tis rangic Cndeba, rac varaudobs gardamavlobis asaxvas zmnis formaSi. cvlilebis mesame safexurze qarTul zmnaSi iribi obieqtis markirebac xdeba. iribi orieqti, rogorc benefaqtivi, pirdapiri obieqtis arsebobas iTxovs.

Zvel qarTulSi (V-X ss.) pirTa markirebis procesi damTav-rebulia. i s i n i Z a l i a n Z v e l i a . maTi rekonstruqcia SesaZ-lebelia saerToqarTvelur doneze (ix. etimologiuri leqsikonebi).

Zveli qarTuli gviCvenebs im periodis viTarebas, roca for-mdeba zmnaTa da mis aqtantTa ormxrivi kavSiri mravlobiT ri-cxvSi. am dros ukve CamoKalibebulia saxelTa ori rigis para-digmebi mravlobiT ricxvSi -eb da -n/-T sufiqsebiT. CamoKali-bebulia maTi kavSiris saxe SemasmenelTan: I. -eb sufiqsian pirTa simravle zmnis formaSi raime niSniT ar aisaxeboda, arc subieqtisa da arc obieqtisa (pirdapirisa an iribisa). z m n a m r a v l o b i T o b i s g a g e b a s m a s T a n d a k a v S i r e b u l i a q t a n t i s m i x e d v i T i G e b s ; mag.: `kaci movida (1)~ `kacebi movida (2)~. `movida (1)~ erTis qmedebas gamoxa-tavs, `movida (2)~ _ mravlisa. ver vitKviT, rom `movida (1)~ emTxveva `movida (2)-s~ rogorc gramatikuli forma. ferdinand de sosiuris Girebulebis TeoriiT ama Tu im elementis (sitKvis an morfemis) Girebuleba (gramatikuli mniSvneloba) izomeba im

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kavSirebiT, romelic mKardeba sistemis sxva elementebTan. aqedan amosvliT _ radgan k a c i (mx.) k a c e b i (mr.) dapi-rispireba ricxvis mixedviT Zv. qarTulSi udavoa, udavod unda miviCnioT ricxvis mixedviT dapirispireba `movida (1)-sa~ da `movida (2)-s~ Sorisac. maSasadame, gamoxatulebis planiT srulad damTxveuli zmnis es ori forma gansxvavebulia ricxvis mixedviT _ maTi ricxvi ganisazGvreba subieqtis ricxvis mixed-viT: `kacebi movida (2)~ SesitKvebaSi `movida~ udavod mra-valTa qmedebas gamoxatavs. amas Cven vuwodebT r i c x v S i c a l m x r i v m a r k i r e b u l S e T a n x m e b a s , radgan mrav-lobiTi ricxvis markireba xdeba mxolod saxelis (am SemTxve-vaSi subieqtis) formiT da masTan dakavSirebul zmnasac eZle-va amave ricxvis gageba.

Zvel qarTulSi analogiuri viTarebaa obieqtTa mravlobiTi ri-cxvis zmnaTa formebSi markirebasTan dakavSirebiT: -eb su-fiqsiani mravlobiTis arc iribi da arc pirdapiri obieqtis formaluri gamoxatva ar xdeba zmnebSi: `kaci daxate~ `kacebi daxa-te~, `kacs daxuxate~ `kacebs daxuxate~.

II. Zvel qarTulSi -n/-T sufiqsebian subieqtur aqtantTan aucilebeli iKo zmnaSic aGniSnuliKo subieqtis simravle, mag.: `kacni movides~, `kacTa weres~, `kacni moiqces~; `da mo-iqces mociqulni da uTxres iesus~ (l. 9, 10c); `... romeli Tq‚an kacTa~ (m. 12, 36) da sxv.

saxelTa simravlis -T(a) sufiqsi xuT brunvaSia warmodge-nili, ris gamoc brunebis paradigmis es wevrebi (moTx., mic., naT., moq., viT.) gamoxatulebis planiT identuri arian, Tumca, rogorc brunvebi, m n i S v n e l o b i T i s i n i d i d a d g a n -s x v a v d e b i a n . es gansxvaveba mxolod zmnasTan kavSiriT vlindeba: `kacTa xelmis~ SesitKvebaSi -Ta sufiqsi iribi obieq-tis mravlobiT ricxvsa da micemiT brunvas gamoxatavs (Sdr. `k a c s a xelmis).

brunebis paradigmis -Ta sufiqsiT daboloebuli TiToeuli for-ma gansxvavebul kavSirs amKarebs enobrivi sistemis sxva wevrebTan, winaaGmdeg SemTxvevaSi es gramatikuli forme-bi erTimeorisagan ver gairCeoda.

pirdapiri damateba, roca II seriaSi -n sufiqsiani mravlobiTi ricxvis forma aqvs, zmnaSic aCens Tavisi simravlis niSans:

aqve SevniSnavT: enobrivi sistemis gansxvavebul wevrebTan kavSiris gamo ubrunvelad ver CaiTvleba I da II pirTa nacvalsaxelebi, me, Sen; Cven, Tqven.

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`me mcnebani mamisa Cemisani davimarxen~ (i. 15.10); Sdr. `mcneba davimarxe~.

micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli -T(a) sufiqsiani damateba Zveli qarTulis zmnaSi ricxvis niSans ver aCens. e s i m d r o i s g a d m o n a S T i a , r o d e s a c a q t a n t T a s i m r a v l e m x o -l o d a q t a n t T a f o r m i T g a m o i x a t e b o d a w i n a d a d e -b a S i , S e m a s m e n e l S i k i a r a i s a x e b o d a specialuri niSniT (`maSin movida iesu... da h r q u a m o w a f e T a T‚sTa~ m. 26,36c). I seriaSi adgili hqonda mravlobiT ricxvSi calmxriv markirebul SeTanxmebas damatebebsa da Semas-menels Soris.

mravlobiTis ricxvSi dasmuli obieqtebi ukve Zvel qarTulSi iwKeben Tavisi simravlis markirebas zmnis formaSi. Zv. qar-TulSi es xdeboda mxolod I pirSi, sadac obieqtis simravle gamoixateboda gu- ([g…]) prefiqsiT. `gu-xatavs Cuen~ Se-sitKveba gaCnda ufro Zveli `m-xatavs Cuen~ SesitKvebis gverdiT. `mxatavs me~ `mxatavs Cuen~ SesitKvebaTa da-pirispireba uZvelesia; dapirispireba xdeboda mxolod obieqtur aqtantTa ricxvis mixedviT. zmnas (Semasmenels) ricxvis ga-geba eZleoda obieqtur aqtantTa ricxvis saSualebiT. ufro gvian gaCenili g u x a t a v s forma specifikuria _ igi mxolod mravlo-biT ricxvSi ixmareboda I pirSi, e. i. ar SeiZleboda `guxatavs me~ (Sdr. `mxatavs me~ `mxatavs Cuen~)! maSasadame, m r a v l o b i T i r i c x v i s c a l m x r i v i m a r k i r e b i d a n e n a g a d a d i s o r m x r i v m a r k i r e b a z e . es Jer mxolod I pirSi xdeboda, saSual qarTulSi daiwKo da dGes ukve II da III pirebTanac xdeba ormxrivi markireba rogorc dialeqtebSi, ise samwerlobo enaSi: Sen getKvis Tqven getKviT (< getKvisT); mas unda maT undaT; Sen gxatavs Tqven gxatavT (< gxatavsT) da sxv.

II seriis formebSi mravlobiTi ricxvis gamoxatvaSi siyarbe aGiniSneba Zveli qarTulis formebSi: da-gu-xat-n-a Cuen~ -gu da -n O1dp-ze (pirdapiri obieqtis pirsa da mravlobiT ricxvze) miuTiTeben: gu- pirze da mravl. ricxvze, -n mxolod mravlobiT ricxvze. `dagxat-en Tquen~, davxat-en igini~ _ am zmnebSi -en mxolod pirdapiri obieqtis mravlobiT ricxvs gamoxatavs, pi-ri ki mxolobiTi ricxvisa meordeba, siyarbea konversiul pasivTa formebSic: d a v i x a t e n i T `davixateT~, d a i x a t n e s `dai-xatnen~ _ I pirSi -en da -T da III pirSi -n da -es wKvil-wKvilad erTi da imave aqtantis simravles gamoxataven.

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ra Tqma unda, C u e n da T q u e n nacvalsaxelebi -n su-fiqsiani an -T sufiqsiani saxelebiT advilad SeiZleba Cavanac-vloT: rusTavelis `Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveKana, gvaqvs uT-valavi feriTa~ taepSi (vefxistKaosani 1,3) C v e n Canacvlebu-lia k a c T a iribi obieqtis -Ta sufiqsiani formiT...

gavecaniT aqtanTa simravlis asaxvas zmnaTa formebSi. bunebrivia, dgeba kiTxva, ratom aris aseTi didi gansxvaveba -eb da -n/-T sufiqsebian aqtantTa zmnasTan ricxviT urTierTo-baSi _ -eb sufiqsian aqtantTa mravlobiTi ricxvi materialurad ar aisaxeboda zmnis formaSi, -n/-T sufiqsianTa ki ZiriTadad aisaxeboda. orive tipis mravlobiTi Zvelia: -T* rekonstruirdeba saerToqarTvelur doneze, -eb* ki _ qarTul-zanur doneze. mize-zi aseTi gansxvavebisa uTuod -eb da -T sufiqsTa gramatikul mniSvnelobaSia: -eb mxolod ricxvs gamoxatavda, mis gver-diT brunvis niSnebi ukavSirdebodnen zmnis pirebs (zmnis marTva pirSi, zmnisagan aqtantisa _ brunvaSi), -T sufiqsi ki erTdroulad iTavsebda brunvisa da mravlobiTi ricxvis funqci-ebs, amitom Semasmenlis pirSi marTva ver ganxorcieldeboda ricxvis gareSe. rogorc aGiniSna zemoT, -T(a) sufiqsian dama-tebasTan uZvelesi viTareba darCa II da III pirebSi _ adgili aqvs mravlobiTi ricxvis calmxriv markirebas _ simravle materialu-rad mxolod damatebis formiT gamoixateba: xedavs kacsa~ `xedavs kacTa~, `xetK‚s kacsa~ `xetK‚s kacTa~ da a. S. pirSi da brunvaSi marTvasTan SedarebiT ricxvSi ormxriv mar-kirebuli SeTanxmeba zmnasa da obieqtebs Soris gviandelia.

rogorc Cans, aqtantTa mravlobiTi ricxvis markireba Se-masmenlis formaSi qarTvelurma enebma gaKris periodSi da-iwKes da erTimeorisgan damoukideblad ganaxorcieles. svanu-ris zmnis formaSi gamoKofen -‰l, -’l, -'r, -ur sufiqsebs obi-eqtTa simravlis gamomxatvelad: axta…i º axta…’li (eJirs) `xa-tavs maT~. al. onianma eyvis qveS daaKena aGniSnul sufiqs-Ta mravlobiTobis funqcia rig SemTxvevaSi, magram arc mTlad uaruKvia, igi wers: `igive sufiqsebi mravlobiTi ricxvis gamomxatveladac, marTlac, aGiqmeba~ (39, 145). nimuSad moKvanilia obieqtis ricxvis mixedviT dapirispirebuli zmnuri formebi da obieqti gansxvavebuli ricxviT: at…re mut…rs `an-Tebs sanTels~ at…r’li mut…rls `anTebs sanTlebs~. am da-pirispirebaSi a t … r e `anTebs mas~ at…r’li `anTebs maT~ zmnuri formebi mxolod obieqtTa ricxviT ganirCevian, ’l sufiqsi obieqtis simravleze miuTiTebs. romelime C … a d ˆ r m e `dai-yira~ (is) mniSvnelobasac gamoxatavs da `daiyira~ (isini)

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mniSvnelobasac, magram amaT gverdiT aris C … a d ˆ r m ’ l e forma, romelSic O3

dp materialurad aris gamoxatuli -’l sufiqsiT.C … a d ˆ r m e C … a d ˆ r m ’ l e dapirispireba aris Zveli

qarTulisa da Tanamedrove mTis dialeqtebis d a i y i r a d a i -y i r n a formaTa dapirispirebis analogiuri modeliT Seqmnili wKvili. orivegan obieqtis simravle zmnis formaSi markirebulia mravlobiTobis sufiqsiT (qarT. =n (< en) da svan. -’l).

uTuod saKuradGeboa isic, rom pirdapiri obieqtis simrav-lemarkirebuli aqtivebi konversiul pasivebs Zvel qarTulsa da svanurSi erTnairad ikeTeben: Zv. qarT. d a i y i r n e s (isini) `dayeril iqnen~; Sdr. svan. C … a d ˆ r m ‰ l ’ n x `dayeril iq-nen~. eseni gansxvavebuli masaliT, magram analogiuri fun-qciiT Seqmnili erTi modelis formebia.

gansxvavebiT qarTulisa da svanurisagan, megruls ara aqvs g…- (axali qarTuli gv-) prefiqsi obieqtTa I piris simravlis (O1

dp da O1indp) gamosaxatavad. arn. Ciqobavam g…- gvian ga-

Cenil afiqsad miiCnia, rasac II da III pirebze da obieqtis sim-ravlis -en sufiqsze miTiTebiT amtkicebda _ Tu g… obieqtis simravles gamoxatavda, /-en/ /-n/ raGa sayiro iKoo?

megrulSi obieqtis simravles gamoxataven subieqtis sim-ravlis niSnebi: -an -es -n -en. piri gamoxatulia prefiqsiT, xolo simravle am pirisa _ aGniSnuli sufiqsebiT: m-xantun-an `gvxatavs~, r-xantun-an `gxatavT Tqven~... `domxantes Tiq Cqi~ Zv. qarT. `dagvxatna man Cuen~ da sxv. (14, 129), ro-gorc vxedavT, qarTvelur enebSi obieqtTa simravle erTimeoris-gan damoukideblad CamoKalibebula, magram Sesabamis for-maTa warmoebis modeli saerToa.

saKuradGeboa, rom qarTuli enis aGmosavlurma da da-savlurma dialeqtebmac Tav-Tavisi gza airCies zmnaSi obieqt-Ta simravlis gamoxatvisaTvis: (1) aGmosavlurma dialeqteb-ma subieqtis I da II pirebis -T sufiqsi ganazogades obieqtTa II da III pirebis simravlis gamosaxatavad (gansxvavebiT Zv. qar-Tulisgan): me g-xatav-T Tqven, is xatav-T maT; me gixatavT Tqven, is uxatav-T maT (< uxatavsT).

Zvel qarTulTan SedarebiT inovaciuria mTis dialeqtebis I seriaSi obieqtTa simravlis gamomxatveli formebi, msgavsi sa-Suali qarTulis meore naxevris periodisa: is gxatavs-T Tqven (O2

dp), is gixatavsT Tqven (O2indp) mas...

(2) dasavlurma dialeqtebma, aGmosavlurTagan gansxva-vebiT, obieqtur pirTa simravlis gamosaxatavad mimarTes su-bieqtis me-3 piris simravlis gamomxatvel -en, -an, -n, -es su-

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fiqsebs (Sdr. megruli da lazuri); ase magaliTad: -en imerulSi gamoxatavs rogorc S1

p-s, ise orive saxis obieqtis mravlobiT ricxvs: `maT dagxaten Sen~ _ `maT dagxates Sen~; `man dagxaten Tqven~ (O2

dp) _ `man dagxataT Tqven~; `man da-xaten imgeni~ _ `man daxataT isini~; `man dagxaton Tqven~ _ `man dagxatoT Tqven~; `man douxaten maT (O3

indp) igi~ _ d a u x a t a T; dagvixaten C v e n `dagvixata~; Sdr. g…Yciq…a-T anton I paradigmaSi; g…- da -T erTi da ima-ve obieqtis simravles gamoxataven, rogorc gv- da -en imerul formaSi. imgens eZinen (O3

indp) `eZinaT~; undeblarien `un-daT~, uKvarlarien `uKvarT~ da sxv.

guruli: gKaven Tqven (O2indp) `gKavT~, xaven `hKavT~

(O3indp); Cven gvKaven `gvKavs~ (aqac siyarbea ricxvis gamo-

xatvaSi: gv- da -en obieqturi piris simravles gamoxataven I pirSi).

ayaruli: damelien `gagviTavda~, dielien `gauTavdaT~ (O3

indp), Semxdebian `Segvxvdeba~, meZinebian `gveZine-ba~, mqonden `gvqonda~, damaviwKdes `dagvaviwKda~ mkiTxven `gvkiTxavs da sxv. (46).

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fuZiseuli -an daboloeba mediumTa for-mebSi

mediumTa erTi Jgufis formebSi Sp3-is -an sufiqsis win

mdgomi -an (mKv-an-an, dg-an-an, C-an-an, Zv. qarT. mqo-nan mquan-an)... erTi TvalsazrisiT, miCneulia Temis niSnad (l. kiknaZe, a. SaniZe, i. da v. imnaiSvilebi), sxva TvalsazrisiT, -an iSleba -a da -n Semadgenlebad, -n subieqturi mesame pi-ris niSania (arn. Ciqobava, v. Tofuria).

aGniSnul -an sufiqss pirvelad a. SaniZe Seexo 1920 w.: `am zmnas (hKvanan _ T. u.), da ramdenime kidev sxvas, mrCobli daboloeba aqvs mravlobiTi ricxvis mesame subieqtur pirSi (an+an) da am mƒriv gamonakliss Seadgens (Sdr. sZul-an)~ (63, 722). gvian a. SaniZem -an sufiqss misca Temis niS-nis kvalifikacia: `Temis niSani -an naSTis saxiT aris Semona-xuli ramdenime zmnaSi. es zmnebia: h-Kav-s, a-qv-s (< ha-qus), C-an-s, h-gav-s. amaT -an sufiqsi gamoaCndebaT sa-vrcobian mwkrivebSi: h-Kv-an-da, h-Kv-an-des, h-a-qu-n-da (*haqunda), h-a-qun-des (*haqundes) da h-gv-an-da, h-gv-an-des. amaTgan haqunda da haqundes Zveli qarTulis formebia, romelTagan ua Jgufis o-d SerwKmis gamo miviGeT h-qon-da (*h-qu-an-da), h-qon-des (h-qu-an-des). (`h-Kv-an-da~-sa da `hgvan-da~-Si SerwKma ar xdeba, radgan va Jgufi iKo da ara ua. amas garda, igive an Cans awmKos me-3 sub. piris mr. ri-cxvSi: h-Kv-an-an (*h-qu-an-an >) h-qon-an, h-gv-an-an. `hqonan~ Zveli qarTulis kuTvnilebaa, `hKvanan~ da `hgva-nan~ exlac gvxvdeba, Tumca iSviaTad~ (62, 416).

a. SaniZe aq iziarebs l. kiknaZis Tvalsazriss da Cans, rom misi s a b o l o o d e b u l e b a d a m K a r e b u l i a u w K v e t l i s f o r m e b z e , sadac -an Temis niSanTa adgilzea, w i n u Z G v i s s a v r c o b s .

gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi ekuTvnis arn. Ciqoavas: `Zvel qarTulSi aris aSkara niSnebi imisa, rom -an winaT m x o l o d m r a v l o b i T o b a s aGniSnavda, piris formanti ki calke iKo: dga-n-an: -n mesame piris sufiqsi, -an mravlobiTobis maCve-nebeli; Sdr. v-dga-T, romelSic piris maCvenebelic aris (oGond prefiqsi) da ricxvisac. ese igi mesame piri mravlobiTisa imave

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principis mixedviT iKo agebuli, rogoriTac meore da pirveli~ (68, 1639).

v. Tofuria am sakiTxs qarTveluri masStabiT ganixilavs: `Zvel qarTulSi III pirs gamoxatavs -n da -s. amaTgan -n axal-ma qarTulma ar icis, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviGebT dganan, Canan... SemTxvevebs...~ (20, 139) cota qvemoT ganag-rZobs: megrul-yanurSi `n’s rigidan cocxalia zmnaSi III pirisa da mravlobiTobis -n da -an paralelurad -s da -es'isa (ganawi-lebuli arian dro-kilosa da gardamavlobis mixedviT)...~

qvemoT warmovadgenT l. kiknaZis debulebebsa da Sesa-bamis masalas, romelic warmodgenilia i. da v. imnaiSvilebis erTobliv naSromSi `zmna Zvel qarTulSi~ (24). aq aris cda _ uariKos -an daboloebidan S3-is niSnad -n's gamoKofa da -an miCneul iqnes fuZis sawarmoebel erTian sufiqsad.

-an -an daboloebaSi bolo -an davas ar iwvevs, igi Sp3-is

niSania, problemas qmnis marcxnidan pirveli -an (dg-an-an).visac -an fuZis sawarmoebel erTian sufiqsad (Temis niS-

nad) miaCnia, maTi azriT, -n's S3-is niSnad gamoKofas xels uS-lis Semdegi: (1) dga-n-an tipis daKofa SesaZlebelia mxolod saSuali gvaris garkveuli Jgufis zmnaTa I seriaSi. s u b i e q t i s p i r i s a d a r i c x v i s g a m o x a t v a k i z m n i s g v a r z e d a m w k r i v z e a r a r i s d a m o k i d e b u l i ; (2) savrcobian formebSi -n s a v r c o b i s w i n (marcxniv) d g a s , r a c q a r -T u l i z m n i s u G l e b i s w e s i T g a m o r i c x u l i a (piris ni-Sani savrcobs unda mosdevdes). T a n a c p i r i s n i S a n i T a v i s a d g i l z e a (mKvand-a) _ savrcobis momdevnod. e s a r i s s u fi q s i -a da ara -n! (3) -n's gverdiT aris S3-is niSani (Can-s, Can-n...). o r i n i S a n i r a s a y i r o i K o ! T a n a c e s -n I d a II p i r i s f o r m e b S i c a r i s (vCan, SCan). mesa-me piris niSans I da II pirebSi ra unda? (4) dg-a-n-an da C-a-n-an daKofiT am formebSi ra roli aqvs -a's? (5) r a s w a r m o -a d g e n s b o l o - a d i a l e q t u r d g a n a , C a n a , w v a n a f o r m e b S i ? (6) r a u n d a p i r i s n i S a n s m a s d a r S i : Cena, qona...? (24, 412).

vfiqrobT, qarTuli (resp. qarTveluri) zmnis sistemaSi mimdi-nare istoriuli procesebis gaTvaliswinebiT Kvela am erTi Sexed-viT uxerxul kiTxvas SeiZleba gaeces pasuxi.

mediumTa ganxilul formebSi -n istoriulad iKo S3-is niSani, romelic fuZesTan Sexorcebis Semdeg emsaxureboda subieq-tis rolSi mKof aqtantTa rogorc mxolobiTi, ise mravlobiTi ri-cxvis formebs (maqun-s maqun-an).

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pirTa simravlis markireba zmnaSi axali safexuria qarTuli (resp. megrul-lazuri) zmnis istoriaSi. swored am safexuris da-sawKisSi unda momxdariKo dGevandeli TvalsazrisiT uxerxuli formebis warmoqmna.

sakiTxis ufro naTlad da mkafiod warmosaCenad mivmar-TavT megrul-lazur formebs.

megrul-lazurSi erTpiriani gardauvali zmnebisa da orpiria-ni mediopasiuri zmnebis formebSi gansxvavebul kvalifikacias iGebs mravlobiTis -nan daboloeba: Gurunan, xenan, manJire-nan, miGunan... (kvdebian, sxedan; gveZineba, gvaqvs...).

aGniSnul tipTa zmnebis uGlebis paradigmebi f o r m a l u -r a d (masalobriv) e r T n a i r a d a r i s w a r m o d g e n i l i sa-mecniero literaturaSi, g a n s x v a v e b u l i a f o r m a T a a n a -l i z i : arn. Ciqobava -nan daboloebaSi -n-s S3-is niSnad miiC-nevs (Guru-n-an, miGu-n-an), paradigmis ganmartebiT nawil-Sic ambobs: `... mesame piris niSanicaa Semonaxuli da mrav-lobiTobis aGmniSvnelic moepoveba~ (69, 91), rac ZiriTadi principis (piris niSani calke, ricxvisa _ calke) realizaciad aris miCneuli (Sdr. p-taxum-T `v-tex-T~). i. KifSiZe, rogorc mis mier Sedgenili paradigmebidan Cans, -n sufiqss, romelic mxo-lobiT ricxvSi S3-s gamoxatavs, mravlobiT ricxvSi fuZis dana-matad miiCnevs: m-iGu-n m-iGun-an `maqvs~ `gvaqvs~ (61, 124, 132). k. danelias paradigmebi arn. Ciqo-bavas paradimebs mihKveba. g. kartozia -nan daboloebas erT sufiqsad miiCnevs da urTavs ganmartebas: `-nan subieqturi mesame piris -n sufiqsisa da -an sufiqsis SeerTebiT aris miGebuli, magram, sinqroniuli analizis TvalsazrisiT, erTian su-fiqsad ganixileba~(27, 9363). Cven viziarebT g. kartozias Tval-sazriss. ra Tqma unda, obieqturi wKobis mediopasivebsa da pasivebSi -n S3-is niSnad -an sufiqsTan erTad ver iarsebebda, radgan -an subieqturi wKobis zmnebSi damoukideblad aGniS-navda mesame subieqtur pirsac da mis ricxvsac erTdroulad (taxum-an `tex-en~, yarun-an `wer-en~...).

davubrundeT Z v e l q a r T u l s , s a d a c a d v i l a d d a -v i n a x a v T m e g r u l - l a z u r i s m s g a v s v i T a r e b a s : (1) S3-is -n sufiqsi faqtiurad Zvel qarTulSive iwKebs funqciis Sesusteba-dakargvas. analogiuria -d sufiqsis (S3) mdgomareo-

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bac. Zvel qarTulSi subieqturi mesame piris `moSlaze~ miuTi-Tebs z. sarJvelaZe (44, 406).

mTis dialeqtebi sakmaod xSirad gviCveneben arqaul for-mebs, oGond aq ar dasturdeba arc -n da arc -d S3-is niSnad, arc Sp

3-is -ed sufiqsi. saerTod, mTis dialeqtebis arqaizmi ar scildeba Zveli qarTulis miwuruls (X-XI ss.), amitom uTuod sim-ptomaturia, mTis dialeqtebi rom ar iKeneben am sufiqsebs. maTi xmareba X-XI saukuneebis samwerlobo qarTulSic inerci-iTGa aixsneba.

-n sufiqsis mier funqciis dakargvis maCveneblad unda CaiTvalos Zveli qarTulis iseTi formebi, romlebSic -n fuZes Se-erTebia da S3-is funqcias asrulebs an -s sufiqsi, an damatebiTi -n. Zvel qarTulSi SevxvdebiT v-dga, s-dga, dga-s; mesame pir-Si dga-n formac dasturdeba (`romeli dgan da ismenn~, i. 3,29c), meore mxriT, v-Ca, S-Ca, Ca-s gverdiT v-Can, S-Can, Can-s formebic arsebobs, rac imas niSnavs, rom -n ukve fu-Zes mierTebia (vCan, SCan), aGar funqcionirebs rogorc piris niSani da mesame pirSi sayiroebs sxva niSans (Can-s).

analogiuri viTarebaa m a q u s zmnasTan: erTi mxriT, ma-qu-n, gaqu-n, aqu-n, sadac -n S3-is rolSia, meore mxriT, ma-qun-s, gaqun-s, aqun-s, sadac n ukve fuZeSia Sesuli. es for-mebi kargad aris cnobili samecniero literaturaSi, gansxvave-bulia mxolod mkvlevarTa analizis Sedegebi.

Tu maqu-n, gaqu-n, aqu-n formebSi -n sufiqsi S3-is niSa-nia, romelime m a q u n -s an m a q u n -n formebSi S3, ra Tqma unda, bolo -s an -n sufiqsebiT gmoixateba, rac imas niSnavs, rom maT marcxniv mdgomi n ukve fuZis kuTvnilebaa da mas piris niSnad aGar aGiqvamdnen. an rogor SeiZleba d g a n -e d `dganan~ formaSi arafuZiseul, damoukidebel sufiqsad miviC-nioT -n, roca iqve mxol. ricxvSi arsebobs dgan-s forma? aseve dgan formis an daboloeba ver miiCneva erTian sufiqsad, roca mis gverdiT arsebobs v d g a da s d g a (`vdgavar~ da `dga-xar~).

ganxilul formaTa mixedviT uTuod cxadia, rom m a q u n -s, d g a n -ed da C a n -s tipis formebSi -n S3-is niSnad m x o -

`amgvari formebi (iTq‚n, iKvin _ T. u.) miuTiTeben, rom mesame subieqturi piris -n niSani enaSi sazogadod iSleba~ (44, 406).

ix. magaliTad: i. i m n a i S v i l i , qarTuli enis istoriuli qrestomaTia, t. I, naw. II, gv. 209; i. i m n a i S v i l i , v. i m n a i S v i l i , zmna Zvel qarTulSi, naw. I, gv. 404; qarTuli agiografiuli Zeglebis simfonia-leqsikoni, I, 2005 (dgoma) da sxv.

l o d warmoSobiT CaiTvleba. am formebSi n fuZis Semad-genlobaSia gadasuli.

meorec: m o r f o n o l o g i u r c v l i l e b a T a w e s e b i s g a T v a l i s w i n e b i T , r i g f o r m e b S i SeuZlebelia -n C a -i T v a l o s -an sufiqsis naSTad. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs m a -q u n d a , g a q u n d a , a q u n d a ; m a q u n d e s ... formebi. vfiqrobT, amosavlad navaraudeb formebSi -an sufiqsis rekon-struqcia dauSvebelia: fonetikurad gaumarTlebelia `h-a-qu-n-da (< *haquanda), h-a-qu-n-d-es (< *haquandes)~ (62, 416). uwKvetlis III piris mxolobiTsa da mravlobiTSi an I kavSirebiTis amave piris mxol. ricxvis formebSi ar arsebobs -an -n pro-cesis ganviTarebis piroba, radgan -d savrcobi moklebulia ma-reducirebel unars. meore mxriT, awmKos mesame piris h a -q u n s forma, romelSic n fuZis nawilad aris qceuli, uwKvetelSi swored h-a-qun-d-a da haqun-d-es xolo kavSirebiTSi h-a-qun-d-e-s formebs gvavaraudebinebs.

sxva mxrivac SevxedoT am formebs. ris safuZvelze Seiq-mna rekonstruirebuli *m-qu-an-an, romlisgan miGebuladac miiCneva Zv. qarTulis m q o n a n ?

Zveli qarTulis awmKos mxol. ricxvSi dasturdeba fonetiku-ri CaweriT: m a q …s, g a q …s, a q …s (haemetobis dros h a q …s), paralelurad _ m a q …n, g a q …n, a q …n an m a q …ns, g a q …ns. arsad Cans TemisniSniani m q …a n -s (me igi), g q …a n s , h q …a n s an m q …an-n, g q …an-n, h q …an-n, raTa subieqturi mesame pirisa da misi mravlobiTobis -an sufiqsis damatebiT aGvadginoT savaraudebeli *m-qu-an-an (me igini), sadac xazgasmuli -an Temis niSani iqneba, rogorc a. SaniZe varaudobs mKv-an-an formaSi. m - q u - a n - a n for-mis rekonstruqcia, Cveni azriT, Zveli qarTulis monacemebiT SeuZlebelia. mqonan formas, maSasadame, am gziT ver mi-viGebT. saZiebelia saidan gaCnda mKv-an-an?

aGmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis dialeqtebSi Semonaxulia arqauli formebi: x-qon (< x-qu-an) `aqvs mas isini~, x-Kon (x-K…-an < x-Kv-an) `hKavs isini~, g-i-gon (< g-i-g…-an < g-i-gav-an) `gigavs isini~, anu `gigvanan~ da sxv.

x q o n , x K o n , g i g o n formebisTvis amosavali aris me-same piris subieqtis mravlobiTi ricxvis -an sufiqsiani formebi, romlebsac dGesac vxvdebiT g i g v a n , g i d g a n (isini) for-mebSi: `beris Jiƒvis rqaT g i g o n wvernio~ (al. yinyarauli, xev-surulis Taviseburebani, 1960, gv. 346); `suleTs kodn g i d g a n samsveni~ (T. uTurgaiZe, TuSuri kilo, 1960; 150, 20).

xevsuruli arqauli formebis mixedviT isic Cans, rom fuZi-seul […]-sTan SerwKmiT -an sufiqsi iZleva on daboloebas: xqon, xKon. am formebs SenarCunebuli aqvT subieqturi me-same pirisa da misi mravlobiTobis gamoxatvis funqcia, e. i. g i g …an da g i g o n , m K …an da m K o n paraleluri formebia da s u b i e q t s m r . r i c x v S i w a r m o g v i d g e n e n . analo-giuri procesi unda vivaraudoT Zveli qarTulis m q o n a n `maqvs me isini~ formaSic, im gansxvavebiT, rom simravle subieqtisa gvian darTuli -an sufiqsiT aris gamoxatuli. uTuod amiT unda aixsnas a. SaniZis Tavdapirveli debuleba m K v a -n a n tipis formebSi mravlobiTi ricxvis `mrCobli daboloebis~ Sesaxeb. amas is gvavaraudebinebs, rom m q o n arqauli for-ma aGar dasturdeba Zv. qarTulSi, magram, meore mxriv, m q o n a n formis arseboba, uTuod migviTiTebs xevsurulis ti-pis m q o n formis arsebobaze Zv. qarTulSic. gamodis, m q o -n a n formis amosaval m q o n -s daukargavs subieqturi piris simravlis gageba da amitom darTvia xelmeored -an sufiqsi (mqon-an > mqonan).

ra Tqma unda, a. SaniZis Tavdapirveli debuleba mKv-an-an formis Sesaxeb, rogorc `mrCobli mravlobiTis~ sufiqsis mqonisa, emKareboda mTis dialeqtebidan misTvis kargad cnobil formebs, romlebic man Zalian gvian dabeyda (Txzule-bani, I, 1984). es teqstebi a. SaniZem Cawera 1911 da 1913 wlebSi, e. i. imaze adre, vidre muSaobas daiwKebda S2O3-ze. mis mier Caweril teqstebSi aris m i d g a n (m-i-dg-an): `TuSni aq m i d g a n mzasao~ (I, 48, 19), g i g o n (< g-i-g…-an): `...geJas laSn g i g o n (I, 53, b. 6). TuSur teqstSi aris g i d g a n (g-i-dg-an): `suleTs kodn gidgan samseni~ (I, 233, 14), iqvea forma, romelSic mesame piris subieqti mxol. ricxvSia: `sufra g i d g garigebuli~ (I, 233, 16). g i d g (< gidga), -a (S3) dakar-gulia, rac Cveulebrivia am poziciaSi mTis kiloebisTvis. gidg (is) gidgan (isini) naTlad warmoaCens -an sufiqsis funqcias. am formaTa mixedviT erTi -an sakmarisi iKo Sp

3-is aGsaniS-nad. magram paralelurad naxmari g i d g a n a n forma ukve orgzis miuTiTebda Sp

3-ze, Tumca m n i S v n e l o b a i g i v e h q o n d a , rac g i d g a n formas: `karze, gidganan stumrebi~ (66, 232, 35), paralelurad g i d g e n a n formac Cauweria: `karze gidgenan stumrebi~ (232, 3; 234, 11). am formebs is mecnieruli muSaobis dasawKisSi ecnoba da, bunebrivia, S2O3-ze muSaobis dros gasCenoda azri `mravlobiT ricxvSi mrCobli

daboloebis~ Sesaxeb, sadac funqcia mxolod bolo -an sufiqss aqvs.

Kovelive zemoT Tqmulis mixedviT aseTi daskvna iqneba marTebuli: subieqturi mesame piris -n sufiqsi Zvel qarTulSive kargavs Tavis funqcias, amis gamo Zvelsave ZeglebSi vxvdebiT aseT formebs: maqun-s || maqun-n; dgan-ed (Sdr. dga-n || dga-s || dga).

awmKos maqun-s da uwKvetlis maqun-d-a, agreTve kav-SirebiTis maqun-d-e-s (m a q u n d -es SeiZleba uwKvetlis me-same piris mr. ricxvSic) formebi ganamtkicebs im azrs, rom -n ar modis -an Temis niSnisgan: piris niSani -s da savcobi -d ver moaxdendnen -an sufiqsis SekumSvas - maT ara aqvT mareducirebeli Zala. maSasadame am formebSi n udavod fu-ZeSi Sedis, dakarguli aqvs piris gamoxatvis (S3) unari [Sdr. `dga-n da ismen-n~ (i. 3, 29c), sadac -n funqciis mqonea].

Sp3 istoriulad da axlac garkveuli rigis zmnebSi -an sufiqsiT

gamoixateba: miKvar-an, mind-an, mZul-an (isini)...mediopasivebs, rogoricaa: m K a v s , m g a v s subieqtis

mravlobiTi ricxvis niSnad mesame pirSi es -an hqondaT: m-Kav-an, m-gav-an. -an-s SeeZlo fuZis SekumSva. amas gviC-veneben xevsurulis arqauli formebi: m K o n , m g o n , sadac ganxorcielebulia Semdegi saxis fonetikuri cvlilebebi: m-Kav-an > m-Kv-an > m-Ku-an > mKon; aseve m-gav-an > m-gv-an > m-gu-an > mgon, e. i. m K o n me isini, m g o n me isi-ni.

uTuod analogiuri gza aqvs gavlili x q o n (mqon, gqon) xevsurul formebsa da Zv. qarTulis m q o n a n formas, mag-ram xevs. x q o n formis misaGebad awmKos mxolobiT ri-cxvSic unda davuSvaT q… fuZe (m-q…-s, g-q…-s), rac iZleva warmosaTqmelad SeuZlebel formebs. igive fuZe -an (Sp

3) su-fiqsis win dasaSvebia, rac realizebulia xevsurul xqon (< x-q…-an) formaSi; aseve Zveli qarTuli m q o n a n formis m q o n nawilis mixedviT savaraudebelia m-q…-an amosavali forma.

arsebuli formebis mixedviT saqme gvaqvs a- O ablaut-Tan (a-q… q…), rac realuri formebiT aris dadasturebuli xevs. -a-q… || -a-q…-i-s (imas isi) x-qon < x-q…-an (imas iseni).

samecniero literaturidan aqamde vicnobdiT meablaute paralelur formebs g a n u r C e v l a d r i c x v i s a : -a-texs s-texs, da--a-kueTs da-h-kueTs, da-a-wers da-s-wers (62, 376 ($438) da 379 ($441); v-a-rqu h-rqua, vec s-ca (10,

3251). amaT rigSi ver Seva r i c x v i s m i x e d v i T m e a b l a -u t e xevs. maq… (isi) m-qon (iseni) da Zveli qarTulis m-a-q…-s m-qon-, m q o n a n formis nawili, romelsac damouki-deblad veGar vxvdebiT Zvel qarTulSi, magram savaraudebeli ki aris, razec xevsurul dialeqtSi SemorCenili x q o n formac mi-gviTiTebs.

da bolos: -anan daboloebis mqone zogi mediopasivi gvi-andeli analogiiT Cans warmoqmnili, aseTia TuSuri dialeqtis m i n d a n a n , paraleluri m i n d a n formisa: mind(a) (isi) mind-an || mindan-an (iseni).

zmnisarTebi -iT sufiqsiT

gamoxatulebis planis mixedviT -iT sufiqsi saziaro ele-mentia saxelisa da zmnisarTisaTvis: saxelis formaSi -iT fleqsi-uri elementia _ b r u n v a s g a m o x a t a v s, aqvs Tanaobi-sa (komutativisa) da sayurvlis (instrumentalisis) kerZo mniS-vnelobebi (`qaTami w i w i l i T dagvibrunda~; `qaTamma marcvali n i s k a r t i T akenka~).

saxelTan -iT sufiqsis z o g a d i f u n q c i a, rogorc brun-vis niSnisa, aris a r a m a r k i r e b u l i o b i e q t i s g a m o x a t v a zemoT aGniSnuli mniSvnelobebiT.

qarTuli moqmedebiTi brunvis fard rusul SemoqmedebiT (творительный) brunvas r. iakobsoni p e r i f e r i u l b r u n -v a s uwodebs, radgan am brunvaSi dasmuli saxeli uSualod ar ukavSirdeba gamonaTqvamis centrs _ m i s i C a m o c i -l e b i T g a m o n a T q v a m i s i s r u l e s a r k a r g a v s: "Чем делает", "кому делает" не вытекают из самого существа высказывания и не связаны непосредственно с его центром" (21,153; xazi C. _ T. u.). `q a T a m m a m a r c v a l i niskartiT aken-ka~ winadadebaSi `qaTamma~ (S) da `marcvali~ (Od) gamo-naTqvamis centrSi eqcevian _ maT gareSe gamonaTqvami, rome-lic aq winadadebas emTxveva, Tavisi mniSvnelobis arss da-kargavs, anu romelime maTganis gamoklebiT winadadeba elipsuri gaxdeba. magram winadadebas Tu `n i s k a r t i T~ wevrs CamovacilebT, gamonaTqvami Tavis arsebiT mniSvne-lobas SeinarCunebs, rac gamoixateba `qaTmis mier marcvlis akenkvaSi~.

qarTul enaSi pirmiumarTavi aqtantebi inawileben n a -T e s a o b i T, m o q m e d e b i T da v i T a r e b i T brun-vebs; mniSvnelobiT es brunvebi mkafiod ganirCevian erTime-orisgan. am gansxvavebaTa Sesaxeb ufro srulad vmsJelobT qarTuli enis brunebis sistemis ganxilvisas. amjamad msJelobis Temaa s a x e l T a - i T s u fi q s i a n i f o r m e b i s t r a n s l a c i a z m n i s a r T e b a d.

qarTul enaSi, garda moTxrobiTi brunvisa, SeiZleba zmni-sarTad moiqces sxva nebismieri brunvis forma, amisTvis sa-

Tu wKvetilis formas micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli ori saxeli ukavSirdeba, erT-erTi pirmiumarTavia (damiwerina man me mas is).

kmarisia saxelis formis brunebis paradigmidan amovardna (62, 588 da Semdeg), rac iwvevs semantikur, anu saleqsikono cvlilebas, amitom isini an cal-calkea leqsikonSi Setanili, an er-Tsa da imave saleqsikono statiaSi sakuTari nomrebiT arian warmodgenili; magaliTad, `qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikon-Si~ (SemdgomSi _ qegli) d G e, rogorc arsebiTi saxeli (`drois monakveTi mzis amosvlidan Casvlamde...~) warmodgenilia naTesaobiTi brunvis formiTac: `dGe (dGisa)...~ amave sitKvis statiaSi -Si Tandebuliani forma sxva metKvelebis nawilad _ z m n i s a r T a d a c a a warmodgenili: `...dGeSi zmns. 1. dGis ganmavlobaSi, dGis manZilze...~ (t. II); bunebrivia isic, rom dGes, rogorc zmnisarTi, calkecaa Setanili III tomSi: `dGes zmns. im dGis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac saubaria...~

`dGe (dGisa)~ arsebiTi saxeli TavisTavad varaudobs micemiTi brunvis formasac, rogorc TandebuliT, ise uTandebu-lod (`dGes Game mosdevs~ da `Game dGeSi aeria~) _ isini erTi paradigmis wevrebi arian, zmnisarTi `dGes" ki, rogorc saleqsikono erTeuli, formaucvlelia da sruliad gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas atarebs: `dGes zmns. im dGis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac saubaria...~ i g i z m n u r i q m e d e b i s d r o s g a n s a z G v r a v s, zmnazea mibmuli.

mravali arsebiTi saxelis moqceva SeiZleba zmnisarTad ise, rom f o r m a a r S e e c v a l o s; mag., z a f x u l s , S e m o d g o m a s , k v i r a s... `forma ar Seecvalos~ exeba gamoxatulebis plans, mxolod bgerobriv igiveobas, gramatiku-lad isini (saerTo bgerobrivi Sedgenilobis arsebiTi saxeli da zmnisarTi) didad arian gansxvavebuli: `z a f x u l s~ arsebiT saxelSi -s fuZeSi ar Sedis, brunvis niSania (`zafxuls Semo-dgoma mosdevs~), romelic paradigmaSi SeiZleba Canacvle-bul iqnes sxva brunvis niSniT (zafxul-i, zafxul-ma... `zafxulma kargad Caiara~ da sxv.), zmnisarT `z a f x u l s~ formaSi ki -s daboloeba fuZis kuTvnilebaa, rogorc warmomqmneli elementi (`am zafxuls zGvaze isvenebda~). zmnisarTi `z a f x u l s~ paradigmas moklebulia da arc Sinaarsobrivad niSnavs arsebi-Ti saxelis micemiTi brunvis `zafxuls~ formas, amisTvis iKene-ben metKvelebis nawilTa indikator kiTxvebs: a r s e b i T s a -x e l s, rogorc s a g n o b r i o b i s g a m o m x a t v e l s, da-esmis kiTxva `ras?~ z m n i s a r T ` z a f x u l s~ ki _ `rodis?~ am kiTxvis saSualebiT z a f x u l s zmnisarTi erTiandeba formaucvlel da amave kiTxvis mopasuxe g u S i n , x v a l , z e g , S a r S a n drois zmnisarTTa klasSi, sadac ver mo-

xvdeba `ras?~ kiTxvis pasuxi `zafxuls~, rogorc gasagnobrive-buli arsebiTi saxeli.

davubrundeT -iT sufiqss: msgavsad -s sufiqsisa, -iT su-fiqssac SeuZlia warmomqmneli elementis rolSi iKos: `mas aGara Seesmoda, s o f l i T gaGma gaebiJa~ (vefxis tKaosani, 868,4). aq -iT warmomqmneli elementia, igi adgilis zmnisarTs awarmoebs, miugebs kiTxvaze `saidan?~ (Sdr. arsebiTi saxeli s o f l i T, romelic miugebs kiTxvaze `riT?~ _ `s o f l i T ixa-rebs Koveli~).

Zveli qarTuli formaluradac cdilobda erTimeorisgan ganes-xvavebina -iT sufiqsiani moqmedebiTi brunva -iT sufiqsiani zmnisarTisagan: saxelis formaSi brunvis niSani -iT warmodge-nilia -a mavrcobiT (-iTa), romelic ar ixmareba zmnisarTis for-mebSi. es gasagebicaa: -a, rogorc gansazGvrebiTi elementi, mxolod saxels Seefereboda, mas ar sayiroebda zmnisarTi.

Zvel qarTulSi es dapirispireba gadmoKolili Cans wina pe-riodidan, im droidan, rodesac gansazGvrebiTi -a nawilaki mo-qmedi sufiqsi iKo. imis Semdeg, rac gansazGvris funqcia i g i , e g e , e s e nawevrebze gadavida, -a gaxda brunvis niSnis nawili _ konstituenti da moqmedebiTi brunvis sufiqsi misi Se-madgenlobiT agrZelebs funqcionirebas -iTa saxiT.

rogorc vTqviT, zmnisarTad moqceuli moqmedebiTi brun-vis forma gansazGvrebiT sufiqss ar sayiroebda, t r a n s l a -c i a u m i s o d x d e b o d a da amitom, bunebrivia, wina periodidan Zvel qarTulSi verc gadmohKveboda zmnisarTebs.

m a g a l i T e b i1. -iTa sufiqsi moqmedebiT brunvaSi: `...r½a aGesrulos

sitKua igi uflisa p i r i T a winaswarmetKuelisaTa Tqumuli~ m. 1,22. `itKoda p i r i T a wmidaTa~ l. 1,70 da sxv. orsave wina-dadebaSi p i r i T a pirmiumarTavi aqtantia _ a r s e b i T i s a x e l i m o q m e d e b i T b r u n v a S i da upasuxebs arsebiTi saxelis arasulierTa Jgufis kiTxvas `riT?~.

2. maTes saxarebaSive p i r i T forma zmnisarTis gagebiT ixmareba: `ara Tu p i r i T Semavali Seaginebs kacsa, a½d p i r i T gamomavali Seaginebs kacsa~ m. 15,11. p i r i T for-mas aq zmnisarTis kiTxva daesmis _ `saidan?~

saxelisa da zmnisarTis am formaluri dapirispirebidan TiT-qos erTgvari gamonaklisia Zveli qarTulis kompozitebSi warmodgenili -iT sufiqsiani parmiumarTavi aqtanti: kiriT xu-ro, ƒeliT xuro, piriT memGeri, ƒeliT werili (Tanamedrove or-TografiiT kiriT-xuro, ƒeliT-xuro... Sdr. dGevandeli x e l w e r i -

l i). -a sufiqsis dakargva (ƒeliTa werili > ƒeliT werili) m o r f o -n o l o g i u r i c v l i l e b i s S e d e g i a _ igi sitKvaSi mar-cvalTa fonologiurad gansazGvrul raodenobas Seewira, risi da-madasturebeli mravali SemTxveva gvaqvs rogorc Zvel, ise axal qarTulSi (mag., sarkinoz-i; Sdr. laT. Saracēnī, berZn. Σαρακήνοι, rus. Сарацины; ix. damatebiT 57, 84).

kompozituri bunebisaa aseTi wKvilebic: `s a x e -l i T~+a d a m i a n i s r q m e v i s s a x e l i, rogoricaa: `sa-xeliT levi~ (l. 5,27), `saxeliT simon~ (m. 27,32), `saxeliT ia-ros~ (mr. 5,22), `aha esera kaci saxeliT ioseb~ (l. 23,50) da sxv. `saxeliT ioseb~ dawerilobas vixmarT Tu `saxeliT-ioseb~ _ es orTografiuli problemaa. iovanes saxarebis adiSur variant-Si vkiTxulobT `gamovida mkudari igi kruli ferƒiT, ƒeliTa rezi-Ta~ (11, 44), rac Tanamedrove orTografiiT SeiZleba ase warmovadginoT: `gamovida reziTa (`saxveviT~) f e x S e k -r u l i da x e l S e k r u l i mkvdari (SeiZleba asec daiweros: fex-Sekruli, xel-Sekruli). Jruyisa da parxlis saxarebaTa varian-tebSi igive saxelebi d a m o u k i d e b l a d aris naxmari da, rogorc pirmiumarTavi aqtantebi, -a daboloebiT aris warmo-dgenili: `gamovida mkudari igi Sekruli ƒ e l i T a da f e r ƒ i T a da s a x u e v e l i T a~ (i. 11, 44). kompozitebSi saxelis mo-qmedebiTi brunvis -a d a b o l o e b a d a k a r g u l i a m o -r f o n o l o g i u r s a f u Z v e l z e.

Tanamedrove qarTulSic xSiria -iT sufiqsi z m n i s a r T -T a m a w a r m o e b l a d: g v e r d i T , G a m i T , T a -v i T... (62, 591); igive formebi pirmiumarTav aqtantebadac Cveulebriv gamoiKeneba (`g v e r d i T miawva kedels~).

g v e r d i , G a m e da T a v i arsebiTi saxelebia leqsi-konTa mixedviT da, rogorc zemoT iTqva, saleqsikono sitKva, romelic arsebiTi saxelia, imavdroulad varaudobs mis paradig-matul calebsac _ arsebiT saxels s a g n o b r i o b a da e q -v s b r u n v i a n i p a r a d i g m a evaraudeba qarTul enaSi. eseni erTdrouli maxasiaTeblebia _ erTi meores varaudobs. T u a r s e b i T i s a x e l i d a k a r g a v s a m n i S n e b s , i s a r s e b i T i s a x e l i a G a r i q n e b a, sxva metKve-lebis nawilad moiqceva _ z e d s a r T a v a d an z m n i s a r -T a d, rad gadaiqceva, es unda gansazGvros im niSnebma, romlebiTac vxelmZGvanelobT metKvelebis nawilebad sitKva-Ta klasifikaciis dros. aviGoT ori winadadeba:

(1) `saGi g v e r d i T kedels exeboda~.(2) `g v e r d i T kedelia, zemoT _ yeri~.

pirvel winadadebaSi (1) laparakia `gverd~ arsebiT saxel-ze, romelic leqsikonSi ganmartebulia, rogorc 1. `gulmkerdis marJvena an marcxena nawili...~ 2. `risame erT-erTi ganapira mxare~, 3. `qaGaldis furclis (wignis, rveulis da sxv.) erT-erTi mxare~, 4. `sawKavi...~ (qegli). am leqsikonis imave statiaSi zemoT warmodgenils mosdevs zmnisarTebi: g v e r d i T , g v e r d z e , g v e r d S i , g v e r d s, romlebic asea gan-martebuli: `gverdis mxares, risame erT-erT (ara wina an uka-na, zemo an qvemo) mxares~.

ra Tqma unda, `gverdiT~ arsebiTi saxeli da `gverdiT~ zmnisarTi, rogorc saleqsikono erTeulebi, sruliad gansxvavde-bian erTimeorisgan: roca `gverdiT~ forma `gverdi~ arsebiTi saxelis paradigmis wevria, maT saerTo fuZe (leqsema) aqvT, romelsac mosdeven fleqsiuri elementebi: saxelobiTi brunvis -i da moqmedebiTi brunvis -iT sufiqsebi; `gverdiT~ zmnisarTi ki leqsikuri mniSvnelobis fuZed da fleqsiur Semadgenlebad ver gaiKofa; gansxvavebiT `gverdiT~ saxelis formisgan, `gverdi~ mniSvneloba, rogorc `nawili viGacisa an raGacisa", aq ar ivaraudeba, laparakia mxolod am nawilis uSualo siaxloves mdebare adgilze, sadac viTardeba zmnuri qmedeba; -iT sufiq-si zmnisarTis leqsikuri mniSvnelobis arsebiTi komponentia, gverd leqsemasTan SeerTebiT igi axal sitKvas qmnis axali mniSvnelobiT _ -iT derivantemaa, fuZis Semadgenelia. saxel-Tagan miGebul meorad zmnisarTebSi -iT sufiqsi translativia (47, 38,6-7). rodesac translativi axal sitKvas warmoqmnis da esa Tu is metKvelebis nawili gadahKavs sxva metKvelebis na-wilSi, misaGebia l. tenieris debuleba: ~Транслация имеет категориальную природу~ (47, 152,2).

vnaxeT, rom saxelTa zmnisarTebad translacia gansa-zGvruli mawarmoeblebiT _ translativebiT xdeba. am translati-vebs ena TviT zmnisarTebidan axal zmnisarTTa warmoebis drosac iKenebs, kerZod, pirveladi a q a da i q i zmnisarTebi-dan -iT sufiqsiT qarTulSi KovelTvis xdeboda da xdeba axali zmni-sarTebis warmoqmna. t r a n s l a c i a, maSasadame, z o g a -d a d g u l i s x m o b s d e r i v a c i i s g z i T a x a l i m n i S v n e l o b i s s i t K v i s S e q m n a s , r o m e l i c S e i Z l e b a g a n x o r c i e l d e s e r T i m e t K v e l e -b i s n a w i l i s f a r g l e b S i c.

Zvel qarTulSi erTimeores upirispirdeboda a q a da i q i pir-veladi zmnisarTebi, maT SeefardebaT Tanamedrove qarTulis

aq~iq. Tanamedrove qarTulSi a q a zmnisarTis bolo -a mokle-bulia deiqtur funqcias, radgan igi sapirispiro i q - a zmnisarTSic monawileobs (zedmeti aGmoCnda sufiqsi, romelic identuri ga-xmovanebiT imave mniSvnelobas atarebda, rasac prefiqsi); -a sufiqsma axal qarTulSi miiGo dieremis funqcia (SeiZleba `aqa wers~, dauSvebelia `aqa dawers~, radgan zmniswinic delimi-taciuri elementia). amis Sedegad -a sufiqsma dakarga elemen-tis funqcia deiqsis kategoriaSi.

aqa~iqi dapirispireba markirebulia gansxvavebuli deiqturi elementebiT (a-~i-), isini gansxvavebul sivrceebze miuTiTe-ben; gansxvavebul sivrceebze miuTiTeben maTgan nawarmo-ebi a q a T da i q i T meoradi zmnisarTebic; translativi {-iT} [romlis variantic aris /-T/: aqaT (<aqaT) da /-iT/: iqiT (<*iq-iT)] gansxvavebuli semantikuri mniSvnelobis formebs qmnis: a q a pirveli piris garemos qmnis sivrcesa da droSi; a q a T ki iwKeba `aqa~ sivrcis an drois Semdeg; `ebrZana: Sengan ga-Krilvar, mas aqaT Tveo samia~ (vefxistKaosani, 473,2). am gamonaTqvamSi `mas" nacvalsaxeli aGniSnavs erTad Kofnis dros, `aqaT" ki _ erTad Kofnis Semdgom dros, maSasada-me, maTi saxiT (aqa~aqaT) saqme gvaqvs gansxvavebul de-signatebTan. analogiuri viTarebaa iq(i)~iqiT dapirispirebaSi: `ar egebis, amas iqiT Tumca Tavi ar gamone~ (vefxistKaosa-ni, 253,2). `amas~ droSi asmaTi da avTandili konfliqtur urTi-erTobaSi arian, `amas iqiT~ ki sruliad gansxvavebuli urTier-Tobis droa. analogiuri dapirispireba aris sivrcis (qmedebis ad-gilis) mixedviT am SemTxvevaSic: `aqaT Tavsa gardaviqcev, axlos maxlvan didni kldeni~ (vefxistKaosani, 1303,3). Tavis gardaqceva im kldeebze SeiZleba, romlebic `aqa~ sivrcis ga-reT aris _ iq, sadac `didni kldenia~.

a q a da i q i dapirispireba aseve sivrcobriv dapirispire-buli mo- da mi- zmniswinTa mier warmoqmnil formebSic Cans: mo- ixmareba aqa zmnisarTis gverdiT, mi- ki _ mun (mesame piris sivrce) zmnisarTis gverdiT: m o a q a m d e º a q a m o m d e `aqamde~ da m i m u n d G e m d e `im dGemde~ gamogvaKofinebs m o a q a- da m i m u n- kompo-nentebs da gvicnobierebs moaqa-~mimun- dapirispirebas, romelSic a q a da m u n zmnisarTTa sivrciTi an droiTi mo-nakveTebis dapirispireba gaZlierebulia, Sesabamisad maTi mniSvnelobisa, warmomqmnel elementebad gamoKenebuli mo- da mi- zmniswinebiT.

rogorc brunvis niSanTa da TandebulTa warmoqmnis ele-

mentebad gardaqmnaa SesaZlebeli saxelTa formebis paradig-midan gamoTiSviT, aseve SeeZlo enas zmniswinTa moqceva warmoqmnis elementebad a q a da i q i zmnisarTebTan Ca-rTviT. es uTuod siyarbis gancdas iwvevda, ramdenadac pirve-ladi zmnisarTebi a q a da i q i mo- da mi- elementTa gare-Sec axerxebdnen sivrcobriv-droul garemoze miTiTebas; ami-tomac ena aGar iKenebs maT.

gavecaniT brunvis niSnebisa da Tandebulebis warmo-qmnis elementebad gamoKenebas, rodesac isini zmnisarTebs awarmoebdnen: am tipis warmoqmna sruliad gansxvavebulia `saxelTa warmoqmnisagan~, rodesac warmomqmneli ele-mentebi axal saxels warmoqmnian, rogoricaa: qonebis, uqon-lobis, abstraqtulobisa da sxva saxelebi. aseTi tipis warmo-qmnisas `warmoqmnili saxeli i m e o r e b s Zireulis forma-cvalebas brunvaTa mixedviT. es garemoeba mas unda ga-sdevdes, Tu Kvela brunvaSi ara, brunvaTa umetesobaSi ma-inc~ (62, 109). saxelTagan zmnisarTebis warmoebis dros ax-lad nawarmoeb sitKvas espoba brunvaTa mixedviT formacva-lebis unari, arsebiTi niSani saxelTa warmoqmnisa, piriqiT, si-tKva ubrunveli da uricxvo xdeba. maSasadame, icvleba ro-gorc morfologiurad _ kargavs paradigmas, ise sintaqsurad _ winadadebis sxva wevrebTan SeTanxmebis (msazGvrel-Tan an sazGvrulTan) an marTvis (SemasmenelTan) nacvlad mirTviT aris dakavSirebuli.

saxelidan saxelis warmoqmnisgan gansxvavebiT, saxel-Tagan zmnisarTebis warmoqmnas gansxvavebuli saxeli syir-deba, sicxadisaTvis umJobesi iqneba am ukanasknels `z m n i s a r T u l i w a r m o q m n a~ ewodos, romelic dau-pirispirdeba `s a x e l u r w a r m o q m n a s~. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom gamokvlevebsa da saxelmZGvaneloebSi am ori ti-pis warmoeba erTad ar ganixileba _ maT Sesaxeb gansxvave-bul adgilebze msJeloben morfologiaSic da sintaqsSic.

qarTul enaSi, kargadaa cnobili, Tandebuliani formebic Se-iZleba moiqcnen zmnisarTebad: Tu Tandebuliani formebi sa-xelis Tvisebebs inarCuneben, maSin pirmiumarTav aqtantebs gamoxataven; roca isini saxelis Tvisebebs (brunebasa da ricxvs) kargaven, maSin zmnisarTebad moiqcevian.

a. SaniZem saxelis morfologiur sistemaSi morfonologiur cvlilebaTa safuZvelze, Cveni azriT, gaumarTleblad gamoKo sami `lokaluri brunva~: s a d a o b i T i , g a m o s v l i T i da m i w e v n i T i; iqve miuTiTa dialeqtebSi ufro rTul Tandebuli-

an formebzec: `mTis kiloebSi gvxvdeba rTuli forma, romelsac ori brunvis mniSvneloba aqvs _ sadaobiTisa da gamosvliTisa... banzeiT... cxvarSiiT~ (62, 77); iqvea msJeloba sadaobiT-mi-wevniT formebze (yalaSiamde).

s a x l S i , s a x l z e , s a x l i d a n , s a x l a m d e _ `sadaobiTi~, `gamosvliTi~ da `miwevniTi~ SeiZleba pirmiu-marTavi aqtanti iKos da veGar gaamarTlos saxelwodeba `lo-kaluri~ (`am s a x l S i amdens ver gadaixdis~; `s a x l z e fiqrobs~...). roca aGniSnuli formebi saxelis kategoriebs karga-ven, gaumarTlebelia maTi saxelebad miCneva (ix. zemoT zmnisarTi dGes). rac Seexeba `ori brunvis mniSvnelobas~, brunebis kategoriis TvalsazrisiT s a x e l i s e r T f o r m a S i g a m o r i c x u l i a o r i b r u n v a, radgan, Jer erTi, brun-vebi erTi paradigmis wevrebi arian, amitom erTi formis far-glebSi ori brunvis niSani erTimeoris mezoblad ver ganlagdeba _ maT Soris mxolod paradigmatuli mimarTebaa, e. i. m x o -l o d C a n a c v l e b a S e u Z l i a T b r u n v i s n i S -n e b s, meorec, rogorc vnaxeT, -iT sufiqss zmnisarTebidan axali (meoreuli) zmnisarTebis warmoebac SeuZlia (aqa-T, mu-niT...). swored am tipis gardaqmna ganxorcielda mTis dialeq-tebSi. maSasadame, s a x l z e i T , s a x l S i i T , s a x l T a -n i T `ori brunvis mniSvnelobis~ mqone formebi ki ar aris, aramed -iT sufiqsiT nawarmoebi meoradi zmnisarTebia, amaT aGara aqvT arc erTi kategoria saxelisa, maT pirmiumarTav aqtantebad veGar gamoviKenebT, rogorc muniT tipis formebs Zvel qarTulSi.

saKuradGeboa, rom TuSur dialeqtSi -iT/-iTa translativs aqvs sapirispiro mimarTulebis -is translativi: aqiTa `aqe-dan~~aqis `aqeTken~; SiniTa `Sinidan~~Sinis `Sinisken~, iqiTa `iqidan~~iqis `iqiTken~... es Cven KuradGebas miaq-cevs Zveli qarTulis e. w. `mimarTulebiTi brunvis~ formebs, rogoricaa: t a Z r i s a , m i s a ... `da mividodes m i s a vina-ve~ (mr. 1,45); Sdr. `gamovidoda iesu t a Z r i T~ m. 24,1с. taZr-iT~taZr-isa formebiT dapirispirebulia `taZridan~~`taZris-

ken~ mniSvnelobis zmnisarTebi.d a v u b r u n d e T s a x l S i i T , s a x l z e i T , s a -

x l T a n i T tipis zmnisarTTa warmoebas, romlis arsebiTi ma-xasiaTebeli is aris, rom -iT t r a n s l a t i v i e r T v i s T a n d e -b u l i a n i m f o r m e b s , r o m l e b i c a m T a n d e b u l e -b i T u k v e i K v n e n m o q c e u l i z m n i s a r T e b a d . e s -iT t r a n s l a t i v i a r e r T v i s p i r m i u m a r T a v a q t a n -t e b s .

adre migvaCnda, rom es meoreuli zmnisarTebi (saxlSiiT, saxlzeiT, saxlTaniT) mTis kiloebSi mezobeli naxuri enebis ga-remoebaTa erTi saxeobis kalkirebiT iKo miGebuli (57, 76), radgan, gavrcelebuli TvalsazrisiT, am tipis warmoebas sa-mwerlobo qarTuli da qarTuli enis sxva kiloebi ar icnobdnen (35, 123).

sinamdvileSi aseT formebs qarTuli samwerlobo enac ic-nobs, `vefxistKaosanSi~ zmnisarTTa warmoebis es modeli [(saxelis fuZe+gn(<gan) Tandebuli+-iT translativi)] ocze met SemTxvevaSia gamoKenebuli. unda vivaraudoT, rom mTis ki-loebSi gamoKenebulia da gavrcobili es Zveli modeli; ai es zmnisarTebi `vefxistKaosnidan~: e r T g n i T `erTi mxridan~, o r g n i T , s x v a g n i T `sxva mxridan~, K o v e l g n i T º K o v l g n i T `Kvela mxridan~. qvemoT mogvKavs TiTo ma-galiTi aGniSnul zmnisarTaTvis: `iqiT da aqaT momixdes, e r -T g n i T ver momereodes~ (606,2) _ e r T g n i T `erTi mxri-dan~, -iT translativi monawileobs i q i T `iqidan~ da a q a T `aqe-dan~ zmnisarTTa meoreul formebSic.

`ukudges da TaKvani-sces mefeman da misTa spaTa,daloces da mefed dasves, qeba uTxres s x v a g n i T

sxvaTa~ (46,2) _ sxvagniT `sxva mxridan~.`K o v l g n i T movides mefeni~ (324,3) _ KovlgniT `Kve-

la mxridan~.`K o v e l g n i T mogexvevian~ (435,3) _ KovelgniT `Koveli

mxridan~ da sxv.-gniT daboloebuli Kvela forma, garda erTisa (ix. qve-

moT), a. SaniZis mier, rogorc damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis zmnisarTebi, `vefxistKaosnis~ simfoniaSi sruliad kanonierad calke statiebiT aris warmodgenili. amaTgan gansxvavebiT,

S e n g n i T forma Setanilia Sen nacvalsaxelis statiaSi: `Zali momec da Sewevna S e n g n i T maqvs, mivsce goneba~ (6,2). S e n g n i T moTavsebulia Sen nacvalsaxelis statiaSi S e n g a n , S e n T v i s , S e n k e n pirmiumarTavi aqtan-tebis gverdiT. ganvixiloT S e n g a n , romelTanac dgas S e n -g n i T:

`S e n g a n viTxov Sewevnasa, razomsaca gzasa vvli-de~ (811,2). S e n g a n aq da mravalgzis sxva konteqstSic udavo pirmiumarTavi aqtantia, S e n g n i T ki sxva niuansis Semcvelia: `Sewevna SengniT maqvs~ niSnavs Sewevna `da-xmareba~ `Seni mxriT~ maqvs, rac igivea _ `Seni mxridan~ maqvs. S e w e v n a S e n g n i T Tu S e n g a n uTuod niu-ansur gansxvavebas Seicavs, poetma am konteqstSi zmnisar-Ti amJobina. maSasadame S e n g n i T formasac calke statia unda gamoeKos `vefxistKaosnis~ simfoniaSi.

zemoT aGvniSneT, rom translacia, l. tenieris TvalsazrisiT, atarebs kategorialur xasiaTs, e. i. sitKva gadadis sxva me-tKvelebis nawilis JgufSi da, bunebrivia, amKarebs axal struq-turul kavSirebs, sintaqsurad imisgan gansxvavebuls, rac tran-slaciamde hqonda: ~как только благодаря трансляции... слово приобретает новую категорию, структурная связь усталавнивается сама собой~ (47, 152,9). l. teniers translacia mxolod sintaqsur mo-vlenad miaCnia, misi TqmiT, translaciagamovlili sitKva morfo-logiurad inarCunebs translaciamdel Tvisebas: ~с морфологической точки зрения слово, подвергшееся трансляции, сохраняет все свойства той категории, к которой оно относилось до трансляции~ (47, 152,11).

vfiqrobT, kategoriaTa cvla sitKvebisTvis arsebiTia grama-tikis orive doneze, r a d g a n m o r f o l o g i a S i s i t K v a T a k v a l i fi k a c i a s w o r e d g r a m a t i k u l k a t e g o r i e b s e m K a r e b a . zemoT ganxilul masalaSi saxeli, rodesac is zmnisarTad moiqceoda, kargavda Tavis kategoriebs da se-mantikur cvlilebasac ganicdida. igi, bunebrivia, morfologiurad saxelad veGar miiCneva, morfologiurad saxeli ki ara, zmnisar-Tia da swored es aisaxeba sintaqsur kavSirebSi. aseve SesaZ-loa TviT zmnisarTi miiqces saxelad, Tu SeiZens am ukanas-knelis kategoriebs, magaliTad: mun `iq~~muni `iqauri~, Si-gan `Sig~~Sigani `SigniT mKofi~... zmnisarTebs aq zedsarTa-vi saxelebi upirispirdebian saxelobiTi brunvis formiT, maT uk-ve mravlobiTi ricxvic ewarmoebaT, rogorc saxelebs: Siganni `SigniT mKofebi~, SiganTa `SigniT mKofebma~. oriod magali-

Ti `vefxistKaosnidan~:`S i g a n n i mivscneT sisxlisa Gvarebsa~ (1405,3).`maT S i g a n T a vera ugrZnes~ (1413,2).orsave magaliTSi saqme gvaqvs gaarsebiTsaxelebul zed-

sarTavTan, romelic pirvel SemTxvevaSi saxelobiT brunvasa da mravlobiT ricxvSia, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ moTxrobiT brunvasa da mravlobiT ricxvSi. leqsikonebSic xom sitKvaTa gankuTvneba ama Tu im metKvelebis nawilisaTvis im katego-riebze damKarebiT xdeba, romlebic mas axasiaTebs.

aqve unda SevexoT TuSuri dialeqtisTvis damaxasiaTebel -gniv rTuli translativiT (gn-iv<*gan-iv) daboloebul mizezis zmnisarTebs: i m i z g n i v (< imisgniv) `imis gamo~, C e m -g n i v `Cem gamo~, m e z o b l i z g n i v `mezoblis gamo~ da sxv., magaliTad:

_ rad gabrund ukven? `ratom gabrunda ukan?~_ imizgniv, ro Sin ar iKo `imis gamo (=imitom), rom Sin

ar iKo~.aq arsebiTi is aris, rom uZvelesi -iv sufiqsi (m a r -

c x n i v , m a r J v n i v , Zv. qarTulis i g u r d i v ; Sdr. gvian-deli marcxniT, marJvniT, gverdiT) -gan Tandebulis SekumSul variants mohKveba da mizezis zmnisarTs awarmoebs, e. i. zmnisarTTa warmoebis aseTi modeli, romelSic translativi -iv Tandebuls mosdevs, ucnobi ar unda KofiliKo qarTulisaTvis da, rogorc arqaizmi, SemorCenilia TuSur dialeqtSi, ufro gviandeli -gniT daboloeba ki, garda `vefxistKaosnisa~, sxvaganac das-turdeba, magaliTad, sulxan-saba orbelianis TxzulebaSi _ `mo-gzauroba evropaSi~ (ix. qarTuli proza, V, 1983).

`samgniT zGva evlo, calgniT viwro Sesavali~ (gv. 180) _ s a m g n i T `sami mxriT~.

`samgniT zGva hqonda, calgniT _ xmeleTi~ (gv. 189) _ c a l g n i T `cali mxriT~.

am tipis warmoebis moZebna saSual qarTulsa da Tana-medrove dialeqtebSi kidev SeiZleba, magram Ziebas aGar ganvagrZobT, CvenTvis amjamad arsebiTi iKo samwerlobo qarTulSi zmnisarTTa erTi modelis Cveneba, romelic mxolod mTis kiloTa specifikad miiCneoda qarTul enaSi, amave dros arc saTanado kvalifikacia eZleoda.

morfonologia

morfonologia

morfonologia, enis Sualeduri sistema, warmoadgens mo-rfologiisa da fonologiis urTierTzemoqmedebis Sedegs enis globalur sistemaSi: morfemis poziciur cvlilebas morfemaTa TanamimdevrobaSi fonematuri modelis dawoliT.

zogadad ganvixilavT arsebiTi saxelisa da zmnis morfono-logiuri cvlilebebis ZiriTad saxeobebs.

a r s e b i T i s a x e l iqvemoT ganvixilavT brunebis paradigmebSi arsebiTi sa-

xelis fuZisa da fleqsiuri elementebis (mravlobiTi ricxvis -eb sufiqsisa da brunvis niSnebis) urTierTobaSi gamovlenil morfonologiur cvlilebebs.

morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT qarTul enaSi bruneba erTia (1, 6), fonetikur cvlilebaTa mixedviT ki ramdenime tipi gamoiKofa. Cven maT b r u n e b i s m o r f o n o l o g i u r t i -p e b s vuwodebT.

arsebiT saxelTa (iseve rogorc sxva saxelTa) morfonologi-uri tipebis gamoKofa aucilebelia normatiul formaTa dasadge-nad. saliteraturo enis moxmarebisas maT didi praqtikuli mniS-vneloba aqvT.

arsebiT saxelTa brunebis morfonologiuri tipebi qarTulSi

saxelTa brunebis morfonologiur tipebad klasifikacia qar-Tul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi xdeba saxelis fuZis fonema-turi agebulebisa da fuZesa da brunvis niSnebSi ganxorciele-buli fonetikuri cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT: brunebis I tipSi ga-erTianebulia Kvela saxeli, romlis fuZe Tanxmovanze bolovde-ba (62, 51). es fuZe brunebis Kvela formaSi bolo Tanxmovans inarCunebs, SesaZlebelia mxolod fuZis SigniT brunvaTa niS-nebis gavleniT amovardes xmovani _ moxdes fuZis kumSva, rasac TviT brunvis niSanze gavlena ara aqvs.

rTulia viTareba xmovanfuZian (fuZe xmovniT daboloebul) saxelTa brunebis tipebSi klasifikaciisas. amjamad miGebuli wesebiT saklasifikacio niSnad miGebulia saxelis fuZis foneti-

ar vexebiT warmomqmneli elementis urTierTobas ZirebTan da erTi-meoresTan axal-axali fuZeebis farglebSi. maTi ganxilva aucilebelia metKvele-bis nawilTa translaciis wesTa ganxilvisas.

102

Tedo uTurgaiZe

kuri cvlileba mxolobiT ricxvSi: Tu fuZis boloxmovani ikveceba, saxeli ganekuTvneba brunebis II tips, Tu es xmovani ar ikve-ceba _ III tips (62, 61).

saxelis fuZis fonetikur cvlilebas -eb sufiqsian mravlobiTSi angariSi ar eweva im mizeziT, rom -eb fuZis Semadgenloba-Sia SeKvanili, rogorc warmomqmneli elementi; mis momdev-nod ki brunebis samive tipis saxelebi saerTo warmoebas gviC-veneben _ Kvela brunebis I tipSi erTiandeba.

-eb sufiqsis win saxelis fuZis kveca gaTanabrebulia kum-SvasTan, radgan xmovnis Cavardna xdeba fuZis nawilad mi-Cneuli -eb sufiqsis win (Zma Zmeb-i), maSasadame, fuZis SigniT, rogorc kumSvadi fuZeebis SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs mxo-lobiT ricxvSi; -eb sufiqsis win ukvecloba (tKe tKeeb-i) gaTa-nabrebulia fuZis ukumSvelobasTan: `amis mixedviT e-niani saxelebi fuZe-ukumSvel saxelebs ekedleba, a-niani ki _ fuZe-kumSvadebs~ (62, 61).

zemoT warmodgenil msJelobaSi sadavoa mravlobiTobis -eb sufiqsis miCneva warmomqmnel elementad, ris gamoc is xdeba fuZis nawili.

saxelTa mravlobiTobis -eb iseve ar aris warmomqmneli elementi, rogorc zmnis pirTa mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli -T sufiqsi (vwer vwer-T). /-T/-s darTviT zmnas leqsikuri mniSvneloba ar ecvleba. rogorc /-T/ sufiqsis, ise /-eb/ sufiqsis distribucia SezGuduli ar aris fuZiT, isini daerTvian nebismier fuZes, Tu mas saerTod SeiZleba hqondes mravlobiTi ricxvi, saderivacio afiqsebi ki xasiaTdebian SezGuduli poziciiT (mag., ar SeiZleba me-qud-ian-e an sa-qud-ian-e da a. S.; Sdr. mequ-de-eb-i, sa-qude-eb-i).

saxelTa mravlobiTis -eb sufiqsi monawileobs gramatikul urTierTobebSi (kaci movid-a kac-eb-i movid-nen; wero mofrindeb-a w e r o e b i mofrindebi-an...), rac ar SeuZliaT warmomqmnel elementebs.

kumSvis dros xmovnis reduqcia xdeba fuZis SigniT, sare-duqcio segmenti TanxmovniT bolovdeba da win uZGvis mare-ducirebel xmovans (sinkope), kvecisas ki sareduqcio xmovans uSualod mosdevs mareducirebeli xmovani (apokope) _ isini gansxvavebuli poziciis fonetikuri movlenebia, amitomac qmnian brunebis gansxvavebul tipebs (62, 60).

rodesac saxelTa brunebis tipebad klasifikacia emKareba fuZis fonetikur cvlilebas da swored sinkope da apokope warmoadgens brunebis I da II tipebis ganmasxvavebel niS-

103

morfonologia

nebs mxolobiTi ricxvis formebSi, fonetikur cvlilebaTa ugule-belKofa gaumarTlebelia mravlobiT ricxvSi, sadac am mxriv vi-Tareba gansxvavebulia; amave dros, radgan -eb sufiqss ver miviCnevT fuZis Semadgenel nawilad, fuZe saerTo xdeba mxolobiTi da mravlobiTi ricxvebis formaTaTvis da, bunebrivia, fonetikur cvlilebebze damKarebuli klasifikacia orive ricxvis fo-netikur cvlilebebs iTvaliswinebdes.

saxelTa ganawilebas brunebis tipebSi arsebiTi mniSvne-loba aqvs enis SeswavlisTvis _ misi saSualebiT nebismieri sa-xelis bruneba unda gaxdes SesaZlebeli morfonologiur cvlile-baTa dawesebuli normebis mixedviT.

a r s e b i T s a x e l T a b r u n e b i s m o r f o n o l o g i u r it i p e b i

pirvel or tips qmnian TanxmovanfuZiani arsebiTi saxele-bi: I tipSi gaerTiandeba f u Z e u k u m S v e l i s a x e l e b i , II tipSi _ T a n x m o v a n f u Z i a n i k u m S v a d i s a x e l e b i . fonetikuri cvlilebis mixedviT es gansxvaveba arsebiTia arse-biT saxelTa fuZeebis gansasxvaveblad brunebis paradigmeb-Si. maTi aGreva araadekvatur formebs warmoqmnis.

I tipis saxelTa fuZeebi paradigmis mxolobiT da mravlobiT ricxvebSi ucvlelia, meore tipis arsebiT saxelebs ki fuZe ecvle-baT (ekumSebaT) mxolobiTi ricxvis naTesaobiT, moqmedebiT da viTarebiT brunvebSi, -eb sufiqsiani mravlobiTis Kvela brun-vaSi.

TanxmovanfuZiani arsebiTi saxelebi, romelTa sareduqcio segmentSi eqceva /o/, qmnian or qveJgufs: I qveJgufSi, rome-lic brunebis morfonologiur I tips uerTdeba, eqceva /o/-s Se-mcveli Kvela erTmarcvliani fuZe (gob-i, GoJ-i, Jor-i...), isini ar ikumSebian; II qveJgufSi eqceva or- da metmarcvliani fuZeebi, romelTa sareduqcio poziciaSi /o/ marcvlianobas kargavs. na-STis saxiT rCeba /v/, romelic fonematuri SeuTavseblobis mize-ziT SeZleba daikargos reducirebul fuZeSi (mindor-i mindvr-is, monazon-i monazvn-is, amilaxor-i amilaxvr-is, pomidor-i pomidvr-is; obol-i obl-is, godol-i godl-is...). eseni brune-bis II tips ganekuTvnebian, rogorc TanxmovanfuZiani kum-Svadi saxelebi.

bunebis III tips ganekuTvneba kvecadi saxelebi, romle-bic f u Z i s b o l o x m o v a n s i k v e c e n o r s a v e r i c x v -S i , maTi tipuri warmomadgenelia Zma (Zm-is, Zm-iT; Zm-eb-i); amaT aqvT qveJgufi, romelsac mravlobiTi ricxvi ar ewarmo-

104

Tedo uTurgaiZe

eba, eseni sawKisebia, romelTac mravlobiTi ricxvi mxolod substantivaciis SemTxvevaSi uCndebaT: wera werebi `ga-mocdis saxeoba~; Sdr. werilebis wera (ar SeiZleba werilebis werebi). III tips /a/-ze daboloebuli saxelebis nawili ganekuT-vneba, nawili ki IV tipSi erTiandeba: am tipis saxelebi ar ikve-cebian mxolod ricxvSi, ikvecebian mr. ricxvSi, eseni qmnian ramdenime qveJgufs: IV tipis p i r v e l q v e J g u f s ekuTvnis warmomqmneli -a sufiqsiT daboloebuli saxelebi: g o g o n a , m j a v a , T a v k o m b a l a tipis warmoebisa (gogona- gogo-na-s-Tvis, gogona-Ti), IV tipis m e o r e q v e J g u f S i erTian-deba /a/-ze daboloebuli iseTi saxelebi, romelTa daboloebis fu-Ziseuli ufunqcio xmovnis reinterpretacia moxda warmoqmnis elementad (SavCoxa, wiTelkaba...). C o x a da k a b a _ orive kvecadia da ganekuTvnebian III tips, kompozitebSi ki moxda fuZiseuli /a/-s warmoqmnis -a-d gardaqmna. aseTi fuZeebi mxol. ricxvSi ar ikvecebian, mravlobiT ricxvSi ki ikvecebian (SavCoxa- SavCoxa-s-Tvis, SavCox-a-Ti SavCox-eb-i).

IV tipis m e s a m e q v e J g u f S i erTiandeba /i/-ze dabo-loebuli ucxouri saxelebi poni, samurai tipisa. esenic mxolod -eb sufiqsian mravlobiTSi moikvecen fuZiseul /i/-s (samurai- samurai-s-Tvis, samurai-T samura-eb-i; poni- poni-s-Tvis, poni-T pon-eb-i).

V tipSi erTiandeba mxolobiT ricxvSi kvecadi da mr. ri-cxvSi ukveceli saxelebi (xe- x-is, x-iT xe-eb-i).

VI tips qmnian /o/-ze da /u/-ze daboloebuli saxelebi. isini fuZis bolo xmovans ar ikvecen saerTod (Kru- Kru-s-Tvis Kru-Ti, Kru-eb-i).

VII tips qmnian kvecad-kumSvadi saxelebi (qveKana- qveKn-is, qveKn-iT, qveKn-eb-i). eseni gvian warmoqmnili me-oreuli formebia.

garkveuli niuansi axlavs IV tipis mesame qveJgufs, TiTqos calke tipad unda gamoKofiliKo, radgan moqmedebiT brunvas awarmoebs -T sufiqsiT, maSin roca xmovanfuZiani ukveceli saxelebi am brunvaSi -Ti daboloebas iCenen (wKaro-Ti, piure-Ti, alfa-Ti da omega-Ti...). calke tipad ar gamoiKo radgan es /-T/ {-iT} morfemis erT-erTi variantia. mTis dialeqtebSi amjama-dac dasturdeba wKaro-T `wKaroTi~ tipis formebi (wKaroT < wKaroT). w K a r o T i tipis formebi naTesaobiTi brunvis formis (wKarosi) analogias warmoadgens.

G v i n o Taviseburi brunebis mqone saxelia.

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morfonologia

morfonologiur cvlilebaTaTvis qarTul zmnaSi

sampirian zmnaTa or Jgufs Cven adrec vixilavdiT: (52). gansxvavebiT a. SaniZisa da arn. Ciqobavasgan, romelTa na-SromebSi sampirian zmnebs mwkrivis farglebSi aqvT 18 for-ma (62, 228; 70; 62), Cven gamovKofdiT Jer 112 formas (28x4), Semdeg 128-s, roca gavacnobiereT identur pirTa kom-binaciebis arseboba sampirian zmnebSic.

gansxvavebas qmnida gamoxatulebis planiT Seqmnili identuri formebis kvalifikacia: gansxvavebiT wina mkvlevarTa-gan, gramatikul formebs gamovKofdiT Sinaarsis planis gaTva-liswinebiT, mwkrivis farglebSi ara gvqonda damTxveuli forme-bi, e. i. romelime /gaqebT/ Tqven is da /gaqebT/ Cven Sen da a. S. CvenTvis sxvadasxva gramatikuli formebia da saTva-lavSi Sedis mwkrivis farglebSi, radgan gramatikuli CaweriT isi-ni gansxvavebulia: g-aqeb--T (Tqven is) g-aqeb-T (Cven Sen). Sepirispirebul I formaSi -T sufiqsi obieqtis simravles gamoxatavs, meoreSi _ subieqtis simravles. maTi formulebic gansxvavebuli aqvT: S3O2

dp S1pO2

d.amjamad Sinaarsis planis gaTvaliswinebiT im sampirian

zmnaTaTvis, romelTac SeewKoba pircvalebadi pirdapiri obieq-ti (pircvalebadi iribi Kvela sampirian zmnas SeiZleba hqon-des). erTi mwkrivis farglebSi vvaraudobT 120 formian para-digmas, romlisTvisac warmovadgenT aseT sampirian zmnaTa sqemebs. gramatikul formaTa gamoxatulebis planiT da-mTxveva xSirad xdeba rogorc sqemaTa mixedviT, ise calkeuli sqemis farglebSic, magram Sinaarsis planiT TiToeuli gramati-kuli forma gansxvavebulia Kvela danarCeni 119 gramatikuli formisgan.

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warmodgenil sqemaSi pirucvlelia O3

ind _ iribi obieqti III pirSi. igi sqemisSigniTa Kvela kombinacias mierTvis, mag.: 113, anu S1O1

dO3ind, 123

_ S1O2dO3

ind, 133 _ S1O3dO3

ind, 12p3 _ S1O2

dpO3ind, da a. S.

sqemis SigniTa TiToeuli kombinacia danarCeni kom-binaciebisgan gansxvavebu-lia an pirebis mixedviT, an romelime piris ricxviT, an pi-rebiTac da ricxviTac.

11, 1p1p; 22, 2p2p identuri romlobis pirTa kombinaciebSi 1- an 2- aris subieqtis indeqsi (S1 an S2), momdevno -1 an -2 A sqemis mixedviT pirdapiri obi-eqtis indeqsebia (O1

d an O2d), maSasadame, 11 udris S1O1

d-s; am uJris sruli saxe ki iqneba S1O1

dO3ind, vTqvaT /me Tavi Se-

vswire mas/, sadac pirgaudiferencirebeli `Tavi~ gamoxatavs O1

d-s, rac kargad Cans konversiuli formis mixedviT: me Tavi Sevswire mas me S e v e w i r e mas, `Tavi~ konversiul pa-sivSi `me~-Tia warmodgenili (aqtivis `me~ pasivSi pirad veGar gadmodis). analogiuri msJeloba Catardeba sxva identur pirian uJrebTan dakavSirebiTac.

sqema B axal 32 kombina-cias iZleva, radgan A sqemis O3

ind uJrebSi Kvelgan Seicvle-ba O3

indp-iT. C da D sqemebi A da B sqemebisgan imiT arian gan-sxvavebuli, rom sqemis Sig-niT, subieqtis momdevnod, warmodgenilia pircvalebadi iribi obieqti (Oind), sqemis ga-reT ki _ pirucvleli O3

d. C da D sqemebs Soris gansxvaveba mKardeba sqemis gareTa O3

d-is ricxviT: C sqemaSi O3d

mxol. ricxvSia, D sqemaSi ki _ mravlobiT ricxvSi (O3indp).

am sqemebs aq aGar warmovadgenT.

Od

S 1 2 3 1p 2p 3p

1 + + + + +

2 + + + + +3 + + + + + + O3

ind

1p + + + + +

2p + + + + +3p + + + + + + sqema A

Od

S 1 2 3 1p 2p 3p

1 + + + + +

2 + + + + +3 + + + + + + O3

indp

1p + + + + +

2p + + + + +3p + + + + + + sqema B

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rogorc vxedavT, A, B, C, D sqemebis pirTa kombinaciebi erTimeorisgan gansxvavdebian sqemis gareTa pirebis rogoro-biT: mesame piris iribi an mesame piris pirdapiri obieqtebiT an amave romlobis obieqtebiT mravlobiT ricxvSi. saerTo Jam-Si erTi mwkrivis farglebSi es iZleva 128 kombinacias (32x4).

C, D sqemebSi gamoxatulebisa da Sinaarsis planiT 24 gramatikuli forma emTxveva A da B sqemebSi warmodgenil gramatikul formebs. esenia C da D sqemebis mesame pirTa kombinaciebi, romlebSic (1) mesame piris orive obieqti erTsa da imave subieqtTan dgas mxoloobiT ricxvSi, (2) mesame piris orive obieqti erTsa da imave subieqtTan dgas mravlobiT ricxvSi, (3) erTsa da imave subieqtTan mesame piris pirdapiri obieqti mxolobiT ricxvSia, amave piris iribi _ mravlobiT ricxvSi da (4), piriqiT, mesame piris iribi obieqti mxolobiT ricxvSi, pirdapiri _ mravlobiTSi.

a G n i S n u l w K v i l T a e r T s a d a i m a v e s u b i e q -t T a n k o m b i n i r e b i s a s g a n s x v a v e b u l i m x o l o d o b i e q t u r p i r T a r i g i a _ es rigi Sebrunebulia sqemaTa mixedviT, magaliTad A sqemis S3O3

dO3ind (133) da C sqemis

S3O3indO3

d (133) konversiaSi erTsa da imave pasivs iZlevian, rac am aqtivTa, rogorc gramatikul formaTa identurobaze migviTiTebs. aviGoT igive S3O3

dO3ind S3O3

indO3d obieqtTa rigiT

dapirispirebuli formebi (`ara Tu igi moSordes, marT caman daaSorosa~ vt. 1569, 3). miuxedavad obieqtTa gansxvavebuli rigisa, (igi mas mas igi), am aqtivebs saerTo pasivi aqvT _ m o S o r d e s .

A, B, C, D sqemebiT ver gamoixata is 16 komabinacia, romlebsac iZleva identur pirTa kombinaciebi obieqtTa I an II pirebTan, esenia: S1O1

dO2ind, S1O1

dO2indp, S1

pO1dpO2

ind, S1pO1

dpO2indp,

S2O2dO1

ind, S2O2dO1

indp, S2pO2

dpO1ind, S2

pO2dpO1

indp.meore JgufSi agreTve 8 kombinacias qmnis identuri rom-

lobis (I an II pirSi) subieqtisa da iribi obieqtis kombinaciebi pir-dapir obieqtTan ise, rom, Tu identuri pirebi pirveli romlobisaa, pirdapiri obieqti meore romlobisa iqneba da piriqiT. ai, es kombinaciebi: S1O1

indO2d, S1O1

indO2dp, S1

pO1indpO2

d, S1pO1

indpO2dp;

S2O2indO1

d, S2O2inO1

dp, S2pO2

indpO1d, S2

pO2indpO1

dp.saboloo JamSi sampiriani zmna, romelsac pircvalebadi

pirdapiri obieqtic SeewKoba, erTi mwkrivis farglebSi iZleva 120 gramatikul formas (104+16).

qvemoT SepirispirebiT warmovadgenT Sebrunebul kom-binaciebs identur pirTa monawileobiT, rodesac subieqtTan

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Tedo uTurgaiZe

identuri romlobis pirdapiri obieqti upirispirdeba imave subi-eqtTan identuri romlobis irib obieqts.

me (S1) Cemi Tavi (O1d) Segadare Sen (O2

ind) me (S1) Cem Tavs (O1

ind) Segadare Sen (O2d).

sampirian aqtivTa S e g a d a r e (1) S e g a d a r e (2) for-mebs imis mixedviT, pirdapir obieqtad I piria Tu II, pasivTa gansxvavebuli konversiuli formebi upirispirdeba

Cemi Tavi Segadare S e n me Segedare Sen.C e m T a v s Segadare Sen Sen Semedare m e .pasivTa formebi erTi paradigmis wevrebia. aqtivTa for-

mebic erT paradigmas ganekuTvnebian.pirTa kombinaciebSi morfonologiur cvlilebebis Sedegia

nulovani alomorfebi. maT Sesaxeb adrec vwerdiT (52, 87). aq SevexebiT pirTa kombinaciebSi momxdar cvlilebebs winam-debare naSromSi gamovlenil 16 formaSi.

im formebSi, sadac identuria pirveli da meore piris subi-eqti da pirdapiri obieqti (S1O1

d an S2O2d), markirebulia materialu-

rad mxolod maTTan kombinaciaSi moxvedrili O2ind an O1

ind imis mixedviT, romel identur kombinacias uerTdeba: Tu aris S1O1

dO2ind, materialurad formaSi gamoxatulia O2

ind, S1 da O1d ki nu-

lovani alomorfebiT arian warmodgenili: /me Tavi Cemi g a m o n e Sen/ _ g- prefiqsi ekuTvnis O2

ind-s (Sen), S1 (me) da O1

d (Tavi) materialurad ar aris warmodgenili. analogiuri viTare-baa maSinac, roca pirTa kombinacia aris S1

pO1dpO2

ind _ /Cven Ta-vi gamoneT Sen/, gansxvaveba mxolobiTis formisgan aris mxolod -T sufiqsi, romliTac S1

p-is ricxvi aGiniSneba. Zvel qarTulSi es gramatikuli forma sxva mxrivac iKo gansxvavebuli, iq, garda S1

p-is ricxvisa, zmnaSi O2dp-is ricxvic

aGiniSneboda: /Cuen Tavni gamoneniT Tquen/ -en gamoxa-tavs O1

dp-s.Zvel qarTulSi O2

indp mravlobiT ricxvSi, Tanamedrove qar-Tulisgan gansxvavebiT, ar iKo markirebuli materialurad, ami-tom gansxvavebuli formebi gvaqvs S1O1

dO2indp formulis mixed-

viT: Zv. qarT. _ /me Tavi Cemi gamone Tquen/, axali qarTuli _ /me Cemi Tavi gamoneT Tqven/. saKuradGeboa kidev S1

pO1dpO2

indp formulis formebi Zvel qarTulsa da Tanamedrove qarTulSi:

Zv. qarTuli _ /Cuen Tavni Cuenni gamoneniT Tquen/ _ aGiniSna iribi obieqtis piri (g-), ar aGiniSna misi mravlobiTi ri-cxvi, aGiniSna mravlobiToba subieqitisa -T sufiqsiT da mravlo-biToba pirdapiri obieqtisa -en sufiqsiT.

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morfonologia

axali qarTuli _ /Cveni Tavi gamoneT Tqven/ _ aGiniSna iribi obieqtis piri (g-). zmnis formaSi mosalodneli iKo ori -T su-fiqsi (-T -T), erTi subieqtis simravlis (S1

p) niSnad, meore iribi obieqtis (O2

indp) niSnad. radgan subieqts I pirSi KovelTvis gamoexateboda simravle -T sufiqsiT, iribma obieqtma meore piris simravlis niSani -T gaiCina saSual qarTulSi, SeiZleba g a m o n e T Tanamedrove formaSi -T S1-is simravlis niSnad miviCnioT, O2

indp-is mr. ricxvis niSani ki nulovani alomorfiT gamovxatoT.

iribi obieqtis piri da ricxvi KovelTvis aris markirebuli Zvel qarTulsa da TanamedroveSic, roca is dgas pirveli piris mravlo-biT ricxvSi. es xdeba Semdeg formulebSi _ S2O2

dO1indp _ /Sen Ta-

vi Seni gvamone Cven/ (Zvel qarTulSi amis paralelurad SeiZ-leboda /Sen Tavi Seni mamone Cuen/ da S2

pO2dpO1

indp _ /Tqven Tavi gvamoneT Cven/ _ pirdapiri obieqtis (Tavi) piri ar aris gamoxatuli.

Zv. qarTuliT: /Tquen Tavni Tquenni guamoneniT Cuen/ _ gu- iribi obieqtis (Cuen) pirsa da mis mravlobiT ricxvs gamo-xatavs, -en pirdapiri obieqtis (O2

dp) mxolod mravlobiT ricxvs, -T ki subieqtis simravles (S2

p) gamoxatavs. subieqtisa da pirda-piri obieqtis pirebi am formebSi nulovani alomorfebiT arian warmodgenili.

gamoKofili 16 kombinaciis formebi ar aris bevri, magram isini sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdebian Zvelsa da Tanamedrove qarTulSi. ramdenime magaliTi: me Cem Tavs gamsgavse Sen (S1O1

indO2d) me Cemi Tavi gamsgavse Sen (S1O1

dO2ind) aseTive

dapirispireba gveqneba m i g a T v a l e , m i g a K o l e , m i g a -w e r e ... mogwKvite (Cem Tavs Sen) mogwKvite (Cemi Tavi Sen), moggliJe da sxv.

110

Tedo uTurgaiZe

morfonologiur procesTa mimarTulebisa da SedegisaTvis

fonemebi enis nebismier segmentur elementTa Semad-genlobaSi Sedian. radgan Kvela enobriv dones elementTa ganawilebis specifikuri kanonzomierebebi aqvs, winaaGmde-gobebi fonemaTa ganawilebis mxriv segmentTa sazGvrebze bunebrivad warmoiqmneba enis globalur sistemaSi. upirveles Kovlisa, erTimeores eJaxeba fonematuri da morfologiuri kano-nebi. amgvarive winaaGmdegobebi SeiZleba gamovlindes sitKvebs Sorisac, ramdenadac frazaTa SigniT adgili aqvs prok-liziisa da enkliziis SemTxvevebs.

arcTu ise iSviaTad fonemaTa kombinaciebs morfemaTa sazGvrebze sruliad gansxvavebul, amave dros urTierTga-momricxav moTxovnebs uKeneben fonematur da morfologiur doneTa wesebi: Tu fonematuri dawola ganxorcieldeba, sitKva-Ta farglebSi segmentTa sazGvrebze mosalodnelia cvlilebebi fonemaTa TanamimdevrobaSi; cvlilebebi mosalodneli ar aris, Tu morfologiuri modeli Sesabamisi rangebiT iqna realizebuli, ase magaliTad: (1) mimGeobis m- prefiqsis dakargva fonema-turi modelis dawoliT xdeba, rodesac morfemul sazGvarTa ara-bunebriv kompleqsebSi ikargeba m- morfema: Sobeli, kbena-ri, kvdari, sxva. radgan fonematuri wesiT _V poziciaSi ar aris bunebrivi mS-, mk- ... kompleqsebi. (2) piriqiT, m- prefiqsi ga-uCndeba saxels, rodesac xdeba formaluri substantivacia, mdevi (Sdr. devi), mjoli (Sdr. jolo), mcxvari (Sdr. cxvari, Zv. qarT. cxovari).

ganxiluli procesebis Sesaxeb msJeloba mxolod erTi donis terminebSi (mxolod fonetikur an mxolod morfologiur termi-nebSi) gamarTlebuli ver iqneba, ramdenadac maT Sesaxeb msJeloba unda warimarTos orive donis gaTvaliswinebiT _ sa-qme gvaqvs m o r f o n o l o g i u r procesebTan. wminda foneti-kuri procesebi xdeba morfemis farglebSi sxva morfemaTa ga-vlenis gareSe, rogoricaa magaliTad: sxva > cxva, xSiri > Sxiri, Sxami > Cxami da sxv. kveca da kumSva, romelTac adgili aqvT morfemaTa sazGvrebze, morfonologiuri procesebia da a. S.

morfonologiuri cvlilebebi gansaxilvelia mimarTulebisa da Sedegis mixedviT. gasarkvevia cvlilebis mizezebi, e. i. dadge-

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morfonologia

na imisa, romeli modelis dawoliT xorcieldeba cvlileba. es sa-Sualebas mogvcems winaswar vivaraudoT cvlilebis Sedegi; rac Seexeba mimarTulebas, is dgindeba konkretuli monace-mebiT, ramdenadac erTi da imave Sedegis miGeba SeiZleba sxvadasxva gziT, zogJer sapirispiro gzebiTac. qvemoT saerTo Sedegisa da sxvadasxva mimarTulebis gzebze iqneba msJelo-ba.

erT-erT aseT Sedegze laparakia akad. S. ZiZiguris cnobil werilSi _ `xmovanTa kompleqsebis fonetikur procesTa saerTo safuZveli qarTul kiloebsa da zanurSi~ (71).

pirvelad am werilSi Sedegis mixedviT gaerTianda sapiris-piro mimarTulebis xmovanTcvlilebebi: asimilacia da disimila-cia, amaT SeuerTda identur xmovanTa SerwKma erT xmov-nad: Kvelanairi xmovanTkompleqsi nebismieri saxis cvlilebiT qarTulsa da zanurSi erTsa da imave Sedegs iZleva. Tamamad SeiZleba qarTulsa da zanurs xmovanTkompleqsebis cvlilebis mixedviT gverdiT amovuKenoT svanuri enac misTvis damaxa-siaTebeli xmovanTa eliziisa da xmovanTa SerwKmis procese-biT (60; 8).

xmovanTa kompleqsebTan dakavSirebuli fonetikuri pro-cesebis Sesaxeb Segrovebuli masala mravalgzis aris gaanali-zebuli, miGebulia ganzogadebuli debulebebi. sayirod migvaC-nia xelmeore ganxilva masalis im nawilisa, romelic amovar-dnilia zogadi debulebebidan da, Tu moxerxdeba, Seqmna ise-Ti Teoriisa, romelic masalas moicavs mTlianad da urTierTga-momricxavi debulebebis gareSe. aseTi Teoria, ra Tqma unda, ufro adekvaturi iqneba realuri viTarebisa. Cveni azriT, amis winapiroba ukve mocemulia S. ZiZiguris cnobili debulebiT: `Kvela rigis (A, B, C) xmovanTa kompleqsi iswrafvis erTxmov-nobisaken: kompleqsis ganviTarebis saboloo safexuria erT xmovanze dasvla~ (71, 33).

marTalia, es debuleba varaudobs xmovanTa Kvela kom-pleqss, magram isini cvlilebis saboloo Sedegs _ erT xmovanze dasvlas warmodgenili TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxva gziT aGweven: S. ZiZiguri gamoKofs kompleqsTa sam rigs (A, B, C), romlebic fonetikurad gansxvavebuli gardaqmnebiT midian cal xmovna-mde. aqve SevniSnavT, rom S. ZiZiguri `erT xmovanze da-svlaSi~, rogorc asimilaciis procesis analizidan Cans, varau-dobs erT martiv xmovanze dasvlas.

qvemoT ganvixilavT im gamonaklisebs, romlebic A, B, C rigebSi ar emorCileba rigTa Sidakanonzomierebebs (28; 78;

112

Tedo uTurgaiZe

79). kargad aris cnobili Teoriul wKvilTa 25 kompleqsis A, B, C rigTa Soris ganawilebis principi: A rigSi `ufro farTo xmovans mosdevs ufro viwro (farTo + viwro)~, esenia: ai, au, ae, ao, oi, ou, ei, eu. B rigSi ufro viwros mosdevs ufro farTo xmovani (viwro + farTo): oa, ea, ie, io, ia, ue, uo, ua. C rigSi `Tanabari Giaobis xmovnebia~: oe, eo, iu, ui, aa, oo, ee, uu, ii.

rigTa mixedviT kompleqsebSi Semdegi fonetikuri proce-sebia dafiqsirebuli: A rigSi `adgili aqvs regresul asimilacias~. dialeqtebSi asimilaciis procesi met-naklebi sisruliT aris warmodgenili: `Kvelaze Sors wasula TuSuri da ayaruli da amiT isini uaxlovdebian zanurs~ (71, 25); B rigSi `midrekilebaa dif-Tongizaciisaken; xmovanTa Jgufi, romlis pirveli nawili viwroa da meore nawili farTo, iswrafvis difTongad qcevisaken wina-mavali viwro xmovnis kidev ufro daviwroebis gziT~ (iqve); C rigSi `identuri xmovnebi iswrafvian SerwKmisaken~ (71, 29). es ukanaskneli TavisTavad ivaraudeba, radgan regresuli asi-milaciis dros Jer sruli damsgavseba xdeba, rasac mosdevs identur xmovanTa SerwKma, magram C rigSi oe kompleqsi asimilaciis gziT icvleba dasavlur dialeqtebSi (oe>ee), maSin roca aGmosavlur dialeqtebSi adgili aqvs disimilacias (oe>ue), ris safuZvelzec, adre miGebuli debulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, keTdeba daskvna: asimilaciis SemTxvevaSi o ufro farToa e-ze, disimilaciis SemTxvevaSi ki, piriqiT, e aris ufro farTo o-ze. amiT C rigis kompleqsebSi ganxorcielebul cvlilebaTa zogad debulebebTan winaaGmdegoba moixsna, magram gamouvali winaaGmdegoba Seiqmna C rigis ee kompleqsis cvlilebis mi-marTulebiT: mosalodneli SerwKmis nacvlad xdeba disimilacia samxrul dialeqtebSi (ee>ie>e), rac ver aixsneba A, B, C wese-biT (`A, B, C wesebs~ vuwodebT A, B, C kompleqsebis analiziT naSromSi gamovlenil wesebs. ix. zemoT).

vidre asimilaciisa da disimilaciis Sesaxeb msJelobas gan-vagrZobdeT, manamde, unda aGiniSnos, rom am procesebze msJelobisas (1) mxedvelobaSi iGeben komponentTa mxolod fonematur Tvisebebs da (2) arc kompleqsTa pozicias asxvave-ben. orsave SemTxvevaSi angariSi ar eweva procesTa morfo-nologiur xasiaTs. morfonologiuri TvalsazrisiT aranakleb mniS-vnelovania sazGvris kombinaciebis Sedgenilobac: fleqsiur ele-mentTa kombinaciebia isini Tu derivaciul elementTa kombina-ciebi, SesaZlebelia Sereuli saxis kombinaciebic; magaliTad: a-i kompleqsis komponentebs Tu miviCnevT oden fonematuri donis paradigmatul elementebad. auxsneli dagvrCeba am

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morfonologia

kompleqsis gansxvavebuli cvlilebebi sitKvis bolosa da TavSi: erTi mxriT xdeba ai>a>a (Zmai>Zma>Zma) da, meore mxriv, w a i G o , sadac adgili ara aqvs ai>a>a process; arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom am cvlilebaTa xasiaTsa da mimarTule-baSi mniSvneloba hqondes imasac, ra metKvelebis nawilTan gvaqvs saqme; ase magaliTad: zmnuri Sal fuZe awmKoSi kumSvadia _ Sli-s, II xolmeobiTSi ki _ ukumSveli: Sal-i-s, Tum-ca fonematuri SedgenilobiT formebi identuria. gamodis, gan-sxvavebuli fonetikuri cvlileba -i sufiqsis gramatikul mniSvnelo-basTan aris dakavSirebuli Zvel qarTulsa da Tanamedrove zog dialeqtSi. isic kargad aris cnobili, rom gramatikuli funqciis ar-mqone -i sufiqsi zmnis fuZeze gavlenas ver axdens (mov-ƒan-i, mo-v-ƒan-i-T, wKvetili), maSin roca II xolmeobiTSi igive -i xmovani, gramatikuli funqciis mqone, fuZes kumSavs (mov-ƒn-i, mov-ƒn-i-T).

wminda fonematuri midgomis Sedegi iKo g. wereTlis cda maxvilisa da Gia gadasvlebis (miJnis) saSualebiT aexsna i mo-rfemis gaumarcvloeba saxelis fuZis bolo xmovnis momdev-nod sitKvis dasasrul da misi ucvlelad SenarCuneba qcevis an gvaris niSnad zmniswinTa xmovnebis momdevnod: gaicina formas latenturi pauziT ase warmoadgenda: ga/+/icina, sadac SeiZleboda orive maxviliani KofiliKo: ga-icina (73, 46). amasTan dakavSirebiT igi werda: `es aris, Cveni azriT, erT-er-Ti mizezi imisa, rom zmniswinis momdevnod i Semogvenaxa zmnis formebSi g a i c i n a , g a i G i m a , w a i t a n a da sxva. es formebi rom erTi maxviliT (bolodan meoTxe marcvalze) Kofi-liKo warmoTqmuli (gaicina, gaiGima, waitana) miJnis gare-Se, momdevno i aucileblad Sesustdeboda da bolos sul daikar-geboda, rogorc es daemarTa saxelobiTis i daboloebas xmov-niT damTavrebuli fuZis Semdeg (mama-i>mama>mama) an naTesaobiTi brunvis afiqsis i xmovans o da u-ze daboloebuli fuZeebis Semdeg (saso-isa>sasosa>saso-si), sadac maxvili maincdamainc xels ar uwKobda momdevno xmovnis dasuste-basa da dakargvas, radgan winamavali fuZiseuli bolokiduri xmovani mas ar atarebda. da Tu, miuxedavad amisa, am i-m ver gaZlo umaxvilo xmovnis Semdeg, miT umetes ver gaZleb-da preverbiseuli `maxviliani~ xmovnis Semdeg. amitom waki-Txva gaicina, gaiGimna ar SeiZleba gamarTlebulad CaiTva-los~ (73, 46).

g. wereTlis TvalsazrisSi, rogorc vxedavT, maxvils gadamwKveti mniSvneloba eniyeba, amitom sayiroa qarTuli

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enis maxvilTan dakavSirebiTac gavecnoT mis varauds: `... si-namdvileSi qarTuli maxvili saerTod fiqsirebulia da dakavSire-bulia bolodan meore marcvalTan ormarcvlian sitKvebSi da bo-lodan mesamesTan _ sammarcvlian sitKvebSi. oTxmarcvlian sitKvebSi maxvili bolodan mesame marcvalze modis~ (iqve). amas axlavs miTiTeba s. jGentis gamokvlevaze, romlis mixed-viTac bolodan mesame xmovanze maxvils oTx- da metmar-cvlian sitKvebSi Tanamaxvilebi axlavs meoTxe marcvalze, mexuTeze... Semdegi SeniSvnebiT: isini erTnairi maxviliT warmoiTqmis. g. wereTlis TeoriaSi i-s marcvlianobis SenarCu-nebisaTvis arsebiTia is, rom (1) sitKvis bolodan mesame xmo-vani uTuod maxviliania da (2) gvarisa Tu qcevis niSani i- zmnaSi uTuod miJnasTan aris warmodgenili da KovelTvis Se-iZleba maxvils atarebdes, rac mas icavs gaumarcvloebisagan. es meore debuleba maSinve ZalaSi Seva, roca qcevis an gva-ris i aGmoCndeba bolodan meoTxe an mexuTe da a. S. adgil-ze xmovnis momdevnod; mag.: gaidarbazesa. am i-s, miuxe-davad imisa, rom bolodan mexuTe marcvalSia, gaumarcvloe-ba ar emuqreba. am TeoriaSi es xdeba i- morfemis miJnaze Kofnis gamo, sadac is maxviliani xdeba: ga-i-darbazesa.

vfiqrobT, ganxiluli Teoriis farglebSive SeiZleba uariKos i xmovnis marcvlianoba-gaumarcvloebis zemoT ganxiluli ax-sna: saxelobiTi, naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvis i xmov-nebic xom miJnis morfologiuri elementebia, maTac xom unda hqondes maxvili, roca sitKvis bolodan mesame adgilze aGmo-Cndeba; mag.: mama-camca (i. 8, 19). ganxiluli TeoriiT aq mosalodneli iKo m a m a i c a m c a , radgan i erTdroulad miJnis morfemac aris da maxvilis qveSac unda idges, radgan bolo-dan mesame marcvals qmnis, aris ki umarcvlo. analogiuri vi-Tarebaa sxva magaliTebSic, sadac naTesaobiTi brunvis an sa-xelobiTi brunvis i bolodan mesame adgilzea, magram mainc gaumarcvloebulia: rasaGa (mr. 5, 35), iwrosagan (m. 7, 13), ie-susaGa (i. 19, 33), ufrosaGa (i. 5,20; 14, 22) da sxv. amiT kar-gad gamoCnda, rom oden fonematuri midgomiT _ xmovanTa paradigmatul da suprasegmentur monacemebze daKrdnobiT ver aixsneba /i/ fonemis alofonTa ([i], []) adgili saxelebsa da zmnebSi.

zemoT Tqmuls imasac davsZenT, rom 70-iani wlebis me-ore naxevarSi uarKofil iqna qarTul enaSi maxvilis fiqsireba bo-lodan mesame xmovanze oTx- da metmarcvlian sitKvebSi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs z. JafariZis, i. TevdoraZisa da n. imnai-

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Zis Sromebi. maxvils qmnis sami komponenti: intensioba, sig-rZe da toni xmovnebisa (77, V Tavi _ etalonebTan Sedarebis wesebi; 16, 34 da Semdeg);

qarTuli enis sitKvaTa Tavkidura marcvlis xmovnis meti sigrZe momdevno marcvalTa xmovnebTan SedarebiT eqsperi-mentulad dadasturebuli aqvs n. imnaiZesac (25, 136). eqspe-rimentulad dadasturebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom qarTul sitKvebSi intensiobis, sigrZisa da tonis Jami KovelTvis metia Tavkidura marcvlis xmovanSi, rac am marcvals warmoaCens sxva marcvalTa Soris.

da bolos _ maxvili rom arafer SuaSia i xmovnis gaumar-cvloebaSi, iqidanac kargad Cans, rom mTel rig dialeqtebSi swored `bolodan mesame adgilze fiqsirebuli maxviliani~ i gadadis -Si zmniswinis xmovnis momdevnod: danaxa (glolu-ri), daJerefs, deyira (ayaruli), damala `daimala~ (samcxuri), gageben (fereidnuli), dakarga `daikarga~ (ingilouri) da sxva. sporadulad amas Zvel qarTulSic vxvdebiT.

asimilaciisa da disimilaciis movlenaTa analizi xmovanTa kompleqsebSi mxolod fonematuri midgomiT uxerxulobas qmnis sxva SemTxvevebSic. ganvixilavT ramdenime Se-mTxvevas: ea > ia B kompleqsia da wesiT unda emorCilebo-des mxolod disimilacias (xea>xia, SeatKo>SiatKo, Seam-Cnia>SiamCnia...), magram zog dialeqtSi aq xdeba asimila-cia: TuS. S‰‡tKos <SeatKos (Sdr. SetKoba, SevatKobioT, Se-matKobs da sxva). B rigis oa kompleqsi `unda emorCilebo-das~ disimilacias (moalis>mualis `modis~, amosavalia mo-valis; muatKue<moatKue (<movatKue), magram arc asimila-cia aris gamoricxuli, zog dialeqtSi mxolod asimilaciaa zmnis formebSi: Cam‰‡sx (TuS.)<Camoasxa, Camaasx (ingil.) < Camoasxa; Sdr. sawKisi am dialeqtebSi _ Camosxma.

samecniero literaturaSi ao>o (muSaoba>muSooba, ama-obaSi>amoobaSi (amoobaCi) tipis asimilaciis gverdiT ganixi-laven saJildoo formasac. miaCniaT, rom xdeba saJildao>saJil-doo gardaqmna, sinamdvileSi amosavalia saJildoo (saqme gvaqvs sa- _ -o warmoebasTan: saSinao, sabinao...), Semdeg moxda disimilacia: saJildoo > saJildao, qarTuli enisTvis dama-xasiaTebeli labialuri korelaciis safuZvelze (50, 19). am tipis cvlilebebia kintouri>kintauri, uTuod>uTaod, saTiTood > saTi-Taod da sxva.

vnaxeT, rom movlenebi xmovanTa erTsa da imave kom-pleqsebSi sxvadasxva dialeqtSi da zogJer erTi dialeqtis far-

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glebSic SeiZleba sawinaaGmdego mimarTulebiT ganviTardes, rac TavisTavad gamoricxavs am procesTa oden fonematur xa-siaTs. eseni morfo-fonologiuri procesebia, ukavSirdeba fone-maturi da morfologiuri kanonzomierebis urTierTgavlenas. Cvens SemTxvevaSi fonematuri modeliT qarTulSi akrZalulia xmovanTa kombinaciebi erTi morfemis farglebSi (41, 105; 37, 4; 56), zmnur da saxelur formebSi ki xSirad iqmneba xmovan-Ta kompleqsebi morfemaTa sazGvrebze (da-i-wKo, da-u-wKo, Se-a-wKo da sxva), rac morfologiur sistemaSi kanonzomieria. am winaaGmdegobaTa daZleva SesaZlebelia ramdenime gziT, Teoriulad or xmovans aqvs xuTi SesaZlebloba erTimeore aicilon sitKvis farglebSi (fonematuri dawola morfologiaze), kerZod: (1) V1V2>V1 (waiGo>waGo. gaumarcvloeba niSnavs xmovanobis dakargvas), (2) V1V2>V2 (xeebi>xiebi>xebi), (3) V1V2>V1 (meore>mŠre. sigrZe qarTuli xmovnisaTvis ar aris relevanturi), (4) V1V2>V2 (meore>mŒre), (5) V1V2> V1CV2 (axloeli>axlobeli). bolos SesaZlebelia, morfologiuri modeli ar Seicvalos fonematuri dawoliT (wa-i-Go), e. i. V1-ca da V2-c uc-vlelad rCeba.

rodesac enas morfonologiur cvlilebaTaTvis aseTi farTo SesaZleblobebi aqvs, ar aris prognozirebadi, romel gzas air-Cevs is. amis dadgena mxolod cdiT _ enaze dakvirvebiT aris SesaZlebeli. am TvalsazrisiT saKuradGeboa mTis dialeqtebis poeziis ena, sadac morfonologiuri procesebi minimalurad xor-cieldeba (2) morfologiuri modelis dacvis mizniT: savaraudebe-lia, rom qarTul dialeqtTa identuri morfologiuri sistemebis ar-sebobis pirobebSi saxalxoobis da erovnulobis Segneba miJnis kompleqsebs ucvlelad tovebs, raTa ama Tu im dialeq-tis morfofonologiurma specifikam xeli ar SeuSalos sxva dia-leqtTa warmomadgenlebs naTqvamis gagebaSi. identuri morfologiuri modeli morfonologiur cvlilebaTa acilebiT uzrunvelKofs saerTosaxalxoobas, maSin roca mis gverdiT prozaul metKvelebaSi viwro regionaluri masStabis gamo mo-rfonologiur cvlilebebs Kovel nabiJze vawKdebiT. calkeul dia-leqtebSi isini specifikuria.

uTuod amiTve aixsneba saliteraturo enis xelovnuri kon-servatizmi: igi aqcents akeTebs saerTo morfologiur modelze da maqsimalurad gaurbis mosalodnel morfonologiur cvlile-bebs, romelTac adgili aqvs saliteraturo enis fuZe dialeqtebSi.

Tu gavcdebiT asimilaciis, disimilaciisa da xmovanTa SerwKmis movlenebs xmovanTa kompleqsebSi, sxva movle-

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nebSic analogiuri viTareba dagvxvdeba. sanimuSod viGebT elizias (xmovanTa Cavardnas xmovanTa kompleqsebSi). am movlenas mieZGvna g. gogolaSvilis werili saliteraturo enis sa-xelTa formebSi (13). oci wKvilxmovniani kompleqsis analizis safuZvelze (aklia i xmovniT dawKebuli 5 kompleqsis analizi, ramdenadac qarTuli saxelebi ar bolovdebian am xmovanze) keTdeba daskvna: `maelizireblis rolSi KovelTvis gvevlineba SedarebiT maGali aweulobis xmovani SedarebiT dabali aweu-lobis xmovnis mimarT. agreTve, xmovanTa aweulobis zrdas-Tan erTad izrdeba maTi gamZleoba eliziisadmi. Tanabari awe-ulobis xmovnebs Soris ufro Zlieria ukana warmoebisa: rogorc ukve aGvniSneT, o ufro gamZlea eliziisadmi, vidre e~ (13, 109). amasTan dakavSirebiT daaskvnis: `...xmovanTa aweulo-basTan erTad eliziisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniyeba xmo-vanTa warmoebis rigs: ukana warmoebis xmovani eliziisadmi ufro gamZlea, vidre wina warmoebisa~ (13, 109). amas unda daematos `regresuli gavlenis principi~: ae, ao, ai, au; eo, ei, eu; ou kompleqsTa Sesaxeb naTqvamia: `Kvela maTganSi eli-zia damKarebulia regresul gavlenaze _ elizirdeba kompleqsis pirveli komponenti~ (13, 109).

`eliziisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone~ paradigmatul niSanTa mixedviT Tu davalagebT xmovnebs, eliziis unaris kle-bis mixedviT miviGebT Semdeg rigebs: (a) simaGlis mixedviT: u, i, o, e, a; (b) ukana warmoebis mixedviT: u, o, a, e, i. orsa-ve niSans Tu ganvixilavT eliziaSi gamovlenili realuri unaris mi-xedviT, adgili eqneba Seusabamobas rigTa CvenebasTan: (1) aweulobis (simaGlis) rigSi i win dgas o-ze, masalis mixedviT ki o met unars iCens eliziaSi (wKaro-si, wKaro-Ti...); (2) ukana warmoebis mixedviT i Kvelaze bolos dgas rigSi, magram elizi-aSi ufro met unars avlens masze win mdgom e da a xmov-nebze (mam-is, dG-is...). ea kompleqsSi roca a iCens met eli-ziur unars (Cxnd-ari, zGud-ari; Sdr. Cxnde, zGude), irGveva si-maGlis principi, romlis mixedviT meti unari e-s unda gamoeCi-na; roca ae kompleqsSi met eliziur Zalas iCens e, maSin irGveva ukana warmoebis principi (mT-ebi, Zm-ebi; Sdr. mTa, Zma) da a. S.

orive paradigmatuli niSnis: aweulobisa da warmoebis ad-gilis gaTvaliswinebiT eliziaSi gamovlenili unaris klebis mimar-TulebiT xmovnebi ase dalagdeba: u, o, i, e, a. es rigi uTuod mogvagonebs cnobil debulebebs: qarTulSi saxelTa bolos kve-cas ganicdian a da e xmovnebi, ar ikvecebian u, o da i (fuZeTa

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kumSvis mixedviTac ase Jgufdebian qarTuli xmovnebi). xmovanTa gamZleoba Tu sisuste, ra Tqma unda, dakav-

Sirebulia xmovanTa markirebasTan: rac meti niSniT xasiaTde-ba xmovani, miT meti gamZleoba aqvs enobriv cvlilebebSi (sami niSnis dakargva ufro Znelia, vidre oris da a. S.), mag-ram aseTi debulebebi maSinve araadekvaturi aGmoCndeba, roca movlenebs morfonologiuri TvalsazrisiT ixilaven, kerZod: (a) adamianis rqmevis saxelTa bolos xmovani ar ikveceba, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, romeli xmovani iqneba, maGali Tu da-bali aweulobis, wina Tu ukana warmoebis... (b) gansxvavebiT adre nasesxeb kvecad sitKvaTagan (evangel-is, okean-is), gvi-an nasesxebi sitKvebi ar ikveceba [piure-s (naT. br.)]; (g) i ik-veceba nasesxeb sitKvaTa -eb sufiqsian mravlobiTSi (samura-ebi, pon-ebi; Sdr. samurai-, poni-).

aGweril viTarebaTa mixedviT SesaZlebelia erTaderTi da-skvna _ m x o l o d p a r a d i g m a t u l n i S n e b z e d a m K a -r e b i T S e u Z l e b e l i a m o r f o n o l o g i u r p r o c e s T a a n a l i z i.

radgan morfonologiur cvlilebebs miiCnevdnen mxolod paradigmatul niSanTa urTierTgavlenis Sedegad, bunebrivad Cndeboda Seusabamoba am niSanTa mixedviT CamoKalibe-bul wesebsa da realur morfonologiur viTarebas Soris. es aiZu-lebda mkvlevarT, eZebnaT wesTa darGvevis mizezebi fonolo-giursave sferoSi, rac, ra Tqma unda, ver iqneboda adekvaturi realuri viTarebisa, radgan kvleva meTodurad ar iKo srulKofili.

zemoT warmodgenili gageba morfonologiuri procesebisa da Cveni replikebi arsebul fonetikur wesTa mimarT, vfiqrob, sakmarisia fonetikur procesTa klvevis arsebuli meTodis naklis dasanaxad. qvemoT SevexebiT mxolod e. w. `ucxo gavle-nebs~ qarTul dialeqtebze, gavlenebs, romelTac miewereboda qarTuli bunebis wesTa darGveva.

qarTuli enis globalur sistemaSi, Tu Tanabrad gaeweva angariSi morfologiur da fonematuri sistemebis urTierTga-momricxav moTxovnebs, uwinaresad gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba enis sxvadasxva doneTa erTdroulad moqmedi modelebis urTi-erTzemoqmedebis Sedegebi. amis SemdegGa unda daiwKos sxva enaTa gavlenebis SedegTa Zieba, raTa tipologiuri msgavseba ar iqnes miCneuli ucxo gavlenad.

Cvens adrindel naSromebSi (TuSuri kilo, 1960, qarTuli enis mTis kiloTa zogi Tavisebureba, 1966) vixilavdiT xmovan-Ta sigrZesa da ‡ bgeras grZel xmovanTa momdevnod qarTuli

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enis TuSur dialeqtSi: C‹‡wer `Caiwera~, CŠ‡wer `Caewera~, C‡wer `Cauwera~, S‰‡wer `Seawera~ da sxva. vwerdiT, rom xmovanTa asimilacia aq qarTuli bunebisaa, [‡] bgera ki xmovanTa Soris nasesxebia wova-TuSuri enidan.

radgan qarTuli enis TuSur dialeqtSi da wova-TuSur enaSi [‡] distribuciulad identur Tvisebebs avlens, qarTuli enis sxva aGmosavlur dialeqtebs ki am tipis [‡] ar axasiaTebs, amis gamo qarTuli enis TuSur kiloSi xmovanTa Soris (resp. grZeli xmovnis momdevnod) [‡] wova-TuSuridan (resp. naxuri enebi-dan) nasesxebad miviCnieT. grZeli xmovani ori xmovnis SerwKmiT miiGeba: ‡a‡iq>‡‹‡q `aiq~, `iq~ _ dialeqtSi daculia orive forma; ‡‰‡q < *‡a‡aq `aq~ da sxva. aseve zmnaTa for-maSi: Caiwer>*Ca‡iwer > C‹‡wer `Caiwera~ da sxva. Caiwer forma daculia TuSur poeziaSi.

Cvens Tvalsazrisze miTiTebiT o. kaxaZem qarTuli enis Tu-Sur dialeqtSi asimilaciuri procesebis `nairferobac~ naxur ga-vlenad miiCnia; amis analogiurad moxeur dialeqtSic asimilaci-ur procesTa simravle mezobel naxur enaTa gavlenas miewe-ra; aseTive midgomiT aris ganxiluli ingilouri, fereidnuli da qar-Tuli samxruli dialeqtebi, romlebic centralur dialeqtebTan Se-darebiT xmovanTa kompleqsebSi meti asimilaciuri garda-qmnebiT gamoirCevian (28).

ras niSnavs asimilaciuri procesebis `nairferoba~ da meti asimilaciuri gardaqmnebi?

dialeqtebi daJgufebulia imis mixedviT, (1) romeli xmovne-bi ganicdian asimilacias sxva xmovanTa gavleniT da (2) rome-li xmovnebi iwveven ama Tu im xmovnis asimilacias. rac ufro meti xmovani ganicdis asimilacias sxvebTan SedarebiT, erTi mxriT, da rac ufro meti xmovani gamodis asimilatoris rolSi, meore mxriT, miT ufro `nairferia~ asimilaciuri gardaqmnebi dialeqtSi.

dialeqtTa daJgufebaSi simZimis centri gadadis saasimila-cio xmovnebze: rac ufro naklebi xmovani asimilirdeba mo-mdevno xmovnis gavleniT, ivaraudeba, rom aseTi dialeqtebi ufro axlos dgas amosaval qarTul bunebasTan; meore mxriT, asimilatorTa simravle ufro gviandeli cvlilebebis Sedegia dia-leqtebSi, a m a S i s x v a e n a T a g a v l e n a c i v a r a u d e b a .

aqve uTuod unda aGvniSnoT, rom xmovanTa asimilaciaSi regresuli mimarTuleba iTvleba bunebrivad qarTulSi.

aseTi midgomiT TuSuri, magaliTad, pirvel JgufSi moxvde-ba saasimilacio xmovanTa raodenobiT, Tumca am Teoriis mi-

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xedviT asimilaciur procesTa nairferobis gamo ucxo gavlenis daSvebac aucilebeli xdeba. prozaul metKvelebaSi sami xmo-vani ganicdis asimilacias (a, e, o), oTxi ki gvevlineba asimila-toris rolSi (a, e, i, u). meore mxriv, cnobilia isic, rom TuSuri poeziis ena erideba asimilacias xmovanTa kompleqsebSi (ix. zemoT). am monacemebze damKarebiT ivaraudeba, rom Tu-Suri poezia inaxavs amosaval formebs, proza ki savsea asimi-laciuri gardaqmnebiT. Mutatis mutandis moxeur, ingilour da sxva periferiul dialeqtebSi mimdinare asimilaciuri procesebi xmo-vanTa kompleqsebSi (dawvrilebiT ix. o. kaxiZis dasaxelebuli naSromi). qvemoT konkretulad ganvixilavT am e. w. specifi-kur Taviseburebebs qarTuli enis kiloebSi.

[‡] glaidia qarTuli enis TuSur dialeqtSi. radgan xmovanTa kompleqsebSi, romlebsac morfologiur elementTa kombinacie-bi qmnian, xmovnidan xmovanze gadasvla arabunebrivia qar-Tuli fonematuri wesiT, xmovnebs Soris Cndeba Sualeduri Tan-xmovani bgera _ glaidi. qarTul enaSi glaidis rols asruleben ba-gismieri, xaxismieri da xorxismieri bgerebi: b, v, K, ‡ da h. magaliTad: axlo-b-eli, mezo-b-eli, Sore-b-eli; Kru-v-i, blo-v-eli, aha, ehe, oho; ayarulSi istoriulad dasturdeba CufaƒisaKi, mo-rTulaKis formebi; Sdr. Cufaƒi da morTula (tbeTis sulTa matia-ne, 1997; 216, 364). TuSur dialeqtSi swored am poziciaSi vi-Tardeba laringaluri [‡] bgera. ayarulSi K-s da TuSurSi ‡-s dis-tribuciulma msgavsebam afiqrebina m. SaniZes, rom orivegan K-sa da ‡-s saxiT vokalur elementTa gamKrel bgerasTan gvaqvs saqme (67, 1981).

geografiuli da istoriuli TvalsazrisiT ayarulSi naxuri enebis gavlena gamoricxulia. amis gamo, rom TviT qarTuli enis dia-leqtTa Soris mKardeba struqturuli izomorfizmi xmovanTa kompleqsebis gardaqmnaSi (VV>VCV), qarTuli enis TuSuri di-aleqtis (CaGma-TuSuris) naxur enebTan msgavseba am mxriv SeiZleba tipologiur faqtad miviCnioT.

rac Seexeba xmovanTa kompleqsebSi asimilaciur proces-Ta `nairferobas~ periferiul dialeqtebSi, aq arc erTi kerZo Se-mTxveva ar dasturdeba, romelsac ver SevxvdebiT araperiferi-ul dialeqtebSi. rac mTavaria, uklebliv Kvela gardaqmna qar-Tuli bunebisaa: es aris swrafva, xmovanTa kompleqsi gardaiq-mnes erT xmovnad an daiSalos, anu Suaze gaiKos Tanxmov-niT, an Cavardes romelime xmovani komponenti. aq isev o. kaxiZis zemoT ganxilul naSromze mivuTiTebT, sadac asimila-ciuri gardaqmnis formulebTan erTad maTi ilustraciac xdeba.

121

morfonologia

rac Seexeba asimilaciis mimarTulebas xmovanTa kom-pleqsebSi, gavrcelebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom qarTuli enis xmovan-Ta kompleqsebisTvis, rodesac Gias mosdevs ufro viwro, da-maxasiaTebelia regresuli asimilacia. amis Sesaxeb nawilobriv zemoTac iTqva, kerZod, asimilaciis mimarTuleba ar aris prog-nozirebadi morfonologiur cvlilebebSi, rodesac enaSi arsebobs cvlilebebis gamomwvevi mizezis acilebis ramdenime gza da fonematuri mizani. fonematuri modelis dawolis SemTxvevaSi mizani xmovanTa kompleqsebis cvlilebisa aris miuGebeli kombinaciis moSla _ dasvla erT xmovanze. es tendencia SeiZ-leba warimarTos rogorc progresuli, ise regresuli mimarTule-biT. amis karg magaliTs iZleva gloluri metKvelebisaTvis da-maxasiaTebeli progresuli asimilaciis saxeoba zmnebSi: ae kompleqsi iZleva aa kompleqss (ae>aa), qarTuli enis sxva ki-loebSi ki gavrcelebulia ae>ee cvlileba.

r. landia wers: `Cven mier mopovebul masalaSi gvxvdeba ocamde SemTxveva, rodesac winamavali a imsgavsebs mo-mdevno e-s, magaliTad moKvanilia Semdegi formebi: daas-xnes (<daesxnes) `daesxnen~... iosebi daasxnes am Cvens qalebs~; daabGauJnes (<daebGauJnes) `daebGauynen~: `da-abGauJnes, mara bacuri ver uqnes...~

daadevnes (<daedevnes) `daedevnen~, daarqva (<daer-qva), gaamzadebodes (<gaemzadebodes) `gaemzadebod-nen~ da sxv. am tipis asimilacias adgili aqvs saxelis formaSic: raGacaabi < raGaceebi. aqve progresuli asimilacia ae>aa sa-xisa dadasturebulia sitKvaTa sazGvarzec: momikvda as gogu-na `momikvda es goguna~; da arTi... `da erTi~ (31, 42, 43).

a xmovani regresuli mimarTulebiTac imsgavsebs e-s. Tu-SurSi Cveulebrivia S‰‡sx (<Seasxa), S‰‡gdo (Seagdo). S‰Kud `SeaKuda~... Sdr. sawKisebi Sesxma, Segdeba, SeKudeba... TuSur dialeqtSi ar arsebobs Sasxma an Savasxi `Sevasxi~, Sagdeba an Savagdi `Sevagde~, SaKudeba an Sa-vaKudi `SevaKude~. poeziaSi ki Seasx(a), Seagdo, SeaKud(a) formebsac SevxvdebiT. a imsgavsebs winamaval o-sac: Camoasxa>Cam‰‡sx (TuS.), Camaasx (ing.). orsave dialeqt-Si sawKisi am formisaa: Camosxma.

e da o relevanturi diferencialuri niSnebiT metad aris mar-kirebuli, vidre a. aq rom wminda fonetikur procesTan gvqon-des saqme, ra Tqma unda, a-sTan SedarebiT asimilatorobis meti Sansi eqneboda e-s da o-s, rogorc ufro maGali aweulobis xmovnebs, o-s xom damatebiT bagismierobac edeba niSnad,

122

Tedo uTurgaiZe

magram saqme gvaqvs morfonologiur procesebTan da ami-tom zog dialeqtSi markirebis xarisxs aGar eZleva gadamwKveti mniSvneloba, iseve rogorc asimilaciis mimarTu-lebas.

123

sintaqsi

sintaqsi

medioaqtivTa sintaqsuri urTierToba aqtantebTan

medioaqtivi (Ma) SeiZleba erTpiriani iKos an orpiriani. or-piriani medioaqtivebi (Ma2) iwarmoeba erTpirian medioaqtiv-Tagan (Ma1) piris matebiT, msgavsad orpirian aqtivTa erTi Jgu-fisa (ix. qvemoT).

Ma1: wvalobs, xarobs, vajkacobs, Karaulobs `Karaulis mo-valeobas asrulebs~, eqimobs, buGaltrobs, daraJobs `daraJis movaleobas srulebs~... saerTod, nebismieri saxelidan SeiZle-ba erTpiriani mediumis warmoeba: skami _ skamobs (`es ska-mi ver skamobs~), mGvdeli _ mGvdlobs, filosofosi _ filosofo-sobs, gubernatori _ gubernatorobs, feni `Tmis saSrobi~ _ fe-nobs (`es feni ver fenobs~)...

Ma1-idan SeiZleba miviGoT orpiriani medioaqtivi (Ma2) pi-ris matebiT, rac pirobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi materialura-dac gamoixateba: Karaulobs (Ma1) ~ h-Karaulobs (Ma2), dara-Jobs ~ s-daraJobs... magram eqimobs ~ eqimobs (formaTa da-mTxvevis mizezi morfonologiuria); Sdr. aqtivTa sampirian for-maTa warmoeba orpirianTagan: wers ~ s-wers, kveTs ~ h-kveTs, gleJs ~ h-gleJs... orpirian aqtivebsa da erTpirian mediu-mebs pirTa raodenobis gazrdisas emateba iribi obieqti. morfo-logiuri da morfonologiuri wesebi saerToa.

TviT Ma1-sa da Ma2-s Soris formaTa mixedviT g a n s x v a -v e b a m k v e T r a d v l i n d e b a mKofadis wrisa da II seri-is mwkrivebSi.

Ma1 _ K a r a u l o b s `Karaulis movaleobas asrulebs~mKofadi _ i K a r a u l e b s , xolmeobiTi _ i K a r a u l e b d a ,

mKofadis kavSirebiTi _ i K a r a u l e b d e s .II seria

wKvetili _ i K a r a u l a , II kavSirebiTi _ i K a r a u l o s , brZa-nebiTi _ i K a r a u l o s !

Ma2 _ h K a r a u l o b s (is mas)mKofadi _ u K a r a u l e b s , xolm. _ u K a r a u l e b d a ,

mKof. kavS. u K a r a u l e b d e s .II seria

wKvetili _ u K a r a u l a , II kavS. _ u K a r a u l o s , brZ. _ u K a r a u l o s !

130

Tedo uTurgaiZe

formaTa damTxveva Ma1-sa da Ma2-s Soris mxolod awmKos wreSi xdeba, rodesac Ma2-is iribi damatebis me-3 pi-ris niSani fonetikuri mizeziT ikargeba. warmovadgenT mxolod awmKos mwkrivis formebs, rac awmKos wris sxva formebsac daaxasiaTebs pirTa gamoxatvis mxriv.

Ma1I v-eqimob v-eqimob-TII -eqimob -eqimob-TIII eqimob-s eqimob-en

sapirispirod Ma1-is eqvsi formisa, erTi mwkrivis farglebSi Ma2-s aqvs 32 gramatikuli forma (ix. sqema #1).

Oind

S 1 2 3

1 v-Karaulob g-Karaulob v-Karaulob

2 m-Karaulob h-Karaulob h-Karaulob

3 m-Karaulob-s g-Karaulob-s h-Karaulob-s

1P g-Karaulob-T v-Karaulob-T

2P m-Karaulob-T h-Karaulob-T

3P m-Karaulob-en g-Karaulob-en h-Karaulob-en

Oind

S 1P 2P 3P

1 g-Karaulob-T v-Karaulob

2 gv-Karaulob h-Karaulob

3 gv-Karaulob-s g-Karaulob-T h-Karaulob-s

1P v-Karaulob-T g-Karaulob-T v-Karaulob-T

131

sintaqsi

2P gv-Karaulob-T h-Karaulob-T h-Karaulob-T

3P gv-Karaulob-en g-Karaulob-en h-Karaulob-en

sqema #1 _ Ma2-is awmKos mwkrivis formebi nulovani alomorfebis gareSe.

nulovani alomorfebi ar aGgviniSnavs, raTa gamogvevlina Ma1 paradigmis wevrebTan damTxveva gamoxatulebis planiT (xazgasmulia) da aseTive damTxveva TviT Ma2-is paradigmis farglebSi.

Tu medioaqtivis fuZe xmovniT iwKeba (mag., eqimobs), erTpiriani medioaqtivis Kvela forma gamoxatulebis planiT me-ordeba orpiriani medioaqtivis awmKos wris mwkrivebSi.

Ma1I v-eqimob (me) v-eqimob-T (Cven) I v-eqimob (me mas)v-eqi-mob-T (Cven mas)II eqimob (Sen) eqimob-T (Tqven) Sdr. II eqimob (Sen mas)eqimob-T (Tqven mas)III eqimobs (is) eqimob-en (isini) III eqimobs (is mas)eqimob-en (isini mas)

da a. S., magaliTad: eqimoben isini maT da sxv.am zmnuri formebis kavSiri aqtantTan / aqtantebTan

maT gramatikul SinaarsSi (GirebulebaSi) Sedis, da, bunebri-via, m i u x e d a v a d f o r m a l u r i d a m T x v e v i s a , i s i n i s x v a d a s x v a g r a m a t i k u l f o r m e b a d u n d a m i v i C -n i o T : veqimob vieqime erTi paradigmis wevrebia, veqi-mob vueqime formebi ki _ sxva paradigmisa, saqme gvaqvs, maSasadame, gamoxatulebis planis damTxvevasTan da ara gramatikul formaTa damTxvevasTan.

warmodgenil formaTa sintaqsuri analizi ar yirs, radgan qvemdebare SemasmenelSi warmodgenilia subieqtis niSniT, iribi damateba _ iribi obieqtis niSniT.

erTpiriani da orpiriani medioaqtivebiIII seriaSi

Ma1-isa da Ma2-is formebi III seriaSi emTxveva erTimeores, radgan orpirian medioaqtivTa iribi damateba aqtiur zmnaTa

132

Tedo uTurgaiZe

kvalobaze -Tvis Tandebulian ubralo damatebad moiqceva da zmnis formaSi ar aisaxeba. amitom martiv gauvrcobel wina-dadebebSi sintaqsurad saerTo kvalifikacia unda mieces Ma1-isa da Ma2-is saziaro paradigmaSi warmodgenil erTaderT pirs. warmovadgenT saziaro paradigmas.

I miKaraulia gviKarauliaII giKaraulia giKarauliaTIII uKaraulia uKarauliaTes aris v K a r a u l o b (Ma1) da v h K a r a u l o b (Ma2) zmna-

Ta saziaro paradigma I TurmeobiTSi.marTalia, orpirian medioqtivTa gramatikuli Girebuleba

ubralo damatebasTan kavSiris gamo III seriaSic gansxvavebu-lia erTpiriani medioaqtivisagan, romelic mxolod erTvalentova-nia, magram III seriaSi pirmimarT aqtantTan kavSiriT isini ab-soluturad emTxvevian erTimeores da, bunebrivia, identuri kvalifikacia unda mieces.

zemoT warmodgenili paradigmis formebSi monawileobs sufiqsi -a (S3-is niSani), romelic ufunqcioa _ misi fardi aqtanti ar ukavSirdeba am formebs. funqcia aqvT mxolod obieqturi piris niSnebs (m-, g-, -), romelTac samive pirSi mravlobiTo-bac aGeniSnebaT gv- da -T afiqsebiT (ix. zemoT).

radgan medioaqtivebi iwarmoebian aqtivTa modelis we-sebiT, kvalifikacia winadadebisa, romlis Semasmeneli gamo-xatulia III seriis medioaqtiuri zmniT, unda moxdes imis mixed-viT, am saziaro modelSi obieqtur pirTa niSnebiT gamoxatul aqtants sintaqsurad ra funqcia aqvs: (1) Tu inversias davuS-vebT III seriis aqtivebSi, maSin is (gamoKofili obieqturi piri) aqac (medioaqtiviT gamoxatul SemasmenelTan) qvemdeba-res gamoxatavs; (2) Tu aqtivTa III seriis formebs arainversiu-lad miviCnevT, maSin is winadadebebi, romlebSic aGniSnuli zmnuri formebi monawileoben, uqvemdebaro winadadebebad miiCneva, radgan subieqturi -a sufiqsi (midaraJi-a) funqcias moklebulia.

medioaqtivTa sintaqsuri analizis es gza gamarTlebulia imiT, rom isini aqtiur zmnaTa formacvalebis models iKene-ben.

ganvixilavT Teoriebs aqtivTa III seriis formebTan dakavSi-rebiT. saKovelTaod gaziarebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom aqtivTa III se-riis formebi enaSi SedarebiT gvian warmoiqmna aqtivTa para-digmaSi perfeqtulobis kategoriis gaCenasTan dakavSirebiT. amisTvis enam gamoiKena statikur zmnaTa warmoebis mode-

133

sintaqsi

li. es arCevani SemTxveviTi ar iKo: statikur zmnebs perfeqtuli buneba hqondaT, rac aqtivebs gadaecaT statikur zmnaTa gamoxatulebis planis Seucvlelad, r a s a c x e l i S e u w K o i r i b i da p i r d a p i r i o b i e q t i s s a e r T o n i S n e b m a . aq-tivizeba am formebisa, garda obieqtis Secvlisa, moxda gezis zmniswinis SeKvaniT saziaro formaSi, ramac mkveTrad daaci-la erTimeores statikuri da dinamikuri zmnebis paradigmebi.

Tu aqtivTa formawarmoeba kategoriaTa da aqtantTa zmnur qmedebasTan mimarTebiT I da II seriebSi zogadi Tval-sazrisiT erTnairi iKo, gvian CamoKalibebul III seriaSi statikur zmnaTa gamoxatulebis planis aqtivTa paradigmaSi SeKvaniT viTareba am mimarTebaTa TvalsazrisiT garTulda. swored III seriis aqtivTa formebis elementTa kvalifikacia ganasxvavebs TeoretikosTa Tvalsazrisebs.

a. S a n i Z e , qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, 1973 (magaliTad _ $240)

statikuri zmna aqtivis I TurmeobiTim - i w e r i - a _ _ _ d a - m - i w e r i - a O1

ind S3 O1ind S3

(moqmedi, (samoqme-do,

maSasadame, maSasa-dame,

s u b i e q t i ) o b i e q t i )

am gardaqmnas ewoda inversia, radgan aqtivis paradig-mis I da II seriebis subieqti (`me v-wer werils~; `me da-v-we-re werili~) III seriaSi gamoixata obieqtis niSniT (`me da-m-iweria werili~): Tu I da II seriebSi moqmed aqtants subieqtis v- prefiqsi gamoxatavda, III seriaSi mas obieqtis m- prefiqsi gamoxatavs.

a. SaniZis TeoriiT, III seriaSi, garda subieqtisa, aqtivis pa-radigmis m e o r e a q t a n t i i r i b i o b i e q t i a , radgan III pir-Sic niSniania, gansxvavebiT pirdapiri obieqtisgan. igi wers: `1-lsa da me-2 pirSi obieqturi niSnebi erTi da igivea orive mimar-Tebis dros, gansxvaveba maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac obieqturi piri mesamea, sadac pirdapirobieqturi piri uniSnoa, iribobieq-turi ki _ niSniani. inversiis SemTxvevaSi mesame piris sub. niSnebs, romlebic sufiqsebia, irib-obieqturi piris niSani (prefiq-si) enacvleba. aqedan ganzogadebas vaxdenT 1-lisa da me-2

134

Tedo uTurgaiZe

pirisTvisac da vambobT: inversiis dros subieqtur niSnebs irib-obieqturi piris niSnebi enacvlebao~ (62, 196).

a. SaniZisTvis pirTa subieqtad da obieqtad kvalifikaciis-Tvis kriteriumi aris moqmedebis Cadena da moqmedebis obi-eqtad Kofna: Camdeni qmedebisa subieqtia, samoqmedo an visTvisac xdeba qmedeba _ obieqti. am safuZvelze `me dami-weria werili~ winadadebaSi `me~ moqmedia, maSasadame, subieqtia; rac damiweria (`werili~), samoqmedoa, maSasada-me, obieqtia. zmnaSi maTi gamomxatveli afiqsebic saTana-dod aris saxeldebuli.

es Teoria damaJereblobas kargavs imis gamo, rom ama-ve avtoris TvalsazrisiT aqtivis (anu gardamavali zmnis) para-digmisaTvis aucilebelia subieqti da pirdapiri obieqti. bunebri-via, aqtivis III seriis formebSi pirdapiri obieqtis adgilze (Sdr. I seriis `me vwer werils~ da II seriis `me davwere werili~) iri-bi obieqtis SemoKvaniT d a i r G v a p a r a d i g m i s w e v r T a h o m o g e n u r o b i s p r i n c i p i .

a. SaniZis Teoriis naklis gamosworebis cdaa l. kvayaZis TeoriaSi

m - i w e r i - a _ _ _ d a - m - i w e r i - a O1

ind S3 O1ind O3

d (moqmedi, (samoqme-

do)anu subieqti)

marTalia, am TeoriiT aqtivis paradigmaSi Semovida auci-lebeli pirdapiri obieqti, magram ar aris naCvenebi Sesabamisi formaluri cvlileba zmnaSi: Tu S3 icvala O3

d- d, ratom ar moxda Sesabamisi cvlileba zmnis formaSi? radgan aseTi cvlileba ar xdeba, verc aGiwereba igi. uTuod am arabunebrivma forma-lurma cvlilebam (S3 /O3

d) ar misca saSualeba a. SaniZes igive gaekeTebina inversiis miseul TeoriaSi. man aqtantebi Tavisi niSnebiT ucvlelad datova statikur da aqtiur zmnaTa formebis sruli damTxvevis gamo, magram funqciebi Seucvala aqtan-

`is piri, romelic zmnis formaSi moqmedebis Camdenad aris warmodge-nili, s u b i e q t u r i a , xolo is piri, romelic formaSi gamoxatulia, magram moqmedad ar aris gamoKvanili, obieqturia~ (62, $208, gv. 170).

Koveli zmna, romelsac pirdapir-obieqturi piris formebi aqvs, g a r d a m a v a l i a , xolo, romelsac pird. obieqturi piris formebi ara aqvs an ar SeiZleba hqondes, g a r d a u v a l i a (62, $211, gv. 172).

135

sintaqsi

tebs: aqtivis paradigmaSi (III seria) iribi damateba, rogorc mo-qmedi, qvemdebared gamoacxada, subieqti ki _ irib damate-bad me-3 pirSi niSnis mqoneblobis gamo. swored i r i b i d a -m a t e b i s d a t o v e b a m o r p i r i a n i a q t i v i s p a r a d i g -m a S i S e u q m n a s i Z n e l e e b i a m T e o r i a s , rac mou-wesrigebeli darCa. vfiqrobT, verc mowesrigdeba, vidre ar Seicvleba amosavali principebi qarTuli zmnis subieqtisa da obieqtebis gagebaSi. amave dros srulad aris gasaTvaliswine-beli perfeqtulobis specifika aqtivebSi, rogorc es gaTvaliswine-bulia statikur formebSi.

q a r T u l i z m n i s n e b i s m i e r f o r m a S i q v e m d e -b a r e a r i s q m e d e b i s i n i c i a t o r i: (1) Tu iniciatori mo-qmedebis Semsrulebelic aris, bunebrivia, es orive maxasiaTe-beli erTad gamodgeba mis qvemdebared misaCnevad wina-dadebaSi; magaliTad: `is wers werils~ _ Cans, rom `is~ mo-qmedebs sakuTari nebiT, amdenad is iniciatoria da subieqtis niSniTac aris zmnaSi warmodgenili (wer-s). am tipis zmnebiT warmodgenili Semasmenlis qvemdebare, bunebrivia, moqme-dic aris (w e r s tipis zmnebi cotaa qarTul enaSi); (2) Tu mo-qmedebis Camdeni sxva aris da iniciatori _ sxva, maSin qvemdebarea iniciatori da zmnaSi subieqtis niSansac is ata-rebs, kerZod: (a) pirvelad kauzativebSi qmedebis Camdeni pirdapiri damatebaa: acinebs, atirebs, awvalebs... am tipis formebSi subieqtis mxolod iniciativaa, subieqtis qmedeba sa-erTod ara Cans; z m n i T g a m o x a t u l i q m e d e b a p i r -d a p i r o b i e q t s e k u T v n i s . subieqtis iniciativa gramati-kulad a- prefiqsiT aris gamoxatuli. qarTul enaSi zmnaTa ume-tesoba pirveladi kauzativebia. maTi ricxvis gazrda usasrulod SeiZleba, radgan nasaxelari mediumebisgan iwarmoebian, magaliTad: meneJeri meneJerobs (Ma1) a m e n e J e r e b s , aseTive warmoebisaa: a a q t i v e b s , a n e i t r a l e b s , a p i a -r e b s ; a T e T r e b s , a s a m e b s , a s x v i s e b s da a. S.

(b) pirvelad kauzativTa analogiuria subieqtis monawileo-ba meorad kauzativebSi: awerinebs, amefebinebs, ameneJe-rebinebs... subieqti aqac iniciatoria, romlis konkretuli qmede-bis Sesaxeb informacia ara gvaqvs a - _ -in konfiqsiT mxolod iniciativa gamoixateba. m e o r a d k a u z a t i v e b S i q m e -d e b a s a s r u l e b s i r i b i o b i e q t i .

axla rac Seexeba perfeqtulobis specifikas orpirian stati-kur vnebiTebsa da aqtivTa III seriaSi: statikuri vnebiTebi da orpiriani mediopasivebi istoriulad perfeqtuli formebia, kerZod:

136

Tedo uTurgaiZe

statikuri vnebiTis m i w e r i a da mediopasivis m i K v a r s tipis formebSi warsulSi ganxorcielebuli qmedebis Sedegia warmo-dgenili axlandel droSi, rogorc a. SaniZe wers, `procesis Se-degTan gvaqvs saqme~ (62, 314). SemTxveviTi ar aris stati-kur vnebiTTa da orpirian mediopasivTa Senacvleba perfeqtu-lobis gamoxatvisas: miweria / Cawerili maqvs, mikavia / daka-vebuli maqvs, Kalioni sCria pirSi / Kalioni aqvs gaCrili pirSi da sxv.

m - i w e r i - a O1

ind S3 `es leqsi ubis wignakSi miweria~.

aqtantTa zmnasTan urTierTobis aq warmodgenili sqema gaziarebulia samecniero literaturaSi, l. kvayaZis `Tanamedro-ve qarTuli enis sintaqsSi~ vkiTxulobT:

`awmKo(statikuri vnebiTi)yabukobaSi gagonili leqsebi vaxtangs axlac ubis wignakSi

uweria.l e q s e b i qvemdebarea, v a x t a n g s _ iribi damateba~

(29, 116).`me m i w e r i a l e q s i ~, `me m i y i r a v s T a s i ~, `me

m i k a v i a w i g n i ~... tipis SesitKvebebSi rom w a r s u l i q m e d e b i s S e d e g s m i e n i y a i n i c i a t o r i s r o l i , e s i q i d a n C a n s , r o m s u b i e q t i s n i S a n i z m n a S i a m a q t a n t s u C n d e b a . zogJer iniciatoris roli arc Tu ise Zneli dasanaxavia: `kedels s a G e b a v i u s v i a ~ an `exla mTas n i s l i a k r i a ~ (vaja). umravles SemTxvevaSi saxelobiT brun-vaSi dasmuli aqtantis subieqtoba statikur zmnebSi S e d e -g i s T v i s a r s e b i T i r o l i s m i n i y e b a s m i e w e r e b a _ es formebi dinamikur zmnaTa gverdiT am Sedegis sa-Cveneblad aris Seqmnili _ m a T i s a S u a l e b i T x d e b a S e s r u l e b u l i q m e d e b i s S e d e g i s m a n i f e s t a c i a . iribi obieqti qmedebis Semsrulebelia (eqsekutori). statikuri vnebiTis zemoT warmodgenili sqema SeiZleba ase gadavwe-roT:

m - i w e r i - a

O1ind (executor) S3 (initiator)

137

sintaqsi

swored w a r m o d g e n i l i m o d e l i T a i g o a q t i v T a m e s a m e s e r i i s f o r m e b i , risTvisac enam gamoiKena gaaqtivebis umoklesi gza _ statikur formebs daurTo gezis ka-tegoriis elementebi _ zmniswinebi: da-miweria, Ca-miweria, gada-miweria. gezi mxolod dinamikur zmnaTa maxasiaTebe-lia. gezis kategoriis SeZenisTanave es formebi warmodgnen dinamikuri aqtivis saxiT. dinamikurobasTan erTad ganxorciel-da sxva rigis cvlilebebic, kerZod: (1) radgan aqtivTa formebic Sedegze unda KofiliKo orientirebuli, I da II seriebis pirdapiri damateba (riTac Sedegi sacnauri xdeba) iGebs iniciatoris rols: rogorc `miweria leqsi~, ise `damiweria leqsi~ SesitKvebaSi `leqsi~ zmnuri qmedebis Sedegia, amitom orivegan iniciato-ris roli eZleva da subieqtis niSniT formdeba zmnaSi; (2) I da II seriebis subieqti (iniciatori am seriebSi, sadac arsebiTi iKo qmedebis procesis mimdinareobis xasiaTis Cveneba: mo-qmedeba grZeldeba Tu dasrulda, ra mimarTebaSia saubris momentTan...) III seriaSi S e m s r u l e b e l i o b i e q t i s r o l s iGebs, iseTi Semsruleblisa, rogoric aris pirvelad kauzativebSi, sadac pirdapiri obieqti zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis Ca-mdenic aris da samoqmedoc, magaliTad: `macinebs is me~ _ `me~ moqmedebs (icinis), amave dros am qmedebis obieq-tia, radgan sxvisi iniciativiT amoqmedda _ `is~ acinebs `me~-s. statikur formaTa modelis aqtivad moqcevis sqema aseTia: I seriis statikuri vnebiTi III seriis aqtivi:

m - i w e r i - a d a - m - i w e r i - a O1

ind (exec.) S3 (init.) O1

d (exec.) S3 (init.)

statikuri vnebiTisa da moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi gan-sxvavebul paradigmebs qmnian, maT perfeqtulobis modeli aqvT saerTo. perfeqtulobisTvis arsebiTia w a r s u l i q m e -d e b i s S e d e g i s C v e n e b a s a u b r i s m o m e n t S i d a m i T i T e b a q m e d e b i s S e m s r u l e b e l z e . amiT isic ga-sagebi xdeba, saerTod ratom gamoiricxa iribi damateba aq-tivTa III seriis warmoebaSi.

axla SeiZleba davubrundeT medioaqtiur zmnebs, romle-bic formawarmoebiT aqtivebs mihKvebian. III seriaSi medio-aqtivTa formebSi subieqtis niSani ufunqcioa (29, 128) da aq-tivTan saziaro modelSi funqcia rCeba mxolod Semsrulebeli obieqtis niSnebs (midaraJia, gidaraJia). am zmnebs, msgav-

138

Tedo uTurgaiZe

sad m G v i Z a v s , m Z i n a v s tipis zmnebisa, usubieqto for-mebad miviCnevT, Sesabamisad maTi Semcveli winadadebebi uqvemdebaroa.

P. S.2007 wels gamocemul krebulSi _ `qarTuli saliteraturo

enis sakiTxebi: istoria da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba~, sa-qarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro, saxelmwifo programa, Tb., 2007 _ dabeydil prof. T. maxarobliZis werilSi Cveni Tvalsazrisis misamarTiT damafiqrebeli replikaa warmo-dgenili. SevecdebiT, Cveni Tvalsazrisi ufro detalurad warmo-vadginoT, risTvisac zogi ramis gameoreba dagvyirdeba.

ai, es replika: `is pirTa niSnebi, romlebic mocemuli gvaqvs III seriaSi, diaqroniuli TvalsazrisiT sruliad cxadia, rom aris ara pirdapiri obieqtis, aramed iribi obieqtis kuTvnileba, ramdenadac statikur zmnaTa formebSi, ris safuZvelzec gafor-mda III seria, pirdapiri obieqti arasodes Kofila... rom gavizia-roT es mosazreba, TiTqos ar xdeba inversia, unda CavTvaloT, rom dauxatavs (kacs suraTi dedisTvis) formaSi suraTi aris subieqti (gnebavT iniciatori). Tu pirvel da meore seriaSi subi-eqti aris kaci, paradigma winaaGmdegobrivi iqneba, Tu mas mesame seriaSi sxva gramatikuli subieqti gauCndeba. es ewi-naaGmdegeba fleqsiis ZiriTad kanonebs. naTelia, rom III seri-aSi ara gvaqvs ordinaruli situacia, magram markerTa formob-rivi cvla ufro misaGebia, vidre Sinaarsobrivi xasiaTis cvlilebani paradigmaSi~ (dasax. krebuli, gv. 193).

replikaSi SeniSvnebi, upirveles Kovlisa, III seriaSi aqtivis formaTa CamoKalibebis arsebiTi aspeqtebiT aris gakeTebuli. aq ganzogadebulad ori kiTxva dgas: saidan momdinareobs aqtiur zmnaTa perfeqtuli formebi da ramdenad Jdebian isini saTanado paradigmaSi, anu III seriis formebi rogor erTiandeba aqtivis I da II seriebis formebTan paradigmaSi?

pirveli kiTxvis pasuxi davas ar iwves: aqtivis perfeqtul formaTa modeli (anu III seriis aqtivis formaTa warmoebis mo-deli) emTxveva awmKo droSi statikuri zmnis formaTa warmo-ebis models, romlis arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia is, rom warsul qmedebasTan organuli kavSiris gamo (warsuli awmKoSi) awmKo droSi subieqtis roli da, Sesabamisad amisa, subieq-tis niSanic Sedegis gamomxatvel aqtants eZleva: `me miyiravs Tasi~; `me mikavia wigni~; `mwKemss guda hki-dia~ da sxv. iribi obieqti am formebSi (miyiravs, hkidia...) Se-msrulebeli aqtantia (me miyiravs, mwKemss hkidia). ai, es

139

sintaqsi

modelia gamoKenebuli aqtiur zmnaTa paradigmaSi. modelis gamoKenebaze miTiTeba CvenTvis ar niSnavda ariTmetikul gadasvlas erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi, e. i. iribi damatebi-sa da subieqtis gadasvlas I seriis statikuri formidan III seriis aqtiuri zmnis paradigmaSi.

aqtiur formebSi e n a m g a m o i K e n a m o d e l i , r o -m e l S i c w a r s u l i q m e d e b i s S e d e g i s u b i e q t i s n i S n i T a G i n i S n e b a , x o l o S e m s r u l e b e l i a m q m e d e b i s a _ o b i e q t i s n i S n i T . es algebruli mimarTe-ba statikuri zmniT gadmocemul qmedebis Sedegsa da mo-qmeds Soris moergo aqtivis paradigmis wevrebs: `mas dau-xatavs suraTi~. `suraTi~ w a r s u l i q m e d e b i s S e d e g i a (Sedegi KovelTvis, pirdapiri damatebiT aris gamoxatuli) da perfeqtulobis modeliT, rogorc Sedegi, i G e b s s u b i e q t i s n i S a n s , xolo `mas~ aqac Semsrulebeli aqtantia da obieqtis niSniT gamoixateba.

aqtantTa rolebs perfeqtulobis kategoria anawilebs.rodesac vwerdiT I da II seriebis pirdapiri obieqti III seriaSi

iniciatoris rols iGebso, mxedvelobaSi gvqonda is, rom Kvela ti-pis zmnur formaSi subieqti aris iniciatori. SeiZleba aqtanti er-Tdroulad iniciatoric iKos da qmedebis Semsrulebelic (pirvelad aqtivebSi: wers, xatavs...), magram q m e d e b i s S e m s r u -l e b e l i p i r v e l a d d a m e o r a d k a u z a t i v e b S i subi-eqti ar aris; magaliTad: `me matira man~ winadadebis Se-masmenelSi `tiril~ qmedebis Semsrulebelia pirdapiri obieqti. sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi es kargadaa warmoCenili: `matira tirili maqnevina~. Cans, rom pirdapiri obieqtia qme-debis Semsrulebeli, subieqti iniciatoria da subieqtis niSani swored mas aqvs (-a) zmnis formaSi da ara qmedebis Se-msrulebels. es konteqsti ivaraudeba, rodesac vmsJelobT inici-atoris rolis miGebaze I da II seriebis pirdapiri obieqtebis mier III seriaSi.

rac Seexeba debulebas _ `markerTa formobrivi cvla ufro misaGebia, vidre Sinaarsobrivi xasiaTis cvlilebani paradigma-Si~ (33, 194), laparakia subieqtisa da obieqtis markerTa Se-nacvlebaze. amas adgili aqvs konversiis dros (aqtivi pasivi), rodesac aqtivis pirdapiri obieqti pasivis subieqtad moiqceva (x d e b a g r a m a t i k u l i S i n a a r s i s S e c v l a ): ga-g-aTa-visufles ga-s-Tavisufldi (dGevandeli normiT ga--Tavisufldi). markerTa Senacvleba kanonzomieria, rasac gramatikuli Sina-

140

Tedo uTurgaiZe

arsis Secvlac mohKva da es formebic sxvadasxva paradigma-Si eqcevian.

Tu Zaladobas ar vixmarebT, rogorc amas adgili aqvs in-versiis TeoriaSi, paradigmis SigniT aqtantebs markerebi ar Se-ecvlebaT: iniciators KovelTvis eqneba subieqtis niSani, araini-ciators _ obieqtisa, funqciis mixedviT pirdapiri an iribi obieqti-sa.

inversiis TeoriiT, subieqts gamoxatavs obieqtis niSani, obieqts _ subieqtisa. gamodis, niSnebi sworad ar iqna ganawi-lebuli subieqtsa da obieqts Soris. es, ase vTqvaT, momxma-reblis SeniSvnaa enis qmedebis mimarT. Zaladoba enaze emKareba debulebas _ moqmedi u T u o d s u b i e q t i a , e.i. Tu moqmedia, gind obieqtis niSani hqondes, uTuod subieqtad unda miviCnioTo da piris niSanTa inversiis daSvebac aucilebe-li xdeba.

roca vambobT `is kaci bolos mainc mecemina me~, na-Telia, rom qmedebis Semsrulebeli `me~ qarTul enas irib obi-eqtad gamohKavs, xolo qmedebis gamomwvevi (iniciatori) `kaci~ _ subieqtad.

kauzaciis kategoriis mqone zmnebSi qmedebis gamo-mwvevi (anu iniciatori) KovelTvis subieqtia, qmedebis Se-msrulebeli ki _ obieqti, amitom viTareba analogiuri iqneba Tu am zmnas moqmedebiT gvarSi gadaviKvanT: `me vacemine mas is kaci~. aq `me~ mxolod iniciatoria (qmedebaSi fiziku-rad ar monawileobs) da subieqtis niSanic amitom `me~ aq-tants aqvs, qmedebis Semsrulebeli kvlav iribi obieqtia. inver-siis Teorias Tu davemKarebiT, aqac (mecemina, vacemine) pi-ris niSanTa inversia unda gvevarauda, radgan moqmed aq-tants iribi obieqtis niSani aqvs da a. S.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba vTqvaT: Tu subieqti ganisazGvre-ba qmedebis Semsruleblis roliT, piris niSanTa inversiis daSve-ba aucilebelia. inversiul zmnaTa g a f a r T o e b u l i w r e c (or-piriani mediopasivebi: mKavs. miKvars, midgas...) cnobilia sa-mecniero literaturaSi. am wris gafarToeba qmedebis Semsru-leblis subieqtad gamocxadebas mohKva. es w r e S e i v s e b a statikuri vnebiTebiT (miyiravs meyireba meyira myeria da sxv.).

meore mxriT, qarTuli enis mier nakarnaxebi perfeqtulobis kategoriis gaTvaliswineba saSualebas iZleva nebismier forma-Si piris niSanTa mixedviT calsaxad ganvsazGvroT zmnis subi-

141

sintaqsi

eqti (-s -a -o... niSnebiT), rac avtomaturad obieqtTa saxeo-bebsac gamogvaKofinebs.

142

morfosintaqsi

morfosintaqsi

qarTuli enis morfosintaqsis sakiTxebi

S e s a v a l i

morfologiuri da sintaqsuri movlenebi gramatikaSi sakma-od mkafiod aris gamiJnuli erTimeorisgan Semadgeneli ele-mentebisa da elementTa urTierTobis kanonzomierebaTa mi-xedviT saTnado doneTa farglebSi, magram m a T i a b s o l u -t u r i g a m i J v n a S e u Z l e b e l i a , radgan enis globalur sis-temaSi isini erTdroulad moqmedeben da e r T i m e o r i s f u n -q c i a T a r e a l i z a c i a S i s r u l i a d b u n e b r i v a d i G e b e n m o n a w i l e o b a s . ase magaliTad: msazGvreli sazGvruls unda eTanxmebodes brunvaSi. bruneba saxelis mo-rfologiuri kategoriaa, brunva ki _ am kategoriis elementi. sin-taqsisa aq is aris, mmarTveli wevri masTan dakavSirebuli wevrisgan imave brunvas iTxovs, rac TviTon aqvs.

imisTvis, rom substantivma (arsebiTi saxeliT gamoxatul-ma winadadebis romelime wevrma) Tavisi msazGvreli (igive gansazGvreba _ Tviseba substantivisa ar dakargos, sayiroa maT Soris gansakuTrebuli formaluri urTierTobis damKareba, rasac sintaqsSi S e T a n x m e b a hqvia.

`SeTanxmeba~ varaudobs winadadebis or wevrs Soris erTi da imave kategoriis arsebobas da sintagmis erTi wevris mier meorisagan am kategoriis saziaro saxeobis SeZenas, magaliTad, Tu sazGvruli moTxrobiT brunvaSi dgas, msazGvre-lic moTxrobiT brunvaSi unda dadges. SeTanxmebis gziT miiGweva kavSiri winadadebis am or wevrs Soris, rasac arse-biTi mniSvneloba aqvs komunikaciis procesSi.

rac Seexeba ricxvs, T u m s a z G v r e l i s a z G v r u l T a n b r u n v a S i a S e T a n x m e b u l i , i s r i c x v S i c u T u o d S e T a n x m e b u l i i q n e b a , miuxedavad imisa, msazGvre-lis mravlobiToba formalurad gamoxatulia Tu ar aris formalu-rad gamoxatuli. amis mizezi is aris, rom msazGvrels, Tvisebis gamomxatvel wevrs winadadebisa, realurad ricxvi ara aqvs, mas, rogorc Tvisebas, ar gaaCnia diskretuloba (ver daiTvleba) maSinac ki, roca msazGvrelad diskretuli arsebiTi saxelia mo-qceuli, magaliTad: `qali maswavleblebi~ an `m o w a f e yabu-kebi~... Sdr. `q a l e b i movidnen~ an `m o w a f e e b i Seikrib-nen~, sadac `qalebi~ da `mowafeebi~ arsebiTi saxelebis

146

Tedo uTurgaiZe

simravles gamoxataven.ar vambobT `qalebi maswavleblebi~, miuxedavad imisa,

rom sinamdvileSi im `maswavleblebzea~ laparaki, romlebic `qalebi~ arian. `qali maswavleblebi~ SesitKvebaSi `qali~ ga-zedsarTavebuli saxelia _ Tvisebis gamomxatvel sitKvad aris qceuli, dakarguli aqvs arsebiTi saxelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli diskretuloba da, r o g o r c T v i s e b a , `m a s w a v l e b e l i ~ s u b s t a n t i v S i n a v a r a u d e b i K v e l a s a x e l i s m a -x a s i a T e b e l i a .

rac zemoT iTqva, Kvela drois sazGvrulsa da msazGvrels exeba zogadad. miuxedavad am kavSiris mudmivobisa, sazGvrulisa da msazGvrelis urTierToba g a m o x a t u l e b i s p l a n S i g a n s x v a v e b u l s a x e s i G e b s c v l i l e b a T a v e r t i k a l u r i (drois) G e r Z i s s x v a d a s x v a w e r t i l S i . arc Tu iSviaTad g a n s x v a v e b a g a m o x a t u l e b i s p l a -n i s m i x e d v i T h o r i z o n t a l u r x a z z e c (Tanadrouli dia-leqtebi da samwerlobo ena) g v a q v s .

Sesaval nawilSi aGar warmovadgenT pirmimarTi aqtante-bisa da Semasmenlis urTierTobebs istoriul aspeqtSi orive pla-nis mixedviT, maT cal-calke ganvixilavT. qvemoT SevecdebiT im mizezTa gamovlenas, ramac gansxvavebuli gamoxatulebis planis mimarTebebi Seapiroba da, rac arsebiTia Cveni Temis-Tvis, SevecdebiT, vaCvenoT Sualeduri morfosintaqsuri siste-mis specifika, riTac is gansxvavdeba wminda morfologiuri da sintaqsuri mimarTebebisgan.

Semdgom msJelobisTvis arsebiTia, gamovkveToT S i d a -f o r m i s cneba. S i d a f o r m a a r i s a l g e b r u l i g r a m a t i -k u l i m i m a r T e b a s i n t a q s u r w K v i l e b s S o r i s .

Sidaforma genetikuri maxasiaTebelia. igi enebs arsebobis bolomde gasdevs. algebruli formulis mudmivobis (istoriulad samwerlobo enaSi, monaTesave enebSi Tu dialeqtebSi) miu-xedavad, misi gamoxatulebis plani, rogorc zemoT iTqva, SeiZ-leba seriozulad Seicvalos, magaliTad: atributuli msazGvreli Zvel qarTulSi gamoxatulebis planSic KovelTvis gamoxatavda SeTanxmebas: `darbazman mcireman~ da `mcireman dar-bazman~. istoriuli viTareba samwerlobo enaSi Seicvala. dGes bunebrivia `darbazma mcirem~ da `mcire darbazma~. Tu postpoziciuri msazGvreli Zvel wess imeorebs (darbaz-man mcire-man da darbaz-ma mcire-m), prepoziciaSi msazGvrels gamoxatulebis planSi SeTanxmebis gamomxatveli brunvis ni-Sani aGara aqvs. SeTanxmebisTvis aucilebelia nulovani alo-

147

morfosintaqsi

morfis miwera am brunvaSi (mcire- darbaz-ma), radgan Se-Tanxmeba sazGvrulsa da msazGvrels Soris brunvaSi aucilebe-lia _ mxolod SeTanxmebis safuZvelze SeiZleba ganekuTvnos esa Tu is msazGvreli mis sazGvruls. swored es mimarTeba qmnis gramatikul algebrul formulas, romlis ariTmetikul reali-zacias warmoadgens gamoxatulebis plani, sadac nulovani alo-morfi sintaqsuri ZaliT materialuri niSnis tolfasia. amis SesaZ-lebloba enas mxolod Sualedur morfosintaqsur sistemaSi eZle-va (dawvrilebiTi analizi ix. qvemoT).

S e T a n x m e b a

ganvixilavT ricxvsa da brunvaSi SeTanxmebas saxelTa Soris, erTi mxriT, da ricxvSi SeTanxmebas saxelTa da zmnas Soris, meore mxriT. manamde ki gansaxilvelia TviT ricxvisa da brunebis kategoriebi da maTi realizacia saxelTa da zmna-Ta formebSi.

s a x e l T a m r a v l o b i T i r i c x v i q a r T u l S i

-eb da -n / -Ta sufiqsebi Zvelsa da Tanamedrove qarTul-Si saxelTa mravlobiT ricxvs gamoxataven. -eb saxels Kvela brunvaSi gasdevs, -n sufiqsi mxolod saxelobiT brunvaSia da mimarTvis formaSi. amaTgan gansxvavebiT, -T saxelis brunvi-sa da ricxvis niSnad miiCneva Zveli qarTulis xuT brunvaSi: moTxrobiTSi, micemiTSi, naTesaobiTSi, moqmede-biTsa da viTarebiTSi.

sax.moTx.mic.naT.moq.viT.

kac-eb-ikac-eb-mankac-eb-sakac-eb-isakac-eb-iTakac-eb-ad

kac-n-ikac-Takac-Takac-Takac-Takac-Ta

-a daboloebiT gavrcobili brunvis niSani mxolobiTSi da -eb sufiqsian mravlobiTSi Zvel qarTuls v i T a r e b i T b r u n v a S i ar gaaCnda. rac Seexeba sxva brunvebs, brunvaTa niSnebis

148

Tedo uTurgaiZe

daboloebebSi -a sufiqss vertikalur GerZze gansxvavebuli fun-qcia aqvs sxvadasxva wertilSi, anu sxvadasxva periodSi: Zvel qarTulamde, es -a saxelTa formebSi g a n s a z G v r e b i T i e l e m e n t i C a n s . aseTi varaudis sababs iZleva is, rom -a Zvel qarTulSi ar daerTvis anTroponimebs, TviTgansazGvrul saxelebs, micemiT, naTesaobiT da moqmedebiT brunvebSi; sazogado saxelebSi ki Zvel qarTuls gansazGvrulobis axali sis-tema aqvs, romelzec h. fogti miuTiTebda (ix. brunvaTa siste-ma Zvel qarTulSi; `mimomxilveli~, 4/5, 1968) _ esaa nawevri-ani formebi aGniSnul brunvebSi (kacsa mas, kacisa mis, ka-ciTa miT). Zvel qarTulSi es -a brunvebSi Sedis, brunvis niSnis Semadgenelia (mic. _ -sa, naT. _ -isa, moq. _ -iTa), misi Zveli funqcia nawevarma miiGo, TviTon ki ufunqciobis gamo brun-vis niSans SeuerTda.

axal qarTulSi -a sufiqsi gamoeKo brunvis niSans da SeiZi-na delimitaciuri funqcia saxelTa bolos: `k a c s a hkiTxavs~, magram ar SeiZleba `k a c s a mohkiTxavs~, `k a l m i T a wers~, magram ar SeiZleba `kalmiTa dawers~... -a sufiqsis es funqcia gadavida im zmnisarTebsa da nawilakebze, romel-Tac gaaCndaT a xmovniT daboloebuli formebi: aqa aq, iqa iq, sada sad, zeda zed... ara ar, mca mc, ca c... variantebSi ufro Zvelia -a daboloebiani formebi. ramdenime nimuSi: `aq dawers~, ar SeiZleba `aqa dawers~, `ar da-wers~, ar SeiZleba `ara dawers~ da sxv.

delimitaciis -a zmniswiniani formebis win imitom ikrZale-ba, rom zmniswinic delimitaciuri elementia (Tanac ufro Zveli am funqciis mixedviT) _ zmnis formaSi mis win gamoricxulia zmnuri sxva kategoriis elementi. aseTi ram roca xdeba, zmniswins ukve dakarguli aqvs Tavis funqcia, igi fuZis nawi-lad aris qceuli (mag.: vaGiareb, Sdr. aGiareba; vaGorZineb; Sdr. aGorZineba. i a r e b a da o r Z i n e b a formebi aGar arse-bobs qarTulSi, a G i a r e b a da a G o r Z i n e b a formebSi aG leqsikur mniSvnelobaTa aucilebeli Semadgenelia.

Tanamedrove qarTulSi delimitaciis -a sintaqsur elemen-tad unda miviCnioT, ramdenadac igi gansazGvravs msazGvre-li wevris blokirebas winadadebaSi, ris safuZvelzec sruliad gansxvavebul saxes iGebs postpoziciuri msazGvreli, kerZod, -a ganapirobebs nulovan alomorfebs: wigni kacisa-, wignma kacisa-, wigns kacisa-... wignebi kacisa-, wignma kacisa-... warmodgenil paradigmaSi Kvela nuli dakavSirebulia deli-mitaciur -a sufiqsTan. magaliTad: `w i g n s k a c i s m e g o -

149

morfosintaqsi

b a r s vaZlev~. Tanamedrove qarTulSi es winadadeba ase danawevrdeba: `wigns / k a c i s m e g o b a r s vaZlev~, e. i. delimitaciis -a sufiqsis gareSe or substantivs Soris moqceuli msazGvreli ekuTvnis marJvniv mdgom sazGvruls; Sdr. `w i g n s k a c i s a / megobars vaZlev~. delimitaciis -a sufiqs-ma diametralurad Secvala sazGvrulis adgili winadadebaSi _ axla marcxniv mdgomi sazGvrulis kuTvnileba gaxda or sub-stantivs Soris moqceuli msazGvreli.

ricxvSi SeTanxmeba gansxvavebulad formdeba Semas-menelsa da pirmimarT aqtantebs Soris Zvelsa da axal qarTul-Si: Zvel qarTulSi Semasmeneli formalurad KovelTvis ormxriv iKo SeTanxmebuli ricxvSi -n sufiqsian qvemdebaresa da pir-dapir damatebasTan: `movides mowafeni misni~ (m. 14, 12c), `...xolo mowafeni Senni yamen da sumen~ (l. 5, 33c); `da mouvlinnes mas mowafeni igi maTni~ (m. 22, 16c), `ixil-na mowafeni T‚sni~ (mr. 8, 33c).

simravlis gageba SemasmenelSi pirmimarT aqtan-tebs (S, Od, Oind) SeaqvT, e. i. Tu r o m e l i m e a m a q t a n -t T a g a n i m r a v l o b i T r i c x v S i d g a s , i g i u T u o d S e i T a n x m e b s S e m a s m e n e l s r i c x v S i , m i u x e d a -v a d i m i s a a m a q t a n t i s s i m r a v l e S e m a s m e n e l -S i m a r k i r e b u l i i q n e b a T u a r a . SeTanxmeba ricxv-Si imitom unda vivaraudoT, rom m T q m e l i c a da a d r e -s a t i c z m n u r q m e d e b a S i m o n a w i l e T a r i c x v s p i r m i m a r T i a q t a n t i s r i c x v i s m i x e d v i T g a n s a -z G v r a v e n : `kacebi iKo~ SesitKvebaSi qvemdebaris mravlo-biTi ricxvis forma _ `kacebi~ mTqmelsac da adresatsac zmnur qmedebaSi avaraudebinebs Kvelas, vinc `k a c e b i ~ f o r -m a S i m o i a z r e b a da ara mxolod erT kacs imis gamo, rom `iKo~ forma ZiriTadad erTis mimarT ixmareba: `vefxistKaos-nis~ `kacebi da saxedrebi erTob iKo Saosani~ (1579,2) kargad gviCvenebs, rom `k a c e b i ~ da `s a x e d r e b i ~ qvemdebareTa gverdiT Sedgenili Semasmeneli `i K o S a o s a -n i ~ gamoxatavs ara erTs, aramed Kvelas, vinc `kacebi~, `saxedrebi~ formebSi moiazreba. ricxvSi SeTanxmebis aseT saxeobas Cven vuwodebT `r i c x v S i S e T a n x m e b i s c a l -m x r i v m a r k i r e b u l S e T a n x m e b a s ~. SevadaroT amas `kacni iKvnes~, magaliTad: `kacni Cuenisa rCulisani

150

Tedo uTurgaiZe

iKvnes~ (Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I1, 32, 23). am meore SemTxvevaSi qvemdebaris (`kacni~) simravle SemasmenelSic aisaxa _ `iKvnes~ (yarbadac ki aisaxa : -n da -es sufiqsebi _ orive qvemdebaris simravles gamoxatavs). ri-cxvSi SeTanxmebis am saxeobas ki vuwodebT `r i c x v S i o r -m x r i v m a r k i r e b u l S e T a n x m e b a s ~.

msgavsad -n sufiqsisa, -Ta sufiqsiani qvemdebaris mrav-lobiTis formac ormxriv aris markirebuli: `egreca KovelTa mo-wafeTa Tques~ (m. 26, 35c); Sdr. -eb sufiqsiani mravlobiTis calmxriv markirebuli SeTanxmeba ricxvSi: `inaƒ-idga kaceb-man man~ (i. n. 10c).

zemoT warmodgenili debulebebis mixedviT ricxvSi Se-Tanxmeba -n/-T sufiqsebiani aqtantebisa da -eb sufiqsiani aqtantisa SemasmenelTan, miuxedavad gamoxatulebis planSi seriozuli gansxvavebisa, erTnairia _ SeTanxmeba orive Se-mTxvevaSi gvaqvs.

(2) -n /-T sufiqsiani substantivebi mravlobiT ricxvSi ag-reTve ormxrivi markirebiT ukavSirdebodnen msazGvrels: kac-ni keTilni keTilni kacni, kacTa keTilTa keTilTa kacTa...

-eb sufqsian substantivTa msazGvreli Zvelsa da axal qar-TulSi mxolobiT ricxvSi dgas : kacebi keTili keTili kacebi, ka-cebman keTilman keTilman kacebman...

saSual qarTulSi da mTis dialeqtebSi iKo mcdeloba, msgavsad -n/-T sufiqsian saxelTa, -eb sufiqsian substantiveb-Tan ormxrivi markirebiT daekavSirebinaT msazGvreli: kacebs keTilebs keTilebs kacebs: ...avTandil gasca pasuxi, s i t K v e b i l a m a z e b i a (`vefxistKvaosani~, 285, 1); xevsu-rulSi, magaliTad: TeTreb cixeebs, (qeriT) nakvebeb cxenebi da sxv. es cda uSedego aGmoCnda: Tanamedrove qarTul mwerlobaSi da dialeqtebSic mravlobiTis ormxriv markirebuli -eb sufiqsiani sazGvruli da msazGvreli aGar gvxvdeba, msa-zGvreli -eb sufiqsian sazGvrulTan mxolobiT ricxvSi dgas: TeT-ri cixeebi, TeTr cixeebs da sxv.

ganxiluli viTarebis mixedviT gasarkvevia is, Tu gamoxa-tulebis planSi ratom hqondaT mravlobiT ricxvSi SeTanxmebis gansxvavebuli saxeobebi, erTi mxriT, -n / -T sufiqsebiT da, meore mxriT, -eb sufiqsiT gaformebul aqtantebs Semasme-

1 qvemoT Kvelgan damowmebul masalaSi I, II, III, IV ricxvebi aGniSnaven `Zveli qarTuli originaluri agiografiuli literaturis ZeglTa~ tomeu-lebs.

151

morfosintaqsi

nelTan da msazGvrel saxelebTan. samecniero literaturaSi ga-rkveuli pasuxi (Cveni azriT, aradamakmaKofilebeli) amaze ar-sebobs. dgeba meore kiTxvac: marTalia, Sinaarsis planSi urTi-erToba Semasmenelsa da aqtantebs Soris, aseve sazGvrulsa da msazGvrels Soris istoriulad ucvleli rCeba mravlobiT ricxvSi, magram seriozuli cvlilebebi moxda gamoxatulebis planSi. ras ukavSirdeba gamoxatulebis planis cvlilebebi? rasTan gvaqvs saqme _ morfologiur Tu morfosintaqsur cvlilebebTan?

marTalia, gamoiTqva Tvalsazrisi, rom mravlobiTobis su-fiqsTagan -n / -T `indeferentulia~ _ gamoxatavs Kovelgvari sagnis simravles, gansxvavebiT -eb sufiqsisgan, romelsac Ta-visi `genetikuri mowodebiT~ nivTTa klasis saxelebi unda gadaeKvana mravlobiT ricxvSi da am funqciidan ganuviTarda mas krebiTobis funqcia, rac, k. donduas TvalsazrisiT, kargad SeimCneva Zvel qarTulSi (15, 143, 153, 157). argumentebi, romelTac am debulebisTvis iKenebs, TviT avtors ar miaCnia gadamwKveti mniSvnelobis mqoned, igi wers: «Сложность вопроса заключается в том, что ни в древнелитературном грузинском, и ни в соврменном нет строгого разграничения функций между двумя формами множественного числа. Именно, Pln является «индеферентной» формой множественности: она не приурочена к определенному кругу понятий и весьма часто выступает рядом с Plев в тех же случаях и с той же функцией, что и последняя» (15, 158).

-eb sufiqsis krebiTobis funqciaze werdnen g. deetersic da f. corelic (15, 141, 164). n. mars -eb sufiqsi xalxuri warmo-mavlobisad miaCnda, mwignobruli enis damaxasiaTeblad mxolod -n / -T sufiqsebs miiCnevda. ufro gvian a. SaniZe, i. im-naiSvili, d. meliqiSvili, z. sarJvelaZe da sxvani -eb sufiqss mravlobiTi ricxvis Cveulebriv ( k. donduas terminologiiT `inde-ferentul~) mawarmoeblad miiCneven _ a r exebian a r c -n / -T s u fi q s e b T a n f u n q c i u r d a p i r i s p i r e b a s s a w a r -m o e b e l s a x e l T a J g u f e b i s g a r C e v i s s a f u Z v e l z e d a a r c m i s w a r m o m a v l o b a s . aseTi Jgufebis gamoKofa aravis ucdia.

Tu SemovifarglebiT qarTuli enis xiluli periodiT da ar davi-wKebT ufro adreuli funqciis / funqciebis Ziebas, kiTxvebi am sibrtKeze dadgeba: r a t o m g a n s x v a v d e b i a n Pl-n/-T da Pl-eb S e m a s m e n e l T a n d a w i n a d a d e b i s m s a z G v r e l w e v r T a n u r T i e r T o b i s f o r m a l u r i s a x e o b e b i T : (1) Pl-n/-T qvemdebared da damatebad SemasmenelSi markirebu-

152

Tedo uTurgaiZe

lia, Pl-eb ki _ ara; (2) Pl-n/-T msazGvrelSi markirebulia, Pl-eb ki ar aris markirebuli?

upirveles Kovlisa: ricxvis gageba SemasmenelSi Se-aqvs pirmimarT aqtantebs: q v e m d e b a r e s , p i r d a p i r da i r i b d a m a t e b e b s , e. i. substantivebs, romlebic zmnaSi piris niSnebiT warmodgebian.

Zveli qarTulis monacemebiT pirmimarTi aqtantebi zmnaSi ukve niSandebuli arian pirTa mixedviT: subieqtsac da obieq-tebsac (pirdapirsa da iribs) Tav-Tavisi niSnebi aqvT zmnaSi. marTalia, pirdapir da irib obieqtebs erTi da igive niSnebi aqvT, magram es problemas ar qmnis, radgan i s i n i g a n s x v a -v e b u l k a t e g o r i e b s w a r m o a d g e n e n , rac iZleva imis saSualebas, rom erTi da igive niSani gamoiKenon gansxvave-buli kategoriis pirTa mixedviT. Cven vvaraudobT, rom iribma obieqtma pirdapiri obieqtisgan gadaiGo niSnebi (52, 43).

piris niSnebis gaCenis Semdeg sayiro xdeba am pirTa ri-cxvis mixedviT gansxvavebac. Zvel qarTulSi -n / -T sufiqsebi-an aqtantTa ricxvis markirebac ukve dasrulebisken miemar-Teba: subieqti ricxvis mixedviT ormxrivi markirebiT aris gafor-mebuli; aseve ormxriv aris markirebuli saxelobiT brunvaSi da-smuli obieqti; r i c x v S i S e T a n x m e b a s i w K e b s mice-miT brunvaSi dasmuli obieqtic (pirdapirica da iribic) _ gu- prefiqsi m x o l o d m r a v l o b i T r i c x v S i i x m a r e b a I p i r i s p i r m i m a r T i o b i e q t e b i s a G s a n i S n a v a d (is guaqebs Cuen, man gurqua Cuen): obieqtis simravle gu- prefiqsiT calsaxad aris gamoxatuli I pirSi, magram simravle ar aris markirebuli micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli II da III pirebisa (zogJer I pirisac, rac ZvelqarTulamdeli periodidan aris gadmo-Kolili), magaliTad: gaqebs Sen / Tquen, aqebs mas / maT; ge-vedrebis Sen / Tquen, evedrebis mas / maT; Zvel qarTulSi arc Tu iSviaTad Segvxvdeba ZvelqarTulamdeli maqebs me/Cuen, II da III pirTa msgavsi viTareba.

mravlobiT ricxvSia iribi damateba:`naSobno iqedneTano, vin g i C u e n a T q u e n sivltola

mermisa misgan momavalisa risxvisa?~ (m. 3,7); Sdr. Tanamedr. qarTuli Tqven giCvenaT.

`marTliad marTalsa g e t K ‚ Tquen...~ (i. 1, 51); Sdr. getKviT Tqven.

`...raca g i n d e s , iTxovdiT da g e K o s Tquen~ (i. 15, 17); Sdr. (mo=) gindeT da geKoT `SegisruldeT~ Tqven.

mravlobiT ricxvSia pirdapiri damateba:

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morfosintaqsi

`me m i g a v l i n e b Tquen~ (m. 10, 16); Sdr. migavli-nebT Tqven.

`ege d a g a b r k o l e b s Tquen?~ (i. 6,61); Sdr. dagab-rkolebT Tqven.

Tanamedrove qarTulSi am pirebma saxelobiT da micemiT brunvebSi ukve gamoxates obieqtTa simravle: Sen gaqebs Tqven gaqebT (XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi g a q e b s T is Tqven), mas aqebs maT aqebT, Sen gevedreba Tqven gevedre-baT, mas evedreba maT evedrebaT... (mTis dialeqtebs dGemde SemorCaT g a q e b s T , a q e b s T ; g e v e d r e b i s T tipis formebi).

g a q e b s T tipis formebma ilia yavyavaZisa da akaki we-reTlis dromde moaGwies. iSviaTad, magram mainc vxvdebiT maT axali qarTuli enis am klasikosTa TxzulebebSi.

simravlis markirebis TvalsazrisiT saKuradGeboa, subieqts I da II pirebSi, xolo obieqtebs, rogorc saxelobiTSi, ise micemiT-Si dasmulT, II da III pirebSi dGes -T sufiqsi gamoxatavs. mize-zi am saerTo niSnis gamoKenebisa is aris, rom S, Od da Oind

gansxvavebuli kategoriebia da ara erTi kategoriis _ `gaudife-rencirebeli piris kategoriis~ elementi.

es sakiTxebi ufro mwvaved dadgeba, Tu -n/-T da -eb su-fiqsebs nivTis klass davukavSirebT warmoSobiT (k. dondua, arn. Ciqobava). saerTo genezisis afiqsebi ratom unda gan-sxvavdebodnen sintaqsuri TvisebebiT?

-n da -eb mxolod mravlobiT ricxvs awarmoeben. -n rom, msgavsad -eb sufiqsisa, Kvela brunvaSi gahKoloda saxels, struqturulad identur paradigmebs Seqmnidnen da -Ta sufiqsi-an formebTan SepirispirebiT brunebis ori saxeoba CamoKalib-deboda mravlobiTi ricxvis mixedviT:

I sa xe o ba II sa xe o ba sax.moTx.mic.naT.moq.viT.

kac-eb-ikac-eb-mankac-eb-sakac-eb-isa-kac-eb-iTakac-eb-ad

kac-n-i*kac-n-man*kac-n-sa*kac-n-isa *kac-n-iTa*kac-n-ad

__kac-Takac-Takac-Takac-Takac-Ta

varskvlaviT savaraudo formebi gamovxateT. isini qarTul enas arasodes hqonia.

154

Tedo uTurgaiZe

-Ta sufiqsiani formebi paradigmis farglebSi erTimeoris-gan sruliad gansxvavebul gramatikul formebs erTi saxiT warmogvidgens gamoxatulebis planSi. maTi gramatikuli mniSvneloba SegviZlia zemoT Sepirispirebuli paradigmebis mixedviT warmovidginoT.

brunvaTa paradigmis saziaro formebis garCeva emKare-ba sintagmatur wesebs, romlebic mKardeba zmnur formeb-Tan urTierTobaSi, e. i. sintaqsur kanonebze aris damKarebuli: saxelis paradigmis ricxvis mixedviT gansxvavebul TiToeul wevrs zmnuri paradigmidan aseve ricxviT gansxvavebuli gan-sazGvruli wevri ukavSirdeba; mKardeba urTierTobis wesebi; magaliTad : `kac-man Tqu-a~ winadadebaSi gamoKofil afiq-sTagan romelimes Secvla avtomaturad iwvevs meoris Se-cvlas: `kac-Ta Tqu-es~ an `Tqu-es kac-Ta~, aGar SeiZleba `Tqu-es kac-man~. urTierTobis es wesebi enaSi avtomatize-bulia, -Ta sufiqsiani saxelis brunvis gamocnoba swored am wesebs emKareba.

rodesac weren, -Ta sufiqsiani saxelis brunva -eb sufiqsi-ani saxelis CasmiT unda gamovicnoTo _ es arakoreqtulia, rad-gan mxolod zmnis formas SeuZlia gvikarnaxos, T v i T -eb s u fi q s i a n i r o m e l i b r u n v i s f o r m a u n d a d a -v s v a T m i s m e w K v i l e d . -Ta sufiqsiani formis adgilze -eb sufiqsianis Casma ganxorcielebuli operaciis Semowmeba-dGa CaiTvleba, Torem u k v e z m n i s f o r m i T a r i s g a n -s a z G v r u l i -Ta s u fi q s i a n i s a x e l i s b r u n v a , Sesaba-misad misi, rogorc gramatikuli formis, mniSvnelobac.

** *

Tu mxedvelobaSi miviGebT imas, rom -*eb da -*n sufiq-sebi rekonstruirdeba saerTo qarTul-zanur doneze; aseve -*T zmnaTa mravlobiTi ricxvis formiT rekonstruirdeba ufro Zvel _ saerTo-qarTvelur doneze, Zveli qarTulisTvis samive sufiqsi sa-xelTa formebSi (-eb, -n, -T) organulad da bunebrivad unda mi-viCnioT. isini paralelurad ixmarebian, Tanabrad gamoxataven mravlobiT ricxvs, oGond gansxvavdebian sintaqsuri urTierTo-bebis formaluri gamoxatvis wesebiT, rasac Tavisi mizezebi hqonda. swored es mizezebia saZebni.

-T sufiqsi, erTi mxriT, da, meore mxriT, -eb mravlobiTi ri-cxvis gansxvavebuli tipis mawarmoeblebia: -eb aglutinaciuri, -T ki fleqsiuri tipis elementia: -eb sufiqss erTi funqcia akis-

155

morfosintaqsi

ria _ gamoxatos mxolod simravle sagnisa, - T s a g a n T a s i m r a v l e s T a n e r T a d b r u n v a s a c g a m o x a t a v s .

-Ta sufiqsian substantivs winadadebis sxva wevrebTan gramatikulad brunebisa da ricxvis kategoriebiT uwevda da-kavSireba. saxelebTan urTierTobaSi es ormagi kavSiri advilad xorcieldeboda, radgan es kategoriebi formalurad orive wevrs gamoexatebodaT. ivaraudeba sazGvrulis kavSiri msazGvrel-Tan: k e T i l T a k a c T a , C u e n T a k a c T a , o r T a k a c T a ... zmnasTan urTierToba ki garTulebuli iKo, radgan brunebis ka-tegoria ara hqonda am ukanasknels da misi kavSiri brunebis mqone aqtantebTan sruliad gansxvavebulad xorcieldeboda. qvemoT am gansxvavebul urTierTobebsa da maT Sedegebs ganvixilavT.

I. msazGvreli sazGvrulis Tvisebis gamomxatveli sitKvaa, realurad mas, rogorc Tvisebas, mravlobiTi ricxvi ara syirdeba, misi formacvaleba imarTeba sazGvruliT: m a T i u r T i e r T o -b a i s e u n d a g a f o r m d e s , r o m m s a z G v r e l m a s a z G v r u l i a r d a k a r g o s . es aris arsebiTi : m s a z G v r e -l i _ T v i s e b a k o n k r e t u l a q t a n t - s u b s t a n t i v z e u n d a i K o s m i J a y v u l i g r a m a t i k u l i w e s e b i T . ami-tom Jer sazGvruli saxelis formaze unda vimsJeloT _ unda gair-kves Semasmenlisa da masTan dakavSirebuli substantivebis gramatikuli urTierToba: aqtanti-substantivi erTi mxriT Tavis msazGvrels ukavSirdeba, meore mxriT zmnuri qmedebis mo-nawilea da gansazGvrul formalur urTierTobaSia zmnasTan.

aqtantebidan Kvela SeiZleba iKos msazGvreliani: qvem-debarec da damatebebic, rogorc pirmimarTi, ise pirmiumarTa-vi.

s a z G v r u l i s r o l S i -eb s u fi q s i a n i s u b s t a n t i v i z e d m i w e v n i T i m e o r e b s m x o l o b i T i r i c x v i s f o r -m a T a u r T i e r T o b e b s : k e T i l -man k a c -man; Sdr. k e -T i l -man kac-eb-man...

msazGvreli or substantivs Soris brunvis formiT KovelTvis konkretul saxelzea miJayvuli: `kacman keTilman / megobarsa hrqua~; Sdr. `kacman / keTilsa megobarsa hrqua~. m s a -z G v r e l i a s e T S e m T x v e v a S i i m s u b s t a n t i v i s T v i s e b a s g a m o x a t a v s , r o m l i s b r u n v a s a c i m e -o r e b s .

Zvel qarTulSi analogiuri viTarebaa maSinac, roca sa-zGvruli -eb sufiqsian mravlobiTSia _ m s a z G v r e l s r i c x v i s m i x e d v i T f o r m a a r e c v l e b a : `k a c e b m a n k e T i l -

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m a n / megobarsa hrqua~ da `kacebman / k e T i l s a m e g o -b a r s a hrqua~.

-Ta s u fi q s i a n m r a v l o b i T S i a m m x r i v g a u r -k v e v e l i v i T a r e b a a : `kacTa keTilTa megobarTa hrques~ _ am winadadebaSi msazGvreli `k e T i l T a ~ Tanabrad SeiZle-ba ekuTvnodes rogorc win mdgom substantivs, ise momdev-nos: `k a c T a k e T i l T a / megobarTa hrques~; Sdr. `kacTa / k e T i l T a m e g o b a r T a hrques~. `k e T i l T a ~ msazGvreli romeli substantivis Tvisebaa, amis garkveva mxolod konteq-stiT aris SesaZlebeli. es didi upiratesobaa -eb sufiqsiani for-mebisTvis. vfiqrobT, swored es viTareba gaxda imis sawinda-ri, rom ena ZiriTadad -eb sufiqsiani mravlobiTis formebze gadavida. -n/-T sufiqsiani formebi arsebiTad stiluri daniSnule-biTGa ixmareba axal qarTulSi.

b r u n v i s n i S a n T a s a S u a l e b i T -eb s u fi q s i a n i s u b s t a n t i v i a x d e n s m s a z G v r e l i s b l o k i r e b a s K v e l a p o z i c i a S i , rasac, bunebrivia, ver SeZlebs -T(a) su-fiqsiani sazGvruli (ix. zemoT), magram aris pozicia Zvel qar-TulSive, sadac -T(a) sufiqsian sazGvrulsac SeuZlia miiJayvos msazGvreli _ es aris m s a z G v r e l i s a d a s a z G v r u l i s T a n a m i m d e v r o b a (prepoziciuri wKoba) winadadebis dasawKisSi: `keTilTa kacTa / megobarTa hrques~. am wina-dadebaSi msazGvreli `keTilTa~ blokirebulia `kacTa" sazGvru-lis mier: (1) am msazGvrels win ar uZGvis sxva substanti-vi (potenciuri sazGvruli), romelsac SeeZlo misi mitaceba; (2) winadadebis Tavkidura msazGvreli (aq `keTilTa~) verc sxva substantivis (aq `megobarTa~) msazGvreli gaxdeba, radgan mas uSualod mosdevs `kacTa~ substantivi, romelsac ver gadaaxteba, rom sxva substantivs gauwios msazGvre-loba. swored am poziciaSi m s a z G v r e l i , Tviseba sazGvruli substantivisa, ubrundeba b u n e b r i v f o r m a s _ m x o l o -b i T r i c x v s (Tvisebas mravlobiTi ricxvi ara aqvs Tavisi bu-nebiT): Tanamedrove qarTulSi ukve bunebrivia `keTil kacTa~, am poziciaSi aGar ixmareba `keTilTa kacTa~ (`keTilTa kacTa uTxres megobrebs~).

Tu msazGvreli sadavo poziciaSi moeqceva (or sazGvruls Soris moTavsdeba), am axali wesis safuZvelze, gansxvavebiT Zveli qarTulisgan, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi dabrunebuli msazGvreli momdevno substantivis kuTvnileba gaxdeba: `kacTa / keTil megobarTa uTxres~, radgan `kacTa keTil~ Se-sitKveba bunebrivi ar aris, saerTod ar gvxvdeba enaSi aseTi

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wKvili sazGvrul-msazGvrelisa (Sdr. Zveli qarTulis `kacTa keTil-Ta megobarTa hrques~, sadac `keTilTa~ msazGvreli SeiZle-boda KofiliKo rogorc win mdgomi sazGvrulis, ise momdevnos Tviseba).

megrulsa da svanurSi, msazGvreli arsebiTad blokirebulia _ mudam prepoziciuria, win uswrebs sazGvruls), mas Tavisi gankuTvnebis saCveneblad materialurad gamoxatuli arc brunvis niSani syirdeba da arc ricxvisa. am poziciaSi materia-lurad warmodgenilia fuZis saxiT, e. i. nulovani alomorfebiT amKarebs kavSirs brunvaTa da ricxvTa mixedviT cvalebad sa-zGvrulTan.

literaturaSi aGniSnulia, rom `Tanamedrove svanurisTvis normaaa msazGvrel-sazGvrulis prepoziciuri wKoba~ (39, 95). Cveni terminologiiT es aris b l o k i r e b u l i m s a z G v r e l i _ igi momdevno substantivis Tvisebaa da ar ganekuTvneba win mdgoms, amitom, roca svanurSi msazGvrel-sazGvrulis gamo-xatulebis planze vmsJelobT, msazGvrelis forma unda ganvixi-loT momdevno substantivTan mimarTebiT.

al. oniani amave naSromSi aGniSnavs: `atributuli msazGvreli Tanamedrove svanurSi, Cveulebriv, fuZis saxiT aris warmodgenili Kvela brunvaSi~ (39, 95). iqve naTqvamia, rom saxelTa fuZeebi an e r T v a r i a n t i a n i a , an _ o r v a r i -a n t i a n i . aGwerilia sazGvrulisa da msazGvrelis erTad brune-bis sami tipi: erTvariantiani msazGvrelebi Kvela brunvaSi erTi da imave formiT arian warmodgenili (romelic materialurad fu-Zes emTxveva), miuxedavad imisa, sazGvrulis fuZe ramden variantiania, e. i. aseTi msazGvrelebi arc brunvis niSans iCe-nen da arc ricxvisas, aviGoT, magaliTad, f ˆ r i b a l e `xmeli foToli~ _ msazGvrels erTvariantiani fuZe aqvs, sazGvruls _ or-variantiani, msazGvreli Kvela brunvaSi fuZis saxiT, ufro zus-tad, nulovani alomorfebiT iqneba warmodgenili sazGvrulis win (fˆri- bale, fˆri- bale-s, fˆri- bale-d...). es sazGvrulisa da msazGvrelis erTad brunebis I tipia.

II tipSi erTiandebian iseTi wKvilebi, romelTa sazGvruls fu-Ze erTvariantiani aqvs, msazGvrels ki _ erTvariantianica da orvariantianic; III tipSi ki sazGvrulis fuZe SeiZleba iKos erTva-riantianica da orvariantianic. orive tipSi (II da III) msazGvreli SeiZleba ucvleli iKos _ saxelobiTsa da irib brunvebs saerTo forma aqvT _ nulovani alomorfebiT daboloebuli; is cvlileba ki, rac irib brunvebSi xdeba msazGvrelis brunvaTa mixedviT, nu-

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lovani alomorfebiT daboloebas ver cvlis, radgan m x o l o d f u Z e s e x e b a .

SeiZleba davaskvnaT: svanur enaSi msazGvreli blokire-bulia da ar sayiroebs brunvisa da ricxvis matarebel niSnebs; msazGvreli, rogorc sazGvrulTan SeTanxmebiT dakavSirebuli wevri, Kvela brunvaSi warmodgenilia nulovani alomorfebiT, romelTa funqcia dgindeba sazGvrulis amave kategoriaTa ma-terialuri niSnebiT.

svanurisa da qarTulis analogiuri viTarebaa zanurSi (me-grul-lazurSi). k. danelia wers: `zanurSi msazGvreli Cveulebriv win uswrebs sazGvruls, magram SeiZleba mosdevdes~ (14, 114). poziciurad gansxvavebuli msazGvrelebis bruneba cal-calkea ganxiluli: `Tu msazGvreli win uZGvis sazGvaruls, igi arc brunvaSi, arc ricxvSi ar Seicvleba~ (14, 114). sanimuSod moKvanili magaliTebidan viGebT mxolod moTxrobiT da mice-miT brunvebs: y i T a uSqurq `wiTelma vaSlma~, y i T a uSqu-ris `wiTel vaSls~... mravlobiT ricxvSi: y i T a uSqurenq `wiTel-ma vaSlebma~, y i T a uSqurens `wiTel vaSlebs~...

rigis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi (roca sazGvrulia prepoziciuri) an SesitKvebis orive wevri ibrunvis (xoJiq didq `xarma did-ma~, xoJis didis `xars dids~...), an mxolod bolo wevri (xoJi di-diq `xari didma~, xoJi didis `xari dids~...).

avtoris debulebebiTa da ilustraciebiT sruliad naTeli xde-ba, rom msazGvrelisa da sazGvrulis brunebisas viTareba er-Tnairia qarTvelur enebSi, roca msazGvreli win uswrebs sazGvruls (prepoziciuria) _ msazGvrels ara syirdeba brun-visa da ricxvis materialuri niSnebi. es exeba rogorc atributul, ise substantiur msazGvrelian saxelebs.

sxvaoba qarTulsa da zanurs Soris arsebiTad imiT gamoi-xateba, rom qarTuls ara aqvs `s a x l i x i s a m ~, `s a x l i x i -s a s ~ tipis warmoeba; Sdr. zanuri ‡ u d e J a S i q , ‡ u d e J a -S i s da a. S. zanuri varianti Teoriuladac dasaSvebia _ sagnisa da misi Tvisebis gamomxatvel sitKvaTa gramatikul urTierTo-baSi brunvis materialur niSnebs mxolod msazGvreli atarebs, sazGvruls ki igive brunvebi da ricxvi nulovani alomorfebiT gamoexateba, r o g o r c e s i K o i m S e s i t K v e b e b S i , r o m l e b S i c p r e p o z i c i a S i m s a z G v r e l i i K o d a g r a m a t i k u l i d a t v i r T v a s a z G v r u l z e m o d i o d a (JaS ‡udeq `xis saxlma~, JaS ‡udes `xis saxls~...).

qarTul enaSi SesitKvebis aseTi formebi (saxli xisam, saxli xisas...) ar ganviTarebula, radgan brunvebSi gamoCnda deli-

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mitaciuri -a (ufro zustad: e. w. emfatikuri -a reinterpretirebul iqna delimitaciur sufiqsad), s a x l m a xisa-, saxls xisa- da a. S.

msazGvrelis an sazGvrulis `ubrunveloba~ k. daneliam sazGvrulisa da msazGvrelis `a S k a r a k a v S i r s ~ daukavSi-ra; TviT kavSiris ganxorcieleba, bunebrivia, daukavSira brun-vis niSnebs (14, 114). eseni udavo debulebebia, erTaderTi, rac mis msJelobaSi Cvens replikas iwvevs, es aris `m a r T u l i m s a z G v r e l i ~ (m a n Z g e r e S bere `mezoblis bavSvi~). Cveni TvalsazrisiT, m s a z G v r e l i S e u Z l e b e l i a m a r T u l i i K o s s a z G v r u l i s m i e r (ix. qvemoT).

msazGvrelis, rogorc substantivis Tvisebis, kavSiri sazGvrulTan semantikur doneze enaTa mixedviT erTnairia zo-gadad. sazGvruli ZiriTadad diskretul erTeuls warmoadgens (sagnebi), Tviseba KovelTvis moklebulia diskretulobas, ami-tom msazGvrels bunebrivi `gramatikuli mravlobiTi ricxvi~ arasodes eqneba.

ricxvisa da brunvaTa niSnebi sazGvrulis mier msazGvrelis blokirebas ukavSirdeba (ix. qvemoT) da Tu blokireba sxva gziT, aGniSnul kategoriaTa gareSe, xerxdeba, enebi, rogorc vnaxeT, am kategoriaTa materialur niSnebs aGar iKeneben, kmaKofildebian sintaqsuri poziciiT Sepirobebuli nulovani alo-morfebiT. zemoT es vnaxeT qarTvelur enebSi. igive mkafiod da naTlad gamoCnda w o v a -T u S u r S i c (bacbur enaSi), sa-dac msazGvreli saxeli p r e p o z i c i a S i a m u d a m , e. i. igi mKarad aris blokirebuli sazGvrulis mier. amis Sedegad msazGvrels mravlobiTi ricxvis niSani da brunvaTa niSnebi ma-terialurad ar gamoexateba.

saxelTa brunebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT k. yrelaSvili wers: `rac Seexeba sazGvarulTan erTad brunebas, zedsarTa-vebi arc mr. ricxvis niSnebs dairTaven da arc brunvis niSne-bs~ (75, 139). magaliTad:

saxelobiTi mawri¹ qaniz `tkbili KurZeni~ergativi mawriC™ qanzev�micemiTi ` qanzen�naTesaobiTi ` qanze¹�moqmedebiTi ` qanzev�gardaqceviTi ` qanzeG�gamsyvalviTi ` qanzexTanaobiTi ` qanzeci¹ (75, 139)

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-Co sufiqsi mazedsarTavebeli afiqsia, irib brunvebSi Cndeba da reducirdeba kidec.

analogiuri viTarebaa s u b s t a n t i u r m s a z G v r e l T a n : mxolod prepoziciaSi gvxvdeba da brunebis dros ucvlelia, ri-cxvisa da brunvaTa mixedviT icvleba mxolod sazGvruli:

sax. badre¹ jagn™ `bavSvis wigni~erg. ` jagnovmic. ` jagnonnaT. ` jagno¹moq. ` jagnovgardaqmn. ` JagnoGgamsyval. ` jagnoxTan. ` jagnoci¹mravlobiT ricxvSi Seicvleba mxolod sazGvrulis forma:

badre¹ jagnu `bav� Svis wignebi~, badre¹ jagnuv `bavSvis wig-nebma~, badre¹ jagnun `bavSvis wignebs~ da a. S.

rogorc Cans, sintaqsuri urTierTobis saerTo saxe, rac ze-moT qarTveluri enebis masalaze warmovadgineT, enaTa ufro farTo raodenobazea Sesamowmebeli. ar gamovricxavT, rom saqme gvaqvs universalur kanonTan _ blokirebuli msazGvreli a r s a y i r o e b s r i c x v i s a d a b r u n v e b i s n i S n e b s . sapirispirod amisa, am kategoriaTa mixedviT msazGvrelis cvlileba damaxasiaTebelia arablokirebuli atribu-tuli da substantiuri msazGvrelisTvis, rasac qvemoT gavecno-biT Zveli qarTulis masalaze.

davubrundeT qarTul enas. marTalia, mravlobiTi ricxvis -T da -eb sufiqsebi uZvelesia, isini Jer kidev qarTulis calke enad gamoKofamde, saerTo-qarTvelursa da saerTo qarTul-zanur sistemebSi rekonstruirdebian, magram xilul periodSi gramati-kuli bunebiT qarTuls ufro -eb sufiqsi Seesabameba, radgan es sufiqsi mxolod simravles gamoxatavs _ a g l u t i n a c i u r i b u n e b i s a a .

-T sufiqsis o r i f u n q c i a i n o v a c i a C a n s : zmnur for-mebSi -T mxolod simravles gamoxatavs qarTvelur enebSi.

n u l o v a n i a l o m o r f e b i b l o k i r e b u l i m s a z G v r e l i s b o l o s a r c m o r f o n o l o g i u r i b u n e -b i s a a d a a r c w m i n d a m o r f o l o g i u r i , maTi saxiT saqme gvaqvs sintaqsur nulovan alomorfebTan, romel-Ta mniSvneloba ganisazGvreba sazGvrulis morfemaTa (brunvisa da ricxvis niSanTa) mniSvnelobiT _ msazGvreli

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xom KovelTvis Tavisi sazGvrulis brunvasa da ricxvs imeorebs (sqessac, sadac es kategoria arsebobs).

msazGvrelad SeiZleba mogvevlinos nebismieri saxeli (ar-sebiTi, zedsarTavi, ricxviTi, nacvalsaxeli), e. i. misi saxiT sa-qme gvaqvs b r u n e b a d m e t K v e l e b i s n a w i l T a n , ami-tom msazGvrelis gauformebeli saxeobebi (nulovani alomorfe-bis mqoneni) morfologiisa da sintaqsis mier warmoqmnili Sua-leduri sistemis _ morfosintaqsis Seswavlis sagania gramatikul mecnierebaSi.

ufro dawvrilebiT am Sualeduri sistemis Sesaxeb, anu im pirobaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic fonologiuri, morfologiuri da sin-taqsuri wesebis ugulebelKofiT qmnian kanonzomier formebs Sualedur morfosintaqsur sistemaSi:

ra ar aris kanonzomieri, anu ratom aris ugulebelKofili romelime `m c i r e d a r b a z m a ~ SesitKvebaSi (es, ra Tqma unda sxva brunvaTa formebsac exeba) fonematuri, morfologi-uri da sintaqsuri wesebi?

Jer enis doneTa mixedviT ganvmartavT, riT gamoixateba es ugulebelKofaTa mTeli kaskadi: (1) /mcirem/ formaSi /m/ bunebriv poziciaSia da moTxrobiT brunvaSi xmovnis mo-mdevnod ar unda dakarguliKo fonematuri mizeziT; (2) Tu xmovanfuZiani saxeli moTxrobiT brunvaSi dgas, morfologiuri kanonzomierebiT is brunvis niSans ar kargavda Zvel qarTulSi da arc axal qarTulSi kargavs, mxolod brunvis niSnis konfigu-racia ganasxvavebs Zvelsa da axal qarTuls (Zv. qarT. mcire-man, ax. qarT. mcire-m); (3) sintaqsuri moTxovnilebiT msazGvrels brunvis mixedviT sazGvrulis forma unda hqondes, rogorc es Zvel qarTulSi iKo (mcire-man darbaz-man an dar-baz-man mcire-man), maSasadame, am wesiT axal qarTulSi mosalodneli iKo m c i r e m d a r b a z m a , gvaqvs ki m c i r e d a r b a z m a (Sdr. Sebrunebuli wKoba, sadac Zveli qarTulis wesi ZalaSia: d a r b a z m a m c i r e m ).

mizezi CamoTvlil wesTa ugulebelKofisa gamoxatulebis planSi aris msazGvrelis pozicia: prepoziciuri msazGvrelis for-maSi aGar ganxorcielda sintaqsurad da morfologiurad aucile-beli da fonematurad bunebrivi wesebis realizacia, romlebic ucvlelad moqmedeben saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi sapirispiro poziciaSi _ postpoziciaSi: aq aucilebelia d a r b a z m a m c i -r e m (dauSvebelia d a r b a z m a m c i r e ); Sdr. Zv. qarTuli d a r b a z m a n m c i r e m a n . e. i. postpoziciaSi daculia rogorc sintaqsuri wesi _ SeTanxmeba, ise morfologiuri wesi _

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msazGvrels moTxrobiT brunvaSi aqvs am brunvis niSani; fuZi-seuli xmovnisa da brunvis niSnis Tanxmovnis Tanamimdevro-bac bunebrivi distribuciis farglebSia.

gamovlenilia wesTa darGvevis pozicia. sayiroa imis ga-rkveva, ratom irGveva ZiriTad doneTa wesebi aGniSnul pozici-aSi an xdeba ki wesTa darGveva?

_ aq saqme gvaqvs zemoT sxvadasxva doneze kano-nierad miCneul wesTa gansxvavebul gamovlenasTan.

prepoziciaSi msazGvreli arsebiTad blokirebulia, e. i. mi-Jayvulia Tavis sazGvrulze. amitom asrulebs pozicia im rols, rac evaleboda morfologiur elementebs sazGvrulisa da msazGvrelis sintaqsur urTierTobaSi _ mKardeba calsaxa kav-Siri msazGvrelsa da momdevno sazGvruls Soris.

`kacman mciresa darbazsa Seaba kari~ Zveli qarTulis wi-nadadebaSi `kacman~ ar ukavSirdeba sintaqsurad msazGvrel `mciresa~, radgan maTi brunvebi gansxvavebulia; meore mxriT, `mciresa~ msazGvreli swored brunvis formiT ukavSirde-ba `darbazsa~ sazGvruls da am gziT eJayveba mas, rogorc misi Tviseba.

`mivscemT kacsa mciresa darbazsa~ winadadebaSi, _ im pirobebSi, roca msazGvreli daSvebulia rogorc prepoziciaSi, ise postpoziciaSi, _ gaurkvevelia `mciresa~ iribi damatebis (`kac-sa~) msazGvrelia Tu pirdapiri damatebisa (`darbazsa~), rad-gan samive saxeli erTsa da imave brunvaSi _ micemiTSi dgas. am SemTxvevaSi mxolod konteqsti gviSvelis: `kacsa mcire-sa~ Tu `mciresa darbazsa~.

axali qarTulis prepoziciuri msazGvreli brunvis niSans ma-terialurad aGar sayiroebs imitom, rom winadadebis da-sawKisis mkacri wesi msazGvrelis gankuTvnebisa ganivrco winadadebis SigniTac. axal qarTulSi `mivcemT kacs m c i r e d a r b a z s upirispirdeba `mivcemT k a c s m c i r e s dar-bazs~. daKofiT warmodgenilia msazGvrel-sazGvrulis erTimeo-resTan dakavSirebuli wKvilebi.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT: Sualedur morfosintaqsur sistemaSi prepoziciuri msazGvrelisa da sazGvrulis damakavSirebeli brunvis niSnis rols asrulebs msazGvrelis pozicia, rasac mohKva nulovani alomorfi prepoziciuri msazGvrelis formebSi, rac dauSvebelia postpoziciuri msazGvrelis formisTvis, maSa- konteqsqtiT gamosarkvevi SemTxvevebi iSviaTobaa, radgan nebismieri brunva msazGvrelisa da sazGvrulis urTierT Sexvedris raodenobiT erTdroulad danarCen xuT brunvas upirispirdeba.

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sadame, rac morfologiuri saSualebebiT keTdeboda, axla pozi-ciiT xorcieldeba _ SeTanxmebis morfologiur elementTa gare-Se mKardeba sintaqsuri kavSiri Tvisebis gamomxatvel wevrsa da am Tvisebis matarebel wevrs Soris, e. i. Zveli qarTulis `mcireman darbazman~ da Tanamedrove qarTulis `mcire darbazma~ sintaqsurad identuri SesitKvebebia, isini mxolod gamoxatulebis planiT gansxvavdebian erTimeorisgan. swored am identobis aGsaniSnavad aris sayiro nulovani alomorfis aGniSvna gramatikul analizSi.

II. -eb sufiqsian mravlobiTSi dasmuli qvemdebare Zvel qarTulSi ricxvSi calmxriv markirebul urTierTobas amKarebs SemasmenelTan, e. i. a m s i n t a q s u r k a v S i r S i r i c x -v i T i u r T i e r T o b i s g a m o x a t v a e k i s r e b a m x o l o d -eb s u fi q s i a n q v e m d e b a r e s , magaliTad: `ganvida su-lebi~ (mr. 5, 19); `g a m o ƒ d a s u l e b i da S e ƒ d a Gorebsa mas (mr. 5. 13 C); Sdr. s u l ni d a g e m o r C i l e b i an~ (l. 10, 20); `e K a r i s giSris S u b e b i ~ (v.t. 1146, 2); Sdr. eKarnian Subni; `s u l ni maTni zecas r b i an~ (`v.t.~ 440, 3) da sxv. -n sufiqsian mravlobiTSi dasmuli qvemdebare Zvel qarTulSi uTu-od SemasmenelSic moiTxovs Tavisi simravlis markirebas.

-eb sufiqsiani qvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis urTierTobis am saxiT, udavoa, saqme gvaqvs uZveles viTarebasTan, roca pirmimarT aqtantTa simravle Semasmenlis formaSi ar aGiniS-neboda. e s i K o c a l m x r i v m a r k i r e b u l i S e T a n x m e -b a , ramdenadac dialogis wevrTaTvis -eb sufiqsian qvemde-baresTan dakavSirebuli zmnaTa formebiT qmedebaSi mraval-Ta monawileoba ivaraudeboda.

Zvel qarTulSi analogiuri viTareba iKo -eb sufiqsian pirda-pir damatebasTanac _ misi simravle SemasmenelSi ar aGiniS-neboda specialuri niSniT, gansxvavebiT -n sufiqsiani damate-bisagan, magaliTad: `veSapisa T a v e b i S e m u s r a ~ (I 68, 7); Sdr. veSapisa T a v ni S e m u s r na ; `m o g c e Sen a q l e -m e b i ~ (I 181, 10), Sdr. m o g c ne Sen a q l e m ni ; `g a m o -s x a k a c e b i igi~ (I, 40, 24); Sdr. gamosxna k a c ni igi; `g a r e S e a d g e s karvebi igi maT~ (I, 176, 25) Sdr. g a r e -S a d g ne s k a r a v ni ; `a G h m a r T ne s karavni~ (I, 109, 8) da sxv.

tipologiurad Zveli qarTulis analogiuri viTarebaa wova-Tu-SurSi: qvemdebarisa da pirdapiri damatebis simravle specia-luri niSniT ar gamoixateba SemasmenelSi, roca klasis niSnebi ar aris zmnaSi warmodgenili, rogorc es -eb sufiqsian aqtant-

164

Tedo uTurgaiZe

Tan iKo Zvel qarTulSi. magaliTebi wova-TuSuridan: dadas Tagdie¹ `mamam gaakeTa~ dadiv Tagdie¹ `mamebma gaa-keTa (=gaakeTes)~; dadas T a g d i e ¹ C a k `mamam gaake-Ta skami~ dadas T a g d i e n C a k u `ma� mam gaakeTa ska-mebi~ (Sdr. Zv. qarT. mamaman Seqmn-n-a skamni).

radgan -eb sufiqsian mravlobiTSi brunebis sistema mxo-lobiTi ricxvisa rCeba, SemasmenelTan aqtantTa marTviTi urTi-erToba mxolobiTis formaTa modeliT xorcieldeba, rac ver mo-xerxdeboda -T sufiqsian mravlobiTSi, s a d a c b r u n v a da m r a v l o b i T i r i c x v i s a e r T o a fi q s i T g a m o i x a -t e b a . rac Seexeba -n sufiqss, marTalia, is Tavisi bunebiT ag-lutinaciuri afiqsia, magram is -T sufiqsis sistemaSia moqceuli da sintaqsur urTierTobebs am sistemis mixedviT axorcielebs.

-eb sufiqsian aqtantTa sintaqsuri urTierTobis fonze -n/-T sufiqsian mravlobiTis urTierTobebi inovacia Cans qarTuli enisTvis. am azrs isic ganamtkicebs, rom micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli damateba _ pirdapirica da iribic mxolod calmxriv iKo markirebuli SemasmenelTan ricxviT urTierTobaSi, miuxeda-vad imisa, -eb sufiqsian mravlobiTSi idga aqtanti Tu -T sufiq-sian mravlobiTSi. -eb sufiqsiani aqtantebis urTierToba Semas-menelTan zemoT ganvixileT, aq moviKvanT -T(a) sufiqsiani aqtantebis SemasmenelTan urTierTobis magaliTebs Zveli qar-Tulidan: `e s m o d a ese m o w a f e T a misTa~ (mr. 11, 14); `da m o v a r T u igi m o w a f e T a SenTa~ (m. 17, 16); `va r -q u m o w a f e T a SenTa~ (mr. 9, 18C); `..r½a ara u C n d e k a c T a mmarxvel (m. 6, 17-18C); `Kovelive codva da gmoba m i e t e o s k a c T a , xolo sulisaT‚s gmoba ara m i e t e o s ~ (m. 12, 31C); `da, aha, esera, k a c T a m o a q u n d a cxedriTa kaci, romeli iKo ganrGueul da u n d a SeGeba misi da dadgma winaSe misa~ (l. 5, 18C).

warmodgenil magaliTebSi da saerTodac micemiT brunva-Si dasmul damatebas Semasmenlis II da III pirebSi simravle aqtantisa ar gamoexateba. Zveli qarTulis monacemebiT isic Cans, rom simravle ar gamoixateboda I pirSic Zveli qarTulis wina periodSi: `momec Cuen~ tipis urTierToba ar aris iSviaTi da gamonaklisi Zveli qarTulisTvis. `d a m a s w o r e n C u e n igini, romelTa vit‚rTeT simZime dGisa da sicxY~ (m. 20, 12C); Sdr. daguasworen Cuen igini.

`g a m o mi T a r g m a n e C u e n igavi ege~ (m.15,15); Sdr. gamog‚Targmane Cuen igavi ege~ (m. 15, 15C). `puri Cueni samaradiso m o me c C u e n dGes da m o mi t e v e n

165

morfosintaqsi

C u e n Tananadebni Cuenni~ (m. 11-12); Sdr. m o gue c C u n da m o g‚t e v e n C u e n ~.

` m o g u e c C u e n ~ tipis urTierToba, roca iribi damate-bis simravle SemasmenelSic aris asaxuli, unda CaiTvalos ino-vaciad _ amiT daiwKo micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli damatebis ormxrivi SeTanxmeba SemasmenelTan mravlobiT ricxvSi, rac sabolood axal qarTulSi dasrulda: samwerlobo qarTulSica da dialeqtebSic samsave pirSi gavrcelda ormxriv markirebuli Se-Tanxmeba Semasmenelsa da damatebas Soris.

Semasmenelsa da aqtantebs Soris ormxriv markirebuli urTierTobis inovaciurobaze isic miuTiTebs, rom qarTulma dia-leqtebma (reps. qarTvelurma enebmac) Tav-Tavisi, erTimeoris-gan gansxvavebuli, gza airCies am urTierTobis gamosaxata-vad, kerZod: qarTuli enis aGmosavlurma dialeqtebma Semas-menelSi damatebaTa simravlis markireba moaxdines subieq-turi I da II pirebis mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli -T sufiqsiT, xo-lo dasavlurma dialeqtebma imave subieqturi III piris simravlis gamomxatveli -en sufiqsiT (gvxvdeba -es sufiqsic) (78, VIII Tavi).

subieqturi pirebi mravlobiT ricxvSi(I da II seriis formebi)

awmKo wKvetiliI v-wer-T v-were-TII -wer-T -wer-TIII wer-en wer-esiribi obieqtis simravlis markireba SemasmenelSiaGmosavluri dialeqtebi dasavluri dialeqtebiII Tqven g-emaleba-T II Tqven g-emalebi-en III maT -emaleba-T III maT -emalebi-en

pirdapiri obieqtis simravlis markireba SemasmenelSi

aGmosavluri dialeqtebi dasavluri dialeqtebiII Tqven da-g-mala-T man II Tqven da-g-mal-

en manIII isini damala-T man III isini damal-en manSeiZleba davaskvnaT: qarTuli enis Semasmenlisa da

masTan dakavSirebuli aqtantebis urTierToba ricxvis kategoriis mixedviT diaqroniulad gansxvavebuli saxiT xorcieldeba gamo-xatulebis planSi: (1) sawKis etapze (Zvel qarTulamde da Zveli

166

Tedo uTurgaiZe

qarTuli dasawKisSi) -eb sufiqsian aqtantebTan Semasmenlis urTierTobis suraTs iZleva Zveli qarTuli ena: -eb s u fi q s i a n a q t a n t e b T a n r i c x v S i S e T a n x m e b a c a l m x r i v a d a r i s m a r k i r e b u l i _ mravlobiTobis niSniT warmodgenili iKo mxolod pirmimarTi aqtantebi (S, Od, Oind), Semasmeneli ki saxelTa mravlobiTi ricxvis formiT navaraudebi Kvela substan-tivis qmedebas gamoxatavda. SeTanxmebis am saxes ami-tom vuwodebT c a l m x r i v m a r k i r e b u l s _ ricxvis gageba SemasmenelSi SeaqvT aqtantTa formebs.

(2) saxelTa formebSi -T sufiqsi fleqsiuri bunebisaa (gamoxatavs brunvasa da ricxvs), zmnaTa formebSi ki agluti-naciuri bunebisaa (gamoxatavs mxolod mravlobiT ricxvs). sa-varaudoa, rom -T sufiqsis fleqsiuri Tviseba saxelebTan inova-ciaa, gvian SeZenilia.

(3) saxelTa formebSi -T sufiqsis fleqsiur bunebas ukavSir-deba m r a v l o b i T r i c x v S i o r m x r i v m a r k i r e b u l i S e T a n x m e b a , erTi mxriT, s a z G v r u l s a da m s a -z G v r e l s S o r i s da, meore mxriT, S e m a s m e n e l s a da p i r m i m a r T a q t a n t e b s S o r i s : (a) msazGvrelis brunvaSi SeTanxmebas ricxvSi SeTanxmebac mihKva, radgan es orive kategoria erTi sufiqsiT aris gamoxatuli; (b) aseve aqtantis marTva mxolod brunvaSi, msgavsad -eb sufiqsiani mravlobi-Tis formebisa, SeuZlebelia -T sufiqsiani mravlobiTis formebSi: Semasmenlis mier aqtantis brunvaSi marTva ricxvSi SeTan-xmebasTan erTad xdeba, radgan am or kategorias erTi sufiqsi gamoxatavs.

(4) aqtantTa msazGvrelTan da SemasmenelTan urTierTo-bis uZveles saxes iZlevian -eb sufiqsiani mravlobiTi ricxvis substantivebi, romelTac specifikuri mawarmoebliT ar aGeniSnebodaT simravle msazGvrelisa da Semasmen-lis formebSi. maT analogi moepovebaT, erTi mxriT, monaTe-save qarTvelur enebSi da, meore mxriT, wova-TuSurSi, sava-raudebelia, bevr sxva enaSic, sadac ricxvis niSani gamoKofilia brunvis niSnisgan. am universalur mimarTebebs martivi ax-sna eZebneba: (1) Tvisebas ricxvi ara aqvs, rdgan moklebulia diskretulobas, amitom msazGvreli ar sayiroebda mravlobiTi ri-cxvis niSans; brunvis niSani msazGvrels uCndeba sazGvrul-Tan kavSiris SenarCunebis mizniT; Tu msazGvreli blokirebulia, arc brunvis niSani dasyirdeba; (2) radgan aqtantebs TviTon SeaqvT ricxvis gageba SemasmenelSi, isini ar sayiroeben mravlobiTi ricxvis niSans qmedebis aGmniSvnel sitKvaSi. es

167

morfosintaqsi

niSnebi dakavSirebulia mravalpirianobasTan: rodesac aqtan-tTagan zogi mxolobiT ricxvSia, zogi mravlobiTSi, Semasme-nelSi sayiro xdeba maTi diferencireba ricxvis mixedviTac.

168

Tedo uTurgaiZe

gamoxatulebis planis cvlilebebi

morfosintaqsur urTierTobaSi qarTuli enis monacemTa mixedviT

(ricxvSi SeTanxmebis diaqroniuli analizi)

r i c x v i m o r f o s i n t a q s u r i k a t e g o r i a a : mas saku-Tari paradigmebi aqvs saxelebsa da zmnebSi. orivegan para-digmis wevrebi niSandebulia (markirebulia); substantivi da zmna ricxvis saziaro kategoriiT (mxolobiTi mravlobiTi) sin-taqsur wKvilebsac qmnian.

Semasmenels ricxvi masTan dakavSirebuli aqtantis mixedviT eZleva. pirmimarT aqtantTagan es SeiZleba iKos subieqti an romelime pirmimarTi obieqti: pirdapiri an iribi. na-Tqvami logikur mimarTebas asaxavs qmedebasa da qmede-bis monawileTa Soris, sintaqsur urTierTobaTa aGweris aspeq-tiT ki arsebiTia, rogor xdeba ricxvis mixedviT romelime aqtan-tis SemasmenelTan urTierTobis gaformeba winadadebaSi. gansakuTrebul sirTules qarTulSi qmnis polipersonaluri Semas-meneli, romelTanac erTdroulad SeiZleba samive aqtanti mravlobiT ricxvSi idges; viTarebas kidev ufro arTulebs isic, rom am aqtantebs dGes erTi da igive niSani aqvT simravlis gamosaxatavad: -T sufiqsi, erTi mxriT, subieqtis I da II pirebis simravlisaTvis da, meore mxriT, orive obieqtis simravlisaTvis II da III pirebSi.

semantikuri urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT mravlobiToba sintag-mis wevrebs Soris Tavidanve naTelia: Tu aqtanti (S, Od an Oind) gaformebulia mravlobiTobis niSniT, masTan dakavSirebuli qmedebac, bunebrivia, mravlobiT ricxvSi moiazreba (ix. ze-moT). formalurad am urTierTobis gamoxatva SeiZleba ornai-rad: (1) m r a v l o b i T o b a n i S a n d e b u l i a m x o l o d a q -t a n t i s f o r m a S i , Semasmeneli avtomaturad CaiTvleba masTan ricxvSi SeTanxmebulad: Tu vambobT `Sen k a c e b s x a t a v ~, radgan `xatav~ Semasmeneli `kacs~ ki ara `ka-cebs~ miemarTeba, pirdapiri damatebis ricxvi Semasmenlis ricxvsac gansazGvravs masTan urTierTobaSi (`xatav~ xom `kacebs~ exeba!); (2) m r a v l o b i T o b a S e i Z l e b a o r i -v e g a n _ a q t a n t i s f o r m a S i c d a S e m a s m e n l i s f o r m a S i c i K o s n i S a n d e b u l i (is Tqven gxatavT, is

169

morfosintaqsi

maT xatavT...). vidre sinqroniul urTierTobaTa analizze gada-vidodeT, ganvixiloT istoriuli yrilebi _ diaqroniuli viTareba sa-mwerlobo enaSi, raTa gamovlindes dGevandel urTierTobaTa safuZveli.

Zveli qarTuli viTarebis mixedviT ufro wina safexurze (ZvelqarTulamde) savaraudebelia, rom a q t a n t e b i s S e -m a s m e n e l T a n r i c x v i s m i x e d v i T u r T i e r T o b a S i niSandebuli iKo mxolod aqtanti. viTareba Oind-s mixedviT:

me mevedrebis Cuen mevedrebisSen gevedrebis Tquen gevedrebismas xevedrebis maT xevedrebis(Sen) m e v e d r e b i C u e n , (me) g e v e d r e b i T q u e n

da a. S. Kvela aq warmodgenili urTierToba Zveli qarTulisaa. oGond paradigmebSi ar mogviKvania aseve dadasturebuli `Cuen guevedrebis~, romelic SedarebiT gviandelia, radgan, gansxvavebiT II da III pirebisgan, aq pirveli piris simravle sin-tagmis orive wevrSia niSandebuli. swored am II da III pirTa mi-xedviT vvaraudobT, rom `C u e n m e v e d r e b i s ~ Zvel qar-Tulamdeli normaa, romelic Jer kidev SemorCenia Zvel qarTuls.

`C u e n guevedrebis" axali urTierTobis dasawKisia, rodesac mravlobiTi ricxvis niSandeba sintagmis orive wevrSi xdeba. mravlobiT ricxvSi ormxrivi niSandebis axali procesi uk-ve moumTavrebiaT subieqtsa da Semasmenels (Cuen vwer-T, Tquen swer-T, igini wer-en). procesi didixnis dawKebuli Cans, radgan es urTierToba mediumTa da aqtiv-pasivTa S aq-tantTan urTierTobaSi ukve dasrulebulia (Cuen x‚werebiT....). procesi dasrulebulia Od aqtantTanac saxelobiTi brunvis mrav-lobiTi ricxvis formebTan (davwer-en igini, damwer-n-a Cuen, dagwer-n-a Tquen...), Tumca igive pirdapiri obieqti am unars veGar iCens micemiT brunvaSi (I seriaSi), analogiur mdgoma-reobaSia iribi obieqti, isini Zveleburad S e m a s m e n e l T a n r i c x v S i S e T a n x m e b a s g a m o x a t a v e n Od a q t a n t i -s a da Oind a q t a n t i s m r a v l o b i T o b i s a fi q s i T (maT xa-tavs, maT xevdrebis...). maSasadame, r i c x v S i S e T a n -x m e b a p i r m i m a r T a q t a n t e b s a d a S e m a s m e -n e l s S o r i s K o v e l T v i s s a v a r a u d e b e l i a , oGond ur-TierTobis formebi icvleba diaqroniulad: calmxrivi niSandebi-dan ena gadadis ormxriv niSandebaze. es Tvalsazrisi emKare-ba sistemis rekonstruqcias movlenis dinamikis gaTvaliswine-biT: (a) Zveli qarTulis momdevno periodSi, axal qarTulSi, II da III obieqtur pirTa simravle gamoixateba specialuri niSniT;

170

Tedo uTurgaiZe

(b) Tu davuSvebT, rom II da III pirebSi Zvelma qarTulma da-karga obieqtTa mixedviT mravlobiT ricxvSi niSandebuli forme-bi, unda avxsnaT r a t o m da r o g o r daikarga mravlobiTis ni-Sandebuli formebi Zveli qarTulis II da III pirebSi da Semdeg rogor aGdga isev uZvelesi sistema. amis pirobebi ar Cans. movlenis dinamika gviCvenebs, rom Semasmenlis formaSi sru-li morfologizeba iribi obieqtis simravlisa axalia _ igi Cven Tval-win ganxorcielda micemiT brunvaSi dasmul obieqtTan, ami-tom Jobs vimsJeloT ara irib obieqtze, aramed m i c e m i T b r u n v a S i d a s m u l o b i e q t z e , romelic ricxvis mixedviT SemasmenelTan erTsa da imave mimarTebas gviCvenebs, mi-uxedava imisa, obieqti iribia Tu pirdapiri.

warmovadgenT micemiT brunvaSi dasmul obieqtTa Se-masmenelTan kavSirs orive ricxvis mixedviT sam yrilSi: re-konstruirebuls Zvel qarTulamde, Zvel qarTulSi da axal qarTul-Si.

ZvelqarTulamdeli Zveli qarTulime mevedrebisCuen mevedre-bis

me mevedrebis Cuen

mevedre-bis,guevedrebis

Sen gevedrebisTquen gevedrebis Sen gevedrebis Tquen geved-rebismas xevedrebismaT xevedrebis mas xevedrebis maT xe-vedrebis

axali qarTulime mevedreba Cven gvevedrebaSen gevedreba Tqven gevedrebaTmas evedreba maT evedrebaT

drois vertikalur yrilTa Cvenebis safuZvelze SeiZleba da-vaskvnaT: ricxvis mixedviT calmxrivi niSandebidan ganxorci-elda ormxrivi niSandeba micemiTSi dasmul pirmimarT aqtan-tebsa da Semasmenels Soris, e. i. m o x d a o r m x r i v i n i -S a n d e b a i m s i n t a q s u r i m i m a r T e b i s a , r a c w i -n a d a d e b a S i T a v i s T a v a d i v a r a u d e b o d a c a l -m x r i v i n i S a n d e b i s d r o s a c : `maT xevedrebis~ _ mar-Talia, iribi damatebis simravle SemasmenelSi ar aris niSande-buli, magram TviT damatebis `maT~ forma uTuod avaraude-binebda komunikaciis monawiles, rom qmedeba, rac zmniT aris gamoxatuli, exeboda Kvelas, vinc `maT~ formaSi moiaz-reboda, maSasadame, SeTanxmeba ricxvSi xorcieldeboda cal-mxrivi niSandebiT. vuwodoT amas r i c x v S i S e T a n x m e -

171

morfosintaqsi

b i s c a l m x r i v i n i S a n d e b a . is, rom Semdgom moxda ormxrivi niSandeba, arafers cvlis ricxviT urTierTobaSi mice-miT brunvaSi dasmul damatebebsa da Semasmenels Soris. am azrs isic ganamtkicebs, rom ormxriv niSandebuli ricxviTi urTierTobebi SeiZleba gadavides calmxrivze, Tu amis piroba Seiqmneba (ix. qvemoT). saerTod, rodesac sintagmis wevrebs erTi da igive, anu saziaro, kategoria aqvT, maT Soris Teoriu-lad mxolod SeTnaxmebaa savaraudebeli, rac enaSi warmo-dgenilia an calmxriv niSandebuli morfosintaqsuri saxiT, an or-mxrivi (srulad) morfosintaqsuri saxiT. saZiebelia is mizezebi, romelTac (a) ena calmxriv niSandebuli SeTanxmebidan gada-iKvanes srulad morfologizebul (ormxriv) niSandebaze da (b), piriqiT, srulad morfologizebuli (ormxriv niSandebuli) SeTan-xmebidan gadaiKvanes calmxriv niSandebaze. a SemTxveva-Si axsna unda moeZebnos SemasmenelSi I piris simravlis ufro adre niSandebasac II da III pirebTan SedarebiT.

aqtantTa simravlis Semasmenlis formaSic niSandeba di-aqroniulad uTuod dakavSirebulia qarTuli zmnis mravalpiriano-basTan. zmnaSi xan erTi aqtantia mr. ricxvSi, xan _ ori, zogJer _ samive. Zveli qarTuli axerxebda S, Od da Oind aqtantebis sim-ravlis gansxvavebuli niSnebiT erTdroul gamoxatvasac (Sp Oindp

Odp) gansazGvrul kombinaciebSi, magaliTad: da-gu-iwer-en-i-T (S2

p O1indp O3

dp), sadac samive pirmimarTi aqtantis simravlea warmodgenili: S2

p (-T), O1indp (gu-) da O3

dp (-en); pirTa zogi kom-binaciis gamoxatva Zv. qarTuls ar SeeZlo. magaliTad, sadac zmnis formaSi ivaraudeboda kombinacia O1

ind O2d da piriqiT...

micemiTSi dasmuli obieqtis mravlobiTobis I pirSi niSandebis mizezi (roca ar iKo niSandebuli mravlobiTi ricxvi II da III pireb-Si), vfiqrobT, aris am piris specifika: igi, rogorc molaparake, centralur adgils ikavebs subieqtur da obieqtur pirTa paradig-matul sistemebSi _ molaparakesTan mimarTebiT inawileben pirebs (II Tu III?) subieqtebi da obieqtebi Tav-Tavis paradig-mebSi. I pirs, rogorc paradigmis danarCen wevrTa CamoKali-bebis orientirs, uTuod KovelTvis sdevda Tan SegrZneba ricxvi-sa _ molaparake erTi iKo Tu erTze meti. es rolia ganmapirobe-beli sxva pirebze adre I piris obieqtTa simravlis niSandebisa zmnis formaSi. SevexebiT TviT simravlis gamomxatvel niSan-Ta warmomavlobasac, rac Jer kidev advili dasanaxia.

imis gamo, rom zmnis formaSi pirTa mravlobiTobis gage-ba damokidebulia aqtantTa simravleze, mravlobiTi ricxvis gamosaxatavad zmnas niSanic pirvel rigSi maTgan unda mie-

172

Tedo uTurgaiZe

Go _ a q t a n t s a x e l T a g a n . es niSnebi: -en, -eT; -n, -T (li-parit-en-i, liparit-eT; liparit-n-i, liparit-Ta), cnobilia, Jer subi-eqts miuGia, subieqtisgan ki obieqtebsac gadauGiaT (wer-en igini: S3

p gamoxatulia -en sufiqsiT; Sdr. STawer-en igini: O3dp

gamoxatulia -en sufiqsiT). rogorc vxedavT, saqme gvaqvs imis analogiasTan, rac piris niSanTa CamoKalibebisas moxda: iq Tavad nacvalsaxelebi moiqcnen piris niSnebad, aq ki Tavad aqtantTa mravlobiTobis niSnebi moiqcnen piris simravlis niS-nebad. meore mxriT isic niSandoblivia, rom polipersonalur zmnur formaSi pirisa da ricxvis niSnebis ganmeoreba sxva-dasxva pirTa mier, r o c a i s i n i g a n s x v a v e b u l k a t e -g o r i e b s q m n i a n , Cveulebrivia, kerZod: (1) subieqturi meore piris niSnebi sxvadasxva periodSi {x-}, {h-} da {h-} /h/ /s-/ /S/ alomorfebiT (xanmet, haemet da IX-X saukuneebi-dan dGemde) gamoiKenes pirdapirma da iribma obieqtebma III pirSi; (2) subieqtis simravlis -T sufiqsi I da II pirebSi Cven Tvalwin XV-XVII saukuneebidan dawKebuli gamoKenebul iqna orive obieqtis mier II da III pirebSi. amis paralelurad dasavlur dialeqtebSi orive saxis obieqtTa simravle subieqturi mesame piris simravlis -en sufiqsiT gamoixata (maT aqven; man gaa-gijen isini). ayarulSi -en am funqciiT SeiZleba -es sufiqsma Secvalos: daelies `daelia~ (gauTavdaT). obieqtis simravlis gamosaxatavad zustad aseTi saxis modelia gamoKenebuli megrulsa da lazurSi: subieqtis simravlis -es da -an sufiqsebi gansazGvruli wesebis dacviT gamoxataven obieqtis simrav-les. Zveli qarTuli I piris mravlobiT ricxvSi erTimeoris gverdiT `metK‚s Cuen~ da `guetK‚s Cuen~; aseve `damidginna Cu-en~ da `dag‚dginna Cuen~ formaTa arseboba KovelTvis aKe-nebda inkluziuri da eqskluziuri pirebis dapirispirebis istoriulad arsebobis sakiTxs. Zvel qarTulSi es dapirispireba ar iKo regu-laruli da arc paradigmatul dapirispirebas emorCileboda; Sem-deg ki saerTod gaqra mravlobiTi ricxvis gagebiT m e t K ‚ s da d a m i d g i n n a `dagviqirava~ tipis formebi.

rogorc vnaxeT, (1) pirveli piris obieqtis ricxvi garkveul pe-riodSi mxolod aqtantis formaSi gamoixateboda (Cuen mxa-tavs, Cuen mevedrebis). am dros ar ivaraudeba g u x a t a v s (Cuen), g u e v e d r e b i s (Cuen) mravlobiTi ricxvis formebi, bunebrivia, arc inkluziur-eqskluziuri dapirispireba iqneboda; (2) meore periodSi I piris obieqtebs mravlobiTi ricxvis niSani zmnaSic uCndeba: Zvel `mxatavs~ (Cuen) formas gverdiT da-udga `guxatavs~ (Cuen). es viTareba gardamaval periods

173

morfosintaqsi

ekuTvnis (saqme gvaqvs enobriv siyarbesTan), rac imiT da-srulda, rom axlad gaCenilma gu- prefiqsma daimkvidra mrav-lobiTi ricxvi, m- prefiqsianma formebma ki obieqti mxolod mxolobiT ricxvSi gamoxates. warmodgenili varaudis safuZvels isic qmnis, rom (1) qarTul enaSi inkluziur da eqskluziur forma-Ta dapirispireba arasodes Kofila subieqturi wKobis zmnebSi; (2) obieqtTa simravlis niSandeba zmnis formaSi gviandelia, qarTveluri enebi, marTalia, saerTo modeliT, magram Tav-Ta-vis sistemebs erTimeorisgan damoukideblad qmnian.

zemoT warmodgenili msJelobidan kargad Cans, rom Se-Tanxmeba mravlobiT ricxvSi micemiT brunvaSi dasmul dama-tebebsa da Semasmenels Soris Zvel qarTulSic iseve iKo, ro-gorc dGes gvaqvs. gansxvavebas am identur sintaqsur urTier-TobaSi qmnis mxolod morfologizebis xarisxi: Zvel qarTulSi is gamoxatulia mxolod saxelTa formebiT _ c a l m x r i v n i S a n -d e b u l i S e T a n x m e b i T , axal qarTuli ki rogorc saxelis, ise zmnis formiT _ o r m x r i v n i S a n d e b u l i S e T a n x m e -b i T . obieqtTa mravlobiT ricxvSi niSandebis mixedviT seriozuli cvlilebebi moxda samwerlobo qarTulSi: (1) Zv. qarTuli {-en} morfema /-en/ /-n/ alomorfebiT, romelic mxolod saxelobiT brunvaSi dasmuli pirdapiri damatebis niSnad gvxvdeboda, Se-cvala subieqtiseulma -T sufiqsma; (2) -T imave obieqts mice-miT brunvaSic gauCnda: dagmalav-T (Tqven me); (3) -T saer-Tod gavrcelda micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli K v e l a o b i e q t i s niSnad mravlobiT ricxvSi, miuxedavad imisa, pirdapiria is Tu iribi obieqti. magaliTi iribi obieqtisTvis: gefereba-T (Tqven is).

micemiT brunvaSi dasmul obieqtTa simravlis gamosaxa-tavad -T morfemis Casmam zmnis absolutur boloSi warmo-qmna fonematuri siZneleebi, radgan pauzis win da momdev-nod /T/ bunebrivi ar aris nebismieri Tanxmovnis momdevnod; amas, bunebrivia, mohKva morfonologiuri cvlilebebi: arabu-nebrivi kompleqsebi warmoiqmna S3-is -s sufiqsis modevnod da S3

p-is -en -an -es sufiqsebis momdevnod, gansakuTre-biT subieqtis simravlis gamomxatveli -T sufiqsis momdevnod.

obieqtur pirTa simravlis aGsaniSnavad -T sufiqsis Semo-Gebis Semdeg mosalodneli iKo aseTi formebi: gaqebs-T (Tqven is), gaqeben-T (Tqven isini), gexmarebian-T (Tqven isini), dagxates-T (Tqven maT; Sdr. dagxata-T Tqven man), gesalmebi-T-T (Tqven Cven; Sdr. gesalmebi-T Tqven me).

amaTgan zogi forma iKo kidec samwerlobo qarTulSi, zo-gic dGesac Cveulebrivia dialeqtebisTvis. esenia: g a q e b s T

174

Tedo uTurgaiZe

(Tqven is) da g i K v a r s T (Tqven is) tipis formebi. aseTi for-mebi sam saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi hqonda qarTul mwerlobas, maT akakisa da ilias TxzulebebSic vxvdebiT; sa-vsea aseTi formebiT anton I paradigmebi, manamde ki maT SevxvdebiT italiel misionerTa da sulxan-saba orbelianis traq-tatebSi; amjamad SemorCenilia arqaul dialeqtebSi.

arqaul dialeqtebSi (xevsurulSi, TuSurSi, moxeursa da fSa-urSi) dasturdeba g e f e r e b i a n T, g a q e b e n T (S3

p O2indp, S3

p

O2dp). pauzis win /n-T/ kombinacia Zvel qarTulSic iqmneboda,

roca erTimeores xvdeboda pirdapiri obieqtis -en sufiqsi da su-bieqtis simravlis -T sufiqsi (dagmal-en-i-T). imis gamo, rom sonori xSulis (saerTod Cqamier Tanxmovnis) win pauzis wina poziciaSi da momdevnod ar aris bunebrivi, maT Soris Cndebo-da TanxmovanTgamKari i Zlieri poziciis Sesaqmnelad, mTis dialeqtebSi ki es morfemebi TanxmovanTgamKari xmovnis gareSec gvxvdeba (imarJvebs morfologiuri moTxovna): d a -g m a l e n T , d a v m a l e n T da sxv.

morfonologiuri cvlileba samwerlobo qarTulsa da dialeq-tebSi TviT -T sufiqssac Seexo _ i g i n u l o v a n i a l o m o r fi T a r i s w a r m o d g e n i l i f o n e m a t u r i S e u T a v s e b l o b i s g a m o : erTi mxriT gvaqvs `gesalmebiT me Tqven~ sadac -T sufiqsi obieqtis simravles gamoxatavs, meore mxriT, gvaqvs `gesalmebiT Cven Sen~, sadac -T subieqtis simravles gamo-xatavs, magram _ `gesalmebiT Cven Tqven~ winadadebaSi erT-erTi aqtantis simravle nulovani alomorfiT aris warmodge-nili, radgan identuri gamoxatulebis ori afiqsi qarTulSi araso-des Kofila warmodgenili erTimeoris gverdiT, maSin roca SeiZ-leba identur fonemaTa kombinacia afiqsTa da Zireul morfe-maTa sazGvarze (mag., Zv. qarTulis x-xedav, Tas-s da a. S.). zemoT miTiTebuli akrZalvis safuZvel-ze g e s a l m e b i T (Cven Tqven) formaSi mosalodneli ori -T sufiqsis adgilze (*gesalmebiTT), gvaqvs erTi, rac gramatikulad ase Caiwereba: gesalmebi-T- (an gesalmebi--T).

n u l o v a n i a l o m o r fi m o r f o l o g i u r d a s i n t a q -s u r d o n e e b z e g r a m a t i k u l i Z a l i T t o l f a s i a m a -t e r i a l u r i n i S n i T g a m o x a t u l i m i s i v a r i a n t i s a . amis gamo miuGebelia rigi debulebebi, romlebic gvxvdeba

175

morfosintaqsi

samecniero literaturaSi, kerZod: (1) arn. Ciqobava sampirian aqtivTa meore seriaSi pirdapir obieqts meore seriaSi miiCnevs `umcires koordinatad~, radgan zmnis formaSi es obieqti mxolod ricxvis niSniT ariso warmodgenili (`damiwerna man me wignni~). mxedvelobaSi ar aris miGebuli amave mwkrivis sxva formebi, magaliTad, rogoricaa: Semwirna // Seguwirna man Cuen mas~. am winadadebaSi pirdapiri obieqti pircvale-badia, aqvs rogorc piris niSani (m- // gu-), ise ricxvis simravlis niSani (-n), ris gamoc arn. Ciqobavas koordinaciis Teoriis mi-xedviT am sampirian zmnaSi pirdapiri obieqti uTuod did koor-dinatad unda miviCnioT. irib damatebasa da Semasmenels Soris mravlobiT ricxvSi calmxriv niSandebuli urTierToba aseve SeTanxmebad CaiTvleba (`Segwira man Tquen igi~), radgan zmnuri qmedeba exeba Kvelas, vinc `Tquen~ formaSi moiaz-reba; swored amitom gvian (axal qarTulSi) SemasmenelSic gaCnda iribi obieqtis simravlis gamomxatveli niSani: `Segwi-raT Tqven man igi~ da garkveul mizezTa gamo ena gadavida am urTierTobis ormxriv niSandebaze (ix. zemoT). (2) a. Sani-Zis debulebaze daKrdnobiT `qarTuli enis sintaqsSi~ l. kvaya-Ze msJelobs damatebaTa SemasmenelTan ricxvSi SeTanxme-baze; aq aseTi debulebebia: `meore piris formasTan iribi da-matebis mravlobiToba zmnaSi SeiZleba aGiniSnos, SeiZleba ara: iribi damatebis mravlobiToba aGiniSneba, Tu Semasme-neli ar aris qvemdebaresTan mravlobiT ricxvSi SeTanxmebuli: gesalmebiT me Tqven, gesalmebaT igi Tqven. Tu Semasme-neli SeTanxmebulia qvemdebaresTan mravlobiTSi, iribi dama-tebis mravlobiToba zmnis formaSi aGar aGiniSneba: gesalme-biT Cven Tqven, gesalmebian igini Tqven...~ (1996, gv. 134). aq `aGiniSneba~ S e T a n x m e b a s a c niSnavs, amde-nad saqme gvaqvs niSandebul morfologiur mimarTebaTa mi-xedviT `sintaqsuri meqanizmis~ aGwerasTan. m x e d v e l o -b a S i a r a r i s m i G e b u l i n i S a n T a n u l o v a n i v a r i -a n t e b i , r a c g a m o i K v a n e b a z o g a d i m i m a r T e b i -

176

Tedo uTurgaiZe

d a n m o r f o n o l o g i u r c v l i l e b a T a g a T v a l i s w i n e -b i T .

zogadi mimarTeba warmoadgens pirmimarT aqtantTa zmnasTan urTierTobis formulas: zmnaSi erTdroulad aGiniSne-ba rogorc subieqtis, ise obieqtis simravle, mag.: gv-esalmebi-T (Cven Tqven), gv-eslmebi-an (Cven isini). aq warmodgenilia iseTi kombinaciebi, sadac aqtantTa simravlis gamomxatveli afiqsebi poziciurad dacilebulia _ erTi prefiqsia, meore _ sufiqsi da fonematuri winaaGmdegobebi ar warmoiqmneba. es mi-marTeba saKovelTaoa qarTulSi: Zveli qarTulidan moKolebuli zmnis formaSi bunebrivia Sp da Op wevrTa gansazGvruli kombi-naciebis mravlobiT ricxvSi erTdrouli gamoxatva. Tu es materi-alurad ar Cans, amis mizezi an sintaqsuri urTierTobis specifi-kaa _ aqtantis mravlobiTi ricxvi Semasmenelsac masTan mi-marTebiT mravlobiT ricxvSi aKenebs avtomaturad, an ganxor-cielebuli morfonologiuri procesis Sedegia. qarTul enaSi diaq-roniuli yrilebis mixedviT erTic gvaqvs da meorec.

Jer sintaqsuri specifikis Sesaxeb: Zv. qarTuli `Seswira man maT igi~ winadadebaSi Tu Semasmenelsa da irib dama-tebas Soris ricxvSi SeTanxmebas ar vivaraudebT, maSin maTi urTierToba m a r T v a d an m i r T v a d unda migveCnia, rac dauSvebelia, radgan (1) mirTva SeuZlebelia, roca sintagmas formacvalebadi wevrebi qmnian; (2) marTva ki imiT aris gamoricxuli, rom sintagmis wevrebs erTi da igive kategoria (ricxvi) aqvT da SeTanxmebis garda sxva urTierToba gamori-cxulia (ix. zemoT). amis dasturia isic, rom pirvel pirSi ukve Zvel qarTulSive materialuri saxiTac gamoixata SeTanxmeba _ `Se-gu-wira man Cuen igi~.

rac Seexeba morfonologiur cvlilebebs, amis Sesaxebac zemoT ukve gvqonda msJeloba `gesalmebiT (Cven Tqven~) formasTan dakavSirebiT, rac gramatikuli CaweriT ase gamo-vxateT: gesalmebi-T- (an gesalmebi--T), sadac nulovani alomorfi fonematuri sistemis dawolis Sedegia da ara morfo-sintaqsuri moTxovnilebisa. mizezad dasaxelda morfonologiuri

177

morfosintaqsi

wesi, romlis mixedviTac qarTul enaSi gamoricxulia g e s a l -m e b i TT tipis forma, sadac bolo -T-T fleqsiuri elementebia. maSasadame, Tanamedrove qarTulis `gesalmebiT Cven Tqven~ winadadebaSi Semasmeneli ricxvSi uTanxmdeba ro-gorc subieqts, ise obieqts.

rac Seexeba `gesalmebian igini Tqven~ winadadebaSi Semasmenlisa da iribi damatebis urTierTobas ricxvSi, aqac nulovani alomorfi gamoxatavs iribi damatebis mravlobiTobas (gesalmebi-an- igini Tqven), rac mTis kiloebSi materialura-dac xorcieldeba, radgan, rogorc zemoT aGvniSneT, isini ar ga-urbian /n-T/ kombinacias pauzis win: g e s a l m e b i a n T Cveu-lebrivi formaa am dialeqtebisTvis:

`... warbn g i g v a n a n T mSvildis maliksa, mazinebT-mad-gebiana,

Tvalni buslomas m i g i g v a n T , Sig qorni budobdiana...Kel gigavT Gvinis yuryelsa, Gvinonimc Cadgebiana!~ (74,

346) am leqsSi erTimeoris gverdiT warmodgenilia, erTi

mxriT, mravlobiTSi dasmuli subieqtebis _ (w a r b n i , T v a l n i ) -an sufiqsi da, meore mxriT, micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli obieq-tis (Tqven) simravlis -T sufiqsi: gigv-an-T, mi-gigv-an-T. amaT gverdiT aris mxolobiT ricxvSi dasmuli subieqtis (Keli) gverdiT micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli obieqtis simravlis -T sufiqsi: gigav-T (< gigavsT; Sdr. TuS. gigavisT `gigavT~. pauzis win /vs/ kombinacia arabuneborivia, amitom mTis kiloebSi Cveulebri-via -av Temis niSnis momdevnod -s (S3) niSnis dakargva: ugav, ukidav, xkidav... tipis statikur formebSi. TuSurSi S3-is -s SeiZleba gadaarCinos TanxmovanTgamKarma i xmovanma: ukidavis, xkidavis, Ggavis da sxv.).

naSromis ZiriTadi debulebaa: mravlobiT ricxvSi dasmul aqtantTa SeTanxmeba zmnasTan am kategoriis mixedviT mu-dam savaraudebelia qarTul enaSi, radgan ricxvis gageba zmnaSi Seaqvs aqtantebs. aqtantTa SeTanxmeba zmnasTan ricxvSi SeiZleba iKos c a l m x r i v n i S a n d e b u l i _ materialu-

178

Tedo uTurgaiZe

rad ricxvis niSani aqtants gamoexateba (maT esmis), an _ or-mxriv niSanebuli (Cuen gu-esmis). wamoKenebulia debuleba, rom ricxvSi calmxriv niSandebuli SeTanxmeba aqtantebsa da zmnas Soris uZvelesia, ormxriv niSandeba _ SedarebiT gvian-deli. Zvel qarTulSi ukve CamoKalibebulia ricxvSi ormxriv ni-Sandebuli SeTanxmeba subieqtsa da zmnas Soris, pirdapir obieqtsa da zmnas Soris II seriaSi. Zvel qarTulSive daiwKo mi-cemiT brunvaSi dasmuli damatebisa da zmnis mravlobiT ri-cxvSi ormxrivi niSandeba I piris formebSi (Cuen gu-esmis), rasac Semdeg mohKva ricxvis niSandeba zmnis II da III pireb-Sic (Tqven gesmiT, maT esmiT). Tanamedrove qarTulSi or-mxrivi niSandeba mravlobiT ricxvSi zmnisa da misi aqtantebi-sa damTavrebulia, oGond zmnaTa formebSi fonematuri mize-zebiT nulovani alomorfebic Cndeba, rac uTuod unda aisaxos ricxvSi SeTanxmebis sintaqsur debulebebSi rogorc Zvel, ise Tanamedrove qarTulze msJelobis dros. aGsaniSnavia isic, rom qarTuli enis zog dialeqtSi samwerlobo enis nulovani alomorfi materialurad aris warmodgenili (`gesalmebi-an- isini Tqven~; Sdr. dial. `gesalmebi-an-T isini Tqven~). morfosin-taqsuri urTierToba ricxvis kategoriis mixedviT Zvelsa da Tana-medrove qarTulSi identuria, cvlileba nawilobriv Seexo gamo-xatulebis plans: axal qarTulSi damTavrda ricxvSi SeTanxme-bis ormxrivi niSandeba zmnasa da aqtantebs Soris.

179

morfosintaqsi

ormxriv niSandebul urTierTobaTa gada-

svla calmxriv niSandebaze

(sazGvruli da msazGvreli)

diaqroniul aspeqtSi SesaZlebelia rogorc calmxriv niSan-debul urTierTobaTa gadasvla ormxriv urTierTobaze sintagmis farglebSi, ise ormxriv niSandebul urTierTobaTa calmxriv ni-Sandebaze gadasvla.

qarTul enaSi bruneba da ricxvi morfosintaqsuri kategorie-bia. isini, erTi mxriT, substantivTa (potenciur sazGvrulTa) ma-xasiaTeblebia, meore mxriT, adieqtivTa (potenciur msazGvrel-Ta) maxasiaTeblebic arian. enaSi xdeba rogorc sxvadasxva metKvelebis nawilTa substantivacia, ise adieqtivacia da, Sesa-bamisad rigisa, isini asruleben arsebiT da zedsarTav saxelTa funqciebs.

morfosintaqsur cvlilebaTa TvalsazrisiT saKuradGeboa o r -m x r i v n i S a n d e b u l s i n t a q s u r u r T i e r T o b a T a g a d a s v l a c a l m x r i v n i S a n d e b u l z e . qarTul enaSi es istoriulad ganxorcielda sazGvrulisa da msazGvrelis urTierTo-baSi b r u n e b i s a da r i c x v i s kategoriebis mixedviT.

S e T a n x m e b i s s i n t a q s u r i u r T i e r T o b a m s a -z G v r e l s a d a s a z G v r u l s S o r i s u c v l e l a d r C e b a K v e l a d r o S i , icvleba mxolod formalur-materialuri mxare ZiriTadad nulovani alomorfebis xarJze, r a c u k a v S i r d e b a m s a z G v r e l i w e v r i s b l o k i r e b a s w i n a d a d e b a S i .

blokireba winadadebis farglebSi misi romelime wevris iseTi kavSiria konkretulad gansazGvrul meore wevrTan, rode-sac poziciiT an paradigmatuli cvlilebis SewKvetis gziT analogi-uri kavSiris SesaZlebloba gamoricxulia winadadebis sxva wevrTan.

nulovani alomorfebi ki warmoiqmneba rogorc morfonolo-giuri, ise morfosintaqsuri mizezebiT. orsave SemTxvevaSi ama Tu im kategoriis niSani materialurad ikargeba ise, rom si-tKvaTa formebi gramatikul urTierTobaSi dakargul niSanTa funqcias inarCuneben.

materialur niSanTa dakargva morfonologiuri cvlilebebis dros xdeba fonematuri wesebis zemoqmedebiT, morfosintaq-

180

Tedo uTurgaiZe

suri cvlilebebis dros ki _ winadadebis wevri sitKvebis blokire-biT.

ganvixiloT msazGvreli wevris blokireba. upirveles Kovlisa, aprioruli debulebaa: m s a z G v r e l s a r a a q v s s a k u T a r i r i c x v i , b r u n v a d a s q e s i . msazGvreli formalurad mu-dam im brunvasa da ricxvSia, romelSic aris sazGvruli, miuxe-davad imisa, brunvis an ricxvis niSani materialurad igive eq-neba msazGvrels, rac sazGvruls, Tu saerTod ar eqneba an su-lac sxva niSani eqneba. ar vmsJelobT sqesze, radgan saxelebs qarTul enaSi es kategoria ar axasiaTebs.

aprioruli mimarTebebi, romelTac zemoT SevexeT, geneti-kurad aris Cadebuli msazGvrelis sazGvrulTan urTierTobaSi, raTa Tviseba ar dascildes mis matarebels, e. i. ar moxdes msazGvrelis gankuTvneba im sazGvrulisTvis, romlisTvisac is ar iKo navaraudebi, magaliTad, Tu msazGvreli maGali wina-dadebaSi moxvdeba or substantivs Soris (anu potenciur sa-zGvrulebs Soris), rogoricaa, magaliTad, g o g o da b i y i . igi aGmoCndeba s a d a v o p o z i c i a S i , radgan am msazGvrels (`maGali~) SeuZlia sintaqsuri kavSiris damKareba (anu sin-tagmis Seqmna), rogorc marcxniv, ise marJvniv mdgom sub-stantivTan: `gogo m a G a l b i y s eZaxis~ (1) da `g o g o m m a G a l m a biys dauZaxa~ (2). meore winadadeba Tavisi wKobiT SedarebiT iSviaTia, magram sruliad kanonieria (gavix-senoT a. Kazbegis leqsi: `g o g o m l a m a z m a , m c i n a r m a wuGebi Semikerao~). aqedan amosvliT SeiZleba ori winada-deba miviGoT: `g o g o m l a m a z m a ... wuGebi Semikera~ (3) da `gogom l a m a z i . . . w u G e b i Semikera~ (4).

gansxvaveba, erTi mxriT, pirvelsa da, meore mxriT, meo-re, mesame da meoTxe winadadebebs Soris is aris, rom msa-zGvreli pirvel winadadebaSi brunvis materialuri niSnis gare-Sea warmodgenili, danarCen sam winadadebaSi (me-2, me-3, me-4) ki brunvis niSnebi materialurad SenarCunebulia.

181

morfosintaqsi

dgeba kiTxva: sintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT ra gansxvavebaa msazGvrelisa da sazGvrulis urTierTobaSi p i r v e l da d a n a r -C e n w i n a d a d e b e b s Soris?

kiTxvaze swori pasuxis gacemisTvis gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom arsebobs a r a s a d a v o p o z i c i a c , roca msazGvreli ganekuTvneba mxolod erT konkretul sazGvruls. a s e T i i K o d a a r i s p o z i c i a w i n a d a d e b i s d a s a w K i s S i s a z G v r u l i s w i n : `maGali gogo biys eZaxis~ (5). am po-ziciaSi msazGvreli mxolod momdevno sazGvruls ganekuTvne-ba. es bunebrivia, radgan msazGvrels win (marcxniv) sxva substantivi (potenciuri sazGvruli) ar uZGvis; es msazGvreli momdevno sazGvrulsac ver gadaaxteba, rom am gziT wina-dadebis SigniT sxva substantivis msazGvreloba SeZlos. sada-vo aGara rCeba ra: a m p o z i c i a S i m s a z G v r e l i m i J a y -v u l i a m o m d e v n o s a z G v r u l z e ; aseT msazGvrels, ro-melic konkretul sazGvrulze poziciurad aris mimagrebuli, ro-gorc zemoT vTqviT, vuwodebT b l o k i r e b u l msazGvrels.

msazGvrelis blokirebis sxvadasxva gzebi arsebobs. erTi is aris, romelzec zemoT vTqviT _ prepoziciuri atributuli msa-zGvreli winadadebis dasawKisSi. am poziciaSi CamoKalibda urTierToba, romelic msazGvrel-sazGvrulTan moqmedebs sxva poziciaSic (ix. qvemoT).

enaSi arsebobs kidev substantiuri msazGvreli, romelic axal qarTulSi delimitaciuri -a sufiqsiT postpoziciaSic blokire-buli gaxda mis win (marcxniv) mdgomi sazGvrulis mier. Z v e l q a r T u l S i e s m s a z G v r e l i b r u n v i s n i S n i s g a r e S e a r a b l o k i r e b u l i i K o , e. i. SeiZleboda gamxdariKo rogorc win mdgomi substantivis msazGvreli, ise momdevno substan-tivisa. pirobiT aviGoT aseTi winadadeba `wigni mezoblisa na-Tesavs mivec~ (6). `mezoblisa~ am garemocvaSi SeiZleba miviCnioT (a) `wigni~ substantivis msazGvrelad an (b) `naTe-savsa~ substantivis msazGvrelad. gaugebrobis asacileblad Zveli qarTuli aseT msazGvrels brunvis niSniT uTanxmebda im substantivs, romlis msazGvreladac miiCnevda mas: (a) `w i g -

182

Tedo uTurgaiZe

n i m e z o b l i s a naTesavsa mivec~ (6a) da (b) wigni m e -z o b l i s a s a n a T e s a v s a mivec~ (6b). gaugebroba gamo-ricxuli iKo.

axal qarTulSi, Zveli qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, -a sufiqsi delimitaciur elementad iqca, Caketa konstruqcia da aseTi msazGvreli mxolod win (marcxniv) mdgom substantivs gane-kuTvneba: `w i g n i m e z o b l i s a / naTesavs miveci~ (7). axal qarTulSi bunebrivia `wigni mezoblisa~, miuGebelia `m e -z o b l i s a n a T e s a v s ~ sintagma (magaliTad, miuGebelia `mezoblisa naTesavs velodebi~, kanonieria `mezoblis naTe-savs velodebi~).

naTlad gamoCnda, rom m s a z G v r e l i s b l o k i r e b a i w v e v s m i s g a d a s v l a s n u l o v a n d a b o l o e b a z e , r o m l i s f u n q c i a g a n i s a z G v r e b a s a z G v r u l i s b r u n v i s n i S n i s f u n q c i i T . msazGvrelis miJayvam kon-kretul sazGvrulze enas misca am ekonomiis saSualeba.

Tu Zvel qarTulSi prepoziciuri atributuli da postpoziciuri substantiuri msazGvreli m a t e r i a l u r a d uTuod unda Se-sTanxmeboda sazGvruls, axal qarTulSi blokirebis safuZvelze am msazGvrelebs Kvela brunvaSi SeuZliaT nulovani alomorfiT funqcionireba:

Zveli qarTuli axali qarTulisax.moTx.mic.naT.moq.viT.

mcire-mcire-manmcire-samcir-isamcir-iTamcire-d

t‚rT-it‚rT-mant‚rT-sat‚rT-isat‚rT-iTat‚rT-ad

mcire-mcire-mcire-mcire-mcire-mcire-

tvirT-itvirT-matvirT-stvirT-istvirT-iTtvirT-ad

Zveli qarTuli axali qarTulisax.moTx.mic.

Ze-Ze-manZe-sa

kacisa-kacisa-mankacisa-sa

Ze-Ze-mZe-s

kacisa-kacisa-kacisa-

183

morfosintaqsi

naT.moq.viT.

Z-isaZ-iTaZe-d

kacisa-sakacisa-Takacisa-(d)

Z-isZ-iTZe-d

kacisa-kacisa-kacisa-

axal qarTulSi substantiur msazGvrelian saxelTa bruneba-Si Jer kidev moqmedebs Zveli qarTulis wesi msazGvrelis ga-formebaSi da normadac is aris miCneuli: Ze-m kacisa-m (Sdr. Zv. qarT. Ze-man kacisa-man), Ze-s kacisa-s (Sdr. Zv. qarT. Ze-sa kacisa-sa)... magram axal qarTuls am wesiT brunebaSi veGar ewarmoeba n a T e s a o b i T da m o q m e d e b i T brunvaTa substantiurmsazGvreliani formebi, fardi Z i s a k a -c i s a s a da Z i T a k a c i s a T a sintagmebisa.

nulovanalomorfianma postpoziciurma substantiurma msazGvrelma aGniSnuli nakli gamoaswora, dGes bunebrivia aseTi winadadebebi: `Z i s a k a c i s a gvaqvs Cven imedi~ da `Z i T a k a c i s a vamaKobT Kvela~.

unda iTqvas, rom substantiurmsazGvrelian sintagmebSi ukve Zveli qarTuli iKenebda nulovan alomorfebs.

uZvelesi (ZvelqarTulamdeli) saxeoba am tipis msazGvre-lisa Zvel qarTulSi sporadulad Jer kidev SemorCenilia, mag.:

sax.moTx

.mic.naT.moq.viT.

kacisa-kacisa-mankacisa-sakacisa-sakacisa-Takacisa-(d)

Ze-Ze-manZe-saZ-isaZ-iTaZe-d

blokirebuli substantiuri msazGvreli Zvel qarTulSi ZiriTa-dad ukve nulovani daboloebebiT aris warmodgenili:

sax.moTx.mic.naT.moq.viT.

kacisa-kacisa-kacisa-kacisa-kacisa-kacisa-

Ze-Ze-manZe-saZ-isaZ-iTaZe-d

184

Tedo uTurgaiZe

blokirebuli substantiuri msazGvarelis swored am tipis bruneba gaxda amosavali Semdgom Kvela tipis blokirebul msazGvrelTaTvis.

rac Seexeba postpoziciur substantiur msazGvrels, rogorc zemoT iTqva, materialuri gaformebis TvalsazrisiT didi gan-sxvavebaa Zvel qarTulsa da axal qarTuls Soris.

Zvel qarTuls ara hqonda delimitaciis -a sufiqsi, amitom am models ver iKenebda postpoziciur substantiurmsazGvrelian sintagmaSi, axal qarTulSi ki is farTod aris gavrcelebuli: garda formacvalebadi sitKvebisa, formaucvleli metKvelebis nawileb-Tanac vxvdebiT delimitaciis -a sufiqss, ase magaliTad: b u -n e b r i v i a sintagmebi: `g u S i n dawera~ da `g u S i n a we-ra~, magram d a u S v e b e l i a `guSina dawera~, radgan zmniswinic, d a s a w K i s i z m n u r i f o r m e b i s a , delimi-taciuri elementia da T a v i s w i n v e r a i t a n s m e o r e s a s a z G v r o e l e m e n t s (-a sufiqss); aseve bunebrivia `ar dawers~, dauSvebelia `ara dawers~ da sxv.

rac Seexeba atributuli msazGvrelisa da sazGvrulis S e -T a n x m e b a s ricxvSi. aqac qarTuli ena -T(a) sufiqsian sin-tagmebSi o r m x r i v n i S a n d e b u l i u r T i e r T o b i d a n g a d a v i d a c a l m x r i v z e p r e p o z i c i u r i m s a z G v r e -l i s b l o k i r e b i s S e d e g a d : Zvel qarTulSi gvqonda `didTa saqmeTa~, a r S e i Z l e b o d a did saqmeTa~, r a c a x a l q a r T u l S i b u n e b r i v i a .

msazGvrelis blokireba am SemTxvevaSic daiwKo winada-debis dasawKisSi, sadac sazGvrulis win (marcxniv) mdgomi msazGvreli miJayvulia momdevno erTaderT sazGvrulze da amitom SeuZlia gadavides brunvisa da ricxvis nulovan varian-tebze. amanve Seapiroba nulovandaboloebiani msazGvareli winadadebis SigniTac, rodesac is eqceva or potenciur sa-zGvruls Soris. am SemTxvevaSic msazGvreli mxolod mo-mdevno sazGvruls ganekuTvneba, mag.: `cxovelTa d i d m e -g o b a r T upirvelesad bavSvebi warmoadgenen~. `cxovelTa~ naTesaobiT brunvaSia, Tu msazGvreli mas daukavSirdeba, miviGebT `c x o v e l T a d i d T a megobarT upirvelesad bav-Svebi warmoadgenen~. axal qarTulSi `didTa megobarT~ mi-cemiT brunvaSi mxolod Zveli qarTuli stilis SenarCunebis mcdelobisas Tu mimarTaven, umJobesi iqneba dGes `cxovel-Ta d i d m e g o b r e b s upirvelesad bavSvebi warmoadge-nen~. mravlobiTobis -eb sufiqsian substantivTan Zvel qarTul-

185

morfosintaqsi

Sic umetesad calmxrivi niSandebiT xdeboda ricxvSi SeTan-xmeba (didi megobrebi, didsa megobrebsa... megobrebi didi, megobrebsa didsa da a. S.).

* * *

aqve SevexebiT erTi da imave aqtantis gansxvavebul ni-Sandebas sampirian zmnebSi, romelTac p i r c v a l e b a d i d a m a t e b i s g v e r d i T m e o r e d a m a t e b a u T u o d p i r u c v l e l i a q v T . aseT zmnebSi blokirebulia pirucvleli damateba, zmnaSi misi arc piri aGiniSneba da arc ricxvi, gadaKvanilia nulovan alomorfebze _ adgili aqvs calmxriv ni-Sandebas: p i r i d a r i c x v i T v i T a q t a n t s g a m o e x a -t e b a .

sampirian zmnebSi Tu pircvalebadia iribi damateba, pi-rucvlelia pirdapiri damateba da, piriqiT, pircvalebadi pirdapiri damatebis gverdiT pirucvlelia iribi damateba.

pirucvlelia pirdapiri damatebaI Semwira man me is Segvwira man Cven isII Segwira man Sen is SegwiraT man Tqven isIII Seswira man mas is Seswira(T) man maT is

Semwire me Sen is, Segwire Sen me isSegvwire Cven Sen is, SegwireT Tqven me is.

wKvetilis am mikroparadigmaSi pircvalebadia iribi obieq-ti, zmnaSi mxolod misi piri da ricxvia gamoxatuli, pirdapiri obieqti (`is~) Kvelgan uniSnoa piris mixedviT, mas arc ricxvi gamoexateba: `is~ rom isini mravlobiTis formiT SevcvaloT, paradigmis formebi ucvleli darCeba (Semwira man me isini, Segwira man Sen isini da sxv.).

viTareba analogiuri iqneba, Tu damatebebs rolebs Sevuc-vliT: pirucvleli iqneba iribi damateba, pirdapiri damateba ki _ pircvalebadi.

pirucvlelia iribi damatebaI Semwira me mas Segvwira Cven masII Segwira Sen mas SegwiraT Tqven mas

186

Tedo uTurgaiZe

III Seswira is mas Ses wira(T) isini masI Semwira me maTII Segwira Sen maTIII Seswira is maTI Semwire Sen me mas, Segwire me Sen masII Semwire Sen me maT, Segwire me Sen maTS e w i r v a zmnis aq warmodgenil formebSi pirucvlel irib

damatebas piri da ricxvi ar gamoexateba. aq sakmarisia nulo-vani alomorfebi; a m o r i k a t e g o r i i s n i S a n d e b a s T v i T i r i b i d a m a t e b a a x o r c i e l e b s p i r i s n a c v a l -s a x e l e b i T a n s u b s t a n t i v e b i T .

gamodis, rom erTsa da imave damatebas (iribs an pirda-pirs) gansxvavebuli niSandeba aqvs srul paradigmaSi: maTi piri da ricxvi xan materialurad aris warmodgenili zmnis for-mebSi, xan _ nulovani alomorfebiT. roca sxva aqtantebTan zog kombinaciaSi piri da ricxvi ar gamoexateba romelime da-matebas (magaliTad, ar SeiZleba: SemwiraT me maT, Segwi-raT Sen maT, SemwiraT me isini, SegwiraT Sen isini da sxv.), ra Tqma unda, mas SemasmenelTan mirTulad ver gamovacxadebT, radgan, Jer erTi, saqme gvaqvs formacvale-bad sitKvasTan da, meorec, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, am aqtants imave paradigmis sxva kombinaciebSi piris niSa-nic aqvs da ricxvisac, maSasadame, saqme gvaqvs ara uniS-nobasTan, aramed nulovan alomorfebTan.

nulovani alomorfebi axasiaTebs blokirebul pirmimarT da-matebebs. maTi urTierToba SemasmenelTan ise unda aGiwe-ros, rogorc pircvalebadi da ricxvcvalebadi aqtantebisa.

Zveli qarTulis II seriis formebSi sampiriani zmnis pirucvle-li aqtanti -n sufiqsian mravlobiTSi ricxvis niSans iCenda zmna-Si (`me Sen Segwiren igini~; `Cuen Sen SegwireniT igi-

srulia paradigma, romelSic esa Tu is konkretuli zmna warmodgenili iqneba misi pirmimarTi aqtantebis Kvela SesaZlo kombinaciiT Kvela mwkrivSi.

aris kombinaciebi, sadac qvemdebaris piric arasodes Kofila niSandebuli qarTul enaSi. esaa kombinaciebi S1O2 (gxatav), S2O1 (mxatav), S1

pO2da sxv.

187

morfosintaqsi

ni~...). Tanamedrove qarTulSi ricxvSi SeTanxmeba aGar xde-ba: `me Sen Segwire isini (ar SeiZleba `me Sen SegwireT isi-ni~). e s c v l i l e b a k a n o n z o m i e r i a _ blokirebul aqtants ara syirdeba pirisa da ricxvis niSnebi. e s n i S n e b i calmxriv aris warmodgenili TviT aqtantis formiT: `me Sen Segwire isi-ni~. `isini~ `Segwire~ zmnis paradigmis pirucvleli aqtantia pircvalebadi iribis gverdiT da ricxvic winaswar gansazGvrulia sruli paradigmis gansazGvrul nawilSi: am nawilSi pirisa da ri-cxvis mixedviT icvlebian mxolod S da Oind, ucvlelia mxolod O3

dp.

`isini~ aqtantis adgilze nebismieri konkretuli substantivi CaJdeba sayi-roebis mixedviT (megobrebi, Tasebi, dGeebi da sxv.).

188

morfosintaqsi 194

Tedo uTurgaiZe

radgan samive piris niSani arasodes Kofila materialurad erT-droulad warmodgenili, pirucvleli aqtantis morfosintaqsuri nuli genetikur maxasiaTeblad unda miviCnioT: amas TviT pirucvle-li aqtantis (O3

indp) pirisa da ricxvis mixedviT ucvleli forma (anu substantivi an nacvalsaxeli micemiT brunvasa da mravlobiT ricxvSi) ganapirobebda.

analogiuri viTareba gveqneba maSinac, Tu O3indp-s cxrilSi

CavanacvlebT O3dp-iT, xolo irib damatebas (Oind) SevitanT cxrilis

SigniT: pirucvleli aqtantis (pirdapiri damatebis) pirisa da ricxvis materialuri niSnebi gaqreba axal qarTulSi, piris niSani arc Zvel qarTulSi hqonda, samagierod pirisa da ricxvis mixed-viT niSandebuli gaxda pircvalebadi iribi damateba.

195

morfosintaqsi 196

Tedo uTurgaiZe

am paradigmaSi Zveli qarTulis wKvetilis mwkrivis Kvela formaSi O3

dp (`igini~) warmodgenilia mravlobiTi ricxvis {-en} sufiqsiT (/-en/ da /-n/ alomorfebiT, Sesabamisad poziciisa), axal qarTulSi ki O3

dp-is arc mravlobiTi ricxvia materialurad gamoxatuli da arc piris niSani, ase rom, dGes warmodgenili cxrilis O3

dp-s Tu SevcvliT O3d-iT, axali qarTulis cxrilSi araferi Se-

icvleba. Zveli qarTulis formaTa aseTi cvlileba axalSi bunebri-via, roca winadadebaSi O3

d aqtanti TviTon aris sakuTari pirisa da ricxvis gamomxatveli da ar sayiroebs zmnaSi niSandebas materialurad.

KuradGebas gavamaxvilebT zogierT kombinaciaze sampi-rian zmnaTa aq warmodgenil or cxrilSi, es kombinaciebia: S1O1

dO3indp da S1

pO1dpO3

indp im cxrilidan, romelSic pirucvlelia da ri-cxvucvlelia iribi damateba; meore cxrilidan ganvixilavT S1O1

indO3dp da S1

pO1indpO3

dp kombinaciebs (cxrilidan, romelSic pir- da ricxvucvlelia pirdapiri damateba). es kombinaciebi orsave cxrilSi wKvetilis mwkrivSia. isini im mxriv iqceven KuradGebas, rom maTSi gaerTianebulia erTi da igive I an II pi-ri subieqtadac da obieqtadac. rogorc Zvel qarTulSi, ise Tana-medrove qarTulSic am kombinaciebs sakuTari, sxva kombina-ciebisgan gansxvavebuli, gamoxatulebis formebi ara aqvT. sanimuSod aviGoT S1O1

dO3indp pirveli cxrilidan. maTi saziaro for-

maa S e v s w i r e : `me Tavi Sevswire maT~ (S1O1dO3

indp); Sdr. `me Cem Tavs Sevswire isini~ (S1O1

indO3dp). garda am da-

mTxvevisa, es forma ergeba S1O3dO3

indp (`me is Sevswire maT~) da S1O3

indO3dp (`me mas Sevswire isini~) kombinaciebsac, sadac

obieqturi pirveli pirebi Secvlilia mesame pirebiT (damTxveva xdeba sxva kombinaciebTanac).

miuxedavad bgerobrivi (gamoxatulebis planiT) damTxve-visa, e s f o r m e b i g r a m a t i k u l a d d i d a d g a n s x v a v -d e b i a n , razec Jer maTi Sedgeniloba migviTiTebs: erTimeo-risgan romelime piriT an romelime piris ricxviT gansxvavdebi-an; meorec, rac aranakleb arsebiTia, isini formaluradac gan-sxvavebuli arian konversiul pasivTa mixedviT:S1O1

dO3indp S1O3

indp, anu S e v s w i r e S e v e w i r e (asevea Zv. qarTulSi)

S1O1indO3

dp S1pO3

ind, anu S e v s w i r e S e m e w i r n e n (Zv. qarT. S e v s w i r e n S e m e w i r n e s )

S1O3dO3

indp S3O3indp, anu S e v s w i r e S e e w i r a (asevea Zv.

qarTulSi)

197

morfosintaqsi

S1O3indO3

dp S3pO3

ind, anu S e v s w i r e S e e w i r n e n (Zv. qarT. S e v s w i r e n S e e w i r n e s )

S1O3indpO3

dp S3pO3

indp, anu S e v s w i r e S e e w i r n e n (Zv. qarT. Sevswi ren S e e w i r n e s )

iribi damatebis mesame piris ricxvis Secvla ver aisaxa zmnis formebSi (isini Seewirnen mas isini Seewirnen maT), analogiuri viTarebaa Zvel qarTulSi (igini Seewirnes mas igi-ni Seewirnes maT), magram iribi damatebis formaTa gan-sxvaveba ricxvis mixedviT asaxulia I pirSi: `isini Semewirnen me~ isini Segvewirnen Cven~ (Sdr. Zv. qarTulis `me Se-mewirnes~ da `Cuen Seguewirnes~). es gansxvaveba I pirSi niSania imisa, rom gramatikulad gansxvaveba maSinac gveq-neba, rodesac iribi obieqtis simravle calmxriv aris markirebuli, anu gamoxatulia iribi obieqtis formiT (mas maT). am gan-sxvavebas sintaqsur mimarTebaSi gverds ver avuvliT.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT: ena winadadebaSi eZebs mis wverTa urTierTobis umartives formebs. erT-erTi gza amisa aris sintagmis romelime wevris blokireba, anu m i m a g -r e b a m e o r e w e v r z e s p e c i a l u r i m a w a r m o e b l i s g a r e S e : (1) msazGvrelisa da sazGvrulis urTierToba gramati-kul doneze igive darCa, magram sagrZnoblad Seicvala grama-tikuli urTierTobis gamoxatulebis plani: msazGvrelis brunvasa da ricxvSi fleqsiurad srulad gaformebuli istoriuli saxeoba dGes brunvisa da ricxvis kategoriebis materialuri niSnebis ga-reSe ixmareba: mcireman t‚rTman > mcire- tvirTma; kaci-saman Zeman > kacis- Zem; didTa saqmeTa > did- sa-qmeTa...).

mizezi gamartivebuli formaluri urTierTobisa aris msazGvrelis blokireba _ mimagreba konkretul sazGvrulze. fleqsiur elementTa gramatikuli urTierTobis es saxe aGiniSne-ba nulovani alomorfebiT. (2) analogiuri xdeba sampiriani zmnisa da pirucvleli aqtantis, pirdapiri an iribi obieqtis, urTier-TobaSi: pirucvleli aqtanti mxolod mesame pirSi dgas da ricxvic ucvlelia (an mxolobiTia, an mravlobiTi), rac im sub-stantivis formiT gamoixateba, romelic pirucvlel aqtants axor-cielebs (me Semwira mas, Sen Segwira mas, is Seswira mas... me Semwira igi, Sen Segwira igi, mas Seswira igi...). zmnas am aqtantTan kavSirisTvis aGar syirdeba misi arc piris da arc ricxvis materialurad gamoxatva: aqtantis kavSiri zmnasTan blokirebulia, e. i. b l o k i r e b u l i a q t a n t i s p i r i d a r i c x v i fleqsiur mawarmoebelTa gareSe, TviT aqtantiT,

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Tedo uTurgaiZe

substantivis erTaderTi formiT a r i s r e a l i z e b u l i w i -n a d a d e b a S i .

aseT viTarebaSi naTelia, Zveli qarTulis sampirian zmneb-Si simravlis niSniT gamoxatulma pirucvlelma aqtantma (me Semwirna igini, Sen Segwirna igini, mas Seswirna igini...) ratom dakarga es Tviseba (simravlis gamoxatvis unari) axal qarTulSi (me Semwira isini, Sen Segwira isini, mas Seswira isini... ar SeiZleba `me SemwiraT isini da sxv.).

nulovani alomorfebis daSveba aucilebelia, radgan isini warmoadgenen materialurad realizebul morfemaTa varian-tebs sitKvaTa gansazGvrul wKobasa da gansazGvrul urTierTo-baSi da atareben imave mniSvnelobas, rasac maTi materialuri variantebi.

199

morfosintaqsi

pirTa inversia morfo-sintaqsuri aspeqtiT

gavrcelebuli ganmartebiT, pirTa inversia aris pirmimarT aqtantTa Soris piris niSanTa Senacvleba: roca `realur subi-eqts~ gamoxatavs obieqtis niSani, xolo `realur obieqts~ _ su-bieqtis niSani, magaliTad, m Z u l s formis analizi subieqt-obi-eqtis mixedviT asea warmodgenili arn. Ciqobavas werilSi, ro-melic qeglis I tomSia dabeydili (70): obieqtis niSniT aris warmodgenili subieqti, is piri, `romelsac sZuls~ (m-Zuls me), xolo subieqtis niSniT is piri, romelic obieqtia _ `rac sZuls~ (70, 63).

arn. Ciqobava inversiulad gardamaval zmnaTa paradig-mebSi mxolod III seriis formebs miiCnevs: gamizrdia, amiSe-nebia... gardauval zmnebSi ki inversia garkveuli Jgufis zmnebs Kvela seriaSi gasdevs: m K a v s m e K o l e b a m K o l i a , m i K v a r s m e K v a r e b a m K v a r e b i a . aris `merKevi~ wKobis aklebs tipis formebic: maT daakldaT is isini daak-ldnen mas. subieqtia piri, romlis simravlec aris gamoxatuli zmnis formiT. hKavT (maT) hKvanan (isini) _ `realuri subieq-ti~ mravlobiTi ricxvis formebiT aris gamoxatuli. eseni `merKevi (labiluri) wKobis~ zmnebia inversiis TvalsazrisiT. da-saxelebulia kidev a d g a s , x v d e b a zmnebi.

mTeli es msJeloba emKareba subieqtis gagebas, rogorc qmedebis Camdenisas (`romelsac sZuls~). aseTi gageba su-bieqtisa saerTod miGebulia qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi. a. Sani-Ze pirdapir acxadebs: subieqtia is piri, visac zmniT gamoxatu-li moqmedeba miewereba.

arn. Ciqobavasgan gansxvavebiT, a. SaniZes inversiulad mxolod aqtivTa III seriis formebi miaCnia. orive mecnieri `qmedebis Cadenidan~ gamodis: qmedeba visac miewereba, subieqtic is aris, s a m o q m e d o an v i s T v i s a c x d e b a m o q m e d e b a , obieqtebia. TviT inversiis warmodgenili ga-gebis mqone mecnierTa msJelobaSi iCens Tavs winaaGmde-goba subieqtis gansazGvraSi. SualobiTi kontaqtis (meoradi kauzaciis) formebSi moqmedebis Semsrulebeli iribi obieqtia, magram aravis uTqvams, rom `awerinebs is mas~ winadade-baSi `mas~ piri subieqtia. a. SaniZe mas `uSualod mo-

vfiqrobT, subieqtisa da obieqtis gansazGvra mravlobiTi ricxvis markirebiT inversiis sakiTxs friad gaabundovnebs.

200

Tedo uTurgaiZe

qmeds~ uwodebs, `erTgvar iaraGs~ iniciatori piris xelSi. a. SaniZis ganmartebaSi arsebiTia `vinc uSualod moqme-

debs~ (62, 358). cxadia, rom `moqmedebis Camdeni~ aris iribi obieqti da ara organizatori, romelic aiZulebs irib obieqts, Seasrulos zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedeba; analogiuri viTare-baa pirvelad kauzativSic: `aCqarebs is mas~ _ aqac `is~ or-ganizatoria, `mas~ ki Semsrulebeli, rac ufro reliefurad ikve-Teba `a t i r e b s ~, `a c i n e b s ~ tipis formebSi, sadac mo-qmedeba `sicili~ da `tirili~ pirdapiri obieqtis mier sruldeba. aqac subieqtis niSani organizators aqvs. amitom o r g a n i z a -t o r i s s a x e l i S e i Z l e b a S e i c v a l o s s u b i e q t i T . ne-bismier zmnaSi subieqti organizatoria qmedebisa an damou-kideblad, e. i. Tavis nebiT moqmedebs (wers, xatavs...) an sxvas amoqmedebs (acinebs, awerinebs).

aseTi ganmarteba _ `subieqti iniciatoria qmedebisa~ sa-Sualebas iZleva gansxvavebulad SevxedoT zemoT ganxilul zmnaTa JgufebSi subieqtisa da obieqtis rols da maT aGmniS-vnel afiqsebs: i n i c i a t o r i miviCnioT s u b i e q t a d , m o -q m e d a d ki an i r i b i o b i e q t i meorad kauzativebSi (aweri-nebs mas) an p i r d a p i r i o b i e q t i pirvelad kauzativebSi (mas acinebs).

qvemoT Jer SevexebiT gardauval zmnebs, romelTac, arn. Ciqobavas mtkicebiT, inversia Kvela seriaSi axasiaTebs.

inversiul zmnebad miiCneva zmnaTa Semdegi Jgufebi: (1) statikuri zmnebi (mipKria, miweria, mikavia...), (2) mediopasi-vebi (mKavs, miKvars...). meti mkafiobisTvis zmnebi I pirSi warmovadgineT: m e m i p K r i a , m e m i k a v i a ... m e m i K v a r s , m e m K a v s ... miuxedavad imisa, rom Kvela JgufSi `me~-s roli, rogorc moqmedisa, udavoa, igi mainc obi-eqtis m- prefiqsiT aris warmodgenili. ase iqneba sxva pirebSic da orsave ricxvSi.

ratom?unda moiZebnos am JgufTa gamaerTianebeli Tviseba,

raGac saerTo, ris gamoc qmedebis Semsrulebels obieqtis ni-Sani eZleva; Sdr. m-xatavs me, m-wers me... sadac obieqtis niSani s a m o q m e d o a q t a n t s eZleva da ara moqmeds.

sadac moqmeds e. w. `inversiul zmnebSi~ obieqtis niSa-ni eZleva, Kvela forma perfeqtulia _ axlandel droSi gadmo-gvcems warsulSi Seqmnil viTarebas. roca vambobT: `mipKria Tavsi~, `miKvars Gvino~, amiT axlandel droSi vaxdenT imis

201

morfosintaqsi

konstatacias, rac Tqmamde moxda _ vidre vitKodi, ukve mepKra; Tqmamde miKvarda, e. i. warsuli qmedebis Sedegze vuTiTebdiT awmKoSi; Sdr. dinamikuri zmnebi: aqtiuri v x a t a v da pasiuri v i x a t e b i , romlebic qmedebisa da saubris mo-mentebs erTdroulad warmogvidgenen.

m i p K r i a , m i K v a r s tipis zmnaTa saxiT saqme gvaqvs formebTan, romlebSic gramatikuli niSnebis mixedviT moqme-debis Camdeni oden S e m s r u l e b e l i o b i e q t i a , xolo ima-ve qmedebaSi CarTuli Tanaaqtanti, romelic warsuli qmedebis Sedegs gviCvenebs (rac ukve mipKria, rac ukve miKvars) _ su-bieqti. es qarTuli enis garkveuli rigis zmnaTa Tvisebaa. eseni statikuri zmnebia, maT obieqtisa da subieqtis markire-bis dinamikur zmnaTagan gansxvavebuli wesebi aqvT. ar iq-neba swori, Tu erTi sazomiT mivudgebiT am ori rigis zmnebs.

zemoT dasmuli `ratom~ kiTxvis pasuxis mosaZebnad ganvixiloT g g o n i v a r da g i p K r i v a r statikuri formebi. ese-ni gamokveTilad gviCveneben, rom statikur zmnebSi subieq-tis gramatikul rols qarTuli ena aniyebs ara moqmedebis Ca-mden aqtants, aramed i m a s , v i n c u k v e C a d e n i l i q m e d e b a u n d a d a g v a n a x o s a x l a n d e l d r o S i : me ggoni-var, me gipKri-var, zmnuri qmedebis Camdeni aq-tanti Sen ki (visac hgonia, visac upKria) obieqtis niSniT aris gamoxatuli: Sen (O2

ind) g-gonivar, Sen (O2ind) g-ipKrivar.

piris niSanTa markirebis aspeqtiT friad saKuradGeboa am formaTa istoriuli cvlilebis gaTvaliswineba: Zvel qarTulSi amaT damxmare zmna ara syirdebodaT; warmodgenil kombinacieb-Si (O2

indS1, O2indS1

p) subieqtis piri ar iKo markirebuli, aGiniSnebo-da mxolod iribi obieqtis piri: me (S1) g-gonie Sen (O2

ind); me (S1) g-ipKrie Sen (O2

ind). enaSi miGebuli saerTo wesis mixedviT markirebulia mxolod O2

ind .gvian enam sayirod CaTvala statikur zmnebSi Cadenili

qmedebis axlandel droSi warmomCeni aqtantic gamoexata da amisTvis mimarTa damxmare zmnis I da II pirTa formebs, romlebiTac swored es aqtantebia markirebuli: ggoni-var, mgoni-xar; gipKri-var, mipKri-xar. udavoa, rom warmodgenil formebSi q m e d e b i s S e d e g i s u b i e q t i s n i S n e b i T g a m o i x a t e b a (-var, -xar). riTac pirTa markirebis we- `procesis SedegTan gvaqvs saqme~ (62, 314).

aqtivebsa da pasivebSic ...kombinaciebSi mxolod obieqtTa niSnebia warmodgenili: g-xatav me Sen (O2

d), m-xatav me (O1d) Sen... m-exmarebi me

(O1ind) Sen da sxv.

202

Tedo uTurgaiZe

sebis erTgvari xazgasma moxda statikur zmnebSi. swo-red amis gamo unda daveTanxmoT l. kvayaZes, rom winada-debaSi `...leqsebi vaxtangs... ubis wignakSi uweria~ `l e q s e -b i ~ qvemdebarea, `vaxtangs~ ki _ iribi damateba (29, 116).

m- i w e r i - a O1

ind S3

zogJer iniciatoris roli arc Tu ise Zneli dasanaxavia: `ke-dels s a G e b a v i u s v i a ~ an `exla mTas n i s l i a k r i a ~ (va-ja). umravles SemTxvevaSi saxelobiT brunvaSi dasmuli aqtan-tis subieqtoba statikur zmnebSi SedegisTvis arsebiTi rolis mi-niyebas miewereba. es formebi dinamikur zmnaTa gverdiT am Sedegis saCveneblad aris Seqmnili _ maTi saSualebiT xde-ba Sesrulebuli qmedebis Sedegis manifestacia. iribi obieqti qmedebis Semsrulebelia (eqsekutori).

aqtiur zmnebSi perfeqtulobis kategoria gvian CamoKalib-da. faqtiurad Cven Tvalwin xdeba misi formireba: Tu Zvel qar-TulSi aqa-iq SevxvdebiT mesame seriis formebs, axal qarTulSi maTi xmareba iseve Cveulebrivia, rogorc I da II seriaTa forme-bisa.

didi xania garkveulia, rom moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebma perfeqtulobis kategoria statikur zmnaTa modeliT awarmoes (n. naTaZe), ra Tqma unda garkveuli cvlilebiT. saerToa aq-tantTa urTierTobis principi: w a r s u l i q m e d e b i s S e -d e g i u n d a g a m o i x a t o s s u b i e q t i s n i S n i T . q m e -d e b i s S e m s r u l e b e l i k i _ o b i e q t i s n i S n i T .

qarTulma enam friad maxvilgonivrulad moaxerxa aqtiv-TaTvis perfeqtuli formebis Seqmna: statikur zmnebSi ganxor-cielebul Zvel models mxolod zmniswini daurTo, riTac moaxdi-na statikur zmnaTa dinamizacia (uweria da-uweria, Ca-uwe-ria, gada-uweria... upKria da-upKria da a. S.). aqtiur zmneb-Si aucilebelia pirdapiri obieqtis monawileoba. maSasadame, cvlileba Seexo obieqtebsac: statikuri zmnebis modelis iribi obieqtis adgili moqmedebiTi gvaris perfeqtul formebSi daika-va pirdapirma obieqtma (dauweria mas werili; Sdr. wers is werils, dawera man werili).

da-m-iweri-a me werili _ `me~ Semsrulebeli pirdapiri obi-eqtia micemiT brunvaSi (aseTi obieqti aucilebelia pirvelad ka-uzativebSi (atirebs bavSvs); perfeqtuli modelis moTxovniT I

203

morfosintaqsi

da II seriebis pirdapiri obieqti, rogorc qmedebis Sedegi subi-eqtis niSans iGebs III seriaSi. I da II seriebis subieqti ki qmede-bis Semsrulebeli aqtanti (eqsekutori) xdeba. aq ver davuS-vebT iribi obieqtis monawileobas, radgan is ar iKo orpiriani aqtivis paradigmis I da II seriebis formebSi; roca aris sampiria-ni aqtivis paradigmis I da II seriebis formebSi (miwers is me werils, damiwera man me werili), III seriaSi saerTod gadis markirebul pirTa Semadgenlobidan, Tandebulian ubralo da-matebad aris moqceuli (mimiweria misTvis, mouweria Cem-Tvis / SenTvis); I da II seriebis pirdapiri damateba ki aucileblo-biT gadadis III seriis perfeqtul formebSi, radgan mxolod mas SeuZlia warsuli qmedebis Sedegi warmoadginos awmKoSi da, rogorc Sedegi, modelis moTxovniT is iGebs subieqtis niSans. maSasadame, xdeba ara niSanTa Senacvleba, aramed I da II seriebis araperfeqtuli modelis piris niSanTa axali gadanawile-ba III seriis perfeqtul modelSi, rogorc, magaliTad, konversiis dros aqtivis pirdapiri damateba konversiul pasivSi iGebs subi-eqtis niSans.

a. SaniZis TvalsazrisiT aqtivTa III seriis formebSi monawi-leoben mxolod iribi damateba da subieqti. misi varaudiT, swo-red eseni cvlian piris niSnebs. am debulebis nakli is aris, rom ewinaaGmdegeba Teoriis saKrden debulebebs, kerZod: aqti-visTvis aucilebelia pirdapiri obieqti. Tu III seriis formebSi ar davuSvebT pirdapir obieqts, aqtivis paradigmaSi rogor unda gaerTiandes pirdapiri obieqtis mqone I da II seriebis formebi pirdapiri obieqtis armqone III seriis formebTan?

meore: O3ind-is SemoKvana III seriis aqtivTa formebSi

emKareba debulebas, romlis mixedviT qarTulSi O3d-is markire-

ba ara xdeba, amdenad III seriaSi markirebuli wevri uTuod iri-bi damatebaa.

es debulebac, Cveni azriT, Teoriis susti adgilia, radgan O3d

micemiT brunvaSi mudam iKo markirebuli rogorc samwerlobo enaSi, ise qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi.

m i m a q v s , m i m K a v sinversiuloba-arainversiulobasTan dakavSirebiT gansaxil-

velia es ori sruliad gamorCeuli zmnuri forma, romelTac analo-gi ar moepovebaT qarTul enaSi _ isini Taviseburi zmnebia, m a T i s p e c i fi k a a p i r T a i n v e r s i u l o b a , riTac ara hgvanan arc mediopasivebsa da statikur zmnebs da arc mo-qmedebiTi gvaris zmnebs: (1) aqtantTa brunvebis mixedviT gvagoneben III seriis aqtivebs, magram eseni Tavisi arsiT m i -

204

Tedo uTurgaiZe

m a q v s da m i m K a v s formaTagan mkveTrad gansxvavde-bian: aqtivTa III seriis formebi rTuli drouli formebia _ perfeqtu-li bunebisaa _ w a r s u l i q m e d e b i s S e d e g s g a d m o -g v c e m e n a w m K o S i , m i m a q v s da m i m K a v s ki qme-debisa da Tqmis momentebiT erTdroulia, rogorc aqtivebi I se-riis formebSi (vwer, vxatav...), sadac pirTa inversia gamori-cxulia.

(2) zmniswinebs irTaven (mimaqvs, gamaqvs; CamKavs, amKavs...), r a c a r S e u Z l i a T m e d i o p a s i -v e b s a da s t a t i k u r z m n e b s ; zmniswinebs irTaven, magram ver gadian I seriis awmKos wridan, maSin roca dina-mikur zmnebSi (aqtivebsa da pasivebSi) drois cvla zmniswiniT xdeba (vwer davwer, vxatav davxatav...) da bolos: zmnis-winis darTviT mimaqvs da mimKavs gardamavali xdebian (62, 546), rac ar SeuZliaT mediopasivebsa da statikur zmnebs I seriaSi.

udavoa, rom m i m a q v s da m i m K a v s unikaluri Tavi-seburi zmnebia, maTze daKrdnobiT SeuZlebelia pirTa inversia davuSvaT I seriis statikur an mediopasiur zmnebSi (mikavia; miKvars...) da aqtiur zmnaTa III seriis formebSi (amiSenebia, damiweria...).

e n o b r i v m o d e l T a g a f a r T o e b a -d a v i w r o e b i s a T v i s

sxvadasxva doneze ganxiluli enobrivi cvlilebebi, bunebri-via, warmoSobs kiTxvebs: ramdenad axdenen es cvlilebebi gavlenas enisTvis istoriulad damaxasiaTebel modelebze? xom ar xdeba enis genetikur TvisebaTa Secvla gvian ganviTarebuli procesebis gavleniT?

samecniero literaturaSi kargad aris cnobili S2-isa da O3-is zmnur formebSi e r T e u l i n i S n e b i d a n (xanmetSi _ x-, ha-emetSi _ h-, momdevnod _ hs-) e r T z e m e t i n i S n i T gamoxatvisa (h- s- S-) momdevno xanis samwerlobo qar-TulSi.

Cveni drois dialeqtebSi zoggan alomorfTa raodenoba ma-tulobs (mag., mTis dialeqtebSi, cnobilia, Svidamde adis nulo-vani alomorfis CaTvliT: z- s- j- S- G- x- - (64). zog-an ki Zveli qarTulis bolo periodis sami alomorfi erT niSanzea daKvanili, kerZod, qarTlursa da kaxurSi am aqtantebs arsebi-

205

morfosintaqsi

Tad mxolod /-/ gamoxatavs materialurad. am gzas adganan fSauri da mTiulur-gudamaKruli.

aseve kargad aris cnobili subieqtisa da orive obieqtis mravlobiTobis gamoxatvaSi momxdari cvlilebebi: Zvel qarTul-Si subieqtis simravles I da II pirebSi -T sufiqsi gamoxatavda, pirdapir obieqts _ -en sufiqsi Kvela pirSi, roca saxelobiT brunvaSi idga; iribi obieqtis ricxvi zmnis formaSi ar gamoixa-teboda II da III pirebSi.

Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulsa da dialeqtebSi sami-ve pirmimarTi aqtantis simravle aGniSnul pirebSi saerTo -T sufiqsiT gamoixateba. mTis dialeqtebSic ki, romelTac Se-narCunebuli aqvT Zv. qarTulis -en pirdapiri obieqtis simrav-lis gamosaxatavad, gavrcelda es /-T/ imave funqciiT: /me da-gmalenT Tqven/ _ aq /-en/ da /-T/ _ orive erTi da imave pirda-piri obieqtis simravles gamoxatavs; Sdr. Zv. qarTulis /me da-gmalen Tquen/, sadac dauSvebeli iKo mTis dialeqtebis dGevandeli `dagmalenT~, roca subieqti mxolobiT ricxvSi id-ga.

dasavlur dialeqtebSic analogiuri cvlileba moxda zogadi TvalsazrisiT: am dialeqtebSic erTi da igive niSani gamoxatavs samive pirmimarTi aqtantis simravles. es aris -en sufiqsi, ro-melic Zv. qarTulSi mxolod subieqtis simravles gamoxatavda awmKos mwkrivis III pirSi (wer-en, mal-v-en...), dasavlur dia-leqtebSi ki gvaqvs gaagij-en (/Gvinom gaagijen mageni/), sa-dac -en pirdapiri obieqtis simravles gamoxatavs; amis gver-diT getKvi-en (is getKvien Tqven), aq -en iribi obieqtis simrav-les gamoxatavs; -en sufiqss amave dros SenarCunebuli aqvs Tavisi Zveli funqciac: wer-en. aq is subieqtis simravlis niSania (/imgeni weren werils/).

warmodgenili viTarebis mixedviT udavoa, rom saliteratu-ro enaSi, aseve aGmosavlur da dasavlur dialeqtebSi moxda subieqtis simravlis gamoxatvis modelis ganvrcoba. modelis gafarToebam niSnebi Secvla, magram amas struqturuli cvlile-ba ar mohKolia: -T da -en rasac akeTebdnen subieqtis niSnad Zvel qarTulSi, axla imasve akeTeben obieqtebis simravlis aGsaniSnadac. -en sufiqsma, msgavsad -T sufiqsisa, mxolod simravle gamoxata, obieqtebs piris niSani sakuTari Semo-rCaT.

ricxvi morfo-sintaqsuri kategoriaa. rogorc vxedavT, am mxriv qarTuli enis masStabiT struqturuli cvlileba ar ganxorcie-lebula (Sdr. 49), miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli qarTulidan

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dGemde Zalian yreli suraTi gvexateba aqtantTa rogorc piris, ise ricxvis gamoxatvaSi.

i - / e - p r e fi q s i a n p a s i v T a s i m r a v l i s m o d e l i s g a f a r T o e b a T u S u r d i a l e q t S i

qarTuli enis bevr dialeqtSi, ufro xSirad aGmosavlur dia-leqtebSi i- da e- prefiqsian pasivTa mravlobiTi ricxvis pirvel da meore pirebSi formebi Zveli qarTulis wesiT iwarmoeba.

I davimal-en-i-TII daimal-en-i-TIII daimal-nen, mTis dialeqtebSi daimal-n-

es.Zvel qarTulSica da warmodgenil dialeqtur formebSic si-

yarbea ricxvis warmoebaSi: /-en/ da /-T/ _ orive subieqtis sim-ravleze miuTiTebs; aseve Zvel qarTulsa da mTis dialeqtebSi _ /-es/ da /-n/. aseTi warmoeba subieqtis simravlisa saliteratu-ro enam dakarga. axla es xdeba martivi formebiT: davimaleT, daimaleT. mesame piris d a i m a l n e n formaSi -nen ar iSle-ba.

gansxvavebiT saliteraturo qarTulisa da sxva qarTuli dia-leqtebisagan, TuSurSi moxda subieqtis simravlis warmoebis warmodgenili m o d e l i s g a f a r T o e b a s x v a r i g i s p a -s i v e b S i c _ uniSno da -d sufiqsian vnebiTebSi da zogierT sa-Suali gvaris zmnaSi.

uniSno vnebiTi dÂoniani vnebiTi mr. ricxvSi mr. ricxvSi

I ga-v-Sr-en-T `gavSriT~ I da-v-ber-d-en-T `davberdiT~II ga-Sr-en-T `gaSriT~ II da-G-ber-d-en-T `daberdiT~III ga-Sr-n-es `gaSrnen~ III da-ber-d-n-es `daberdnen~Sdr. Zv. qarTuli gavSriT, gahSriT, gaSres; davberdiT, dahber-diT, daberdes.

Tu warmodgenil erTpirian formebs orpirianad movaq-cevT, subieqtis simravlis gamoxatvis wesi ar Seicvleba: /ƒeleb g a m i S r n e s / `xelebi gamiSra~; /qaleb d a g v i b e r d n e s / `qalebi dagviberdnen~ da sxv.

i-/e- prefiqsian pasivTa mravlobiTi ricxvis formaTa warmoebis wesis ganvrcobis safuZveli TuSurSi aris identuri gramatikuli mimarTebebi sxvadasxva gamoxatulebis planis

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mqone erTpirian da orpirian pasivebSi. swored amas mohKva bunebrivad mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebaSi erTi modelis gamoKeneba. saliteraturo qarTulSi es wavida rTuli (ormagi) warmoebis gamartivebisken. TuSur dialeqtSi ki _ arqauli warmoebis modelis SenarCunebisa da ganvrcobisken Kvela saxis pasivSi. saliteraturo qarTulsa da TuSurSi Kvela saxis pa-sivma mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebis, erTimeorisgan gansxva-vebuli, magram orivegan unificirebuli modeli miiGo.

simravlis -en sufiqsi II seriaSi gauCnda zogierTi saSuali gvaris zmnasac: (1) mediopasivebs, romlebic II seriis formebs i- prefiqsiT ikeTeben: vidg-en-T `videqiT~, idgenT `ideqiT~, idgnes `idgnen~, aseve: viwvenT, iwvenT, iwvnes.

-en sufiqsis /-n/ varianti gauCnda III piris formebs s v l a zmnis II seriaSi: mo(v)id-n-es `movidnen~. mo(v)id-n-e-n `movidnen~ (II kavSirebiTi).

SeiZleba davaskvnaT: (1) romelime morfemis alomorfTa raodenobis Secvla (mateba an kleba) morfologiur sistemaze gavlenas ver axdens, radgan Kvela SemTxvevaSi -h prefiq-sia asaxuli fonologiurad Sepirobebuli alomorfebiT. rac Seexe-ba x- da h- prefiqsebs xanmet da haemet periodebSi, arc maT Senacvlebas mohKolia morfologiuri sistemis cvlileba, radgan maTi funqciebi identuria. amitom aris gasaziarebeli a. SaniZis Tvalsazrisi -h-s arqaulobis Sesaxeb.

(2) modelTa daviwroeba-gafarToeba erTi sistemis far-glebSi paraleluri procesebia. zemoT ganxilul SemTxvevebSi gafarToeba xdeboda ukve arsebuli modelis distribuciuli gan-vrcobiT, rac iwvevda meore modelis gamoKenebis aris Semci-rebas (resp. gaqrobas): Zveli qarTulis -en sufiqsiT pirdapiri obieqtis simravlis warmoeba Tanamedrove qarTulSi Secvala subieqturi I da II pirebisTvis damaxasiaTeblma -T sufiqsma. g r a m a t i k u l i m i m a r T e b a p i r d a p i r i o b i e q t i s a z m n a s T a n (SeTanxmeba ricxvSi) a r S e c v l i l a , o G o n d g a d a v i d a s u b i e q t i s a d a z m n i s u r T i e r T o b i s m o d e l z e , sadac I da II pirebSi SeTanxmebas axorcielebda zmnuri -T sufiqsi. es modeli gavrcelda iribi damatebisa da zmnis ricxvSi urTierTobazec II da III pirebSi.

qarTuli enis dasavlur dialeqtebSi -T-s adgili daikava su-bieqturi mesame piris mravlobiTi ricxvis -en sufiqsma, e. i. aGmosavlur da dasavlur dialeqtebSi, miuxedavad formaluri gansxvavebisa, orivegan obieqtebi gadavidnen subieqtis mo-delze mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebaSi.

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SeiZleba davaskvnaT: gamoxatulebis planis cvlilebebs ukve arsebul modelTa ganvrcobis gziT ar mohKolia sistemuri cvlileba qarTuli enis morfologiasa da sintaqsSi.

SeiZleba kiTxva aGZran micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli saxe-lebis (iribi da pirdapiri damatebebi) mravlobiTi ricxvis formeb-ma, romelTac Zveli qarTulis zmnaSi ar gamoexatebodaT sim-ravle II da III pirebSi, axal qarTulSi ki gamoexatebaT -T su-fiqsiT, rogorc saxelobiT brunvaSi dasmul obieqts. SeiZleba Ca-iTvalos es sufiqsi axal elementad? _ imis gamo, rom micemiT brunvaSi dasmul saxelebs mravlobiToba I pirSi samwerlobo qarTuls KovelTvis gamoexateboda (gu- prefiqsiT Zv. qarTulSi, gv- prefiqsiT axal qarTulSi), ra Tqma unda, moulodneli ar iKo micemiT brunvaSi dasmul obieqtTa markireba II da III pirTa formebSic: simravle, adre rom TviT obieqtis formiT iKo gamo-xatuli (hKavda maT), axla zmnaSic aris markirebuli (hKavdaT maT), msgavsad I pirisa (gu-Kavda Cuen), maSasadame, zmnis formaSi micemiT brunvaSi dasmul saxelTa simravlis aGniSvna principSi ukve daSvebuli iKo I piris mixedviT, rac gavrcelda Semdeg II da III pirebzec, risTvisac enam gamoiKena igive -T sufiqsi, rasac saxelobiT brunvaSi da-smuli pirdapiri obieqtis simravlis aGsaniSnavad iKenebda.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT: gramatikuli mimarTebebi erTnairia qarTuli enis Zvelsa da axal periodebSi. cvlileba Seexo gamo-xatulebis plans, rac ganxorcielda erTi modelis (subieqtis sim-ravlis gamoxatvis modeliT I da II pirebSi) ganvrcobiT ise, rom struqturuli cvlileba enaSi ar ganxorcielebula.

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Tedo Uturgaidze

On the Basic Characteristics of Levels of the Georgian Language

and the Results of their Interaction in the Global System

The present study is not confined to any level of the language. It deals with the system of the phonematic, morphological and syntactic levels with the abstract form and the morphonological and morphosyntactic systems in the global system of the language.

Phenomena are considered from the diachronic and horizontal aspects: taking into account evidence the Old Georgian language and modern dialects.

Often a phenomenon is described within the limits and terms of a single level, whereas its full description is possible only within the limits of morphonological or morphosyntactic systems.

Morphonological and morphosyntactic systems cannot be qualified properly without taking into account the abstract rules at work in systems of separate linguistic levels. Due to this reason a number of concrete questions are introduced from phonology as well as morphology and syntax. Only by means of taking into consideration the genetic features of systems of these levels it is possible to offer a satisfactory qualification of the processes which are going on in the natural spoken language or those which have already occurred.

Abstract systems in the literary language and dialects are identical, if no other language dominates over any of them, whereas it may be said with confidence that every linguistic subsystem has its own global system.

In the analysis of linguistic phenomena it is essential to identify regularities of abstract systems and to demonstrate to what an extent they coincide with one another in dialects and different periods of the literary language. If there are differences, it is also necessary to establish their causes. Only after this it is possible to analyze appropriately in the morphonological and morphosysntactic directions the evidence of a really active language. Such an approach defined the

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structure of the present study as well as research methods in separate parts.

The study consists of five parts: phonology, morphology, morphonology, syntax and morphosyntax.

In the present study it is attempted to research into such phenomena or questions that I have not touched upon formerly, I also consider according to various levels such known phenomena the qualification of which, in my view, is controversial or unacceptable.

In the phonological part, on the one hand, some paradigmatic units of the consonantal system are discussed, concerning which opinions differ in the specialist literature, and on the other hand, syntagmatic relations of vocalic and consonantal units are analyzed, which later on serve as a basis for the qualification of morphonological processes.

Allophones of /v/ in Old Georgian and the Khevian dialect are discussed. This archaic dialect has preserved well the old situation. In particular, two allophones of /v/ have been singled out: /v/ and /…/, to which a number of morphonological changes are linked in Old Georgian and Khevian, as well as those on the level of correspondence in Georgian and Megrelian. The interchange of /v/ and /…/ in a crossing position does not cause the change of the meaning of words - we are dealing with variants of a single phoneme.

In root morphemes the distribution of /v/ and /…/ in Megrelian and Georgian is identical – this is the position after noise consonants. In the position after sonorants and in reduced stems /v/ has a different realization in Megrelian and Georgian.

In the same part the status of /Ã/ in Old Georgian and archaic dialects is discussed. /Ã/ is characterized by occlusion and friction at the beginning of the sound. Occlusion is relevant for it, as a phoneme, because the behaviour of /Ã/ in syntagmatic relations is identical to that of occlusive consonants.

From the viewpoint of the interrelation of consonant phonemes of the Georgian language, the history of the study of natural, the so-called harmonious complexes and natural complex groups are considered. On the basis of natural and unnatural complexes, many kinds of morphonological changes in noun and verb forms are explained.

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In the vocalic part, my previous opinion concerning the long vowels of the Tush dialect is rejected. At present I consider the long vowels of Tush as bi-phonematic units and do not single them out in the vowels system, some /K/ on the phonematic level is represented as /aa/.

Combinations of vowels within a single morpheme are not natural for the Georgian language. Changes occurring in the vocalic complexes formed at the boundaries of morphemes are described at length in the morphonological part.

In the morphology, the Georgian noun declension system with six cases is discussed, which satisfies the requirement of Old Georgian as well. The case functions are considered in connection with the verb – the case form is the form of the actant, therefore, the “Vocative case” was excluded from my system.

Cases are elements of the declension system. They can be only substituted for one another: there are no double and triple cases. In their form we are dealing with derivative forms – of two or three case markers only the terminal one expresses the case, the rest has become a derivative element. In the form /pirob-iT-i/ the suffix /-iT/ is a derivative element, also in /gul-iT-ad-ma/ form, /-iT/ and /-ad/ are derivative elements, whereas only the suffix -ma is the case marker.

“Local cases” of literary Georgian and archaic dialects are considered. It is attempted on the basis of translation rules to demarcate strictly nouns in one or another case and adverbs with no case at all, which coincide from the viewpoint of expression.

The functioning of the noun plural suffixes -eb (Pleb) and -n/-T (Pln and PlT) in Old and Modern Georgian is considered. The difference of their syntactic power is well-known in the specialist literature and will not be described in the present study. Here my goal is to establish the reason of this difference.

-Pleb expresses only the plural number, whereas PlT expresses the case and number together. The suffix -T forms the five cases (Ergative, Dative, Genitive, Instrumental, Adverbial) mostly with the form -Ta. By means of the connection with the verb the case of the noun is identified, whereas the number is always the same – plural.

The plural substantive having the suffix -eb in Old and Modern Georgian requires the modifier in the plural form: Old Georgian:

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keTil-i kac-eb-i, keTil-man kac-eb-man..., cf. keTil-i kac-eb-i, keTil-ma kac-eb-ma... (“good men”). The modifier is the quality of the substantive, it is devoid of discreteness, it seems natural that in the above given syntactic pairs the modifier does not take the plural marker.

The agreement of the modified having the plural suffix -eb with the modifier occurs by means of the case marker. The situation here is the same as in singular. keTil-ma kac-ma; cf. keTil-ma kac-eb-ma.

Due to the fact that PlT expresses the number and case simultaneously, the agreement in the case with the modified which is in the plural number formed by the suffix -Ta cannot be achieved without the material marking of number with the same suffix -Ta. This results in doubly marked agreement: keTil-Ta kac-Ta, kac-Ta keTil-Ta. There is no other variant in Old Georgian.

In Modern Georgian keTil kac-Ta type collocations became natural, where the modifier is represented without the case and number markers. This situation is positional, it is related to prepositional modifier, in the postposition the situation of Old Georgian has survived to present: kac-Ta keTil-Ta. This difference in situations is explained by the blocking of the modifier in preposition, i.e. creation of such a situation when the modifier is confined to one particular modified; prepositional modifier is linked only to the modified following it; cf. kacTa /k e T i l m e o m a r T mimarTes (“men /addressed good warriors”) and k a c T a k e T i l T a / meomarT mimarTes (“good men / addressed warriors”).

Such problems are not encountered in -eb-plural, as here the agreement between the modifier and the modified is regulated by case markers: kacebma /keTil-Ø meomrebs mimarTes (“men addressed / good warriors”); cf. kacebma keTilma / meomrebs mimarTes (“good men / addressed warriors”).

In -Ta-plural it depended on the context to which modified the modifier, placed between two modified, belonged: kacTa keTilTa meomarTa hrques may be represented with two variants: 1) kacTa keTilTa / meomarTa hrques (“good men / told

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warriors”) and 2) kacTa / keTilTa meomarTa hrques (“men / told good warriors”).

Pleb and PlT differ in the relation with the predicate too: in Old Georgian the Pleb plurality of actants is not indicated in the verb at all, the subject with the plural suffix -T causes the appearance of the plural marker in the verb associated with it as well: kac-Ta hrqu-es; cf. kac-eb-man hrqu-a (“men told them smth.”).

Objects with the suffix -Ta (Od and Oind) do not cause the emergence of the marker showing their plurality in Old Georgian verb – this is a survival of the archaic situation. Presumably, at the initial stage the meaning of plurality in a verb form depended on the plurality of the actant marked in verb by affix – if the actant was in plural, it was assumed that everyone or everything, interpreted in the plural form, participated in the verb action related to the actant. I have referred to this phenomenon as one-sidedly marked agreement in the plural number. Later on syntagmas doubly agreed in the plural number appear, i.e. along with actants, plurality was reflected in the verb form too. In Old Georgian this was manifested in the agreement of the subject with the predicate in plural: maT Tqu-es, kac-Ta Tqu-es (“they said smth.”, “men said smth.”). Objects with the same -Ta suffix are not marked in the verb form in Old Georgian: Sen g w e r s (“he writes thee smth.”); cf. Tquen g w e r s (“he writes you smth.”); mas e l m i s (“he has an ache”); cf. maT e l m i s (“they have an ache”). Modern Georgian: Sen g x a t a v s; (“he paints thee”); cf. Tqven g x a t a v T (“he paints you”); mas s t k i v a (“he has an ache”); cf. maT s t k i v a T (“they have an ache”)…This means that from one-sided marking in number the language moves to double marking – we are dealing with the change from the viewpoint of expression in one and the same grammatical relation.

The process is not finished yet but it is obvious already that as compared to Old Georgian, in the relation of nouns and verbs Modern Georgian more often resorts to double marking in number. In this respect Pln stands out, which is an agglutinative element, expresses only the plural number, like Pleb, but due to the fact that it is a member of the paradigm with the suffix -Ta, it participates only in doubly marked relations of plurality: kac-n-i wer-en (“men write smth.”).

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In addition to the subject, -n as a plural marker also appears in the direct object and forms a doubly marked relation here too: kac-n-i davxat-en (“I painted men”). In Modern Georgian Pleb also shifts to double marking: kac-eb-i wer-en (“men writes smth.”); cf. kaci wers (“man writes smth.”); kac-eb-s aqv-T (“men have smth.”); cf. kac-s aqvs (“man has smth.”).

In Old Georgian blocking of the prepositional substantive modifier began: k a c i s a Ze-Á, k a c i s a Ze-man, k a c i s a Ze-sa...… (“son of man”), k a c i s a Ze-n-i, k a c i s a Ze-Ta... (“sons of man”)… As a result, substantive modifier in the declension paradigm is represented with zero allomorphs in cases as well as in the plural number.

The situation must have been different before Old Georgian. The material for such an assumption is preserved so far in texts of Old Georgian: kacisa-~ Ze-~, kacisa-man Ze-man, kacisa-sa Ze-sa...…Here agreement is found in every case; apparently agreement was in the number too: kacisa-n-i Ze-n-i, kacisa-Ta Ze-Ta... In Old Georgian these forms of agreement in the case and number were simplified on the basis of blocking and as a result the substantive modifier with zero allomorphs of case and plural number, already widespread in Old Georgian, was obtained (see above).

In Modern Georgian, unlike Old Georgian, substantive modifier took the delimitation suffix -a. From the diachronic viewpoint, before Old Georgian this -a was a qualifying element, it performed the function of the article, in Old Georgian it turned into a part of the case marker after the function of the article was assigned to demonstrative pronouns, whereas in Modern Georgian this suffix assumed the role of a delimiter.

The delimitation suffix -a allows the substantive modifier to express case and plural markers with zero allomorphs in postposition too: wign-i k a c i s a , wign-ma k a c i s a , wign-s k a c i s a ... (“book of a man”), wign-eb-i k a c i s a , wign-eb-ma k a c i s a , wign-eb-s k a c i s a, etc. (“books of man”). As we see, both categories of the modified (case and number) are represented with zero allomorphs with the modifier, on the basis of its blocking - the modified always precedes it, i.e. the modifier is confined to the

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modified and it will never be the modifier of the substantive following it: w i g n i a m x a n a g i s a / megobars vaTxove (“I lent to a friend /the b o o k o f a c o m r a d e ”), the following is not permissible: w i g n i / a m x a n a g i s a m e g o b a r s vaTxo-ve.

In the analysis of forms of Georgian verb A.Shanidze’s viewpoint is shared – the prefix {h-} is the basis for all kinds of markers of the second subjective person (S2) and the third objective person (O3) in the literary language and dialects, even for the khanmeti period /x-/, in spite of the fact that according to the monuments discovered to date, khanmeti texts are earlier than haemeti [ ]. But the assumption that the direct object did not have a marker in the third person is not accepted [ ]. The opinion that in the tripersonal active forms the direct object represents the “minimum coordinate” is not shared either [ ].

When analyzing the present and future forms of active verbs of the Khevsur dialect, in the opposition w e r s (“he writes smth.”) (present) ~ d a s w e r s (“he will write smth.”) (future) A.Shanidze regarded the prefix /s- / of the future form (da-s-wers) as the formant of the future tense [64, 164]. He assumed that the present form did not have this prefix s- . This marker is of course implied in the present form too as a zero allomorph, because the combination /sw / after a pause is unnatural and /s- / is dropped due to the phonematic reason; in /daswers / form, /s- / is in its place, it follows the preverb da- in a syllable (das-wers). Thus, in the future screeve the preverb da- forms the future tense, as in all Georgian dialects and the literary language, and it does not require the prefix s- for this purpose. By the way, in another archaic dialect, Tush, which is a neighbouring dialect of Khevsur, the prefix /s-/ of the object is preserved in the present form as well (werils s w e r s - “he writes a letter”) ~ werils da s w e r s - “he will write a letter”).

The viewpoint is not shared as though the direct object is not marked at all in Series II forms of tripersonal active verbs, due to which Arn.Chikobava called this actant the “minimum coordinate” (it fails to lead to the appearance of a person marker in the verb, i.e. cannot govern it in person, it has only the expression of the number). In some verbs, which take a direct object changing in persons, this person is represented in the verb materially too: Se-m-wir-n-a//

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Se-gu-wir-n-a (man Cuen mas) (“he sacrificed us to him”). In these parallel forms m-//gu- are markers of the first person of the direct object, and the suffix n- is the marker of the plurality of this person. In /Se-gu-wir-n-a/ form, gu- at the same time denoted the person of the direct object and its plurality, i.e. the plural suffix -n- was redundant here, but it usually occurs in Old Georgian. In other cases the person of O3

dP is expressed by a zero allomorph, which is indicated by the {-en-} suffix denoting its plurality (mivsweren me mas werilni - “I wrote letters to him”). If in /m i v s w e r e n / form, /v-/ denotes S1, /s-/ following it – O3

ind, the marker of the direct object cannot be preserved in such surroundings due to the phonematic reason – we are dealing with a morphonological change.

In 2002 when I traditionally excluded in bi- and tripersonal verbs combinations of identical persons, within one screeve of active verbs with the direct object changing in persons I identified 112 grammatical forms [52]. Such an increase of grammatical forms within a screeve (cf. A.Shanidze [62] and Arn.Chikobava [70], who identify 18 forms) is linked with the interpretation of the “grammatical form”: in my paradigms forms identical as to their expression are regarded as different grammatical forms, if they differ according to the combinations of persons. On the basis of Ferdinand de Saussure’s theory of value, forms identical as to their expression, but different according to their meaning (combinations of persons are different) have different attitude to other elements of the grammatical system, i.e. they are different by their value and should be regarded as independent units in paradigms; e.g.: in the sentences /g a q e b T me Tqven/~/g a q e b T is Tqven/~/g a q e b T Cven Sen/~/g a q e b T Cven Tqven/ - “I praise thee”/ ~/“he praises you)”/ ~/“we praise thee”/ ~/“we praise you)”, /gaqebT/ is repeated four times from the viewpoint of expression, but it has totally different meanings according to the combinations of persons, therefore, I regard all the four as independent grammatical forms.

After the establishment that combinations of identical persons are possible in two- and tripersonal verbs (namely: S1 O1

d, S2 O2d; S1

P O1dP,

etc.), the number of grammatical forms within one screeve in bipersonal verbs increased to 32, and in tripersonal active verbs – to 64, if the verb does not take a direct object changing in persons (e.g.:

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stexs, hkveTs, uwers, uxatavs, etc. “he breaks smth., he cuts smth., he writes smth. for smb., he paints smth. for smb.”, etc.). In tripersonal active verbs taking a direct object changing in persons the number of grammatical forms reached 128 (32x4). The multiplier 4 represents the number of the schemes of person combinations: in scheme I combinations of the subject and the direct object are found inside, to which the indirect object in the third person is added from outside the scheme (see Scheme I).

In the scheme, the hatched sections indicate combinations that are not encountered; Arabic numerals stand for verb persons: 1 indicates I person singular, 1P – I person plural, etc. The scheme shows such combinations of tripersonal verbs in which to all combina-tions of the subject and the direct object one and the same indirect object of the third person (O3

ind) is added. Latin characters are placed in vertical columns, which point to one

and the same person of the object changing in persons. S is the symbol of the subject, Od – of a direct object, Oind – of an indirect object.

In Scheme II, person Oind

inside the scheme is combined to the subject, and to all their combinations a direct object of the third person (O3

d) in singular is added from outside the scheme.

Od

S 1 2 3 1p 2p 3p

1 + + + + +

2 + + + + +3 + + + + + + O3

ind

1p + + + + +

2p + + + + +3p + + + + + +

a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1

Scheme I

Od

S 1 2 3 1p 2p 3p

1 + + + + +

2 + + + + +3 + + + + + + O3

d

1p + + + + +2p + + + + +3p + + + + + +

a2 b2 c2 d2 e2 f2

Scheme II

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Inside Scheme III, the combinations of Scheme I are repeated, and an indirect object of the third person in plural is added from outside the scheme.

Inside Scheme IV, the combinations of Scheme II are repeated, and a direct object of the third person in plural is added to SOind from outside the scheme.

After this the cells coin-ciding in person combinations according to all the four schemes are excluded. The coincidence is found only in SO3O3 combinations, e.g.: combinations of C1 cells of scheme I coincide with combinations of C2 cells of Scheme II. In these cells, one and the same persons of objects after one and the same subject are represented with the mutually inverted order (from Scheme I – S1 O3

d O3ind,

from Scheme II - S1 O3ind O3

d; after S2, S3 and following subjects it will be continued in the same way: S2 O3

d O3ind

(Scheme I) – S2 O3ind O3

d

(Scheme II), etc.), therefore, they will be excluded.C2 of Scheme II (coinciding with C1 of Scheme I), C3 of Scheme

III (coinciding with F2 of Scheme II), C4 of Scheme IV (coinciding with F1 of Scheme I) and F4 of Scheme IV (coinciding with F4 of Scheme III) were excluded. In total, 24 grammatical forms were

Od

S 1 2 3 1p 2p 3p

1 + + + + +

2 + + + + +3 + + + + + +1p + + + + + O3

indp

2p + + + + +3p + + + + + +

a3 b3 c3 d3 e3 f3

Scheme III

Od

S 1 2 3 1p 2p 3p

1 + + + + +

2 + + + + +3 + + + + + + O3

dp

1p + + + + +2p + + + + +3p + + + + + +

a4 b4 c4 d4 e4 f4

Scheme IV

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excluded (4x6=24), according to all the four schemes 104 different grammatical forms will remain within one screeve (128-24=104).

Tripersonal active verbs that fail to take a direct object changing in persons have only two schemes: inside the schemes the subject and the indirect object are combined, from outside a direct object not changing in persons, in singular (O3

d), is added to the combinations of Scheme I, and in Scheme II, to the same inner combinations a direct object of the third person in plural (O3

dP) is added from outside. Coincidences do not occur here and both schemes result in 64 grammatical forms.

These schemes cannot give the connection of the identical combinations of I or II person with the opposite I or II person, such as: S1 O1

d O2ind, S1 O1

ind O2d, etc. – in total, 16 grammatical forms. These

16 forms are encountered only with those tripersonal actives which take a direct object changing in persons, e.g.: ,,ar egebis, amas iqiT Tumca Tavi ar gamone”, The Man in the Panther’s Skin, 253, 2 (“henceforth it is unbecoming not to make myself thy servant” (cf. “henceforth it will not be that I shall not be thy servant” – transl. by M.Wardrop). g a m o n e is a tripersonal active verb. In this context its subject me (“I”) (S1) and direct object Tavi (O1

d=”myself”) are in I person, O2ind (Sen – “thou”) is linked to them:

,,ar egebis, amas iqiT (me-S1) Tumca Tavi (O1d) ar

gamone (Sen-O2ind).

All the sixteen combinations are given below:S1 O1

d O2ind, S1 O1

d O2indP; S1

P O1dP O2

ind, S1P O1

dP O2indP;

S2 O2d O1

ind, S2 O2d O1

indP; S2P O2

dP O1ind, S2

P O2dP O1

indP;S1 O1

ind O2d, S1 O1

ind O2dP; S1

P O1indP O2

d, S1P O1

indP O2dP;

S2 O2ind O1

d, S2 O2ind O1

dP; S2P O2

indP O1d, S2

p O2indP O1

dP.Finally, tripersonal active verbs even taking a direct object

changing in persons have 120 grammatical forms (104+16) within one screeve.

The 112 forms within one screeve, offered in my study of 2002 [52], coincide partialy in number with the 120 grammatical forms presented here. In the earlier study the coinciding forms were not excluded from Schemes II, III and IV and combinations of identical persons were not taken into consideration either.

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Generally, with one form of Georgian verb the actualization of one and the same pronoun as the subject and the object in I and II persons does not occur, however, there are situations when such actants are required by the scenario. In similar cases the language resorts to the reflexive pronoun Tavi (“oneself”). In Old Georgian there was one more pronoun for such a situation –ÃelTa (“hands”).

It was not permissible to use the pronoun me (“I, me”) as the subject and the object of one and the same verb (me me - “I me”), but me Tavi//me Tavi Cemi (“I myself”) was possible; Sen Sen (“thou thee”) was not admissible, but Sen Tavi//Sen Tavi Seni (“thou thyself”) was possible; e.g.: ,,Tavi Cemi samsaxurad Tuca avad mogawone”, The Man in the Panther’s Skin, 247, 1 (“Though I made you like me/[myself] badly in service”; cf. “Though my beginning in service has pleased thee ill” - M.Wardrop). The poet could not have written: ,,me samsaxurad Tuca avad mogawone”, as here this me is a direct object and me of I person of the subject is also supposed in the same sentence. If both the subject and the object had been formed by me of I person, the result would have been: /me (S1) me (O1

d) avad mogawone/, which is impossible, this is not encountered anywhere in the literary language and dialects. In similar situations the direct object was replaced by the pronoun Tavi: /me Tavi Cemi avad mogawone/. There are numerous similar examples in The Man in the Panther’s Skin and this phenomenon is not alien for Modern Georgian either (me Tavi ver mogawone, Sen Tavi ver momawone - “I failed to make you like me [myself], you failed to make me like you/[yourself], etc.).

The pronoun à e l T a is substituted for pronouns me or Sen (Cuen, Tquen) - “me” or “thee” (“us”, “you” ) represented as an indirect object. ƒ à e l T a is a plural form, but as a pronoun it has lost the meaning of number. Its number is determined by the possessive pronoun modifying it: ÃelTa CemTa is me “me”, and BelTa CuenTa - “us”, etc.

The pronoun ÃelTa is also used when next to the direct object the pronouns me or Sen are inadmissible in the role of an indirect object – this is the combinations of I and II persons of objects. E.g. /man me Sen mimca / (“he gave me to you”). Such a sequence of these pronouns is uncommon in Modern Georgian, a few

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examples occur in Old Georgian, but it did not become established in general.

Here is a well-known example: ,,RmerTman migucna ÃelTa TquenTa”, i.e. RmerTman (S3) migucna (Cuen - O1

dp) ÃelTa TquenTa (O2

ind) ) i.e. Tquen (“God gaven us to your hands, i.e. to you”).

Adverbs with the suffix -iT. In the Georgian language it is common to use case markers for the formation of adverbs. Almost all case forms can be turned into an adverb, except the Ergative case form.

In the present study special attention is given to the suffix -iT, which in the noun declension paradigms is the marker of the Instrumental case and at the same time, since Old Georgian to present, has also been used for the formation of simple and complex forms of adverbs. E.g., simple adverb: s o fl i T (“from this world”), cf. the Instrumental case form s o fl i T with the meaning of Instrumentalis. Similar adverbs were often used in Old Georgian and they are frequently encountered in Modern mountain dialects (Khevian, Khevsur, etc.).

Complex adverbs are: s a x l z e iT (“on the house and from there”), s a x l S i iT (“in the house and from there”), s a x l T a n iT (“at the house and from there”). These forms were adverbs even prior to adding the suffix -iT (saxlze, saxlSi, saxlTan – “on the house, in the house, at the house”) and adding the suffix -iT is natural; cf. Old Georgian: mun (“there”) ~ m u n iT (“from there”), aqa (“here”) ~ aq a Á T (“from here”), etc. In mountain dialects the suffix -iT is added to adverbs with postpositions according to the same rule: saxlze ~ saxlzeiT...

Unlike adverbs, noun forms with postpositions (saxlSi, saxlze, saxlTan – “on the house, in the house, at the house”) do not take the suffix -iT.

The viewpoint as though the discussed forms have “the meaning of two cases” is unacceptable [62, 76]. Cases are elements of a single category, they can only be substituted for one another, “the meaning of two cases” in one form is ruled out even theoretically. In mountain dialects where these forms are found, they always have the meaning of adverbs.

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In the morphonological part, morphonological changes of nouns and verbs are discussed. From this aspect, morphonological types of the noun declension, changes in combinations of persons and changes in vowel combinations at the morpheme boundaries in the verb anlaut are considered.

It is known from the 18th c. that from the morphonological viewpoint there exists only one type of declension in the Georgian language [1, 6], which means that one or another case of any noun is formed by one and the same case marker.

In the contact with the noun stem, the case markers beginning with a vowel influence it or are themselves phonetically modified under the influence of the stem. Namely, the following occurs: syncope with the omission of a vowel in the middle of the stem or elision with loss of a vowel at the end of the stem; if the stem is unchanged, the case marker may lose a vowel or a change may occur in both parts of the stem.

In the identification of morphonological types of declension, the plural suffix -eb was regarded as a derivatem and was included in the stem [62, 109], which is not correct. -eb is a flexional element – it participates in grammatical relations (kaci xatavs ~ k a c ebi x a t a v en – “man paints smth. ~ men paint smth.”; the suffix -en expressing plurality in the predicate is linked with the plural suffix -eb of the noun). As a result of changes related to the suffix -eb, the number of morphonological types of the noun declension increases: the influence of the suffix -eb on the stem is sometimes different from that of case markers, e.g. stems of some derived and borrowed nouns do not elide a vowel under the influence of case markers, but they do so in the -eb-plural, in particular: gogona, biWuna... samurai, poni... do not elide the final vowel in the Genitive and Instrumental cases (Gen. g o g o n a -s, b i W u n a -s, Inst. g o g o n a -Ti, b i W u n a -Ti...Gen. s a m u r a i -s, p o n i -s, Inst. s a m u r a i -T, p o n i -T), but elide it in plural (g o g o n -ebi, b i W u n -eb-i; s a m u r a -eb-i, p o n -eb-i). Of course these changes should be taken into account in the noun declension rules, which cannot be achieved if the plural suffix -eb is regarded as a part of the stem.

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It is demonstrated that morphonological changes within words do not occur only due to a purely phonematic reason, e.g. under the pressure of the phonematic model, the sonorant /m/ is lost before noise consonants in noun forms of almost all dialects: Teli (<mTeli) (“whole”), Sobeli (<mSobeli) (“parent”), Ta (<mTa) (“moun-tain”)... The opposite process also occurs: /m/ appears before noise consonants: mcxvari (cf. cxvari) (“sheep”), myveli (cf. yveli) (“cheese”), mJoli (cf. Joli, Jolo) (“raspberry”)... So, as we see, mutually exclusive changes are not alien to the language. This may be recorded even within a single sub-system, e.g. in Kakhetian both changes are found.

The reason of the loss of /m/ is phonematic, and that of the appearance of /m/ - morpholexical, substantivization of the noun takes place: many participles of the active voice, formed by the prefix m- have turned into nouns (mwerali, mxatvari, maswavlebeli, mSobeli, mdinare -“writer, painter, teacher, parent, river”...). The formal substantivization of some nouns occurs by this model.

Cases of vowel diphthongization in noun forms and preservation of vowels of the same complex in verb forms are discussed, e.g. some /ai/ complex in the auslaut of nouns resulted in [aÁ], /oi/ - [oÁ] ... which ended with the full loss of [Á]. Z m a Á , x e Á , w y a r o Á ...of Old Georgian and mountain dialects is represented as Z m a , x e , w y a r o ...in Modern Georgian and valley dialects, in verb forms the same complexes do not undergo diphthongization: /waiRo/, /moitana/... There is an attempt to link the preservation of complexes and diphthongization with stress [73, 46]: stressed /i/ does not lose the capability of forming a syllable (moitana), whereas unstressed /i/ loses it (dedaÁ, wyaroÁ... ). G. Tsereteli assumed that the third syllable from the end of a word was stressed, due to which i- in this position in verb forms was preserved (gaicina), whereas in the initial form /dedai/, /i/ is in an unstressed position and therefore it loses the capability of forming a syllable (dedai>dedaÁ).

This assumption is unacceptable, as stress in the Georgian language has never had such a force. This is also obvious from the fact that even in the anlaut of Old Georgian verbs diphthongization exactly

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in the assumed stressed position occurred sporadically (maÁZulebs, aRmoÁvsebda, aÁRo...), similar cases are not rare in Georgian dialects: Rachan, Acharan, southern dialects, as well as Ingilo and Fereidanian (daÁnaxa, daÁjerebs, gaÁgeben, daÁkarga...).

The essential reason of diphthongization is that vowel complexes within a single morpheme are unacceptable for the Georgian language, this being its genetic quality. It becomes the foundation for the diphthongization of a vowel complex or the loss of some constituent at the morpheme boundaries. Numerous examples of this phenomenon are found as early as in khanmeti and haemeti texts (5th-8th cc.): xumjobes (<xumjobeÁs<xumjobeis) (“better”), xutkbos (<xutkboÁs<xutkbois) (“sweeter”)...

In the discussion of vowel complexes in different studies great importance was attached to paradigmatic features of constituents of a complex (highness, labiality, place of articulation, openness), but morphonological processes do not essentially follow these paradigmatic features: the process goes on differently in one and the same form as to expression not due to the phomenematic, but the morphonological reason, e.g. daxaris > d a x r i s (“he bends smth.”) is the form of the present screeve in the present tense, d a x a r i s (“he used to bend smth.”) without a change, when the stem vowel /a/ is not omitted, is the past tense form of permansive II (expressing repeated actions that have been completed in the past). Also, the Old Georgian form /movÃan-i-T/ (“we ploughed smth.”) differs from the contracted form /movÃniT/ (“we used to plough smth.”) in the following: in the former /i/ has no grammatical function (it is the delimiter of consonants) and has no reduction force, and in the other form -i is the iterative marker and has such a force. In these different processes the paradigmatic features of /i/ have not changed, only its grammatical meaning has changed, which directed the processes going on in the stem.

In the syntactic part Series III forms of medioactive verbs (mieqimia “I have [apparently] treated smb.”, midarajia “I have [apparently] guarded smb.”, etc.) and the related problems are considered.

Bipersonal medioactives in Series I and Series II have the subject and an indirect object. They are intransitive verbs. In the Future

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subseries of Series I and in Series II they remain bipersonal verbs, and in Series III they lose the indirect object as a person. It becomes an object not marked in verb by affix: sdarajobs is mas (“he guards him”) (present) ~ udaraja man mas (“he guarded him”) (aorist) ~ udarajia mas (“he has [apparently] guarded him”) (perfect). The indirect object here becomes a simple object (udarajia mas misTvis (“he has [apparently] guarded him”).

By the specificity of Georgian verbs, in perfective forms the result is expressed by the marker of the subject: mikavia wigni (“I hold a book”), miWeria sanTeli (“I hold a candle”), mTas akravs nisli (“mist envelopes the mountain”), etc. Series III forms of actives are also perfective, here too the result of the action, represented by the direct object of Series I and II, is formed by the subject marker: amiSenebia saxli (“I have [apparently] built a house”), damiweria werili (“I have [apparently] written a letter”), etc. The performer of the action is represented by the marker of the object, like primary and secondary causatives (macinebs me is (“he makes me laugh”) - here the action is performed by the direct object – me (“I”); in mawerinebs is me werils (“he makes me write a letter”) the action is performed by the indirect object – me (“I”); the subject in both verbs is the initiator of the action, in both cases it is unknown what the subject is doing).

In perfective forms of actives of Series III the result of the action is given the marker of the subject (amiSenebia saxli (“I have [apparently] built a house”), damiweria werili (“I have [apparently] written a letter”), and the second actant is the performer of the action (me amiSenebia (“I have [apparently] built smth.”), me damiweria (“I have [apparently] written smth.”), i.e. we are dealing not with the inversion of person markers (“the subject performing the action” has the marker of the object, and the object to be acted upon has the marker of the subject), as is assumed [62, 434; 70, 63], but with the change of roles of actants in perfective forms and, accordingly, with the new division of person markers as to roles.

Medioactives follow the model of active verbs for the formation of Series III forms. They do not have a direct object and only introduce the performer of the action (me midarajia saxlisTvis (“I have [apparently] guarded the house”), me mieqimia

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avadmyofisTvis (“I have [apparently] treated a patient”), therefore, in their forms the subject marker is addressless, for the result of the action fails to appear. Sentences represented with such a predicate are subjectless; cf. m R v i Z a v s “[I] am awake”, m Z i n a v s “ [I] am asleep” mediopassives, where the object marker represents the performer of the action, and the subject marker is failed to be actualized in the sentence, therefore are regarded as subjectless predicates.

The study ends with the morphosyntactic part. The relation of the principal parts of sentence: the subject and objects marked in verb by affix with the predicate is considered according to the category of number from the diachronic aspect. Changes from the viewpoint of expression on the vertical axis of time are shown, when the syntactic relation remains unchanged: Old Georgian /kacebi wers/ and Modern Georgian /kacebi weren/ (“men write smth.) in the inner form of the language absolutely coincide with one another. In abstraction this is an identical syntactic relation between the subject and the predicate, in spite of the great difference as to the expression, due to which in the specialist literature /kacebi wers/ is regarded as a pair not agreed in number. I consider it as agreement and refer to it as one-sidedly marked agreement in number, as the predicate having the singular form assumes the plural meaning when used with the subject being in plural - wers of the syntagma /kacebi wers/ in this case expresses all actions conceptualized in the plural form of the subject (kacebi). Exactly on the basis of such an interpretation, old /kacebi wers/ was replaced by the modern collocation /kacebi weren/, where the plurality of the subject is marked in the expression form of the verb as well. At present doubly marked agreement in number occurs.

The one-sidedly marked agreement in number between the subject having the suffix -eb and the related predicate, encountered in Old Georgian, survived stably in The Man in the Panther’s Skin, a work of Middle Georgian of the turn of the 12th-13th cc.

The situation is identical in case of objects marked in verb by affix: if they form plural by the suffix -eb, the predicate retains the form of singular number on the level of expression, it acquires the plural meaning only on the basis of the syntactic relation with objects

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marked in verb by affix, which is established in the predicate by means of person markers and in objects by means of case markers. Agreement in plural occurs by one-sided marking.

Subjects with the plural suffixes -n and -T and predicates related to them agree by double marking in all tenses. Undoubtedly, this circumstance also facilitated doubly marked agreement between the subject having the suffix -eb and the predicate related to it.

Direct object with suffix -n too was linked with the predicate in plural by double marking. {-n} suffix (with /-en / ~ /-n / allomorphs) appears in the verb in Old Georgian and archaic dialects of Modern Georgian.

It is noteworthy that in Old Georgian the suffix -Ta, which in the Dative case form of direct and indirect objects expressed the plural number as well, did not show the same power as it had with the subject in the Ergative case – the agreement of these forms with the predicate in plural is marked one-sidedly – only objective actants had the plural form, which reminds of the relation of the -eb-plural forms of objects with the predicate. This situation is undoubtedly ancient. Doubly marked agreement of objects with the predicate is later, which is obvious when discussing the phenomenon from the diachronic viewpoint.

In Old Georgian verb the plurality of the objects in the Dative case may be expressed only in I person, whereas the plurality was not marked in II and III persons of the predicate.

The fact that not infrequently the plurality of objects was not marked in I person of the predicate either, like II and III persons, points to the initial situation.

From the late period of Middle Georgian (15th-16th cc.), the number of objects in the Dative case began to be marked in the predicate of the literary language by means of the same suffix -T, which denoted the plurality of the subject. At present this suffix -T is common in eastern dialects, including archaic dialects. As regards western dialects, marking of the plurality of objects in the Dative case occurred here too, but this time by means of the suffix -en, expressing III person of the subject and its plurality. In general, marking of the number of objects in the predicate form occurred in both cases similarly. Only the plural markers are different.

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Three sections of the time axis are given below: reconstructed from Old Georgian, in Old Georgian and in Modern Georgian.

Pre-Old Georgian me mevedrebis ~ Cuen mevedrebis

(“he entreats me” ~ “he entreats us”)Sen gevedrebis ~ Tquen gevedrebis

(“he entreats thee” ~ “he entreats you”)mas xevedrebis ~ maT xevedrebis

(“he entreats him” ~ “he entreats them”)

Old Georgianme mevedrebis ~ Cuen mevedrebis//guevedrebis

(“he entreats me” ~ “he entreats us”)Sen gevedrebis ~ Tquen gevedrebis

(“he entreats thee” ~ “he entreats you”)mas xevedrebis ~ maT xevedrebis

(“he entreats him” ~ “he entreats them”)

Modern Georgian and Eastern Dialectsme mevedreba ~ Cuen gvevedreba

(“he entreats me” ~ “he entreats us”)Sen gevedreba ~ Tqven gevedrebaT

(“he entreats thee” ~ “he entreats you”)mas evedreba ~ maT evedrebaT

(“he entreats him” ~ “he entreats them”)

Western DialectsCuen gvevedrebien (“they entreat us”)Tqven gevedrebien (“they entreat you”)maT evedrebien (“they entreat them”)

On the basis of the demonstration of sections of the time axis, the following conclusion may be drawn: agreement in the plural number of objects in the Dative case with the predicate moved from one-sided

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marking, when the meaning of plurality in the predicate form depended on the plural forms of objects, to double marking – the plurality of objects was also indicated in the predicate form by means of a special marker.

The transition of objects in the Dative case from one-sidedly marked agreement in plural to doubly marked relation was discussed above. The process went on over many centuries. It began from I person: in the 5th-10th cc. the prefix m- in verbs is usual even when this object is in plural, in the verb it marked only the person, and the interpretation of this person in plural depended on the plural form of the object itself. Here is an example from the Gospel of 897:,,puri Cueni samaradisoi m o m e c C u e n dRes da m o m i t e v e n C u e n Tananadebni Cuenni... da nu S e m i y v a n e b C u e n gansacdelsa (“Give us this day our daily bread and forgive us our debts… And lead us not into temptation (Matt. 6, 12-13 C).

In The Man in the Panther’s Skin of the turn of the 12th-13th cc. this type of agreement in number between objects in the Dative case and the predicate are not found any longer. At that time only the prefix gu- (phonetically [g … ]) expressed their plurality, which formed doubly marked agreement in plural between the predicate and objects. Alongside of the new situation in I person, the old situation remained for a long time in II and III persons – the plurality of II and III person objects in the Dative case only after the 15th c. began to be marked in verbs by the suffix T-, which before that denoted only the plurality of the subject.

It may be assumed that marking in verb forms of the subject too, which is already developed in Old Georgian, followed the same path as was demonstrated in the relation of objects in the Dative case and the subject in -eb-plural. The following question also arises: Why almost ten centuries earlier did marking of the plurality of objects in the Dative case begin with I person form? The reason must be that the division of person roles is oriented on I person: II person is a participant of the dialogue with I person, III person is outside the dialogue – I person is central and undoubtedly more attention was devoted to its plurality as well.

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As compared to that discussed above, the inverted morphological process is considered below, when from doubly marked agreement of members of a syntagma in the case or in the case and plural the language moves to one-sidedly marked agreement, i.e. one member of the syntagma is supposed without a special marker in one or another case or in the plural number.

For a full analysis of the phenomena, diachronic evidence is offered.

The syntactic agreement in the case and number between the modified and the modifier is unchanged in all tenses. Only the formal-material aspect changes mostly at the expense of zero allomorphs. In the Georgian language these changes are linked with the blocking of the modifying member.

In Old Georgian attributive modifier in preposition as well as postposition repeated the form of the modified in singular and in -n-/Ta-plural – by these flexional markers it was confined to its modified. Only with the modified in -eb-plural the modifier was represented always in the singular form. Here are several examples for each case:

(1) mcire-Á nav-i, mcire-man nav-man, mcire-sa nav-sa... nav-i mcire-Á, nav-man mcire-man, nav-sa mcire-sa... (“a small boat”)

(2) mcire-n-i nav-n-i, mcire-Ta nav-Ta... nav-n-i mcire-n-i, nav-Ta mcire-Ta... (“small boats”)

(3) mcire-Á nav-eb-i, mcire-man nav-eb-man, mcire-sa nav-eb-sa... (“small boats”)

With a modified having the suffix -Ta the modifier certainly took this -Ta ending, as -Ta united the case and plural number, hence, agreement in case could not be achieved without agreement in number. On the other hand, as the quality is not characterized by discreteness, undoubtedly due to this reason in -eb-plural where the case and number are expressed by different markers, case markers were sufficient for agreement, whereas the number was not marked in the modifier. The plural number was assumed according to the modified, as the quality represented by the modifier applied to all members assumed by the modified.

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In New Georgian the change affected the form of the modifier – a tendency appeared to express the modifier by zero allomorphs in the blocked position according to the case as well as the number category. This tendency is fully realized in Modern Georgian with prepositional modifiers with the stem ending in a vowel: mcire-Ø nav-i, mcire-Ø nav-ma, mcire-Ø nav-s... Prepositional modifier does not change formally in plural either: mcire-Ø nav-eb-i, mcire nav-eb-ma... mcire-Ø nav-Ta, mcire nav-n-i...

In some dialects modifiers with the stem ending in a consonant in this position also shifted to a zero ending, e.g. mountain dialects: Sav-Ø nav-i, Sav-Ø nav-m(a), Sav-Ø nav-s...

As regards the same modifiers in postposition, they necessarily require case markers, in order to retain the connection with their modified: in this position attributive modifier is not blocked, it can be appropriated by the second substantive standing on its right.

Substantive modifier in preposition was blocked already in Old Georgian: Zelisa-Ø nav-i, Zelisa-Ø nav-man, Zelisa-Ø nav-sa... (“a wooden boat”). Obviously, earlier, before Old Georgian, the modifier took the case markers fully in this position too: Zelisa-Á nav-i, Zelisa-man nav-man, Zelisa-sa nav-sa... Such forms of substantive modifier are sporadically preserved in Old Georgian, whereas in postposition the modifier, like the attributive modifier, was represented with full case endings: nav-i Zelisa-Á, nav-man Zelisa-man, nav-sa Zelisa-sa... Here too the reason of the preservation of case markers is the danger created by the substantive following the modifier – it could have appropriated the modifier. The case markers of the modifier formed a protective cordon.

In Modern Georgian in substantive modifier the delimitation suffix -a appeared, more exactly: the ending -a of the extended forms of the Dative, Genitive and Instrumental cases (-sa, -isa, -iTa) in New Georgian turned into a demarcation element: such a modifier belongs only to the modified on its left: navi x i s a / saxls miayudes (“They leaned against a house / the boat of wood/”). navi / x i s a saxls miayudes is not possible. /xisa saxls/ was permissible in Old Georgian, but it is unnatural and is not allowed in New Georgian.

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The delimitation suffix -a blocks the sentence construction in the form of the modifier – it makes impossible the contact with the members on the right. Such a modifier agrees with the modified on its left by zero allomorphs: nav-i xisa-Ø, nav-ma xisa-Ø, nav-sa xisa-Ø... (“a boat of wood”)

It became clear that where there is a blocked modifier, it shifts to zero allomorphs in the cases, and one-sidedly marked agreement in the case and number occurs. Although a zero allomorph has the same power grammatically as its material variant identical in the function, the term one-sidedly marked agreement is justified on the basis of the comparison with the old situation, when both the modified and the modifier used identical material markers for agreement. For some reason in the specialist literature the existence of material markers having an identical function is regarded as agreement, whereas the relation of zero and material allomorphs having an identical function is not considered as agreement.

Inversion from the morphosyntactic aspect. The expression of the subject by the marker of the object, and of the object by the marker of the subject is regarded as inversion of person markers in a verb form.

There are two interpretations of inversion in Georgian specialist literature: narrow and broad. According to the narrow interpretation, inversion of person markers is typical only of active voice verbs in Series III of conjugation; according to the broad interpretation, it is characteristic of actives in Series III, as well as mediopassive and stative verbs in Series I.

The theory of the inversion of person markers is based on the following theses: (1) the subject in the Georgian verb is the actant performing the action, the direct object is the actant to be acted upon, and the indirect object is that to whom or what the action refers; (2) person markers are exchanged by the subject and the indirect object.

In my view, the subject of the Georgian verb is the initiator of the action; apart from the subject-initiator, a direct or indirect object may also be the performer of the action: in verb forms of w e r s , x a t a v s (“he writes smth., he paints smth.”) type, the subject acts on its own initiative, it is the initiator-executor; in verbs of a c i n e b s , a t i r e b s (“he makes smb. laugh, he makes smb.

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cry”) type the subject is only the initiator, and the action is performed by the direct object – is icinis, is tiris (“he laughs, he cries”); in forms a w e r i n e b s , a x a t v i n e b s (“he makes smb. write smth., he makes smb. paint smth.”) the action is performed by the indirect object (mas awerinebs, mas axatvinebs “he is made to write, he is made to paint”), the subject is the initiator of these actions. It may be concluded that the person performing the action is not necessarily the subject, whereas the initiator is always the subject.

In Series I verbs of m Z u l s (“I hate smb./smth.”) (mediopassive) and m g o n i a (“I think smth.”) (stative) type, the object marker (the prefix m-) represents the performer of the action, whereas who or what I hate and think is represented by the subject markers (-s ~ -a). That is why these verbs are regarded as inverted verbs.

What happened, why were verbs of this type distinguished from dynamic verbs by different functions of person markers? First of all, these verbs are of the perfective nature: they convey in the present the result realized in the past – they are oriented on the result of the action. In the Georgian language the role of the initiator is assigned to the result of the action and person markers are distributed according to this factor: miWiravs T a s i (“I hold a bowl”), mikavia w i g n i (“I hold a book”). The situation is similar in mediopassive verbs: miyvars i s (“I love him”), mZuls i s (“I hate him”)...

The conjugation of active verbs was realized in Series III according to the model of stative verbs – here too the role of the subject was assigned to the result of the action: damiweria w e r i l i (“I have [apparently] written a letter”), damixatavs s u r a T i (“I have [apparently] painted a picture”)...

So, in mediopassive and stative verbs the role of the initiator was assigned to the result of the action, and accordingly, it received the marker of the subject. The subject of such verbs is the actant in the Nominative case. The actant in the Dative case is the performer of the action: in Series I it is the indirect object, in Series III of active verbs – the direct object.

There are two peculiar verbs in the Georgian language, which are characterized by inversion of person markers, these are: m i m a q v s (“I carry smth.”), and m i m y a v s (“I carry smb.”). They are

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obtained from mediopassive verbs m a q v s (“I have smth.”), and m y a v s (“I have smb.”), respectively. These are transitive verbs formed by a preverb (A.Shanidze). Along with the acquisition of transitiveness (resp. active voice), they lost perfectiveness – the action and conversation are taking place simultaneously. They differ from other dynamic transitive verbs by a number of qualities: (1) they function only in the screeves of the Present subseries; (2) They have the meaning of two verbs (miaqvs... midis Tan miaqvs - “he goes and carries smth.”) (Explanatory Dictionary of the Georgian Language); mihyavs... aiZulebs an saSualebas aZlevs masTan erTad midiodes - “he forces or allows smb. to go together with him”) (Explanatory Dictionary of the Georgian Language)). Thus, these peculiar verbs unite the meanings of the verb svla (“to go”) and verbs qona (miaqvs) - yola (mihyavs)- “to have”); (3) cases of actants are those of mediopassive verbs, but they have the meaning of active verbs; (4) by cases of actants they resemble Series III forms of actives, but by their nature they greatly differ from them: in paradigms Series III forms of actives oppose forms of Series I and II by perfectiveness, whereas m i m a q v s and m i m y a v s are devoid of perfectiveness.

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242

sarCevi

winasitKvaoba...................................................................................3Sesavali.............................................................................................4fonematuri sistema

vokalizmi.....................................................................................9konsonantizmi...........................................................................12/ƒ/-s fonematuri statusisaTvis....................................................18qarTuli enis TanxmovanTa sintagmaturi analizi.......................28harmoniul kompleqsTa gansazGvrisaTvis qarTulSi...................29

morfologiaqarTuli enis brunebis sistema...................................................44subieqturi meore pirisa da obieqturi mesame piris {h-} prefiqsi qarTulSi........................................................................59obieqtTa markirebisaTvis qarTul zmnaSi..................................67pirTa markirebisaTvis diaqroniul planSi....................................71fuZiseuli -an daboloeba mediumTa formebSi...........................78zmnisarTebi -iT sufiqsiT............................................................87

morfonologiaarsebiT saxelTa brunebis morfonologiuri tipebi qarTulSi...................................................................................102morfonologiur cvlilebaTaTvis qarTul zmnaSi..........................107morfonologiur procesTa mimarTulebisa da SedegisaTvis...........................................................................113sintaqsimedioaqtivTa sintaqsuri urTierToba aqtantebTan..................130erTpiriani da orpiriani medioaqtivebi III seriaSi.......................133

morfosintaqsiqarTuli enis morfosintaqsis sakiTxebi, Sesavali......................146SeTanxmeba...........................................................................148gamoxatulebis planis cvlilebebi morfosintaqsur urTierTobaSi qarTuli enis monacemTa mixedviT.........................................173ormxriv niSandebul urTierTobaTa gadasvla calmxriv niSandebaze...........................................................................185pirTa inversia morfosintaqsuri aspeqtiT..................................200enobriv modelTa gafarToeba-daviwroebisaTvis .....................206On the Basic Characteristics of Levels of the Georgian Language and the Results of their Interaction in the Global System........................212gamoKenebuli literatura.........................................................238