zurab kiknaZe

Zveli aRTqmis wuTisofeli gaerTianebuli bibliuri sazogadoebebi saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba Tbilisi 2003

Sesavali

biblia berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs `wignebs~, romelTa mniSvnelovani na-

wili, `Zvel aRTqmad~ wodebuli, dawerilia ebraul enaze da am eniT mogviTx-robs misi Semqmneli xalxis fizikur da sulier Tavgadasavals. am wignebSi gacxadebuli samyaro nawilia Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciisa; garkveuli azriT, is misi dagvirgvinebac aris, rogorc erTi kerZo kacobriuli Semoqme-debis umaRlesi gamoxatuleba.

iSviaTia kultura, romelic moqceuli iyos erT wignSi da mowmobdes saku-Tar Tavze upiratesad sityvieri Semoqmedebis wyalobiT. marTalia, arsebobs materialuri Zeglebi, romlebic, uTuod, avseben Cvens codnas am kulturis Sesaxeb, magram, unda iTqvas, rom es monapovari arsebiTs da axals verafers gveubneba. arqeologiuri naSTi, umeteswilad, mxolod adasturebs imas, rac moTxrobilia wignSi. swored aq aris arsebiTi gansxvaveba Zveli aRmosavle-Tis (Sumeri da aqadi, finikia, xeTebi, xuritebi, egvipte...) kulturebisagan; isi-ni, upiratesad arqeologiuri, SeiZleba iTqvas, namarxi da aRmoCenili kultu-rebia. bibliuri samyaro ki, Tamamad vambobT, arasodes yofila miwis mtvriT dafaruli, borcvebadqmnil nangrevebSi gauCinarebuli, rom dalodeboda mec-nierebis saukunes da swavlulTa Tu siZveleTa moyvarulTa mecadineobiT aR-moCeniliyo da kvlav enaxa samzeo qveynebi, sadac, bibliis erTi wignis Tanax-mad, axali araferi xdeba. igi yovelTvis arsebobda cocxali da cxovelmyo-feli sulieri kulturis saxiT im eris yoveldRiur yofaSi, romelmac is Seqmna, xolo qristianobis wyalobiT dasavluri civilizaciis erT-erTi safuZveli Seiqna, romlis gareSe dRes veravin warmoidgens mis saxes.

Tu Zveli aRmosavleTis kulturebis naSTebi dResac ganagrZobs arsebobas, rogorc mxolod `wyalqveSa dinebiT~ Semosuli elementebi, bibliuri wigne-bis kultura uSualod da cnobierad aris CarTuli qristianuli civilizaci-is adamianis SegnebaSi. Tumca am fuZemdeblur wignSi Zveli adamianis msofl-gancda da Tavgadasavalia gadmocemuli, am msoflgancdas da Tavgadasavals, mis eToss _ moralur-zneobriv mrwamss da suliskveTebas Cvenamde moaqvs zo-gadkacobriuli suli, romelic gasagebia dedamiwis nebismieri kuTxis adamia-nisTvis.

`bibliuri~ CvenSi, sazogado warmodgenaSi, badebs raRac monumenturis, yo-veldRiurobaze amaRlebulis xats, Tumca am wignSi moTxrobil ambebs ar Se-uZravs imdroindeli msoflio. babilonisa da egviptis imperiaTa da maTTan dakavSirebul grandiozul movlenaTa fonze aSkarad iCrdileba bibliuri samyaro: palestinaSi mosaxle ebraelTa tomi maTi mefeebiTurT am saxelmwi-foTa istoriaSi da omebSi mxolod erTi epizodia. maT miwa-wyalze Tvals ver movkravT babilonuri zikuraTebisa Tu egvipturi piramidebis msgavs arqi-teqturul saocrebebs; mis sazRvrebSi ar aRmoCenila maTi danatovari monu-menturi xelovnebis nimuSebi, arc werilobiTi dokumentebis arqivebi da bib-lioTekebi; maT analebSi moTxrobili ambebi _ aRwerili brZolebi _ iSvia-Tad gascilebia maTi qveynis sazRvrebs. bibliuri monumenturoba da didebu-leba nivTierSi ar aris gacxadebuli, misi Rirseba da dideba sxvagan unda ve-ZioT. Zveli aRTqmis xalxi TavianT Tavkacebs _ mose winaswarmetyvels da me-fe daviTs _ ar warmoidgendnen imgvarad, rogorc egviptelni da Suamdina-relni TavianT faraonebsa da mefeebs `samyaros oTxiv kuTxisa~. bibliuri kultura da, sazogadod, miseuli Segneba Zalmosilebisa ar aris materialu-ri xasiaTis. is, pirvel yovlisa, sulieri movlenaa, igi Tavis wminda gamoxa-tulebas sityvaSi, sityvier SemoqmedebaSi xedavs.

WeSmaritad, gaocebas iwvevs, Tu rogor, ra ZaliT moxda, rom udabnodan ga-mosulma am mcirericxovanma xalxma, romelic TiTqmis arafriT iyo gamorCeu-li monaTesave xalxebisgan _ moabelTagan, edomelTagan, yamonianTagan, _ ro-melTa mezoblad is saxlobda mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze, ara mxolod

gadairCina Tavi, rogorc erovnulma mTlianobam, aramed istoriul qartexi-lebSi gamotarebulma, or `gveleSapur~ saxelmwifos Soris moqceulma, ro-melTagan xan erTi _ egvipte dasavleTidan, xan meore _ aSur-babiloni aRmo-savleTidan emuqreboda STasanTqmelad, sabolood daqucmacebulma da gafan-tulma, Seqmna wigni, romelic sul sxva epoqaSi, sxva modgmis xalxSi axali civilizaciis safuZvlad daido.

biblia _ ebraeli xalxis sulieri kulturis Zegli da warsulSi maTi ar-sebobis mowmoba _ iqmneboda Zveli welTaRricxvis TiTqmis aTi saukunis man-Zilze gansxvavebul istoriul viTarebaSi, gansxvavebuli suliskveTebiT. misi yvelaze sruli krebuli ormocdaTerTmeti sxvadasxva Janris da gansxvavebu-li moculobis (umciresi maT Soris, `qebaTa qeba~, mxolod asCvidmet stri-qons Seicavs) wignisgan Sedgeba. ori religiis _ iudaizmisa da qristianobis _ saRvTo wigni, amave dros aris TviTmyofadi poeturi qmnileba, vrceli ti-lo, sadac warmodgenilia sityvieri Semoqmedebis, dResdReobiT arsebulis, TiTqmis yvela Janri. igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, Tanamedrove msoflio mwerlobis uZvelesi qrestomaTiaa. aq SevxvdebiT folkloruli warmoSobis sawesCveule-bo simRerebs, igav-arakebs, Segonebebs, filosofiur nakvesebs, miTosis frag-mentebs, saistorio da sayofacxovrebo dokumentur prozas, novelistur am-bebs, godebebs, saRvTo sagaloblebs, sagmiro leqsebs, satrfialo lirikas, diplomatiur mimoweras, oratorul sityvas, publicistikasac ki.

ai, bibliuri, kerZod, `Zveli aRTqmis~ wignebi saxeldebiT: pirvel xuT wigns saTaurebi ebraul dedanSi dasawyisi sityvebis mixedviT

aqvs micemuli. pirveli _ `dabadeba~ (ebraulad bereSiT `Tavdapirvelad~); me-ore _ `gamosvla~ (SemoT `saxelebi~); mesame _ `levianni~ (veikra `da mouwo-da~); meoTxe _ `ricxvni~ (bemidbar `udabnoSi~); mexuTe _ `meore rjuli~ (el-le hadevarim `aha sityvebi~). es aris moses xuTwigneuli anu xumaSi, sadac moTxrobilia qveynis Seqmnisa da adamianis gaCenis ambavi, dedamiwis pirvel mkvidrTa ganfantvis (gansaxlebis) da ebraeli xalxis adreuli istoria im xanamde, vidre palestinaSi, `aRTqmul qveyanaSi~ dasaxldebodnen.

`xuTwigneuls~ mosdevs wigni `ieso naves Zisa~, romelSic asaxulia is xana, roca xalxi es-es aris mkvidrdeba `aRTqmul qveyanaSi~ da inawilebs miwas. `msajulTa wigni~ mogviTxrobs axlad damkvidrebuli Tormeti tomis, TiToeu-lis cal-calke da erTad, brZolebze adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan da mezo-bel tomebTan RvTivdadgenili winamZRolebis _ msajulebis meTaurobiT. `ru-Tis~ wignSi moTxrobilia erTi israeliani ojaxis Znelbedobaze da aRorZine-baze msajulTa xanaSi.

`mefeTa~ oTx wignSi da `neStTa~ or wignSi, `pirvel ezraSi~, `neemiaSi~, `meore ezraSi~, `tobiTSi~, `ivdiTSi~, `esTerSi~, `makabelTa~ oTx wignSi bib-lia gviambobs mefeTa Rvawlze _ maT didebaze da maT dacemaze, mTeli erisa da calkeuli adamianebis Tavgadasavalze mefobis gauqmebamde, xalxis pirvel gadasaxlebamde `aRTqmuli qveynidan~ jer aSurSi, mere babilonSi (babilonis tyveoba), tyveTa dabrunebaze, Tavganwirul brZolebze qveynis mtrebTan.

`igavni solomonisa~, `sibrZne solomonisa~, `sibrZne ziraqisa~ acxadeben yofaqcevis sibrZnes da marTali cxovrebis principebs.

`fsalmunni~ (ebr. Tehilim ) _ sagalobelni, RvTis sadidebelni, locvani RvTisadmi, Cveni Zvelebis SerqmeviT `daviTni~, radgan maTi avtoroba daviT me-fes miewereba.

`eklesiaste~ unikaluria bibliur wignTa Soris Tavisi skeptikuri sulisk-veTebiT: mefe (tradicia solomons gulisxmobs) amaoebad acxadebs adamianur cxovrebas.

`qebaTa qeba solomonisa~ erTaderTi nimuSia satrfialo poeziisa. `iobis wignSi~ marTali iobi, usamarTlod Cavardnili satanjvelSi,

RmerTs iwvevs samsjavroze, aRiarebs da icavs Tavis simarTles. `winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi~ dacemul-daZabunebuli eris mamxilebelia da

samomavlo aRorZinebis imedis STamnergavi Semoqmedebaa. maT Soris oTxi did-

ni _ esaia, ieremia, ezekieli da danieli; da Tormetni mcireni _ osia, amosi da sxvani.

es aris erTiani monumenturi Senoba, sadac yovel nawils Tavisi adgili aqvs mikuTvnebuli da am adgilidan acxadebs WeSmaritebas. biblia iwyeba qvey-nis, qveynierebis SeqmniT da mTavrdeba misi dasasrulis xilvebiT _ `mesame ezra~ anu ezras gamocxadeba abolovebs `Zvel aRTqmas~, rogorc ioane RvTis-metyvelis `gamocxadeba~_ `axal aRTqmas~ da mTels biblias. am or xilvas So-ris moqceulia bibliis ambavTa da personaJTa asparezi, maTi samoqmedo sivr-ce, rogorc erTi wuTisofeli, Tavisi Wir-varamiT, sibrZniT da WeSmaritebiT, sicruiT da gautanlobiT, uxanobiT, sacTurebiT, dacemiT da amaRlebiT, ze-gardmo mexis texiT, xilvebiT, gamocxadebebiT, gloviTa da lxiniT, ngreviTa da SenebiT, ganfantviTa da SemokrebiT, sasowarkveTilebiTa da sasoebiT.

bibliaSi moTxrobilia uamravi ambavi da epizodi, rogorc mTeli eris, ise calkeul pirovnebaTa da maT sagvareuloTa Tavgadasavali; monawileobs aso-biT personaJi, romelTa bedi mTeli eris bediswerasTan aris gadanaskvuli.

zogi maTgani cnobilia qarTveli kacisaTvis. vis ar gaugonia warRvnas ga-darCenili noes saxeli, samoTxidan gamodevnis ambavi kacTa modgmis winaparTa _ adam da evasi, pirveli mkvleloba Zmisa Zmis mier _ abel-kaenis tragikuli ambavi, abraam mamamTavris gansacdeli, iosebis dramatuli Tavgadasa-vali. Zvel saqarTveloSi ar iyo miuwvdomeli bibliuri ambebi; maTi codna, rogorc erTi mTavari elementi, Sedioda xalxuri ganaTlebis sferoSi. rogorc Cans, arsebobda xalxuri zepirsityvieri biblia werilobiTi bibliis gverdiT: xalxSi trialebda leqsad gadaTqmu-li ambavi adamisa da evasi, abramisa, iobisa. eklesiis kedlebs So-ris ambionidan mosmenili bibliuri siuJetebi amdidrebda xalxis sulier samyaros da kvebavda mis fantazias.

raRa unda vTqvaT mwignobarze Tu mweralze, romlisTvisac biblia yoveld-Riuri sakiTxavi wigni iyo. bibliuri xatebi da simboloebi gansazRvravs Zve-li qarTveli avtoris mxatvrul azrovnebas, bibliuri eTosi kvebavs mis su-lierebas, bibliuri pirovnebebi da movlenebi cocxloben mis xilvebSi. mart-vilobaTa, hagiografiis Tu himnografiis sinamdvile daxuruli iqneba CvenT-vis, dRevandeli adamianisTvis, Tu maTi STamagonebeli pirvelwyaro _ biblia _ ar gadavSaleT. qarTveli hagiografis (giorgi mciris) sityvebSi, romlebi-Tac is aRwers giorgi mTawmindelis gardacvalebas _ `...sabrPe Seimusra, xo-lo siri aRfrinda, dauteva egvipte, romel ars cxorebaY ese nivTieri, da wi-aR-vlo ara Tu zRuaY igi mewamuli, aramed Savi ese da wyudiadi zRuaY amis sawuTroYsaY, Sevida queyanasa mas aRTqumisasa, romel ars zecaTa ierusalemi, mTasa mas zeda sibrZnis-metyuelebs RmrTisa Tana, wariPada Pamli sulisaY...~, _ Tu ar viciT, ras niSnavs `egvipte~, `mewamuli zRva~, `qveyana aRTqmisa~, ras gulisxmobs `zecaTa ierusalimi~ anda xamlis gaxda mTaze asvlisas Zveli aR-Tqmis xalxis istoriaSi da mis winaswarmetyvelTa simbolikaSi, sruliad gau-gebari iqneba siRrme im gancdisa (zeciuri sixaruli adamianis gansvlis gamo sawuTrodan), romlis gamoxatva surda Zvel avtors.

ara mxolod sasuliero mwerlobas asazrdoebda biblia; Cveni saero poezi-is gvirgvinSi _ `vefxistyaosanSi~ _ trialebs bibliuri suli. gana am eposis dasawyisi `romelman Seqmna~ ar aris gamoZaxili bibliis dasawyisisa `dasaba-mad Seqmna RmerTman...~? an misi dasasruli, gamoTqmuli sasoebiT `Sigan maTsa sabZanissa Txa da mgeli erTad sZovdes~, ar exmianeba Zveli aRTqmis (da, cxa-dia, aseve qristianul) esqatologiur ideals?

gana `daviTianidan~ ar gvawvdens Tavis Zlier xmas poetis saxelmodgami da sulieri winapari daviT israelis mefe? gana ar ismis `daviTianSi~ qveynis da-cemiT gulSeZruli winaswarmetyvelis mamxilebel-mokicxari xma? gana ar go-debs is Zveli aRTqmis qadagiviT?

gana `eklesiastes~ waruvali sibrZne ar Cans baraTaSvilis poeziaSi? `fiq-rni mtkvris piras~ xom exmaureba wuTisoflis amaoebiT gulgasenili mefis

fiqrebs? sxva vin aris es mefe, Tu ara brZeni solomoni, romelmac didebis taxtze ganicada `aRuvsebeli sawyaulis~ ufskruli?

roca ilias poeti ambobs, rom mis gulSi, rogorc RvTis sakurTxevelze, danTebulia ciuri cecxli, rom mas `ca niSnavs~ da rom is `RmerTTan lapara-kobs~, eris sawinamZRvrod, rom poetisTvis ar kmara `tkbil xmaTa~ mRera, _ gana ar gagvaxsendeba RvTivSTagonebuli winaswarmetyveli, romlis sulieri samSoblo caSia, gansakuTrebiT RmerTTan molaparake mose, romelic RmerTma daadgina eris winamZRolad, mose da kidev sxvani, mkvaxe sityvebiT (ar ecalaT maT `tkbil xmaTaTvis~) rom afxizlebdnen xalxs? gana ilias da akakis _ `ga-remoebis sayvirTa~ da `SuakacTa~ ufleba sakuTari eris daundoblad mxile-bisa da kicxvisa imave wyarodan ar modis, saidanac winaswarmetyvelni iRebd-nen STagonebas?

SesaZlebelia, Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi mkiTxveli ver Sexvdes iseT warmtac siuJetebs, elinur miTebSi rom vxvdebiT. xom dauviwyaria da mravalferovania herakles, odisevsis Tu iazonis Tavgadasavalni, magram bibliuri ambebi Tavi-si lakonizmiT da `simSraliT~ adamianis yofierebis warmoudgenel siRrmeebs warmoaCens. bibliis SuagulSi adamiani dgas Tavisi kerZo, ganumeorebeli be-diT. marTalia, mTavari moqmedi piri bibliuri samyarosi aris RmerTi, magram mis winaSe, mis pirispir dgas misi mopaeqre adamiani, mowame Tavisi didebisa da damcrobisa. `me Wia var da ara kaci~ (fsalm. 21:7) ambobs dacemuli adamia-ni, magram es sityvebi iseTi simaRlidan aris naTqvami, sadamdisac ar asula elinuri arc azri, arc gancda. Tu sadme, romelime wignSia gatarebuli pi-ruTvneli, mousyidveli azri RmerTze, adamianze, erze, qveyanaze, aseTi wigni, pirvel yovlisa, bibliaa. igi religiuri wignia, misi avtorebi misdeven WeSma-ritebas, simarTles, arc cdiloben Seaferadon, Sealamazon sinamdvile; ar aZ-leven SeRavaTs adamians _ Tvals ar uxuWaven, ar Cqmalaven mis arc erT zne-obriv nakls, Tundac igi RvTis rCeuli iyos; ar patioben Tavis ers codvebs, pirSi miaxlian mxilebis sityvebs, Tumca darwmunebulni arian mis RvTivrCeu-lobaSi.

bibliis _ `Zveli aRTqmis~ mkiTxvelis winaSe Caivlis calkeul adamianTa Tavgadasavali da eris istoria; eris Camoyalibebisa da aRzrdis, misi TviT-Segnebis ganuwyveteli qmnadobis procesi, periodebi misi amaRlebisa da dace-misa, misi ganfantvisa da Semokrebisa. Tumca es wigni erTi konkretuli xal-xis istoriul bedze mogviTxrobs, magram yovel ers SeuZlia masSi sakuTari Tavis amocnoba. am mxriv, biblia samagaliTo wignia.

`Zveli aRTqmis wuTisofeli~, ramdenadac misi SezRuduli farglebi iZleva saSualebas, mkiTxvels acnobs bibliuri xalxis, bibliuri istoriis subieq-tis, Tavgadasavals da im adamianTa individualobebs, romlebic Jamidan Jamze uZRvebodnen mas. Tumca wigni popularuli xasiaTisaa (igi ar warmoadgens sa-mecniero gamokvlevas), magram is ar aris gamiznuli bibliaSi sruliad gauc-nobierebuli mkiTxvelisTvis. `Zveli aRTqmis wiTisofeli~ moiTxovs mkiTxve-lisgan bibliuri wignebis minimalur codnas mainc.

kacobriobis warsuli samyaros Seqmna

biblia, rogorc memkvidre Zveli Suamdinaruli tradiciebisa, adamianis, ka-cobriobis, qveynis istorias mTeli samyaros _ universumis SeqmniT iwyebs. magram raoden gansxvavdeba bibliuri Sesaqme Sumerul da babilonur kosmo-goniebisgan, sadac qveynis Seqmna warmodgenilia brZolad Semoqmed RmerTsa (demiurgsa) da zRvauri qaosis urCxuls Soris. materialuri samyaro, mTeli buneba, kosmosi urCxulis anu gveleSapis Zlevis Sedegia. gveleSapi marcxdeba demiurgTan orTabrZolaSi, ganiwvaleba da misi ganwvalebuli sxeulisgan iqm-neba ca da miwa. bibliur teqstSi aqa-iq aris SemorCenili amgvari kosmogoniis kvali. `Seni ZaliT gaape zRva, Tavi gauxeTqe zRvis gveleSaps, Tavi gauWeWye leviaTans...~ (fsalmuni, 74, 13_14), `Sen daamxe rahabi gangmiruliviT...~ (fsalm. 89, 11). aseTi qmedeba aris Zveli aRTqmis RmerTis _ iahves, SeiZleba iTqvas, `warmarTuli~, preistoriuli warsuli anu xsovna am warsulisa, rogorc sam-yaros Seqmnis Soreuli metafora. moxmobil fsalmunTa avtoris Segneba-Si,zRvauri gveleSapis _ rahabisa Tu leviaTanis Zleva mxolodRa gamoxatu-lebaa RmerTis siZlierisa, misi dausazRvreli Zlevamosilebisa; Zveli kosmo-goniuri miTosi _ poliTeisturi religiuri azrovnebis nayofi dawnexilia am fsalmunebSi, rogorc andaza. bibliur wignebSi mas aRar ganucdia xelaxali siuJeturi gaSla.

wyali (wylebi maim), romelic gamoCndeba `dabadebis~ wignis meore muxlSi-ve, aRar aris cocxali arseba, rogorc miTologiuri piri _ kosmogoniuri dramis personaJi, aramed usicocxlo, inertuli masa. wyali is materiaa, rom-lisganac `dasawyisSi RmerTma Seqmna ca da miwa~, gvamcnobs `dabadebis~ pirve-li muxli; anu wyali, rogorc dedruli wiaRi, atarebda cisa da miwis Cana-saxs. es ca da miwa aris is erTianoba, is yvelaferi, romelic win uZRvoda Cveni xiluli cisa da miwis arsebobas. sxva aris is dasabamieri ca-da-miwa da sxva _ es ca da es miwa. rogori iyo is miwa? `miwa iyo usaxo da udaburi~, gvamcnobs `dabadebis~ meore muxli. qarTuli sityvebi odnavadac ver gadmogv-cems im STabeWdilebas, ris gamosaxatavad ebrauli dednis sityvebia mowode-buli. `miwa iyo Tohu-va-bohu~ _ ambobs dedani. am sityvebiT miniSnebulia qvey-nierebis qaoturi mdgomareoba. es uazro sityvebia, isini ar arian moxmobili raime garkveulis, sazRvarCenilis gamosaxatavad. piriqiT, Zveli mkiTxvelis gancdaSi maT unda aReZraT im `raRacis~ xati, romelic Seqmnamde arsebobda da arc arsebobda. sityva, marTalia, uZluria Seqmnamdelis Tu jerac Seuqmne-lis gamosaxatavad, sityvam TiTqos unda dakargos saxe, rom gamoxatos `usaxo saxe~, _ aseTia Tohu _ naxevarsityva da bohu naxevarsityva, romelTa erTiano-ba uRviZebs kacs warmodgenas uqmnadze. Tohu-va-bohus bgerebi esmoda im xalxs, romelmac cxovrebis gzaze, amosulma egviptis oazisidan, kvlav oazis-Si Sesasvlelad, gaiara udabnos stiqioni, jerac mouwyobeli nawili miwisa, marTlac `u-sax-o da u-dab-uri~; xalxi aRiqvams Tavis warsuls, roca is jer kidev SuSdeboda da iwrToboda, rogorc Tohu-va-bohus, romelic amave dros dedamiwis da cis warsulicaa, rasac jer ar Sexebia Semoqmedis xeli. RmerTma im usaxobas suli (ruax) STabera da Seqmna misgan ca da miwa, magram miwaze, adgil-adgil, udabnoc darCa da ase darCeba qveynis dasasrulamde, rogorc wuTisoflis usrulobis niSani. roca bibliur winaswarmetyvels surs aRZras msmenelSi axali, meored Seqmnili anu gardaqmnili samyaros xati, is moux-mobs ayvavebis molodinSi myofi udabnos suraTs: `gaixarebs udabno da trama-li, gamxiaruldeba udaburi miwa da ayvavdeba rogorc SroSani~, vkiTxulobT esaias winaswarmetyvelebaTa wignSi (35:1).

imave muxlSi, sadac mocemulia saxe Seuqmneli dedamiwisa da cisa, naTqva-mia: `bneli efina ufskruls da suli RvTisa iZvroda wylebze~. am muxlSi Se-farviT, erT unikalur sityvas Sefarebuli, gatrunulia is, dasabamieri gve-leSapi, romelic, ZvelaRmosavluri kosmogoniebis mixedviT, ganasaxierebda pirvelyofil qaoss. es sityva _ `ufskruli~ Tehom _ misi sakuTari saxelia

da momdinareobs babilonuri zRvauri urCxulis saxelidan Ti(h)amaT, rome-lic `zRvasac~ niSnavs am enaSi. magram im miTologiuri personaJidan mxolod saxeli SemorCa bibliis am muxlSi. mkiTxveli masSi veRar xedavs samyaros Se-moqmedis mters, romelsac Zvel miTosSi ebrZoda igi kosmosis Sesaqmnelad. bibliuri `suli RvTisa~ (ruax elohim) ar ebrZvis wyals, aramed, rogorc kruxi, dabudebulia masze, raTa wiwiliviT gamoCekos samyaro. es bnelSi xde-ba, naTeli jer ar aris gaCenili.

naTelis gaCenaze laparakia mesame muxlSi: `Tqva RmerTma: iyos naTeli! da iqmna naTeli~. RmerTi ar ibrZvis _ vis unda ebrZolos? misi Seqmnilia isic, risganac samyaros qmnis, _ is qmnis Tavisufali nebiT, ara iZulebiT, Zveli kosmogoniebis demiurgisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic Seqmnilisgan aris warmo-Sobili, Tavad aris Seqmnili da ara aqvs arCevani _ unda Seebas gveleSaps, raTa ixsnas Tavi, radgan gveleSapi, rogorc piraSkmuli ufskruli, STanTq-miT emuqreba mas. `Tqva RmerTma: iyos... da iqmna~ ai, Sesaqmis formula, rome-lic Svidgzis gaismis `dabadebis~ pirvel TavSi naTelis gaCenidan dawyebuli, cxovelTa samyaros SeqmniT damTavrebuli. verc mklavmoRerebuls, verc maxvi-liT xelSi ver warmoidgens bibliis mkiTxveli bibliur kosmogoniur gmirs Sesaqmis dasabamSi. Tu ram fizikuri qmedeba warmoudgeba mas Tvalwin, es iqne-ba bageTa Zvra SemoqmedebiTi, WeSmaritad qmediTi sityvis warmosaTqmelad. samyaros Semoqmedis `gankargulebaSia~ suli (suli RvTisa) da sityva _ Taur-saxe sityvieri Semoqmedebisa pirvelad adamSi da mere yovel adamianSi. oRond pirveli sityva, RvTisgan wamoTqmuli, SeuzRudveli, usasrulo Zalisaa, rad-gan RvTis aqtivobaSi erTia Tqma da qmna.

bibliuri kosmogonia grZeldeba eqvs dRes _ eqvs periods. ra miaCnia mis avtors aRniSvnis Rirsad qmnilebaTa Soris? an ras aniWebs igi bunebaSi gan-sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas? ra Seiqmna pirvelad, razec iTqva, `iyos?~ es aris, rogorc zemoT iTqva, `naTeli~. roca naTeli Seiqmna, maSin gamoCnda `bnelic~, romelic, rogorc viciT, Tavdapirveladve `efina ufskruls~. sibnele ar Seqm-nila, is dasabamieria, romlis fonze naTeli aCens Tavis didebas. es moxda pirvel dRes.

meore dRes RmerTma gankveTa (es Zveli demiurgis qmedebis kvalia, roca is Suaze kveTda gveleSaps) erTiani wyali zemo da qvemo wylebad, da sazRvars, maT Soris gavlebuls, uwoda ca.

mesame dRes Seiqmna miwa. miwa ewoda im `mSrals~ (iabaSah), romelic gamoCn-da qvemo wylebis erTad Semokrebis Semdeg, roca `Tqva RmerTma: Segrovdes erTgan cisqveSeTis wyali~. erTgan Semokrebil wyals ewoda zRva. ase rom, mi-wa zRvam gamoaCina da daapirispira Tavis TavTan. amave dRes Seqmna RmerTma miwis safarveli: mcenareuloba _ balaxi da xe. moawyo ise, rom yovel maT-gans SeZleboda, Tavadve warmoeSva da daegdo miwaze, Tavisive gvaris mcena-ris Semcveli Tesli, raTa misgan kvlav _ Seuqmnelad _ aRmocenebuliyo.

meoTxe dRes Seqmna RmerTma mze da mTvare, da varskvlavebi _ pirvel dRes Seqmnili naTelis nivTieri gamovlinebani.

mexuTe dRes iqmneba suldgmulTa samyaro _ wylis binadarni da cis frin-velebi.

meeqvse dRes RmerTma gaaCina cxovelTa samyaro _ miwis suldgmuli: gareu-li cxovelebi, Sinauri pirutyvi (an ukeT: is cxovelebi, romelTa bunebaSic imTaviTve Cadebuli iyo adamianTan siaxlovis SesaZlebloba) da qvewarmavali. am dRes Seiqmna kacic yovelive manamde Seqmnilis patronad.

meSvide dRes araferi Seuqmnia RmerTs: eqvs dReSi Seqmna man mTeli buneba _ misi samive safexuri: mineraluri samyaro, mcenareuloba, cxovelTa samyaro; meSvide dRes ki daisvena man da akurTxa da wmidahyo meSvide dRe _ SabaTi (SabaT `Sewyveta~, `gasruleba~).

yoveli Seqmna aRiniSneba mniSvnelovani fraziT: `dainaxa RmerTma, rom kar-gia~. xuTgzis aRiniSneba, rom kargia, xolo meeqvsed, Sesaqmis bolo dRes, Seq-mnilis mTlianobaSi moxilvis Semdeg, rogorc Sejameba SemoqmedebiTi aqtebi-

sa, aRmatebiT xarisxSia naTqvami: `dainaxa RmerTma yovelive, rac Seqmna, da, aha, Zalian kargia~. tob niSnavs `keTilsac~ da `mSveniersac~ _ qarTuli kargi moicavs orive mniSvnelobas. amrigad, RvTis Seqmnil samyaroSi, bibliuri kos-mogoniis Tanaxmad, ganxorcielebulia zneobriv-esTetiuri principi, romelic andazurad gamoxata rusTavelma: `RmerTi kargsa moavlinebs da borotsa ar dabadebs~.

Tumca Zveli aRTqmis enaSi ar moipoveba berZnuli kosmosis semantikurad monaTesave cneba, magram is TvalTaxedva, ramac Camoqna igi _ kosmos `mSvene-ba~, `samkauli~, `wesrigi~, `samyaro~, _ ar yofila ucxo bibliur wignTa avto-rebisTvis. gana Sors aris elinuri msoflgancdisgan es sityvebi `gasrulda ca da miwa mTeli maTi morTulobiTurT~?

adami miuxedavad imisa, rom biblia arsebiTad religiuri wignia da misi mTavari

moqmedi piri, masSi moTxrobil ambavTa da movlenaTa warmmarTveli aris RmerTi, mainc igi aris wigni adamianis da xalxis Sesaxeb _ ambavi mis warmo-Sobaze, aRzrdaze, zneobriv Camoyalibebaze, mis bedze am wuTisofelSi, mis gansacdelze, mis tanjva-wvalebaze da saboloo imedze. adamianis Tavgadasava-li samyaros Sesaqmes ebmis uSualod da am koncefciaSi, romelic siuJeturad cxaddeba, mniSvnelovani azria Caqsovili. Tu raime Seqmnilze iTqva, rom kar-gia, es adamianzec, pirvel yovlisa, im arsebaze iTqva, romelic RmerTma Tavi-si Semoqmedebis damagvirgvinebel, meeqvse dRes Seqmna. adamiani bibliis avto-rebis yuradRebis SuagulSia moqceuli da, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es wignebi adamianiT iwyeba da adamianiTve sruldeba.

bibliuri TvalsazrisiT, rac Seqmna RmerTma, yvelaferi adamianisaTvis Seq-mna. `Tqva RmerTma: SevqmnaT kaci Cvens xatad, Cvens msgavsebad. epatronos zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, pirutyvs mTels dedamiwaze da yvela qvemZroms, rac ki miwaze daxoxavs. Seqmna RmerTma kaci Tavis xatad, RvTis xatad Seqmna igi...~ (dab. 1:26-7). amrigad, gamzadebul samyaroSi iqmneba adamiani Seqmnilis patronad da mefed bunebisa. magram, rac mTavaria, pirvelad am wignSi da, Se-saZlebelia, mxolod aq, adamiani miCneulia RvTisdar arsebad, xazgasmulia misi maRali Rirseba dabadebiTve, Tumca is, rogorc `dabadebis~ wignis meore Tavidan Cans, miwis mtverisagan aris Seqmnili. `gamosaxa RmerTma kaci (adami) miwis mtverisagan da STabera mis nestoebs sicocxlis sunTqva da iqca adami cocxal arsebad~ (dab. 2:7). adami Seiqmna RvTis `xatad, msgavsebad~, magram is gamoisaxa mokvdavi materiisgan, rogorc ukvdavi ideis xorcSesxma. sicocxlis sunTqvam (igive ruax elohim `suli RvTisa~) cocxal arsebad aqcia adami, rom-lis saxeli `miwis~ saxels (adamah) ukavSirdeba. imave sulma, romelic wylis bnel ufskrulebze dabudrebuli `Cekavda~ samyaros, Seqmna adami sulier ar-sebad.

RvTis xatad da msgavsebad Seqmna, kerZod, imas niSnavs, rom adami Seiqmna Tavisufal arsebad, Tavisufali nebis myofelad da Semoqmedad msgavsad Tavi-si gamCenisa. adamis upiratesobaze qmnilebaTa Soris mowmobs misi adgil-sam-yofeli, romelic mas gamCenma miuCina. `ufalma RmerTma baRi gaaSena edemSi, aRmosavleTSi, da dasva iq adami, romelic gamosaxa~ (dab. 2:8). rogorc momdev-no aRwerilobidan Cans, edemis baRi, Tumca is aRmosavleTSi mdebareobs, qvey-nis Suagulia (misi wiaRidan dasabams iRebs oTxi mdinare, romlebic dedami-wis oTxive kuTxisaken miedinebian), amave dros is umaRlesi adgilia dedami-wis zurgze. `aiyvana ufalma RmerTma adami da daasaxla edemis baRSi mis da-samuSaveblad da dasacavad~ (dab. 2:15). amrigad, RmerTma adami saukeTeso ad-gilze daasaxla, qveynierebis walkotSi, sadac mas unda gaegrZelebina samya-ros Semoqmedis mier dawyebuli saqme; aq unda ganxorcielebuliyo misi Tavi-sufali Semoqmedeba. edemis baRSi cxovreba, rogorc `dabadebis~ wignis meore TavSi Cans, ar moiTxovda adamianisagan arsebobisaTvis brZolas, oflis Rvras Tavis gamosakvebad. `daasaxla edemis baRSi mis dasamuSaveblad da mis dasaca-vad~ ar gulisxmobs salukmapuro Sromas, imgvar muSakobas, romelic mouxda adams edemis karibWis gareT _ wuTisofelSi, aramed Semoqmedebas, romlis mi-zani masSivea da romlis gansaxorcieleblad Sroma mxolod saSualebaa. bune-bis patronoba (da ara batonoba masze) Semoqmedebis tolfasi unda yofiliyo.

`gamosaxa ufalma RmerTma miwis yvela cxoveli da cis frinveli da mohgva-ra adams, rom enaxa, ras daarqmevda. romel suldgmuls rasac daarqmevda ada-mi, misi saxelic is iqneboda. daarqva adamma saxeli yvela pirutyvs, cis yvela frinvels da velis yvela cxovels...~ (dab. 2:19-20). adami agrZelebs uflis Se-moqmedebas; Tavis, adamiseul wvlils sdebs uflis dabadebulSi. is TiTqos xelaxla qmnis ukve Seqmnils anu adamurs, adamianurs xdis mas, radgan Zvele-bis rwmeniT saxelis darqmeva, saxeldeba raimes gaCenis badalia. `rasac daar-qmevda adami, misi saxelic is iqneboda~. cxadia, rom aq saxeldeba umaRlesi

SemoqmedebiTi principia _ ganmeoreba sityviT Seqmnis RvTiuri aqtisa. saxel-Ta darqmeviT, saxeldebiT, adams arsebiTad SemoqmedebiTi siaxle Semoaqvs samyaroSi, romelic mas daxvda, da es siaxle adamiseuli beWedia uflis qmni-lebaze, rasac veravin waarTmevda adams.

rogorc vxedavT, adami Tavisufalia Tavis SemoqmedebaSi, rac arsebaTa sa-xeldebaSi gamoixata. RmerTi, absoluturi nebis mCeneli elis adamisgan sity-vis warmoTqmas, is ar ereva am aqtSi, ar zRudavs adamis Tavisufal nebas _ `...rom enaxa, ras daarqmevda... rasac daarqmevda, misi saxelic is iqneboda~. adamiseul saxeldebas Sesworeba da RvTisgan srulyofa ar unda dasWirvebo-da. RmerTi ar Careula saxeldebaSi cocxal arsebaTa, romelTac adamis samw-yso unda SeedginaT, rogorc ar Caeria maSinac ki, roca sakuTari nebiT dahyv-nen adami da eva gvelis, `yvelaze cbieri~ arsebis rCevas, eWamaT akrZaluli xis nayofi, raTa Tvali axelodaT da RmerTebiviT gamxdariyvnen.

edemi qveynierebis Suaguli iyo, xolo am Suagulis SuagulSi izrdeboda ori xe _ `xe sicocxlisa~ (anu ukvdavebisa) da `xe keTilisa da borotis Sec-nobisa~. mTeli edemis baRi misi nayofebiTurT ekuTvnodaT adams da evas. ka-cobriobis pirvel wyvils micemuli hqonda ufleba yoveli nayofis gemosxil-visa, garda erTisa, romlis Wamasac ukrZalavda RmerTi... `gaafrTxila ufalma RmerTma adami da uTxra: yvela xis nayofi geWmeva am baRSi. mxolod keTilisa da borotis Secnobis xis nayofi ar SeWamoT, radgan, rogorc ki SeWam, mokv-debi~ (dab. 2:16-7). adams unda SeeWama ukvdavebis xis nayofi, rom ukvdavi yofi-liyo edemis baRSi; ukvdavebis xili unda yofiliyo misi erTaderTi sazrde-li, misi fizikur-sulieri simrTelis wyaro. magram iswrafa gvelma da misi SegonebiT man meore xis nayofi airCia da mokvda. adami ara imdenad imis mize-ziT mokvda, rom `sikeTisa da borotebis Secnobis xis~ nayofi SeWama, aramed ufro im mizeziT, rom ver moaswro ukvdavebis nayofis SeWma.

`sikeTisa da borotebis~ nayofis gemosxilvam arsebiTad Secvala adamis buneba. `dauZaxa ufalma RmerTma adams da uTxra: adam, sada xar? miugo: Seni xma Semomesma baRSi da SemeSinda, SiSveli rom var, da davimale. uTxra (Rmer-Tma): vin giTxra, SiSveli rom xar? im xis nayofi xom ar giWamia, me rom agikr-Zale?~ (dab. 3:9-11). adams Tvali ki aexila, rogorc gveli hpirdeboda, magram ra ixila, garda Tavisi siSiSvlisa? adamma dakarga ubiwoeba, bunebis uSualo gancda. misma axelilma Tvalma ixila, ufro sworad, Seqmna sikeTed da boro-tebad gaxleCili sinamdvile, rogorc surda yofiliyo samyaro kacobriobis mters, gvelis saxiT gamocxadebuls. kidec rom ar gandevniliyo adami edemi-dan, mas ukve dakarguli hqonda edemSi cxovrebis Zala. is ukve iyo naklovani arseba, romelic aRar Seesabameboda edemis srulyofilebas. `aexilaT Tvali orives da mixvdnen, rom SiSvlebi iyvnen. Sekres leRvis foTlebi da ardagebi gaikeTes~ (dab. 3:7).

biblia mogviTxrobs ori adamis _ samoTxeSi myofis da samoTxidan gandev-nili adamis ambavs. samoTxis adams, erTi arabibliuri Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, naTlis samoseli emosa, romelic aexada akrZaluli nayofis gemosxilvis Sem-deg. amrigad, is fizikuradac Seicvala, naTeli mis sxeulSi bnelma Secvala: `gaukeTa ufalma adams da mis dedakacs tyavis samoseli da Semosa~ (dab. 3:21). aq miniSnebulia edemidan gandevnili adamis fizikuri saxecvlileba _ es ni-Sani misi `tyavis samoselia~, romelic siSiSvles da misgan gamowveul sircx-vils faravs. sircxvili imis niSani iyo, rom maRalma arsebam, rogoric adami iyo (da is grZnobda amas), dainaxa Tavisi fizikuri msgavseba cxovelebTan. adams SeiZleba moCveneboda, rom man dakarga RvTis xati, magram ar iyo ase. RvTis xati ki SeinarCuna, magram is moswyda RvTis kalTas, mfarvelobas. ada-mi grZnobda, rom daeca, rom ecemoda, magram masSi gaCenilma sircxvilis grZnobam SeaCera dacema cxovelamde, da asea dRemde.

ukvdavis xeliT Seqmnili adami da eva Tavadac ukvdavni unda yofiliyvnen, magram maT im nayofis gemosxilviT TavianT bunebaSi mokles is, rac ukvdave-

bis matarebeli iyo. amieridan, Tuki isini Seqmnidnen rasme an Sobdnen, maTi gaCenili mxolod mokvdavi SeiZleboda yofiliyo.

kaeni da abeli samoTxeSi Cadenili codva Tavisi damRupveli SedegiT gamoCnda kaenSi, ada-

mis pirmSoSi, edemis gareT dabadebul pirvel adamianSi (adam-iani niSnavs `adamis Zes~ _ ben adam). kaeni daibada rogorc mokvdavi, magram SesaZlebeli Seiqna, rom is mkvlelad dabadebuliyo. es imas niSnavs, rom adamis Ze ara mxolod unda mokvdes, aramed SeiZleba moiklas, anu daiRvaros misi sisxli. biblia gveubneba, rom pirveli mkvdari iyo mokluli, is Tavisi bunebrivi sik-vdiliT ar momkvdara. biblia imasac gveubneba, rom pirveli daRvrili sisxli Zmis xeliT iqna daRvrili. moikla Zma Zmis xeliT _ ZmaTa omis pirveli Tes-li daiTesa velze, sadac kaenma gaiyvana Tavisi umcrosi Zma abeli. `uTxra ka-enma Tavis Zmas, abels: gavideT velad. da, roca velad iyvnen, daeca kaeni abels da mokla~ (dab. 4:8).

daiRvara abelis sisxli iseve, rogorc iRvreboda im msxverplis sisxli, romelsac abeli swiravda RmerTs, radgan abeli mwyemsi iyo. sisxli sisxlis wil? kaeni miwis muSaki iyo, `vegetarianeli~, da miwis nayofebi mihqonda msxverplad, usisxlo msxverpli. kaens arasodes Seusvria xeli Sesawiravze, magram Zmis sisxliT ki Seisvara xeli da waibilwa is miwac, romelic nayofs aZlevda mas. abeli _ sisxliani msxverplis Semwirveli Tavad Seiwira ro-gorc sisxliani msxverpli. ras gveubneba biblia am tragikuli epizodiT?

iyo ori Zma _ erTi mwyemsi, meore miwis muSaki, da iyo maT zemoT RmerTi, romlisTvisac TiToeul maTgans mihqonda Tavisi Sesawiravi, miwis muSaks _ miwis nayofebi, mwyemss _ `Tavisi faris naTavari da rCeuli pirutyvi~. magram erTxel moxda ise, rom `mohxeda ufalma abelsa da mis ZRvens, xolo kaensa da mis ZRvens ar mohxeda. Zalze gamwarda kaeni da Tavi CaRuna~ (dab. 4:4-5). rogorc vxedavT, abel-kaenis tragikul ambavSi erTmaneTs daupirispirda ara ori Zma, rogorc Zma _ umcros-ufrosi, aramed ori, erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli kultura _ mwyemsoba da mi-waTmoqmedeba. es winaaRmdegoba, romelic mkvlelobiT dasruldeba, bibliuri Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, dasabamieria, radgan is kacobriobis gariJraJidanve daiw-yo, adamis meore TaobaSi. cxadia, es ar iyo ubralo SuriT gamowveuli mkvle-loba. Suri aq mxolod sababia, fsiqologiuri motivi imis aRsasruleblad, rac unda aRsrulebuliyo.

ufali uaryofs miwaTmoqmeds da irCevs mwyemss. miwaTmoqmedi miwis mkvid-ria, mwyemsi _ moxetiale, miwaTmoqmedi mzis Semyurea, mwyemsi _ mTvarisa. RmerTma Seiyvara abeli mwyemsi da, raki Seiyvara, mis saqmianobas da cxovre-bis nirsac dasca dasturi, kacobriobas dausaxa igi yofis idealad. paradoq-sia, magram faqtia, rom xetiali _ mwyemsuri mimosvla (da ara wriali dedami-wis zurgze, romelic sasjelad dauwesa ufalma kaens), miCneulia kacobriuli cxovrebis idealad. ufali ar scems dasturs mkvidr cxovrebas, Tumca sabo-lood kacobrioba ver ascdeba miwaze myarad damkvidrebas. es erTgvari anti-nomiaa Zveli aRTqmis xalxis cxovrebaSi. ufalma rCeuli eris winaprad air-Cia moxetiale abraami, romelic gamoiyvana man mTvaris qalaqidan, axetiala is qanaanSi, arada ar daamkvidra, mxolod mis STamomavlobas hpirdeboda damk-vidrebas. aseve axetiala iakobi qanaanidan aramSi (siriaSi), siriidan qanaanSi, qanaanidan egvipteSi, mxolod misi Zvlebi daamkvidra aRTqmul qveyanaSi. daviT mefec axetiala, awriala ucxoobaSi da devnilebaSi da roca daamkvidra, ma-Sin Seeqmna mefes sacTuris saSiSroeba, maSin daeca. aseve axetialebda igi mTels rCeul ers da es xetiali _ es xana, misi siWabukis xanad iyo Seracxi-li. dabolos, xetialobda tomidan tomSi israelis siwmide _ rjulis kido-bani, vidre ar daamkvidres erT adgilze, sadac auges mas taZari da swored agebis `meore dRidanve~ Seirya rwmena, rasac solomonis mefobis meore, taZ-risSemdgom periodSi vxedavT.

aSkaraa, rom ufali upiratesobas aniWebs moxetiale cxovrebas, _ mec xom karavSi, mudam karavSi vimyofebodio, pasuxobs ufali, roca taZris agebas hpirdebodnen, _ aq xedavs is Tavisuflebis suls, aseTi cxovreba sxva suldg-mulTa sazogadoebaSi aurCia man da ukurTxa adamians im sabediswero dRes, roca abelis msxverpls iwonebda. magram iRupeba mwyemsi da kacobrioba erT-xel kidev (samoTxis baRSi adamis arCevanis Semdeg) irCevs Tavisi nebiT gzas _ miwaTmoqmedebidan qalaqTa Senebisken. `gaaSena kaenma qalaqi da uwoda am qa-laqs Svilis saxeli _ xanoqi (dab. 4:17). es iyo pirveli qalaqi, romelsac ax-senebs biblia, da is mkvlelis xeliT iyo aSenebuli. mkvdaria rCeuli da kur-Txeuli abeli, cocxalia uflisgan dawyevlili kaeni. abeli umemkvidrod ga-daSendeba miwis pirisagan (misi saxeli habel aRniSnavs `qrolvas~, `sunTqvas~, `amaoebas~; habel habalim `amaoeba amaoebaTa~, naTqvamia `eklesiastes~ wignSi), kaeni ki Tavisi STamomavlobiT CaebRujeba miwis pirs da, rogorc niSansveti misi modgmis degradaciis gzaze, kvlav mkvlelobaa: `ho, movkali kaci Cemda satkivarad da ymawvili _ Cemda Wirad. Tu Svidgzis miezRveba kaenis gamo, la-meqis gamo samocdaCvidmetgzis miezRvebaT~ (dab. 4:23-24).

saboloo safexuri, romelsac axsenebs biblia kaenianTa modgmaSi, Tubal-kaenis xanaa (aq aRdga mkvlelis saxeli!), romelic saxeldebulia `rvalisa da rkinis yovelgvar saWurvelTa mWedlad~ (dab. 4:22). ase dadga teqnikis saukune da biblia dums Tubal-kaenis STamomavalTa bedze.

warRvna

`dabadebis~ am me-4 TavSi biblia kvlav ubrundeba adamis xanas da uSualod adamisgan gamohyavs kaenianTagan gansxvavebuli, umjobesi kacobrioba.

`kvlav Seicno adamma Tavisi coli. Sva qalma vaJi da uwoda saxelad SeTi, radgan: mommadlao ufalma sxva naSieri nacvlad abelisa, kaenma rom mokla~ (dab. 4:25).

SeTi mesame adamiania anu Ze adamisa, romelic samoTxidan gandevnis Semdeg iSva. mis mSoblebs imedi hqondaT, rom SeTi daRupuli abelis sanacvlo iqne-boda da ganaxorcielebda misi cxovrebis wess, aRdgeboda abeluri yofa-cxov-reba, romelic ufalma moiwona. magram daRupuli iyo ara kerZod abeli, ara-med is dvrita, romelic abelur civilizaciad unda gafuebuliyo. iqneb abe-lis gza iqneboda umoklesi gza dakarguli edemis karibWisaken. magram adamis pirvelCadenili codva, rogorc Cans `dabadebis~ me-6 TavSi mTeli siZlieriT amoqmedda SeTis modgmaSi, romelsac axali kacobrioba unda daefuZnebina. adamidan meaTe Taoba (es iyo Taoba noesi) imkis dasabamSi daTesilis mosa-vals. `dainaxa ufalma RmerTma, rom imata adamianTa ukeTurebam amqveynad... inana ufalma, rom Seqmna adamiani amqveynad, da Sewuxda~ (dab. 6:5-6).

kacobrioba xom daeca, _ masSi gafuebulma adamis codvam dasca igi, _ mag-ram masTan erTad daeca cxovelTa samyaroc, romelic adamianisTvis da adami-anis sapatronod iyo Seqmnili. `Tqva ufalma: miwis pirisagan aRvgvi adamians, romelic Sevqmeni, adamianidan moyolebuli pirutyvamde, qvewarmavlamde, cis frinvelamde, radgan vnanob, rom gavaCine~ (dab. 6:7). biblia gveubneba, rom ada-mis codvam bunebasac uwia, rom masTan erTad daeca mTeli fizikuri samyaro, romlis mefe adamiani unda yofiliyo. `gadmoxeda RmerTma miwas da, aha, waryv-niliyo igi, radgan gaeryvna yovel xorciels Tavisi zne am miwaze~ (dab. 6:12). biblia ambobs, _ rogori zneca aqvs xorciel suldgmuls am miwaze, iseTive saxe eqneba miwas.

aseTi ganaCeni gamoutana RmerTma miwas da yvelafers, rac mas avsebs; raki `wairyvna miwa RvTis winaSe~ da yoveli misi mkvidri. erTaderTi gamosavali misi ganadgureba unda yofiliyo, raTa axali miwa da axali kacobrioba, axa-li xorcieloba aRmocenebuliyo. nuTu sruliad unda mospobiliyo yvelafe-ri, rac gaaCina RmerTma, nuTu yvelaferi Tavidan unda Seqmniliyo, nuTu unda ganmeorebuliyo Sesaqmis dReebi da yoveli dRis bolos gaCenilis xilvisas Tqmuliyo _ kargia? nuTu is Tavdapirveli kargi ise warixoca kacobriobidan,

rom mas veRaraferi gadaarCenda? biblia gveubneba, rom yovelTvis aris xsna da xsnis imedi SeiZleba erT adamianze iyos damyarebuli. rogorc marilis zods SeuZlia aacilos xrwnileba nivTierebas, aseve erT marTal adamians Za-luZs ixsnas kacobriobis arseboba. Tundac is iyos erTaderTi adamis ZeTa Soris, is mainc xom inaxavs RvTis xats Tavis TavSi. amitomac Rirs misi saxiT kacobriobis Teslis gadarCena.

am sayovelTao gadagvarebaSi da gaxrwnilebaSi erTaderTi noe iyo, rome-lic gamoarCia ufalma. `mxolod noes epova madli uflis TvalSi. es aris am-bavi noesi: marTali, sruli kaci iyo noe Tavis TaobaSi, RmerTTan dadioda noe~ (dab. 6:8-9). `sruli~ noes daxasiaTebaSi niSnavs, rom mis bunebas ar Sexe-boda wuTisoflis biwi, rom is iyo Senaxuli rogorc saRi nayofi am sayo-velTao xrwnilebaSi. `RmerTTan dadioda~ niSnavs, rom noe iqceoda adamianis dacemuli bunebis sawinaaRmdegod, rom is wuTisoflis sawinaaRmdego dinebiT midioda; rom misi zneoba _ gza (derex) iyo aRmasvla RvTisaken, srulyofisa-ken, edemisken; `RmerTTan siaruli~ niSnavs arsebobas gansxvavebul zneobriv yofaSi, ara iq, sadac `gaeryvna yovel xorciels Tavisi zne (`gza~ derex) mi-waze~. simarTlisaTvis, sisrulisaTvis da swor gzaze siarulisaTvis RmerTma warmxoceli warRvnis wylebSi cocxlad gamoatara noe da Seqmna igi ganaxle-buli kacobriobis mamamTavrad. amave dros, noe aris pirveli rCeuli uflisa, romelsac xsnis aRTqma daudo ufalma: `Sen ki aRTqmas dagideb da Sexval ki-dobanSi Sen da Seni Svilebi, Seni coli da Sens ZeTa colebi. yovelgvari cxoveli, yovelgvari xorcieli, yvela wyvil-wyvilad Seiyvane kidobanSi, ra-Ta SenTan erTad gadarCnen. dedal-mamali iyos! yoveli gvaris frinveli, yove-li gvaris pirutyvi, yoveli gvaris qvewarmavali, yvela wyvil-wyvilad Seiyva-ne kidobanSi, raTa gadarCnen~ (dab. 6:18-20).

amrigad, uflis rCeviT noes mier aSenebuli kidobani unda yofiliyo xsnis WurWeli; amave dros, kidobani iyo yvelafris Sesakrebeli, rac RmerTma gaaCi-na cisqveSeTSi; masSi unda Senaxuliyo adamiani da yvelaferi, rac adamianisT-vis iyo gaCenili. rogorc adams edo wili maT SeqmnaSi maTTvis saxelebis SerqmeviT, axla noe, romelic adamis monacvlea am sabediswero mijnaze, mona-wileobas iRebs maT gadarCenaSi.

kidobani cisqveSeTis gansaxierebaa. kidobani agreTve warmoadgens saSos, saidanac warRvnis damTavrebis Semdeg xelaxla unda Sobiliyo dabadebuli Zveli qmnileba. warRvnis wylebi, romelmac aativtiva da asormocdaaTi dRis ganmavlobaSi daatarebda kidobans, warmxoceli wylebi inarCuneben ganmwme-del Zalas. wyalma garecxa miwa, moaSora, warxoca misgan yoveli biwi da, ga-naxlebuli kvlav amozida samzeoze wylebis daklebisas. rom SeZleboda noes am asormocdaaTi dRis manZilze kidobnidan gamoxedva, is dainaxavda samyaros Seqmnis suraTs, im qaoss, romelic uZRoda win uflis sityvas `iyos naTeli!~ ris Semdegac `iqmna naTeli~, roca `gaaCina RmerTma myari da gahyara erTmane-Tisgan wyali, romelic aris myars qvemoT, da wyali, romelic aris myars ze-moT~ (dab. 1:7). noe ixilavda erTmaneTisgan ganuyofel wylebs da maTSi `usa-xos da udaburs~ rasme, momavali dedamiwis embrions, rasac Tohu-va-bohud sa-xeldebs biblia. amitom aris, rom warRvnis movlineba Sesaqmemdeli qaosis mobrunebis, xolo warRvnis dasasruli samyaros Seqmnis simboluri saxea.

xolo is ori movlena, risi xilvac SeeZlo noes, aseve simbolur mniSvne-lobas iZens Zveli aRTqmis xalxis SegnebaSi _ zeTisxilis nedli rtoTi mob-runebuli mtredi niSania warRvnis dasrulebisa da mSvidobis dasadgurebisa cisqveSeTSi, xolo cisartyela niSania aRTqmisa, romelic daudo ufalma ga-darCenil noes, rom aRarasodes moaxdenda warRvnas qveynis dasaRupavad. ci-sartyela xom wvimis gadaRebis niSania da romel movlenas SeeZlo masze ukeT gamoexata Sinaarsi im msasoebeli aRTqmisa, uflis bageebidan rom moismina noem? ai, es sityvebi, romliTac bibliam simboluri azriT datvirTa cisart-yela _ es manaTobeli xidi, casa da miwas Soris gadebuli:

`vdeb Cems cisartyelas RrubelSi niSnad aRTqmisa Cemsa da miwas Soris. rodesac miwas RrubliT davRrublav da gamoCndeba RrubelSi cisartyela, ma-Sin gavixseneb aRTqmas Cemsa da Tqvens Soris, yovel xorciel suldgmuls So-ris, da aRar gadaiqceva wyali warRvnad yoveli xorcielis dasaRupad. gamoC-ndeba Cemi cisartyela RrubelSi, davinaxav mas da gavixseneb maradiul aRTq-mas RmerTsa da yovel xorciel suldgmuls Soris, rac ki aris amqveynad~ (dab. 9:13-16).

`babilonis godoli~

biblias Semounaxavs xsovna erTian kacobriobaze, xsovna im xanaze, roca adamis modgma erT enaze metyvelebda, erTad xetialobda, erTi imediT sazr-doobda da erTi SiSiT iyo Sepyrobili _ ar gafantuliyo dedamiwis zurgze da ar gamqraliyo, rogorc qreba udabnoSi daRvrili wyali. Zeni adamisni, _ eseni iyvnen noes STamomavalni, _ am erTianobis rRvevis winaTgrZnobiT aRZ-rulni, erTiani ZaliT aSenebdnen saerTo samkvidrebels, raTa usafrTxod da imedianad egrZnoT Tavi. ai, ras mogviTxrobs `dabadebis~ me-11 Tavi:

`erTpiri iyo mTeli qveyana da erT enaze metyveli~. roca daiZrnen aRmosav-leTidan, hpoves veli Sinyaris qveyanaSi da iq damkvidrdnen. uTxres erTma-neTs: modi, movziloT Tixa da gamovwvaT. aba, avaSenoT qalaqi da godoli, da cas mivuwvdinoT misi Tavi. aRvmarToT niSansveti, rom ar gavifantoT dedami-wis zurgze~ (11;1-4).

ra iyo imaze bunebrivi, rasac es xalxi akeTebda? velze gasulebs, Tuki aq isini damkvidrebas gadawyvetdnen, unda `aRmoeCinaT~ samyaros Suaguli, sadac aaSenebdnen qalaqs da aRmarTavdnen warmosaxviT svets, cisa da miwis Semaer-Tebels. amgvari niSnis gareSe gana maT SeeZloT damagrebuliyvnen am Tvaluw-vdenel tramalze? magram RmerTs ar moewona xalxis saqmianoba. maT saqciel-Si RmerTma im urCobis gamovlineba dainaxa, risTvisac maTi winaprebi gandevna samoTxidan. urCobas aq, qalaqisa da godolis Senebisas, kadnierebis saxe aqvs: es xalxi RvTis Semweobisa da sasoebis gareSe ikafavs gzas cisken, raTa `ai-Ros~ ca da gautoldes RmerTs. am saqmeze ki, radgan es janyia, RmerTi ar scems dasturs. biblia gveubneba am TqmulebiT, rom es kacobrioba amzadebda raRac mkrexelurs da saSinels, raki ufalma gadawyvita daerRvia maTi erTo-ba, rom veRar eSenebinaT qalaqi da godoli. `aba, Caval da enas avurev maT, rom veraferi gaagebinon erTmaneTs. gafanta isini ufalma iqidan mTels deda-miwis zurgze da maTac Sewyvites godolis Seneba~ (dab. 11:7_8).

amrigad, ufalma ZirSive aRkveTa im kulturis gezi, romelic adamianur siamayes da am-partavnobas efuZneboda. marTalia, enaTa aRrevam~ (ufro sworad, enaTa gaTavTavadebam) dasabami misca xalxTa da kulturaTa mravalferovnebas, biblia gveubneba `babi-lonis godolis~ TqmulebiT, rom es adamianis dacemisa da masze dakisrebuli sasje-lis Sedegi iyo da ara gardauvali mimarTuleba kacobriobis ganviTarebisa.

eris siyrme `mere daiZra abraami. . .~

imave TavSi, sadac moTxrobilia babilonis godolisa da enaTa aRrevis, anu erTiani kacobriobis daSlis ambavi, vecnobiT noes pirveli Svilis STa-momavlobas. semis modgma kacobriobis erT-erTi Stoa, romelzec yuradRebas ayovnebs biblia, radgan aqedan aris warmoSobili misi avtorebis uSualo wi-napari _ abraami. Tumca genealogiaSi dasaxelebulia vinme eberi (dab. 19:25), romelsac abraami Tvlida Tavisi tomis _ ebraelebis winaprad, magram bibli-as misi saxe ar axsovs. Tumca misi saxeli (sruli gamoTqmiT yeber) misi mniSv-nelovani nabijis _ `mdinaris gadalaxvis~ xsovnas inaxavs, rac misi Soreuli STamomavlebis TavgadasavalSi ramdenjerme moxda.

abraami is adamiania, vinc Tavisi ganumeorebeli individualobiT da bediT pirvelad gamoCnda Zveli aRTqmis istoriaSi, rogorc pirovneba. gaugebaria,

risTvis gamoarCia is RmerTma misi sanaTesaodan, an ra iyo uSualo mizezi mi-si ayrisa `qaldevelTa uridan~ (ebr. ur qaSdim) da Crdilo SuamdinareTis qa-laqSi, xaranSi dasaxlebisa (kulturul-istoriuli azriT ki, aq Cans Zveli aRTqmis kulturis kuTvnileba Suamdinaruli civilizaciisadmi, da, SeiZleba iTqvas, misgan `xorcieli~ warmomavloba). ra viciT masze im RirsSesaniSnav da sabediswero SemTxvevamde, roca moesma xma, romelmac axali mimarTuleba mis-ca mis cxovrebas? TiTqmis araferi. is amodis ucnobobidan, rogorc axali dinastiisa Tu modgmis yoveli damwyebi. cnobilia mxolod, rom is iyo Ze Te-raxisa, qaldevelTa uris mkvidrisa, romlis saxelSi Sefarulia mTvaris sa-xeli (Terax _ iareax `mTvare~). mTvaris Tayvanismcemeli Teraxi stovebs urs, Suamdinaruli mTvaris RvTaebis mTavar qalaqs da mkvidrdeba xaranSi, rome-lic agreTve mTvaris sakulto qalaqi iyo. saxeli am qalaqis xarran aqadur enaze niSnavs `gzas~ (masze gadioda saqaravno gza), magram TeraxisaTvis da mi-si monagrisaTvis es iyo dasasruli gzisa. am monagarSi gamonaklisi iyo abra-ami, romelsac win edo gza, gawyvetili mamis mier, gza qanaanis qveynisaken.

`uTxra ufalma abrams: wadi Seni qveynidan, Seni samSoblodan, mamaSenis saxlidan im qveyanaSi, romelsac me gaCveneb. gagxdi did xalxad, gakurTxeb da ganvadideb Sens saxels da kurTxeuli iqnebi~ (dab. 12: 1-2). transcendentu-ri (mTeli samyaros gareT myofi), jereT gamoucnobi RvTis mowodebas is Ta-vis SigniT ismenda da mihyveboda. mas unda gamoecvala samSoblo da moeZebna axali qveyana, romelic misi modgmis samSoblo unda gamxdariyo. mas unda ga-moecvala agreTve rjuli, romelic misi monagris rjuli unda gamxdariyo. RvTis sityvebze, romelic mas Caesma, dafuZnebulia eris istoria da misi ma-mamTavris, abraamis mniSvneloba iudaur-qristianuli esqatologiis (dasasru-lis moZRvrebis) simbolikaSi. abraamidan unda gamosuliyo uricxvi xalxi _ aseTi iyo aRTqma RvTisa _ da amrigad, igi kacobriobis wiaRi unda Seqmnili-yo _ `wiaRi abrahamisa~, saiTkenac unda miqceuliyo miwierTa modgma.

rogorc `mravali xalxis~ mamas, mas saxeli unda gamocvloda. axal saxel-Si unda asaxuliyo misi matareblis misia. mamam daarqva abram, RmerTma ki _ abraaham `mama mravlisa~ (dab. 7:5).

amrigad, gamoeyo abraami Teraxs _ Tavis mamas da mTvaris xalxs da gahyva ucnobi RvTis Zaxils ucnobi qveynisaken. `...wavida abrami, rogorc ubrZana mas ufalma... Tan waritana abramma sarai, Tavisi coli, loti, Tavisi Zmiswuli, mTeli dovlaTi, rac ki moxveWili hqonda da yoveli yma, romelic ki xaranSi SeiZines; daadgnen qanaanis qveynis gzas da mividnen qanaanis qveyanaSi~ (dab. 12:4-5). abraamis niSani usamSobloobaa: is mwirobda im miwaze, romelic misi Soreuli STamomavlebis samSoblo unda gamxdariyo. mwirobda ara mxolod abraami, aramed mwirobdnen misi uSualo STamomavlebic _ isaki da iakobi, vidre ramdenime saukunis Semdeg, sxva TaobaSi, romelmac xelaxla moipova Tu gaixsena mama-papis RmerTi, sabolood ar daimkvidrebda aRTqmul miwas, risT-visac mamamTavarma datova mTvaris qveyana. abraami mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiT ga-moxatavs mwiri da moxetiale adamianis saxes; im qveyanas, sadac is cxovrobs, `mdgmurobis qveyana~ ewodeba, Tumca imediani aRTqma aqvs mocemuli: `mogcem Sen da Sens STamomavlobas Seni mdgmurobis qveyanas samaradiso sakuTrebad...~ (dab. 17:8). abraamis mdgmurobas qanaanis qveyanaSi aSkarad aqvs simboluri siR-rme: es qveyana, rogorc wuTisofeli, misi droebiTi samyofelia; qanaani wuTi-soflis xatia, abraami ki misi mdgmuria, is stumaria, rogorc yoveli adamia-ni. magram ufali hpirdeba, rom am wuTisofels, qanaanSi ganxorcielebuls, sa-maradiso samkvidreblad Seuqmnis mas.

albaT biblia aris erTaderTi wigni Zvel samyaroSi, sadac gacnobierebu-lia `samSoblos~ idea. `samSoblo~ _ mSobelTa qveyana, Sobis adgili, mamis saxli, `mamuli~ _ garkveuli cnebebia Zvel aRTqmaSi da rac gansakuTrebulia, gvxvdeba im adgilas, sadac adamians evaleba miatovos is. `wadi Seni qveynidan, Seni samSoblodan, mamaSenis saxlidan...~ _ eubneba ufali abraams. es xma gan-sakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs mas _ man unda gawyvitos dasabamieri tra-

dicia da safuZveli daudos axal tradicias. is gzajvaredinze dgas, rogorc zRapris gmiri, romelsac aseve Sinagani xma eweva ucnobi qveynisaken. abraamis istoriidan irkveva, rom samSoblo iwyeba ara maSin, roca adamiani ibadeba, aramed roca kvdeba. samSoblo daiwyo qanaanis qveynis im umciresi monakveTi-dan, sadac pirvelad daifla adamiani _ winapari. es iyo Tesli samSoblosi. bibliuri warmodgeniT, rac abraamis cxovrebis gadamwyvet momentSi aisaxa, samSoblos gancda saflaviT iwyeba. im adgilidan, romelic abraamma adgi-lobriv mkvidrTagan iyida Tavisi colis _ saras dasamarxavad, iwyeba qanaanis gamSobliureba, romlis mosapoveblad mis STamomavlobas sisxli unda daeRva-ra.

mas unda gaeTxara pirveli saflavi ucxo miwaze, rom iq samSoblos Tesli daeTesa; mkvdari mibareboda ucxo miwas, rogorc msxverpli, romelic momav-lis qveynis safuZveli gaxdeboda. ai, ra misia ekisra mkvdars am mdgmurisas, romelmac STagonebis ZaliT datova winaparTa qveyana, raTa Tavad sxvagan gam-xdariyo winapari. man sTxova, im qveynis wesisamebr, qveynis mkvidrT saflavis-Tvis adgili. maT TavianTi samarxi SesTavazes, _ sadac genebos, iq damarxe Se-ni mkvdari. uTxres, vin iqneba, rom saflavis miwa dagikavoso. isic uTxres, rom maT mkvdrebs Soris daemarxa Tavisi mkvdari. magram mdgmurs ase ar undo-da: ar undoda usasyidlod mieRo miwa an maT Soris hqonoda samarxi, rogorc erT maTgans. mas unda SeeZina samarxi miwa sakuTrebad da SeiZina kidec. igi mxolod mRvimeSi ixdida safasurs, magram qveynis mkvidrma, vis adgilzec mde-bareobda es mRvime, mindoric gaatana mRvimesTan erTad. `ara, batono, momismi-ne, _ eubneboda efron xeTeli abraams, _ mindoric momicia da mRvime, iq rom aris: Cemi xalxis TandaswrebiT momicia. damarxe Seni mkvdari~ (dab. 23:11). ab-raami erT gamousadegar mRvimes yidulobda samarxad da mRvimes mindoric, Se-saZloa, aseve gamousadegari, mohyva. magram verc mdgmuri da verc qveynis mkvidrni ver ifiqrebdnen, ra mohyveboda momavalSi am ubralo garigebas. aqe-dan Cans, rom aq gangebis xeli iyo Careuli. dRevandeli mindori, romelic ase advilad daTmo patronma (masSi ofli jer ar CaRvriliyo) da, iqneb, abra-amsac arafrad sWirdeboda, xval SeiZleba, da asec moxda, gadaqceuliyo ya-nad, sadac ofli daiRvreboda. Cans mdgmurma SeiZina is miwa, saidanac unda warmoqmniliyo qveyana, romelSic wuTisoflis manZilze daibadebodnen misi STamomavlebi, iSromebdnen da daimarxebodnen rogorc qveynis mkvidrni. manam-de ki abraamisTvis samSoblo qveynis mxolod viwro Tvalsawieri Canda: `...min-dori maxfelaSi, mamres win rom aris, mindori da iq mdebare mRvime, yoveli xe, romelic ki am mindorze da mis sazRvrebSi dgas irgvliv...~ (dab. 23:17).

ufro adre abraams hqonda sxva xilva da sityvis gamocxadeba. karvidan ga-mosulma dainaxa caSi varskvlavebi da Caesma xmac, romelic eubneboda, rom misi wiaRidan uricxvi xalxi gamovidoda. an SeiZleba swored am xmam gamoiy-vana karvidan da varskvlavebisken aaxeda. maSin man dainaxa is, rasac karavSi anu Tavis TavSi jer ver ixilavda, aramed unda erwmuna (varskvlavebiT savse cis analogia arwmunebda) _ es iyo sakuTari wiaRi, romelic momavliT iyo savse, magram am wiaRidan unda gamosuliyo jer erTi vinme. es iyo isaki _ aR-Tqmuli im sami stumris mier, romlebic ewvivnen mas mamreSi, muxasTan, roca `karvis karTan ijda dRis papanaqebaSi~ (dab. 18:1). es kacebi, romlebic uflis angelozebi (anu macneni) aRmoCndnen, sodomis dasasjelad midiodnen. ai, ra dros aRuTqves xangadasul maspinZels memkvidris Soba.

abraamis winaSe dadga misTvis dauZleveli, rogorc mamisTvis, problema. hyavda ori Svili _ erTi Ze mxevlisa, ismaeli; meore Ze qalbatonisa, isaki, `siberis Svili~. arCevani, romelic gauZnelda mas, isev qalma _ saram gaakeTe-bina. man uTxra: `gaagde es mxevali da misi Svili, radgan ver daidebs wils am mxevlis Svili Cems SvilTan, isakTan erTad~ (dab. 21:10). abraamma gulistki-viliT gaakeTa arCevani: `metismetad Seawuxa abraami am ambavma Tavisi Svilis, ismaelis gamo~ (dab. 21:11). garda saras dedobrivi mikerZoebisa, aq mTavari is iyo, rom isaki col-qmrisaTvis iyo danapirebi Svili, `Ze aRTqmisa~, romlis

gziTac unda Sesrulebuliyo aRTqma cis varskvlavebiviT uricxvi STamomav-lobis mocemaze. xom aSkarad iyo Tqmuli, rom abraams _ Tumca mas hyavda ukve pirmSo ismaeli, `isakiT daewyeboda STamomavloba~ (dab. 21:12) da ara ismae-liT. `Ze aRTqmisa~ unda yofiliyo Svili dedoflisa da ara mxevlisa; da sa-rasac amitom Seecvala saxeli _ erqva `sara¡~, daerqva sarah, rac abraamis Tavdapirveli samSoblos enaze, babilonurad, niSnavda `dedofals~. amrigad, upiratesoba mieniWa umcross ufrosis winaSe, rac bediswerad dahyva abraamis modgmas yvela TaobaSi _ umrwemesis upiratesoba TiTqos aucilebelic Seiqna.

isakiT, `aRTqmuli ZiT~, unda Sesrulebuliyo aRTqma, varskvlavian RameSi micemuli. masSi, rogorc `siberis SvilSi~, iyo abraamis mTeli sasoeba, momav-lis imedi, radgan ismaeli gandevnili da uaryofili iyo (Tumca iTqva winas-warmetyveleba, rom isic gaxdeboda uricxvi xalxi, magram es xalxi ar iqnebo-da `rCeuli eris~ _ Zveli aRTqmis istoriis subieqti). SiSi am ukanaskneli imedis dakargvisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, `gasagnebulia~ erT saidumloebriv epi-zodSi, romelic `dabadebis~ 22-e TavSia moTxrobili ukiduresi, bibliuri TxrobisaTvis niSandoblivi `simSraliT~. am epizodSi gamovlinda erTxel ki-dev abraamis pirovneba. iseve uyoymanod, rogorc man winaparTa qveyana miatova uflis erT daZaxilze da gaswia ucnobi qveynisaken, aseve uyoymanod, sityvis uTqmelad Seudga uflis sastiki brZanebis Sesrulebas. ambis mTxrobelma icoda, rom ufals abraamis gamocda surda, abraamma ki es ar icoda. man gaia-ra saSineli gansacdeli, rogoric iSviaTad Tu visme gauvlia.

`am ambebis Semdeg iyo, rom gamoscada abraami RmerTma da uTxra: abraam! mi-ugo: aqa var. uTxra: mohkide xeli Sens Svils, Sens mxolodSobils, romelic giyvars, isaks, da wadi morias qveyanaSi. iq Seswire aRsavlen msxverplad erT mTaze, romelsac me giCveneb. adga dilaadrianad abraami, Sekazma saxedari, Tan waiyola ori msaxuri biWi da isaki, Tavisi Svili; daCexa samsxverplo Se-Sa, adga da wavida im adgilisaken, romelic RmerTma miuniSna~ (dab. 22:1-3). bib-liuri avtori, sazogadod, ar gamoxatavs adamianis Sinagan samyaros, mis ganc-debs. misi gmiri mdumared dgas tragikuli gansacdelis winaSe. ar boboqrobs abraamic, is dums, magram mis dumilSi cxaddeba wuTisoflis warmavaloba, simyife, raRac idumalis winaTgrZnobac, gaismis iobiseuli `ufali iZleva, ufals miaqvs~ (iob. 1:21) da isic, rom _ iobisave sityvebiT _ `satanjvelad ibadeba adamiani~. mTeli tragizmi am epizodisa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isakis saxiT es euli mdgmuri ucxo qveynisa swiravda ara mxolod sayvarel Svils, aramed mTeli Tavisi sicocxlisa da cxovrebisa sasos, risTvisac, rogorc Semdeg gairkva varskvlavian RameSi gamocxadebisas, datova winaparTa qveyana. radgan es nanatri Svili aRTqmuli qveynis anu momavlis cocxali simbolo iyo, radgan dapirebuli Svili da aRTqmuli qveyana erTi momavlidan afenda Suqs mis awmyoSi.

am RirsSesaniSnav epizods umarTebulod iyeneben TiTqos uZvelesi sakul-to praqtikis _ adamianis msxverplSewirvis cxovelTa SewirviT Senacvlebis `istoriuli~ momentis sailustraciod. aseTi Tvalsazrisi sruliad ugule-belyofs am epizodis zneobriv azrs. amave dros, iCqmaleba is faqti, rom es aris gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva abraamis cxovrebaSi _ misi individualuri gansacdeli. usityvo morCileba am ulmobeli da gaugebari moTxovnisadmi, er-Ti mxriv, aris reaqcia adamis damRupveli urCobis mimarT (rac wiTel xazad gasdevs mTel biblias), xolo, meore mxriv, dasturi abraamisa da misi uflis mWidro urTierTobisa, RvTisgan miutoveblobisa. es epizodi unda gaviazroT rogorc adamianisa da misi RvTis dialogis axal fazaSi Sesvla, rac ar SeiZ-leba ar yofiliyo aRniSnuli tragikuli niSniT. Tu adre RmerTi mas eCveneba mwyalobelisa da aRmTqmelis saxiT, axla evlineba mas Tavisi saSineli saxiT, romelic Tavisi moulodneli moTxovniT auqmebs Tavis mierve mocemul aRTq-mas. magram abraamis rwmenis siZliere (is iTvleba qristianul mwerlobaSi `rwmenis mamad~) imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is uSiSrad Sedis gansacdelSi, usit-

yvod ecdevineba RmerTs, ganicdis ra am saSinel moTxovnas adre miRebuli aR-Tqmis paradoqsul gagrZelebad da, SesaZloa, ganmtkicebad.

abraami daklavda isaks, sruladdasawvel msxverplad aRuvlenda ufals da dakargavda yvelafers _ pirmSosac, im uricxv xalxsac, Tumca misTvis ucnobs, romelic isakis meSveobiT unda gamosuliyo misi sazardulidan; magram sru-liad martod myofi adamianTa Soris, am araadamianuri saqmis Camdeni, darCe-boda uflis axloblad da megobrad (rogorc iwoda igi. ix. 2 neS. 20:7), darCe-boda RvTis anabara, am gamoTqmis dasabamieri mniSvnelobiT, da Tumca krinti ar dauZravs daniTa da cecxliT xelSi samsxverplo mTisaken mimavals, misi sulis moZraoba SegviZlia masaviT RmerTs mindobili iobis sityvebiT gamov-xatoT: `kidec rom momklas, misi imedi maqvs _ mainc davicav Cems gzebs mis winaSe. isic xsna iqneba, rom uRvTo kaci ar miva mis winaSe~ (iob. 13:15-16).

danieli moazrovne soren kirkegori, romelsac abraamis am saqcielma STaa-gona paradoqsuli moZRvreba adamianis tragizmze da xsnaze, mimarTavs `mamas mravalTa~, TiTqos ganumartavdes misi bedis ganumeoreblobas: `Rirseulo wi-naparo abraam, morias mTidan dabrunebuls aRar dagWirda qeba-dideba, raTa Seni danakargis gamo nugeSi gcemoda; Sen moixveWe yvelaferi da SeinarCune isakic. gana ase ar aris? ufalma aRar moisurva Seni gamocda da Senc SvebiT miujeqi sufras masTan erTad Sens karavSi, da ase grZeldeba ukunisamde...~

iakobi da esavi

Tu abraami is mamaa, romelsac dana hqonda aRmarTuli Svilis dasaklavad, isaki aris is Svili, romelmac adreul yrmobaSi sakuTari zurgiT zida SeSa, mis dasawvelad rom unda dadebuliyo samsxverploze. isaki unda Sewiruliyo iseTi msxverplSewirvis wesiT, romelic iTvaliswinebs msxverplis mTlianad dawvas uflisaTvis, roca msxverpli mTlianad ekuTvnis ufals, kvamlad adis misken. es aris e.w. `aRsavleni~ (ebr. yolah) msxverpli. isaki unda Sewiruliyo, rogorc uflisadmi aRsavleni msxverpli. garkveuli azriT, aRsavleni msxver-pli zegardmo wyalobis Sesatyvisia. SeSac daido da danac aRimarTa mis Tav-ze. Tumca msxverplad uflis mier saswaulebriv movlenili verZi iqna Sewiru-li isakis sanacvlod, magram is RmerTi, romelmac mamas aRar daaneba Svilis dakvla, `SiSis~ saxiT STaibeWda mis SegnebaSi da ase gadavida momdevno Tao-bis cnobierebaSic; yovel SemTxvevaSi, iakobisTvis mamapapeuli RmerTi, rome-lic pirvelad abraams gamoecxada, aris `RmerTi mamaCemisa, RmerTi abraamisa, SiSi isakisa~ (dab. 31:42).

rogorc vxedavT, es gansacdeli isakis yrmobaSi dakavSirebulia religiur gamocdilebasTan. abraams gamoecxada RmerTi aRTqmis sityvebiT, isaks ki _ sikvdil-sicocxlis zRurblze, bavSvobaSi, saSineli gansacdeliT, rogoric mxolod msxverplSewirvis dros Tu aris SesaZlebeli. am epizodma sxva beWe-di daasva isakis pirovnebas... is gamoirCeva abraamisagan da iakobisagan pasiu-robiT, iniciativis uqonlobiT; misTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli abraamisa da iakobis qmediToba da, SeiZleba iTqvas, sicocxlisunarianoba; mis beds ganage-ben ara mxolod RmerTi, misi SiSi, aramed mSoblebi da, SeiZleba iTqvas, Svi-lebic ki. sakmarisia gavixsenoT misi qorwinebisa (dab. 24, mama-papis qveynidan mas mohgvrian cols, magram misi Ze iakobi imave qveynidan Tavad moiyvans co-lebs) da SvilebTan urTierTobis epizodebi. aSkaraa, rom mamis _ abraamis av-toriteti upiratesobs masze. is iyo iaraRi mis xelSi, rogorc msxverpli RvTisadmi morCilebisa da erTgulebis, TviTuaryofis dasadastureblad, ri-Tac abraamis pirovnebam pativi moipova RvTis TvalSi, xolo isaki daiCrdila. Tu isakze gadmodis aRTqma da kurTxeva, abraamis gamo gadmodis. `gamoecxda im RamiT ufali (isaks) da uTxra: me var abraamis, mamaSenis RmerTi. nu geSi-nia, radgan SenTana var. gakurTxeb, gagimravleb STamomavlobas abraamis, Cemi msaxuris gamo~ (dab. 26:24). aqedan Cans, rom isaki iyo saSualeba, xidi, romlis wiaR gadasvliT abraami unda Seqmniliyo uricxvi xalxis mamamTavrad. SeiZle-ba iTqvas, rom mas `mibarebuli~ hqonda mxolod Tesli abraamisgan, rom Sem-

deg TaobaSi (rogorc moxda) ganxorcielebuliyo aRTqma. is aris Sualeduri, gardamavali rgoli rCeuli modgmis genealogiaSi, TiTqos araTavisTavadi, rogorc amas warmoaCens dante aligieri, roca is `jojoxeTis~ IV kantoSi laparakobs Zveli aRTqmis dros gardacvlilTa sulebis amoyvanaze jojoxe-Tidan; iq, sxvaTaSoris, naTqvamia, rom qristem `amoiyvana israeli (igive iako-bi) Tavisi mamiT da Tavisi monagriT~, mama isaki arc aris saxeldebiT xsenebu-li, is TiTqos `miwerilia~ iakobs, Tavis Svils, mis STamomavlobasTan erTad; amrigad, TiTqos isaki iakobiT aris gansazRvruli (aq gvaxsendeba vergiliu-sis `eneidas~ gmiri eneasi, romelsac mama anqize zurgze mokidebuli gahyavs almodebuli ilionidan).

isakis arasrulyofileba, nakluloba gamoixata imaSic, rom marTebulad ver airCia memkvidre, romelSic unda gadasuliyo `aRTqmis Zeoba~ misi. ro-gorc abraamma airCia, marTalia, saras SegonebiT da swavlebiT, isaki (ukuag-do ra mxevlis Ze) aseve isaks unda aerCia, magram misi arCevani garTulebuli iyo imiT, rom misi ori Ze _ oriveni kanonieri colis saSodan iyvnen gamo-sulni, tyupebi _ esavi da iakobi, maSasadame, oriveni Tavisufalni. magram jer bunebam (amaSi mdgomareobda albaT isakis `biologiuri~ danaSauli) dauSva Secdoma, roca am tyupTagan pirvelad daibada esavi, romelic dabadebidanve tyavfuCiT iyo Semosili _ aseTi iyo pirmSo isakisa, xolo iakobi iSva srul-yofil kacad. `dabadebis~ 25-e TavSi amgvarad aris daxasiaTebuli es ori Zma: `wamoizardnen ymawvilebi, Seiqna esavi marjve monadire, velebis kaci. iakobi ki iyo sruli kaci, karvebSi mcxovrebi~ (dab. 25:27). roca iakobze, umcrosze, naTqvamia, rom is iyo `sruli~, amiT isic aris naTqvami, rom esavi `usrulia~, Tumca misi portreti sakmaod metyvelebs misi, rogorc adamianis, daumTavre-bel bunebaze. is aris faCvnieri, rogorc naxevarkaci enqidu (ix. `gilgameSia-ni~) da misdevs uZveles saqmianobas _ monadireobas, maSin, roca mama-papa mwyemsebi iyvnen, TiTqos is agrZelebs winaistoriuli nebroTis (dab. 10:8-9), ara abraamis xazs. mis sawinaaRmdegod iakobi iSva rogorc `karvebSi mcxovre-bi~ anu mkvidri kaci (`karavi~, aq cxadia, saxlis sinonimia). swored aseTi kaci unda yofiliyo pirmSo, pirvelSobili Ze, raTa mas mieRo rCeuli dinastiis memkvidreoba. magram, bunebam, rogorc vxedavT, Secdoma dauSva, rom pirvelad esavs gamoaRebina saSos kari. gangebam, romelic amzadebs `uricxv xalxs~ er-Ti winaprisagan, unda gamoasworos es Secdoma. imis naTel dadasturebad, rom `faCvnieri~ esavi, monadire, ar gamodgeboda xalxis erT-erT winaprad, dabade-bis 25-e TavSi moTxrobilia ambavi, Tu rogor iyida iakobma pirmSoeba esavis-gan erTi kerZi SeWamadis wil. `moamzada iakobma SeWamadi da esavic dabrunda velidan daRlili. uTxra esavma iakobs: Semaxvrepine wiTeli, eg wiTeli, rad-gan daRlili var. amitomac ewoda saxelad edomi (wiTuri). uTxra iakobma: ax-lave momyide Seni pirmSoeba. Tqva esavma: sikvdilis piras var da raRad minda pirmSoeba. uTxra iakobma: axlave Semomfice. Sehfica da mihyida iakobs pirmSo-eba. maSin misca iakobma esavs puri da cercvis SeWamadi. Wama, sva, adga da wa-vida. arad Caagdo esavma pirmSoeba~ (dab. 25:29_34).

arabibliur tradiciaSi es epizodi gansxvavebuli, ufro STambeWdavi re-daqciiT aris warmodgenili. pirmSoebas aq cvlis ufleba saflavze. iakobi _ umcrosi Zma ucxoobaSi monagebi oqroTi gamoisyidis ufrosisagan winaparTa samarxs. `rad minda saflavi? _ kiTxulobs esavi _ yvelgan moiZebneba safla-vis adgili~. is miiRebs oqros da datovebs winaparTa qveyanas. aq cxaddeba WeSmariteba: vinc uars ambobs winaparTa saflavze, mas aRar ekuTvnis es qveya-na. kaci mTeli Tavisi axalgazrdobis naWirnaxulevs (is ToTxmeti weliwadi Sromobda sxvisTvis) gaiRebs imisTvis, raTa gamoisyidos winaparTa miwa, maT saflavebSi gansxeulebuli, rom es miwa misi sakuTari miwa gaxdes, misi sisx-li da xorci, rogorc pirvelwinapris _ adamis miwa (adamah), saidanac is aRe-buli iyo.

am arCevanSi dadasturda iakobis Tandayolili (Tumca arabiologiuri) Rirseba pirmSoebisa da mkvidrobis unari. roca `sruli kaci, karvebSi mcxov-

rebi~ samarxis uflebas yidulobda, is momavlisken ixedeboda, magram sikvdi-lis win (is ucxo qveyanaSi kvdeboda) warsulSi iyo gadasuli; is uanderZebda Tavis Svilebs: `mivdivar Cems xalxTan; dammarxeT Cemi mama-papis gverdiT, mRvimeSi... maxfelas mindorSi rom aris, mamres pirdapir, qanaanis qveyanaSi, ab-raamma rom iyida efron xeTelisgan mindorTan erTad sakuTar samarxad. iq damarxes abraami da misi coli sara, iq damarxes isaki da misi coli rebeka. iq davmarxe me lea... es mindori da mRvime...~ (dab. 29:29-32). iakobi am sityvebiT uneburad gansazRvravda samSoblos cnebas: is imeorebda abraamis sityvas da saqmes; masSi erTi Taobis wiaR gadmovida samSoblos codna _ `mindori da mRvime~ _ anu mindori da saflavi, ai, samSoblo, adamianTa sikvdil-sicocx-lis asparezi. `iq davmarxe~ amiT eubneba STamomavlobas, rom isinic iq damar-xavdnen Tavisianebs, rom isini iq icxovrebdnen da daimarxebodnen; maxfelas mRvime iyo is akvani, sadac Cawveboda, Tundac ucxoobaSi momkvdariyo, misi STamomavali. aseTi iyo Zveli Tqmuleba bibliis suliskveTebiT Seqmnili, _ Tundac aTasi wlis Semdeg. qveynis dasasrulamde igorebda qveynis mkvidris Tavis qala da gorva-gorviT mainc miaRwevda maxfelas mRvimes, `mamres pirda-pir rom aris~, da Seexleboda winaparTa Zvlebs. aseT Segnebas atarebda umc-rosi iakobi da ara esavi _ romelic, rogorc pirmSo, unda yofiliyo aRTqmis memkvidre.

iakobisa da esavis ambavi imeorebs, erTi mxriv, abelisa da kaenis ambavs, xolo meore mxriv, isakisa da ismaelis ambavs. yvelgan kurTxeulia umcrosi vaJi, rac exmaureba zRapris eToss (ar aris garkveuli, arsebobs Tu ara zRa-pari Tavisi klasikuri saxiT Zveli aRTqmis xanaSi). uaryofilia kaeni, uaryo-filia ismaeli, uaryofilia esavi, magram esavi _ pirmSo uyvars mamas, isaks. `uyvarda isaks esavi, radgan nanadirevi iyo misi saWmeli...~ (dab. 25:28). es iyo isakis sisuste, riTac mas hgavs misi pirmSo esavi, romelmac sayvareli SeWama-disTvis daTmo pirmSoeba. imisTvis, rom iakobs mieRo memkvidreoba da kurTxe-va mamisagan, gangebam qalis xeli aamoqmeda. `uyvarda isaks esavi... xolo rebe-kas iakobi uyvarda~. rebekam gadawyvita rCeuli xalxis momavali, roca motyu-ebiT akurTxebina isaks iakobi; isakis `sisuste~ fizikurad Tvalis Cinis dak-lebaSi gamoixata: mama akurTxebda Tavis Svils, magram ver xedavda mas. dedis rCeviT iakobma xelebi da ubalno kiseri Tiknis tyaviT daifara, rom esavs damsgavseboda, romelsac mamisaTvis misi sayvareli kerZi unda mierTmia. `uTx-ra isakma iakobs: momiaxlovdi, xeli mogisva, Svilo, marTla Cemi Svili xar Tu ara. miuaxlovda iakobi mamamiss, isaks, man xeli Seavlo da Tqva: xma iako-bis xmaa, xelebi ki esavis xelebia. ver icno, radgan xelebi Tavisi Zmis, esavis xelebiviT banjgvliani hqonda, da akurTxa igi~ (dab. 27:21-23). iakobi esavad gardaisaxa, isakis sayvarel Svilad, rom mieRo kurTxeva. amrigad, aRsrulda neba ara isakisa, aramed neba gangebisa, romelic eZebda rCeuli xalxis ukeTes winapars da arCevanSi, rogorc abraamis dros, dedakacs hqonda gadamwyveti xma.

erTi mniSvnelovani Tviseba Cans iakobis pirovnebaSi, rac Semdeg mis umrwe-mes ZeSi _ iosebSi gadadis memkvidreobiT. marTalia, iakobi mamisagan iRebs aucilebel kurTxevas (romelic faqtiurad abraamisgan modis), magram is Tavi-dan iwyebs yvelafers, TiTqos arc hyolodes winapari. SeiZleba iTqvas, is Ta-visi aqtivobiT sWeds sakuTar beds, roca erTi argnis amara gadis mamis sax-lidan im mizeziT, rom gaecalos motyuebuli, kurTxevadakarguli esavis ris-xvas. is, upirveles yovlisa aris msxemi _ saxlidan gasuli, ucxo qveyanaSi davaJkacebuli, msgavsad umcrosi vaJiSvilisa, romelic gamarjvebuli da dov-laTiT savse brundeba Sin. is, dedis Svili upiratesad, vidre mamisa, gaagzav-na dedam xaranSi Tavis ZmasTan, labanTan, raTa esavis SurisZiebisagan droe-biT daefara Tavi. mamam ki im mizniT gagzavna xarans, rom winaparTa Cveulebi-samebr iqauri qali _ sanaTesaodan moeyvana colad. `adeqi da wadi Suamdina-reTSi, dedaSenis mamis beTuelis, saxlSi da moiyvane iqidan colad dedaSenis Zmis, labanis asuli. yovladZlieri RmerTi gakurTxebs, nayofiers gagxdis, ga-

gamravlebs da xalxTa krebulis mamamTavari Seiqnebi. mogvcems abraamis kurT-xevas Sen da Sens STamomavlobas SenTan erTad, raTa daimkvidro Seni mdgmu-robis qveyana, romelic abraams misca RmerTma~ (dab. 27:2-4). rogorc vxedavT, iakobs Tan sdevs gansakuTrebiT abraamis kurTxeva, magram mas Tan axlavs, ro-gorc irkveva momavalSi, `RmerTi abraamisa da SiSi isakisa~, romelic Seuc-Tomlad warmarTavs mis nabijebs. gzad mimavals, mas hqonda iseTi gamocdile-ba, rogoric ar SeiZleba hqonoda mis Zmas esavs, `velebis kacs~. marTalia, ara cxadSi, rogorc Cveulebriv RmerTi ecxadeboda abraams da esaubreboda, masac hqonda Cveneba RvTisa sizmrad, roca erT udabur adgilze CaeZina. `esizmra, _ miwaze kibe dgas da TaviT cas swvdeba; uflis angelozebi adi-Ca-modian kibeze. aha, ufali dgas kibeze da eubneba: me var ufali, RmerTi abraa-misa, mamaSenisa, da RmerTi isakisa. es miwa, romelzedac wevxar, SenTvisa da Seni STamomavlobisaTvis momicia... aha, SenTana var da yvelgan dagifarav, sa-dac ki waxval, kvlav dagabruneb am miwaze, ar migatoveb, vidre ar agisruleb yvelafers, rac giTxari. gamoifxizla iakobma Zilisagan da Tqva: namdvilad ufalia am adgilas, me ki ar vicodi! SeSinda da Tqva: ra saSiSi yofila es adgili! sxva ra unda iyos, Tu ara uflis saxli. es caTa karibWea! adga di-laadrianad iakobi, aiRo lodi, sasTumlad rom edo, aRmarTa svetad da zed zeTi daRvara...~ (dab. 29:12-18). aseTi gamocdileba SeiZleba mxolod mamamTavars hqonoda, iseT kacs, romelic afuZnebs ara mxolod axal STamomavlobas, ara-med religias (aseve wmida miwaze moxvda sinais mTaze asuli mose _ mama-papis RmerTis aRmdgeneli da gamaxsenebeli Tavisi xalxisaTvis).

meore gansacdeli iakobs moevlina, roca is ori coliT, ori mxevliT da TerTmeti SviliTurT ukan brundeboda. mdinare iabokis fonTan, roca gaRma gadaiyvana Tavisi monagari, mas Seeba uflis angelozi, romelsac sZlia iakob-ma. `marto darCa iakobi da erkineboda mas kaci vinme gaTenebamde. roca Seat-yo, rom ver ereoda, Seexo igi mis TeZos saxsars, da eRrZo iakobs TeZos sax-sari masTan Serkinebisas. uTxra: gamiSvi, ukve Tendeba. uTxra: ar gagiSveb, sa-nam ar makurTxeb. uTxra: ra gqvia? miugo: iakobi. uTxra: amieridan aRar iTqvas Sens saxelad iakobi, aramed israeli, radgan RmerTs da adamianebs SeebrZole da sZlie. hkiTxa iakobma: miTxari Seni saxeli. uTxra: risTvis mekiTxebi sa-xels? da iqve akurTxa. uwoda iakobma im adgils saxelad fenueli, radgan Tqva: pirispir vixile RmerTi da gadavrCi. amouvida mze rogorc ki fenuels gascda. da koWlobda igi cali TeZoTi~ (dab. 32:24-31).

Zveli aRTqmis am RirsSesaniSnav adgils miiCneven RmerTmebrZolobis ideis erT-erT uZveles dadasturebad. magram es azri ar aris marTebuli. am epizo-dis avtors, an imas, vinc es Tqmuleba xalxis patriarqze Seitana eris isto-riaSi, ar amoZravebda es idea. iakobi aq gadis gamocdas, is icdeba rogorc xalxis mamamTavari. aq Cans iakobis uSiSroba, `viTarca uxorcosi~ (is xom uxorco angelozs ebrZoda), Seupovroba, romlis badali sulier-zneobriv sferoSi gamoiCina mravaltanjulma iobma (ix. iobis wigni), rodesac man RmerTs gaumarTa sasamarTlo da gamarTlda. es momenti gamomdinareobs Zveli aRTqmis Teologiidan, misi saerTo RvTisSemecnebiTi ideologiidan, iseve, ro-gorc iakobis sityvebi brZolis adgilis saxeldebis Semdeg: `pirspir vixile RmerTi da gadavrCi~.

iakobs mudam axlavs RvTis davlaTi, is uflis xelSenaxebia, risi niSanic aris misi koWloba. davlaTi axlavs mas gzaSi, SromaSi, adamianebTan urTier-TobaSi, kerZod, angariSsworebaSi, roca gonierebiT sZlia Tavis cbier si-mamrs labans, romelic ToTxmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi atyuebda mas. es ToTxme-ti weliwadi gansakuTrebulia mis cxovrebaSi; garda imisa, rom es aris ucxo-obaSi gatarebuli wlebi moTminebisa da siyvarulisa. iakobi bibliis erTa-derTi personaJia (yovel SemTxvevaSi, is amiT gansxvavdeba sxva mamamTavrebi-sagan), romelic avlens siyvarulis Zlier grZnobas, Tumca es ambavi _ ambavi misi siyvarulisa raxelisadmi, bibliuri stilisamebr, sakmaod Zunwad aris moTxrobili.

abraamidan iakobamde biblia erTi ojaxis istorias, Tavgadasavals mogviT-xrobs. iakobis xana gardamavali xanaa _ misi Tormeti Svili misi ojaxis wev-rebic arian da amave dros momavali eris suraTia maTSi mocemuli. iakobi anu israeli aris uSualo winapari xalxisa, radgan swored misi wiaRidan (`sa-zardulidan~) gamosulma Tormetma Zem Seadgina ebraelTa tomi, romelic bib-liur matianeebSi atarebs israelianTa, israelis ZeTa (ben israel) saxels. aseve `iakobis saxli~ damkvidrda mTeli eris, misi ganuyofeli da Tanac dana-wilebuli sxeulis saxelwodebad (`ase uTxari iakobis saxls da ZeTa israe-lisa...~). iakobma ara mxolod Sva isini, aramed dausazRvra maT _ TiToeuls sakuTari bedi, roca `TiToeuli misi kurTxeviT akurTxa~. am kurTxevebSi ga-moCnda maTi warsuli da gamoisaxa momavalic, rogoric unda yofiliyvnen isi-ni, da ra adgili unda sWeroda TiToeul maTgans Tormettomovani eris sxe-ulSi.

ZeTa kurTxeva

`mouxmo iakobma Svilebs da uTxra: SeikribeT, rom gagimxiloT, ra SegemTx-vevaT momaval dReebSi. Tavi moiyareT da ismoneT, iakobis Zeno! israels, ma-maTqvens, usmineT!

reuben! pirmSo xar Cemi, Zali Cemi da saTave Cemi kacobisa, Seudrekeli da Seupovari. zRvasaviT boboqarob, magram ar aRzevdebi, radgan axvedi mamis sa-wolze, maSin SebRale Cemi sareceli.

simon da levi! RviZli Zmebi, Zaladobis WurWelia maTi guli! maT TaTbirze numc misula suli Cemi, maT sakrebulos numc ziarebula Rirseba Cemi! radgan risxviT mokles kaci da boroti nebiT gamoZarRves xari. wyeulimc iyos maTi risxva, radgan Seupovaria, da maTi guliswyroma, radgan sastikia! davaqucma-ceb maT iakobSi da mimovfantav israelSi.

iuda! gadideben Zmebi; mtrebis xerxemals daTrgunav xeliT. geTayvanebian mamaSenis naSierni. lomis bokveria iuda! wamomarTulxar, Svilo, nadavliT xelSi. waixara, gawva lomiviT, vin gabedavs mis wamogdebas? ar waerTmeva kverTxi iudas, arc argani ferxTa Suidan, vidre ar mova misi mflobeli da is iqneba xalxebis saso. vazze ubia Tavisi CoCori, venaxis lerwze _ Tavisi viris naSieri; RvinoSi recxavs Tavis samosels da yurZnis sisxlSi _ Tavis tansacmels. Tvalebi misi _ Rvinis uwiTlesi, kbilebi misi _ rZis uTeTresi.

zebuloni zRvis piras imkvidrebs, navsayudelTan eqneba sadgomi, cidons miswvdeba sazRvari misi.

isaqari _ Zvalmsxvili viri, bakSi mwolare. xedavs, kargia mosveneba, miwa _ saamuri. qe-di wauxria tvirTis wasaRebad, xarkisTvis Sromobs.

dani _ msajuli Tavisi xalxis, rogorc erTi Sto israelisa. gveli iqneba dani gzaze, unasi _ bilikze, damgeslavi cxenis quslisa, gadaeqaneba ukan mxe-dari...

gads moadgebian urdoebi, Tavadac kvalSi Caudgeba. aSerisgan _ puri noyieri da gascems igi samefo nugbars. nafTali fexmardi iremi, sasikeTo sityvaTa momtani. nayofieri nergi iosebi, nayofieri nergi, wyarospirs darguli, rtoebiT ga-

lavanze gasuli. gaamwares, daisres, mtrobdnen moisarni. SeurCa mSvildis Zliereba, ar mosdunebia xelis ZarRvebi, iakobis RmerTisgan Zalamocemuli. aqedan aris mwyemsi, klde israelis. mamaSenis RmerTi Segewios da gakurTxos yovladZlierma zecaTa kurTxeviT zegardmo, ufskrulis kurTxeviT, qveganrT-xmulisa, ZuZuTa da saSos kurTxeviT, mamaSenis kurTxeviT, romelic ufro Zlieria, vidre kurTxeva Cemi mSoblebisa, vidre madli saukuno mTaTa. iyos es iosebis Tavze da ZmaTagan gamorCeulis Txemze.

beniamini mgelia mtacebeli, diliT Wams, saRamoTi iyofs nadavls. yvela eseni israelis Tormeti rtoa. es uTxra maTma mamam, roca akurTxa

isini, TiToeuli misi kurTxeviT akurTxa~ (dab. 49:1-28).

gza udabnoSi. mose abraamis modgmisagan, sakuTriv, iakobis ZeTagan, Seqmnili eris Tavgadasa-

valSi centraluri adgili uWiravs egviptidan gamosvlas. amas mogviTxrobs bibliis meore wigni _ `wigni gamosvlisa~. egviptidan gamoyvana xalxisa aris bibliuri RmerTis ZiriTadi qmedeba; es igive RmerTi iyo, romelmac samyaro Seqmna da gamoecxada xalxis mama-papas; igive RmerTi, romelic iRwvoda Tavda-pirvelad, roca `cas da miwas qmnida~, acxadebs Tavs xalxis istoriaSi misi cxovrebis gadamwyvet Jams, riTac is Zireulad gansxvavdeba qanaanelTa baali-sagan, romelic mxolod da mxolod bunebaSi moqmedebs, xSirad rogorc misi tyve, damorCilebuli weliwadis brunvas.

rogor moxvda Zveli aRTqmis xalxi egvipteSi? es SemTxveva dakavSirebulia iakobis umcrosi vaJis _ iosebis gansakuTrebul bedTan, romelic Tavisi uCve-ulobiT amovardnilia bibliuri patriarqaluri yofidan. magram, garkveuli azriT, is Tavisi dacemisa da aRzevebis ritmiT warmosaxavs iakobis saxlis saerTo beds. iosebi iyo iakobisa da raxelis pirmSo, im qalisa, visTvisac ia-kobma gawira saukeTeso wlebi _ ToTxmeti weli emsaxura Tavis cbier simamrs. Tu isaki iyo abraamis aRTqmis Svili, iosebi iyo iakobis siyvarulis Svili. es ki gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs mas: mamis gadametebuli siyvaru-lis gamo aTi Zma SuriT aRiZvreba iosebis mimarT. amas isic emateba, rom Ta-visi bunebiTi siwrfeliTa Tu norCi asakisaTvis Cveuli gulubryvilobiT is yvelas gasagonad yveba sizmrebs, romlebic metismetad gamWvirvale simboli-kiT (ise, rom axsnac ar sWirdeba) moaswaveben mis gansakuTrebul xvedrs da gamorCeulobas danarCen Zmebs, sxva dedis Svilebs Soris.

`daesizmra iosebs sizmari da uambo Tavis Zmebs da kidev ufro SeiZules is Zmebma. uTxra maT: moismineT es sizmari, romelic mesizmra. aha, Znebs vko-navT Suagul yanaSi. aha, wamodga Cemi Zna da aRimarTa, garsSemoadgnen Tqveni Znebi da Tayvanisces Cems Znas. uTxres Zmebma: nuTu Cvenze imefeb? nuTu patro-nad gagvixdebi? da kidev ufro SeiZules igi misi sizmrisa da sityvebis gamo. kvlav daesizmra sxva sizmari da uambo Zmebs da uTxra: aha, mze da mTvare da Tormeti varskvlavi mcemen Tayvans. uambo mamas da Zmebs da gakicxa is mamam da uTxra: ra aris es sizmari, rom dagesizmra? nuTu me da dedaSeni da Seni Zmebi unda geaxloT da Tayvani gceT?...~ (dab. 37:5-11). ar SeiZleba aq ar gavixse-noT erTi kolxuri miTosuri Sinaarsis leqsi, romlis gmiri TiTqos iosebis sizmars mRerodes: `mze dedaa Cemi, mTvare mama Cemi, moCaxCaxe varskvlavebi da da Zmaa Cemi~.

bolos Zmebma samwyesurSi, mamisagan Sors, moixelTes iosebi da mihyides eg-vipteSi Camaval vaWrebs. misi Wreli samoseli, mamis naCuqari, Txis sisxlSi amosvares da miutanes iakobs, romelmac `icno kvarTi da Tqva: Cemi Svilis kvarTia! nadirs SeuWamia, nadirs dauglejia iosebi! tanze Semoixia iakobma, jvalo Semoirtya welze da didxans glovobda Svils~ (dab. 37:33-34).

Tu STamomavalTagan visme gadaeca mama-papis davlaTi, _ jer abraamisa, radgan is svian kacad iTvleboda (dab. 23:6) da mere Tavad iakobisa, _ es iose-bi iyo. iosebis davlaTi, pirvel yovlisa, imaSi gamovlinda, rom is boroteba, rac Zmebma uyves, sasikeTod Semoutrialda mas (rogorc zRapris obols, ro-melsac dedinacvlisgan miyenebuli satanjveli sadedoflod amzadebs) da mTel modgmas _ israels. `ufali iyo iosebTan da yvelaferSi xeli hqonda momarTuli~ (dab. 39:2). da gadakarges Surianma Zmebma Soreul qveyanaSi (jer WaSi Caagdes, rom iqidan veRar amosuliyo), rom ukan veRar dabrunebuliyo, mkvdrebSi agulebines misi Tavi mamas, romelsac `ar surda nugeSi da ambobda: mgloviare Caval Cems SvilTan SaveTSi~ (dab. 37:35). egvipteSic TiTqos samuda-mod gamoketes dilegSi udanaSaulod, cildawamebuli, rom dRis sinaTle ve-Rar exila, magram is aRdga mkvdreTiT ucxo mxareSi, egvipteSi, aRzevda da misi xelmwifis (faraonis) marjvena xeli Seiqna. iosebi davlaTma ixsna, rome-lic misi mama-papis RvTisagan iyo masze gadmosuli; magram mas hqonda erTi Tviseba, romelic mxolod mas ekuTvnoda. iosebi iyo erTaderTi Zveli aRTq-

mis adamianTa Soris, romelic axorcielebda maRalzneobriv princips, Semd-gom qristianobis qvakuTxedad qmnils _ `giyvardes mterni Tqvenni da keTilsa uyofdiT moZuleTa TqvenTa~. msoflio SimSilobis dros egvipteSi puris sa-Sovrad Casul Zmebs, romelTac is gayides, iosebi _ egviptis gamgebeli eubne-ba: `amieridan nuRar wuxxarT da nurc risxavT Tqvens Tavs, rom aq gamyideT...~ (dab. 45:5). iosebma apatia Zmebs danaSauli Tavisi pirovnuli gulmowyalebis ZaliT, Tumca es patieba aucilebelic iyo, iseve, rogorc aucilebeli gamod-ga misi egvipteSi gadakargva. `Tqven boroti ganizraxeT CemTvis, _ eubneba Zmebs, _ xolo RmerTma sikeTed moaqcia, raTa ise momxdariyo, rogorc moxda: mravali xalxis sicocxle exsna~ (dab. 50:20). ase gadaeWdo erTmaneTs iosebis pirovnuli bedi da iakobis saxlis anu mTeli xalxis bedi. `Tqveni sicocx-lis saxsnelad gamomgzavna RmerTma. _ eubneboda Sexvedrisas Zmebs, roca Tavi gamoucxada. _ ...gamomgzavna RmerTma Tqvens winaSe, rom gixsnaT am qveynad, si-cocxle SeginarCunoT da mogitanoT didi saxsari...~ (dab. 45:5-7). iosebma Caaxe-da Zmebi gangebis sadumloSi da amiT warxoca maT SegnebaSi Zveli danaSauli da samomavlo imedi Caunerga, saso imisa, rom mama-papisadmi RvTisgan micemuli aRTqma ar gacuddeboda.

egvipteSi CasvliT, sadac is sicocxlis saxsars eZebda, gamrTelda iakobis saxli: Zmeb-ma kvlav hpoves maTgan ganwiruli Zma, mamas daubrunda mkvdreTiT aRmdgari sayvareli Svi-li. Zmebis Sexvedris da Serigebis scena unikaluria; is esqatologiur JReradobas iZens, rogorc `gilgameSianis~ aforizmi `gana samudamod iyrebian Zmebi?~ an fsalmu-nis `ehe, ra kargia, ra saamuria ZmaTa damkvidreba erTad!~ (fs. 132:1).

bibliur msoflgancdaSi paradoqsulad aisaxa egviptis movlena: egvipte rom ara, sadac iosebma puris maragi Seqmna, SimSiliT amowydeboda iakobis saxli. magram egvipteSi sicocxlis saxsris saZieblad Casuli iakobis saxli, romelic ramdenime Taobis Semdeg ukve aRar iyo erTi ojaxi, aramed mTeli xalxi, Tormeti tomisagan Semdgari, daimona egviptem. Tumca is xom egvipteSi gadaurCa fizikur gadaSenebas da aqve Seiqna mravalricxovan erad, Tanaxmad aRTqmisa.

zneobriv paradoqszea agebuli iosebis Tavgadasavali. misi rCeuloba, sike-Te da gulwrfeloba xdeba ucxo mxareSi gadakargvisa da tanjvis mizezi. eg-viptis dilegi (rogorc zogadad egvipte), sadac is Caagdes, gaxdeba misi aR-zevebis sawyisi, SeiZleba iTqvas, meored Sobis adgili da, ramdenadac Rrma iyo dacema, imdenadve maRali iyo aRzeveba. es ritmi poulobs religiur-fi-losofiur ganzogadebul gamoxatulebas erT ebraul simReraSi: `risTvis, risTvis iltvis suli ufskrulebidan mwvervalebisaken? risTvis, risTvis il-tvis suli mwvervalebidan ufskrulebisken?~ iakobis saxli _ israeli gamrav-lda aRTqmisaebr, magram es gamravleba xdeba mizezi misi satanjvelisa. egvip-teli Cagravs Tavis qveyanaSi gamravlebul ucxoTesls, `magram rac ufro Cag-ravdnen, miT ufro mravalricxovani xdeboda da vrceldeboda xalxi...~ (gam. 1:12). Cagvram gaaZliera gamravlebis impulsi _ gadarCenis erTaderTi saxsari am ucxo qveyanaSi. magram xalxis istoriis am momentSi mTavari is iyo, rom am dros aRdga dakarguli RvTis Semecneba, rac saerTo gaazrebiT eris TviTga-morkvevis Sesatyvisia. ukidures gasaWirSi xalxs aRmoxda kvnesa da maTi mama-papis RmerTma moZebna isini ucxo qveyanaSi. `moesma RmerTs maTi kvnesa da ga-ixsena RmerTma abraamTan, isakTan da iakobTan dadebuli aRTqma. moxeda Rmer-Tma israelianebs da icno isini RmerTma~ (gam. 1:24-25).

am dros gamoCnda eris winamZRoli da sjulmdebeli mose da gaCnda egvip-tidan gasvlis idea, rogorc eris xsnis erTaderTi saxsari. marTalia, RmerT-ma gaixsena Tavisi xalxi da icno ucxo qveyanaSi, magram imisTvis, rom xalxs ecno Tavisi RmerTi, xalxi unda gasuliyo egviptidan da mis gareT unda eca Tayvani misTvis. es iqneboda egviptidan _ faraonis xelidan daRwevis sababi da, amave dros, RvTis Semecnebis pirobac: Tavisi RmerTi xalxs unda exila wmida, xeluxlebel, fexdaudgmel miwaze da ara bilwi RmerTebiT aRsavse eg-vipteSi. aseTi adgili iyo udabno.

`mwyemsavda mose Tavisi simamris, midianeli mRvdlis, iTros cxvars. waasxa cxvari Suagul udabnoSi da miadga RvTiur mTas _ xorebs. gamoecxada uflis angelozi cecxlis alad Suagul mayvlovanSi. xedav, cecxli ukidia mayvlo-vans, magram ar iwvis mayvlovani. Tqva mosem: mival, vnaxav am didebul sana-xavs, ratom ar iwvis mayvlis buCqi. dainaxa ufalma, rom modis mose sanaxavad da dauZaxa RmerTma Suagul mayvlovanidan: mose! mose! miugo: aqa var. uTxra (ufalma): axlos nu moxval. gaiZvre fexsamosi, radgan es adgili, sadac Sen dgaxar, wmida miwaa...~ (gam. 3:1-5). ase Semovida udabno xalxis cxovrebaSi, mis cnobierebaSi, mis msoflgancdaSi, mis religiaSi. `gauSvi Cemi xalxi, rom dRe-saswauli gamimarTon udabnoSi~ (gam. 5:1), moses piriT uTvlida xalxis RmerTi faraons, romelsac ar undoda xalxis gaSveba egviptis tyveobidan.

es udabno, sadac aRmarTuli iyo sinais mwvervali xorebi _ RvTis gamocxa-debis adgili, aucileblad unda gaevlo egviptidan gamosul xalxs. is unda misuliyo Tavis qveyanaSi ara im saqaravno gziT, romliTac Caiyvanes egvipteSi gasayidad tyve iosebi an romliTac damSeuli iakobis saxli Cadioda, aramed udabnos ukacrieli gziT da amaSi didi azri iyo Camarxuli. udabno iyo ara ubralod gza, romelic gaiara samSoblosken mimavalma xalxma, aramed mTeli epoqa mis istoriaSi. xalxis istoriul SegnebaSi is CabeWdilia rogorc adgi-li da xana, sadac da rodesac xalxi iSva, Camoyalibda da SeduRda erTian erad. egviptidan amovida brbo, Wreli xalxi, romelmac ar icoda RmerTi da daviwyebuli hqonda Tavisi warsuli, _ udabnoSi `mas Jams~ ki iSva xalxi Ta-visi rjuliT da warsuliT; egviptidan amovida damonebuli xalxi, _ udabno-Si ki iSva Tavisufali xalxi. es periodi, romelic uZveles sagazafxulo dResaswauls Seerwya, siymawvilis xanad aisaxa xalxis cnobierebaSi. udabno-Si gatarebuli siymawvilis xati cocxldeba winaswarmetyvelTa naqadagarSi, roca maT xalxis momaval bedze uxdebodaT qadageba. `aha, daviyolieb mas, udabnoSi waviyvan da movinadireb mis guls. iq mivcem venaxs da yaqoris (mwu-xarebis) vels imedis karTan. da iq imRerebs is, rogorc Tavis ymawvilqalobi-sas, roca egviptelTa qveynidan gamodioda~ (os. 2:16-17). RvTisa da misi rCeuli eris urTierToba udabnoSi mefe-dedofluri saqorwino urTierTobiT daiwyo. ufali _ mefe, periodulad axsenebs Tavis xalxs _ dedofals winaswarmety-velTa piriT misi cxovrebis gazafxuls, roca pirvelad gainaskva maTi kavSi-ri. `me maxsovs Seni ymawviluri erTguleba, patarZluri siyvaruli, roca udabnoSi _ dauTesvel miwaze momyvebodi...~ (ier. 2:1). marTalia, udabno mwiri da ukacrieli iyo, magram is idealuri qveynis xati Seiqna, radgan masSi im xa-nas xedavdnen, rodesac israeli RvTis winamZRolobiT Seucdomlad dadioda da cxovrobda; is iyo saswaulTa xana, rodesac maT SeeZloT eTqvaT, _ maSin Cvens Soris iyo... `ufali, romelmac egviptidan amogviyvana, gvatarebda udab-noSi _ SiSvel da damskdar miwaze, gvalvian da pirquS qveyanaSi, sadac kaciS-vils ar gauvlia, sadac Zexorciels ar ucxovria~ (ier. 2:6). am dros ufals is `xelSi hyavda ayvanili da didxans daatarebda, rogorc Svils deda~ (es. 63:9). am dros xalxs awvimda zeciuri puri _ manana (ebr. man), saxe sulieri sazrdosi da maSin gadmoica rjuli da daido xelaxali aRTqma ganTavisuf-lebul xalxTan.

mainc realurad udabnoSi gatarebuli ormoci weliwadi (erTi Taobis gan-mavloba) mZime, sastiki gansacdeli iyo xalxisaTvis, romelic miCveoda `mono-bis saxlSi~ usafrTxo da maZRar cxovrebas. mas zurgi unda Seeqcia aseTi aw-myosaTvis uxilavi momavlis imediT, rasac ufali hpirdeboda moses piriT, magram xalxi natrobda xorciT savse qvabebs: `netav uflis xeliT gavmwydari-yaviT egviptis qveyanaSi, roca xorciT savse qvabebs vusxediT da gaZRomamde vWamdiT purs! mogviyvane am udabnoSi, rom SimSiliT amogvwyvito mTeli kre-buli!~ (gam. 16:3).

xalxi, romelmac sixaruliT da triumfiT daaRwia Tavi egviptes, gzaSi mo-uTmenlobas da sulmokleobas iCenda; is `qedficxeli~, jiuti da TviTrjuli aRmoCnda da mose xSirad mzad iyo, sasowarkveTils uari eTqva Tavis misiaze.

`uTxra mosem ufals: risTvis tanjav Sens msaxurs? risTvis ver vpove madli Sens TvalSi, tvirTad rom damakisre es xalxi? me xom ar mitarebia mucliT mTeli es xalxi? me xom ar miSobia, rom meubnebi, Seni ubiT waiyvaneo, _ ro-gorc gamzrdeli atarebs ZuZuTa bavSvs, _ im miwisken, romelic mis mama-papas aRuTqvi ficiT? sada maqvs xorci, rom mivce mTels am xalxs? radgan Semomti-rian da amboben: mogveci xorci, rom vWamoT! marto me ver waviyvan mTel am xalxs, radgan mZimea CemTvis. Tu ase meqcevi, momkali barem, Tu madli mipov-nia Sens TvalSi, rom ar vuyurebde Cems satanjvels~ (ricx. 11:11-15).

moses umZimda am rCeuli xalxis winamZRoloba da Tavisi rCeulobac. ratom mainc da mainc mose airCia ufalma xalxis winamZRolad? is xom ucxo iyo Ta-visi xalxisaTvis, is xom faraonis karze izrdeboda, mSobliuri xalxis wi-aRs mowyvetili? xalxi ucxod Tvlida mas, aravin icnobda mas; `is kaci mose~, _ ase ixseniebdnen. SesaZlebelia, man Tavisi xalxis enac ar icoda srulyofi-lad (albaT amaze unda migvaniSnebdes misi enabrgviloba. is, SeiZleba sruli-ad gaTqvefiliyo egviptelebSi, rogorc mTeli misi xalxi; magram man datova faraonis kari, fufuneba, rac mTeli xalxis egviptidan gamosvlis sawindari unda yofiliyo. man Tavis Tavze gamoscada xalxis simdable da gautanloba). Tvistomis gamosarClebisas mas egvipteli Semoakvda da Tvistommave wamoaZaxa es mkvleloba. is mainc uflis STagonebiT cxvris farasaviT mirekavda maT sa-ukeTeso saZovrebisaken, xolo Tvistomni urCobdnen, ukan, egviptisken iwevdnen sulmokleobiT. is ki itanda maT sijiutesa da qedficxelobas, mzad iyo xSi-rad Tavic gaewira maTi gulisTvis. `axla miuteve codva, _ emudareboda ufals, _ arada, amomSale Seni dawerili wignidan~ (gam. 32:31). Tumca ambobda, me xom ar miSobia es xalxio, magram es xalxi swored mas unda eSva sulie-rad.

mose iyo movlenili suli, romelsac unda gaeRviZebina am xalxSi erovnu-li Segneba da miewvdina maTTvis maTi mama-papis RvTis sityva. aq iCens Tavs udabnos erTi aspeqti, romelmac gansazRvra xalxis eTnogenezi da momavali. udabno imisTvis ido maT gzaze, rom marto darCeniliyvnen Tavis TavTan, rom SeecnoT sakuTari Tavi ara sxva xalxebis garemocvis fonze, ara maTTan Seda-rebiT, aramed uSualod, absoluturad iseve, rogorc absoluturi, Seudarebe-li, erTaderTi iyo is RmerTi, romlis idealebis misaRebad unda gardaqmni-liyo misi Segneba. is iseve unda darCeniliyo martodmarto uxilavi RvTis wi-naSe, rogorc Tavis droze abraami, romlis cxovrebaSi iyo gamosvlis gadamw-yveti epizodi (oRond individualuri _ gamosvla qaldevelTa uridan), da rogorc mose, maTi Tanamedrove (gansacdeli sinais mTaze. gam. 3).

udabno, rogorc gza (`zneoba~), sulierebiT iyo aRbeWdili da upirispirde-boda xorciel egviptes, romelSic qristianulma tradiciam wuTisoflis sim-bolo dainaxa. `sabrxe Seimusra, xolo siri aRfrinda, dauteva egvipte, romel ars cxovreba¡ ese nivTieri... da Sevida queyanasa mas aRTqumisasa...~ werda er-Ti qarTveli aToneli hagiografi qarTveli moRvawis gardacvalebaze. xalxs unda `CamoeferTxa~ egviptis xorci, rom Sesuliyo aRTqmis qveyanaSi mis da-samkvidreblad.

msajulni

`da ra¡Ra-me vTqua? rameTu damaklebs me Jami ese moTxrobad

gedeonisTKs, barakisTKs da samsonisTKs da iefTaesTKs...~

(ebr. 11:32)

msajulTa xana arsebiTad gansxvavdeba winamavali xanisagan, Zlieri xanisa-gan, romelic mTavrdeba moses saqmis gamgrZeleblis, ieso naves Zis sikvdi-liT. am dros veRar vxedavT uflis magar xels, romelic winaT yvelas _ mTe-li isrelis krebulis Tvalwin moqmedebda. im wina TaobaSi uflis xeli ga-nuwyvetliv, auRebliv iyo aRmarTuli xalxs zemoT da xalxi, yovel SemTxve-vaSi, misi winamZRolni, ganicdidnen amas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moses TaobaSi

israelis krebuli ganicdida uflis ganuwyvetel gamocxadebas: es iyo udab-noSi, im Znel da uval gzaze, da mere axladdasamkvidrebel qveyanaSi; aq iyo saWiro mudmivi winamZRoloba, rogorc uflis, aseve miwieri beladis mxriv; rom egviptidan dawyebuli saqme bolomde miyvaniliyo; rom gaTavisuflebuli (`amosuli~) xalxi gzas ar acdenoda, gzaSi ar gamqraliyo, rogorc qviSaSi daRvrili wyali.

dasrulda misia mosesi da misi msaxuris, misi gazrdilis iesosi. xalxi damkvidrda qveyanaSi, TiToeul toms Tavisi wilxvdomili ergo, Tumca zogi-erTi tomis nawili msajulobis xanaSic eZebda Tavis wilxvdomils, saidanac jer kidev ar iyo ZirZveli mosaxleoba ayrili. axal droSi, iordanes gaRma, dasavleTiT damkvidrebul xalxs unda moegeriebina mteri, romelic mravlad ertya garSemo, rogorc mkvidri mosaxleoba, ise momTabareni.

Tu imxanad, udabnoSi moxetiale xalxi uflis mudmivi Tvalyuris qveS iyo da naklebad hqonda gasaqani mis bunebriv urCobas da gareSe mteric ar Canda, am axal xanaSi mTeli periodebi xalxis cxovrebisa ise gadioda, rom ar Can-da gamocxadeba. xalxic miidrika bunebis RmerTebis _ baalebis Tayvansacemad da daiviwyes ufali. iesos Semdgomi xana amgvarad aris daxasiaTebuli `msa-julTa wignSi~:

`mokvda ieso naves Ze, uflis morCili, as aTi wlisa... mTeli is Taobac ga-davida mama-papasTan; movida sxva Taoba, romelsac ar gaegona ufali, arc misi saqmeni, israelisTvis rom aRasrula. ukuRmarTad iqceodnen israelianebi uf-lis TvalSi da emsaxurebodnen baalebs, daiviwyes ufali, TavianTi mama-papis RmerTi, romelmac egviptidan gamoiyvana isini, miiqcnen ucxo RmerTebisken, me-zobel xalxTa RmerTebisken da Tayvans scemdnen maT. daiviwyes ufali da em-saxurebodnen baalebsa da aSTaroTebs. aRigzno uflis risxva israelianTa mimarT, xelSi Caugdo isini mZarcvelebs da aZarcvina. xelSi Caugdo garSe-mortymul mters da veRar umklavdebodnen maT. sadac ar unda wasuliyvnen, av-bediTad warmarTavda maT uflis xeli, rogorc uTxra maT ufalma da daemuq-ra maT ufali. didad SeaWirva isini. daudgina maT msajulebi, romlebic mZar-cvelebisagan ifaravdnen maT, magram arc msajulebs ujerebdnen, uzneobdnen ucxo RmerTebis kvalze. Tayvans scemdnen maT da maleve uxvevdnen im gzidan, romliTac dadioda maTi mama-papa, uflis mcnebaTa morCili. eseni imaT msgav-sad ar iqceodnen. mas Semdeg, rac msajulebi daudgina maT ufalma, ufali iyo msajulTan da mtrebisagan ifaravda maT msajulTa sicocxleSi, radgan ebraleboda isini ufals, roca esmoda, rogor gminavdnen mCagvrelTa da Sema-viwroebelTa xelSi. magram mokvdeboda Tu ara msajuli, mamebze uaress Cadi-odnen, miiqceodnen RmerTebisken da Tayvans scemdnen maT. ar eSvebodnen Tavi-anT borot saqmes da urCobis gzas ar stovebdnen~ (msaj. 2:8_20).

rogorc am adgilidan Cans, iyo dro, rodesac gawyvetili iyo kavSiri wina TaobasTan, im TaobasTan, romelmac ganuwyveteli tradiciis ZaliT icoda ufali da is saqmeebi, romlebic man moimoqmeda xalxis gadasarCenad. unda gamrTelebuliyo tradiciis gawyvetili jaWvi, amisTvis ki saWiro iyo xelaxa-li gamocxadeba, xalxisTvis misi vinaobis kvlav gaxseneba. Seqmnili viTareba ar iyo unikaluri israelis cxovrebaSi: egviptis xana swored am daviwyebis niSniT iyo aRbeWdili, xalxi gminavda egviptis monobaSi da ar icoda, rom hyavda uzenaesi patroni _ Tavisi mama-papis RmerTi (abraamis gamomyvani qalde-velTa uridan); am xalxs, monobaSi myofs, daviwyebuli hqonda zeciuri mamac da miwieri mama-papac. maSin gamouCnda maT mose, magram mis gamoCenas win uZRo-da xalxis TviTSegnebis, Tundac mbJutavis, gaRviZeba; rom ar gakvesebuliyo maTSi erovnuli TviTSegnebis naperwkali, xalxi ver SeZlebda im ubralo, bu-nebriv aqtsac ki, rac moimoqmeda: xalxma SehRaRada ufals da swored am dros Cavarda maT wiaRSi xsnis Tesli, ufalma icno isini da mouvlina maT mose.

am xanaSic, axal qveyanaSi moxvedrili xalxi, romelic es-es aris damkvid-rda miwaze, rogorc miwaTmoqmedi xalxi, gareSe mtrebisgan Sewuxebuli, mud-

miv SiSSi myofi, SehRaRadebs ufals da es iqneba swored gawyvetili tradici-is erTgvari gamrTeleba, TiTqos xelaxla unda gamocxadebuliyo daviwyebuli rjuli, romelsac gamoucxadebs maT movlenili uflis angelozi. uflis mac-ne gamoCnda yvelas Tvalwin da lakonurad gamokveTa rjulis arsebiTi mcne-bani.

`movida uflis angelozi gilgalidan boqimSi da beTelSi israelis saxl-Tan da Tqva: ase ambobs ufali: gamogiyvaneT egviptidan da mogiyvaneT am qveya-naSi, romelic Tqveni mama-papisTvis mqonda aRTqmuli. vuTxari, ar davarRvev-meTqi TqvenTan dadebul aRTqmas ukunisamde. oRond nu SekravT-meTqi kavSirs am qveynis xalxTan, nu iwamebT maT RmerTebs, daamsxvrieT maTi kerpebi, daang-rieT maTi samsxverploebi. Tqven ki ar ismineT Cemi... roca uflis angelozi am sityvebs eubneboda israelianebs, xmamaRla tiroda xalxi. amitom uwodes am adgils saxelad boqimi (`mtiralni~). msxverpli Sewires aq ufals~ (msaj. 2:1-2).

ai, ra gaaxsena uflis angelozma SeSinebul xalxs. es tirilic, cxadia, ma-Ti qvadqceuli gulebis sasikeTod Semobrunebis niSani unda yofiliyo. Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi xSirad ver SevxvdebiT tirils (ar vgulisxmob ubralo da-tirebas), magram roca vinme tiris, unda darwmunebuli viyoT, rom adamianis sulSi iRviZebs raRac axali da rom is gardaqmnis zRvarze imyofeba. aq atir-da mTeli xalxi, radgan mas gaaxsenda yvelaze sanukvari ram, rac modioda mi-si warsuli cxovrebis yvelaze Zlieri xanidan, radgan is misi siymawvilis xa-na iyo. imdenad Zlieri iyo es wuTebi, es gancda istoriuli mexsierebis ga-cocxlebisa, rom is aRibeWda miwaze toponimis saxiT _ usaxelo adgils Se-erqva saxeli.

uflis angelozma xalxs gaaxsena egviptidan amosvla, aRTqmis realuri Si-naarsi da mcneba, Tu rogor unda moqceuliyo da rogor ar unda moqceuliyo. am mcnebaTa Sesruleba-arSesrulebiT ganisazRvra israelis mTeli istoriis ritmi da, kerZod, misi cxovreba msajulTa xanaSi.

vin iyo msajuli, ra funqcia ekisra mas xalxis istoriul bedSi? msajuli ar iyo arc winaswarmetyveli, arc mefe, magram is iyo raRac Sualeduri maT Soris. is ar iyo rjulis maswavlebeli, magram uflis suli gadmosuli iyo masze da is moqmedebda uflis suliT aRZruli. is ar iyo cxebuli, rogorc mefe, magram is iyo eris winamZRoli ukiduresi SeWirvebisas. msajuli, romel-sac evaleboda qveynad da xalxSi simarTlisa da samarTlis aRdgena, ierTeb-da Tavis TavSi funqciebs winaswarmetyvelisas da mefisas am gardamaval xana-Si. `im dros israels mefe ar hyavda...~ ase iwyeba `msajulTa~ me-18 Tavi, sadac moTxrobilia erTi usamarTlobis ambavi; `im dros, roca israels mefe ar hyavda...~ iwyeba me-19 Tavi, sadac moTxrobilia arnaxuli SemTxveva israelis cxovrebaSi.

`im dros israels mefe ar hyavda da visac ra undoda, imas sCadioda~ (msaj. 17:6). ai, formula msajulTa xanisa. es sityvebi amgvaradac SeiZleba gavigoT: israelis Segneba, sindisi, ar cnobda mefes an mis cnobierebaSi gamqrali iyo mefis saxeli; cxadia, igulisxmeba ufali, anu iahve _ maTi RmerTi. mkacri az-riT, mxolod iahve unda yofiliyo da iyo kidec mTeli warsuli istoriis manZilze, sabediswero TavgadasavalSi, israelis mefe; yvela sxva mefe ki mis mier dayenebuli, mxolod misi saxelmodgami iyo, romelic mxolod pirobiTad Tu iwodeboda mefed. is mefe, romelic sinais mTaze gamoecxada moses Weqa-qu-xilSi, irCevs amqveyniur mefes, romelsac mxolod warmavali arseboba hqonda, mefoba misTvis mimadlebuli iyo mxolod da ar iyo misi Sinagani buneba.

aqauri mefe acxadebs iqauri mefis nebas da aZlevs xalxs gzas, mimarTule-bas; mudmivad axsenebs mcnebas, mihyavs is, daatarebs mas swori gziT. roca vkiTxulobT teqstSi, rom `im dros israels mefe ar hyavda~, mefeSi ar igu-lisxmeba mainc da mainc mefobis instituti, romelic mxolod msajulTa epo-qis dasasruls gaxda SesaZlebeli Tu aucilebeli. mefeSi gulisxmobs yovel uflis rCeuls, romelsac gamoarCevs ufali Tavisi eridan da daakisrebs xalxis xsnas, radgan arCeva mxolod maSin xdeba, roca gadasawyvetia mniSvne-

lovani saqme, xolo eris cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani sxva ra unda yofiliyo, Tu ara xsna.

xsna ZiriTadi kategoriaa israelis istoriisa; misi ritmi gasdevs mTels mis Tavgadasavals. xsnis, gaTavisuflebis imediT aris aRvsili winaswarmety-velTa xilvebi da gamocxadebani. magram yvelaze TvalsaCinod misi ritmi igr-Znoba msajulTa xanaSi. `sikvdilamde israelis msajuli iyo aodi... man ixsna israeli~, `daisvena qveyanam ormoci weli~, `da mere daisvena qveyanam ormoci weli gedeonis sicocxleSi~ _ asea aRniSnuli xsnis periodebi `msajulTa wignSi~. xsnis Zala memkvidreobiT ar gadadioda msajulidan msajulSi, ro-gorc samefo memkvidreoba; radgan winamZRolobis principi, unari, ar iyo moq-ceuli fizikur TeslSi, romelsac is SeeZlo gadaetana mamidan SvilSi. pir-velcxebuli mefis, daviTis madli gadadioda mis TeslSi _ modgmaSi, Tumca isini akninebdnen am madls, radgan Tavad Tesli iyo gamocxadebuli mefuri principis matareblad (ase iyo mefeTa xanaSi), magram yoveli msajuli uSualo STagonebas iRebda uflisgan, rogorc qarizmas (madls), romlis memkvidreo-biT gadacema SeuZlebeli iyo, radgan is ar iyo misi, ase vTqvaT, substanciu-ri unari; amave dros, is iyo misi pirovnuli niWi, ufro tvirTi, da ar vrcel-deboda mis modgmaze. qarizma, Cveneburad davlaTi, tovebda mas sikvdilis Sem-deg. davlaTi miebareboda mas, rogorc xsnis iaraRi mis xelSi da waerTmeoda, roca xsna aRsruldeboda. `ufali iZleva, ufalsve miaqvs~, _ aRmoxda amoZirk-vul, saxlkardaqceul iobs. aseTivea davlaTianis gancda, tragikulia misi be-di.

rogorc iTqva, msajulis gamoCena krizisul viTarebaSi xdeba, roca xalxs Tavisi ZaliT ar SeuZlia ixsnas Tavi gareSe mtrisagan, radgan mas daviwyebu-li hyavs mxsneli. xolo Tavis mxriv, es krizisuli viTareba _ mtris moZale-ba swored uflis daviwyebis Sedegia. rogorc sasjeli anu Sedegi: xalxma zurgi Seaqcia Tavis ufals da ucxo RmerTebs dauwyo samsaxuri. iqmneba mo-jadoebuli wre, saidanac gamosavali ar Cans. magram unda gairRves es wre. am wres gaarRvevs msajuli, romelic erTiani aqtiT ukuaqcevs xalxs ucxo Rmer-Tebisagan mama-papis uflisaken da gareSe mtrebisagan ixsnis mas. magram vidre msajuli gamoCndebodes, qveynis gasaWirma ukidures zRvars unda miaRwios da xalxma gaixsenos, rom aris ufali. pirveli, saxeliT cnobili msajulis ga-moCena asea aRwerili `msajulTa wignis~ me-3 TavSi: `... maSin SehRaRades israe-lianebma ufals da gamouCina maT mxsneli, romelmac ixsna isini: RoTonieli... uflis suli iyo masSi da Seiqmna igi israelis msajuli... daisvena qveyanam ormoci weli. mere mokvda RoTonieli, kenazis Ze. kvlav ukuRmarTad iqceod-nen israelianebi uflis winaSe da amZlavra ufalma israelze yegloni, moabis mefe, radgan ukuRmarTad iqceodnen isini uflis TvalSi~.

rogorc am nawyvetidan Cans, xsnis periodi ara mxolod xalxis fizikurad gadarCenis da mtris Zlevis periodia, aramed is aris uflis winaSe simarT-liT cxovrebis xana, romelic grZeldeba, vidre msajuli cocxalia. msajuls uWiravs es xana, es aris misi sicocxlis dro, rodesac mis mier moxdenili xsnis saswaulebi xalxis SegnebaSi amtkiceben rwmenas, rom ufali myofobs maT Soris, rom egviptisdroindeli mxsneli da axlandeli mxsneli erTi da igive ufalia. ase rom, msajuli aris erTsa da imave dros gmiric da religi-ur-zneobrivi winamZRolic, xalxis zneobis gamsworebeli. is moqmedebs uflis saxeliT, grZnobs Tavis Tavze misi sulis qrolvas da Tavis Tvistomebsac ag-rZnobinebs.

rogor irCevs ufali msajuls? ra niSniT gamoarCevs samsajulod kacs Ta-visi wridan? `msajulTa wignSi~ msajulad arCevis cxra SemTxvevaa dadastu-rebuli _ TiToeuls Tavisi individualoba aqvs imisda mixedviT, Tu vin aris asarCevi msajulad. magram mematiane arasodes amzadebs mkiTxvels am SemTxve-visTvis: msajuli moulodnelad Semodis asparezze (erTaderTi gamonaklisia samsoni, romelic dabadebamde `nazorevelad~, mowmidarad iyo Sewiruli mSob-lebisagan uflisaTvis). vin gamoCndeba mxsnelad, yovelTvis gauTvaliswinebe-

lia, ar moelis xalxi da arc Tavad is, vinc airCeva. garkveuli azriT, yovel israelianSia SesaZlebloba msajulad gaxdomisa, radgan amisaTvis ar aris aucilebeli raRac gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebi adamianSi. msajulma unda imoq-medos ara Tavisi piradi fizikuri ZaliT, aramed uflis sulis meoxebiT, is unda iyos iaraRi mis xelSi da, rac ufro `Seuxedavi~ iqneba es iaraRi, rac ufro uZlur STabeWdilebas stovebs igi, miT ufri aSkara xdeba uflis ga-marjveba (aodi cacia iyo, mamgarma saxriT gaimarjva gadamwyvet SetakebaSi, samsonma SemTxveviT napovni viris TavybiT daxoca aTasi kaci); aqamde sruli-ad SeumCnevel adamians `aswevs~ uflis suli, rac upirveles yovlisa, uaRre-sad piraduli gancdaa. ufro xSirad an, rogorc wesi, ucabedi da moulodne-li, daujerebelic ki (rogorc es naCvenebia gedeonis magaliTze). am zegarda-mo STagonebis gamosaxatavad SemuSavebulia stereotipuli gamoTqma: `uflis suli iyo masze da Seiqna is israelis msajuli~ (3:10).

`msajulTa wignSi~ naxseneb cxra msajuls Soris mxolod oTxia mkveTrad gamokveTili individualuri niSnebiT da bediT. danarCenebze an sruliad ara-feria SemorCenili xsovnaSi an umniSvnelo, TiTqos arafrismTqmeli fragmen-ti: aodi cacia iyo, magram swored am naklma gaamarjvebina mas; mamgaris Sesa-xeb xsovnaSi Semonaxulia mxolod is faqti, rom uflis sulma mis xelSi sax-re Zlevamosil iaraRad aqcia: `(aodis) Semdeg iyo mamgari, anaTis Ze, romel-mac saxriT daxoca eqvsasi filistimeli, da manac ixsna israeli~ (3:31). gavec-noT am oTx msajuls, romelTa ambavni sagmironi konkretuli epizodebis sa-xiT Semoinaxa matianem.

debora `imJamad israelis msajuli iyo winaswarmetyveli debora, lafidoTis co-

li. deboras finikis qveS cxovrobda igi ramasa da beTels Soris, efremis mTaSi, da modiodnen masTan israelianebi rjulis saqmeze~ (4:4-5).

debora, romlis saxeli niSnavs `futkars~, iyo erTaderTi qali msajulTa Soris. sagulisxmoa, rom is Tavisi mowodebiT winaswarmetyvelic iyo da, al-baT swored amis gamo is ojaxisagan gancalkevebiT cxovrobda, rogorc RvTis mowmidarebi. misi Rvawli Semoinaxa simReram _ ebrauli poeziis erT-erTma uZ-velesma nimuSma, romelic cnobilia `deboras simReris~ saxeliT, da adgilis saxelma _ `deboras finikma~ (Tomer deborah). amave simReram Semoinaxa misi wodeba, erTad erTi mTels Zvel aRTqmaSi, `deda israelSi~, romelic, SesaZ-lebelia, deda-futkris asociaciiT iyos gaCenili: man, rogorc deda-futkar-ma, Semoikriba Tavis garSemo israelis mTeli ska da am SemokrebiT ixsna igi. mematiane ar laparakobs deboras msajulad arCevaze uflis sulis gardamosv-liT; misi aRZvra msajulad da mxsnelad gadmocemulia misive sityvebiT `de-boras simReraSi~, romelic mas miewereba. is mReris gadaSenebamde misul isra-elis skaze da Tavis Tavze: `sicocxle Camkvdari iyo israelis daba-sofleb-Si, Camkvdari iyo, vidre ar aRvdeqi me, debora, vidre ar aRvdeqi me deda isra-elSi~ (5:7).

gansxvavebiT sxva msajulTagan, debora ar ibrZvis uSualod, aramed is aRZravs sxvas, visma xelmac unda moitanos xsna. finikis qveS man miiRo STagoneba, rogorc msajulma da winaswarmetyvelma, da imis rwmena, rom xsna usaTuod iqneba, visi xeliTac ar unda aRs-ruldes igi. deboras hqonda uflis gamocxadeba, rom barak abinoamis xeliT unda Zleu-liyo mteri _ qanaanis mefis laSqari mxedarTmTavar sisaras winamZRolobiT; magram ba-raks ar hqonia amis Sinagani rwmena, radgan mas ar hqonia uflis gamocxadeba; amitomac ga-marTlebulia barakis sityvebi, romliTac is mimarTavs msajul qals: `Tu wamomyvebi, waval; Tu ar wamomyvebi, ar waval, raki ar vici, ra dRes momivlens ufali Tavis angelozs~ (4:8). baraki marTalia, magram marTalia deborac, romelmac uTxra: `wamoyoliT wamogyvebi, oRond, icode, Seni aRar iqneba dideba am gza-ze, romliTac modixar, radgan ufali diacis xelSi Caagdebs sisaras~ (4:9).

marTlac ise moxda, rogor uwinaswarmetyvela baraks deboram. mteri, mar-Talia, iZlia, magram saboloo gamarjveba mainc wauvida xelidan baraks; bara-ki daedevna CamoqveiTebul mxedarTmTavar sisaras, sruliad marto darCenils, edevneboda mosaklavad, rom moexveWa dideba da misiT dagvirgvinebuliyo es uflismieri Zleva mtrisa, magram sisara qalis kerZi gaxda, xeber kenielis colis, iayelisa, romelmac stumarmaspinZluri wmida wesis SelaxviT mokla mis karavSi Semoxvewili sisara, dandobilad Semoxvewili, raki icoda, rom mis mefesa da xeber kenielis saxls Soris mSvidoba da keTilganwyobileba sufevda. `aha, modis baraki sisaras kvalze. gaegeba iayeli da uTxra: `Semobr-Zandi, daganaxo is kaci, Sen rom eZeb.~ Sevida da, aha mkvdari agdia sisara, pa-lo aqvs garWobili safeTqlebSi~ (4:22).

sastiki da, albaT uRvTo iyo xeber kenielis colis moqmedeba, magram am sisastikiT SeZleba gaizomos is ukiduresi SeWirveba, rac adga xalxs iabin qanaanis mefisgan. am epizodze wydeba deboras msajulobis ambavi. am erTma brZolam, rogorc Cans, ganuTqva mas saxeli. magram debora ar iyo mxolod msajuli, arc mxolod winaswarmetyveli, arc mxolod mxsneli, xalxSi meom-ruli sulis Camdgmeli; is iyo amasTanave, Cveni sityviT rom vTqvaT, poetic, rogorc xSirad iyvnen winaswarmetyvelni, RvTis sityvis qadagni da swored sityvier-SemoqmedebiTi unariT aRwevdnen mizans. im Zlevis ambavi, romelic deboras STagonebiT da gamxnevebiT moaxdina israelma, orgzis aris moTxro-bili `msajulTa wignSi~, erTxel prozaulad meoTxe TavSi, meoregzis _ sim-ReriT mexuTe TavSi. es simRera ekuTvnis Tavad deboras.

deboras simRera ase imRera im dRes deboram, da barakma, abinoamis Zem: `amxedrdnen dide-

bulni israelSi, Tavi gamoidoo xalxma; akurTxeT ufali! ismineT, mefeno, yu-ri momapyariT mTavarno! es me var, me vumReri ufals, me vugalob ufals, is-raelis RmerTs! roca seyiridan gamoxvedi ufalo, roca edomis velze gaiare, miwa Seirya, cac ki gadmoiRvara, Rrublebic ki wylad iRvrebodnen; mTebi mo-idriknen uflis winaSe, Tavad eg sinaic ki, uflis winaSe, israelis RvTisa. mamgaris xanaSi, anaTis Zisa, iayelis xanaSi dacarielda Saragzebi, sworze ve-Raravin bedavda siaruls, Soridan arCevdnen Semovlas. sicocxle Camkvdariyo israelis daba-soflebSi, Camkvdariyo igi, vidre ar aRvdeqi me, debora, vidre ar aRvdeqi me, deda israelSi. axali RmerTebi airCies, amitomac Semoadgnen karibWes. Tu uCans far-Subi ormoci aTass israelSi? israelis mTavrebs Cemi guli, xalxSi Tavgamodebulebs! akurTxeT ufali! TeTr saxedrebze amxedre-bulno, xaliCebze fexmorTxmulno, gzebze qveiTad damavalno, TqviT sagalo-beli! iq, sadac dasarwyuleblad Tavs uyrian naxirs, uflis simarTles imRe-reben, israelis winamZRolTa simarTles! karibWesTan mozRvavda maSin uflis eri.

aRiZar, aRiZar, debora! aRiZar, aRiZar, Tqvi sagalobeli! aRdeq, barak, da-atyveve Seni damatyvevari, abinoamis Zeo! maSin ZlierTa natamals daumorCila man xalxi; ufalma damimorCila vaJkacebi. efremidan movidnen yamalekSi damk-vidrebulni, beniaminic SenTanaa, Sens xalxs Soris. maqiridan movidnen Tavka-cebi, zebulonidan _ winamZRolTa kverTxis mpyrobelni. isaqaris mTavarnic deborasTan arian; barakis kvaldakval moiWra velze isaqari; reubenis wyaro-ebTan didi TaTbiria. ras damjdarxar saCixeTa Soris da usmen naxiris bRa-vils? reubenis wyaroebTan didi TaTbiria. galaadi iordanes gaRma davanebu-la; ratom SeyuJula dani xomaldebSi? zRvis piras damjdara aSeri da Tavis sanaoebTan davanebula. arad miaCnia sikvdili zabulonis xalxs, tramalis zegnebze nefTalia.

movidnen mefeni, Seibnen. maSin Seibnen qanaanis mefeni TanaaxSi, megidos wylebTan, magram mciredi vercxlic ver Caigdes xelSi. cidan ebrZodnen, Tavi-anTi gzebidan ebrZodnen vaskvlavebi sisaras. kiSonis xevma waiRo isini, Zvel-ma xevma, kiSonis xevma. daTrgune, sulo Cemo, mZlavroba! maSin srbolisagan imsxvreodnen cxenTa floqvebi, misi vajkacebis srbolisagan! `dawyevleT, me-

rozi~, ambobs angelozi uflisa, dawyevleT misi mkvidrni, radgan ar gamovid-nen uflis saSvelad, uflis saSvelad vaJkacebTan erTad!

kurTxeul iyos diacTa Soris iayeli, xeber kenielis coli! karavSi mcxov-rebTa Soris kurTxeul iyos! wyali mosTxova da rZe miarTva, sefeTasiT miar-Tva mouxdeli rZe. marcxena xeliT palos daswvda, marjveniT _ uros; mouqnia sisaras, TavSi dahkra, gaupo, safeTqeli Seulewa. mis fexebTan Caikeca, daeca, veRar adga; mis fexebTan Caikeca; sadac Caikeca, iqve daeca gangmiruli. sarkm-lidan iyureba, kankledidan gahkivis sisaras deda: `ratom igvianebs misi mxed-roba, borblebi misi etlisa ram Seaferxa?~. pasuxoben gonieri sefeqalebi da Tavadve ambobs Tavisi sityvebis pasuxad: `nadavls iSovnidnen da iyofen: Ti-To mxevali, or-ori mxevali _ TiTo meomars; naalafari feradi samoseli _ sisaras, naalafali feradi samoseli, orxoulad naqsovi, mtris tanze Semo-Zarcvuli!~.

yvela mteri ase dagelios, ufalo! uflis moyvarulni amomaval mzesaviT gaZlierdnen!~

da daisvena qveyanam ormoci weli.

gedeoni gedeonis msajuloba qarizmatuli rCeulobis mkafio magaliTia. eWvi ar un-

da iyos, israelSi bevri iqneboda magari vaJkaci, pirovnuli mamacobiTa da simxneviT savse; magram ufalma moisurva erTi uCinari da sxvaTagan gamourCe-veli kacis xeliT moexdina xsna.

`movida uflis angelozi da dajda abi-yezreli ioaSis muxis qveS, yofra-Si, roca misi vaJi gedeoni sawnaxelSi cexvavda xorbals midianelTagan faru-lad. gamoecxada uflis angelozi da uTxra: ufali SenTanaa, magaro vaJkaco!~ (msaj. 6:11-12).

es is dro iyo, roca midianelTa da sxva momTabare tomebis SiSiT dabeCave-bul israels ver gaebeda saaSkaraod mSvidobiani Sroma. msajulis gamoCenas, rogorc wesi, win uZRvis ukiduresi Znelbedoba, rac Tavis mxriv gamowveuli iyo uflis sarwmunoebis dacemiT xalxSi: `ukuRmarTad iqceodnen israeliane-bi uflis winaSe da ufalma midianis xelSi amyofa isini Svid weliwads. dam-Zimda midianis xeli israelze, ixiznebodnen israelianebi midianisagan mTebSi, gamoqvabulebSi da miuval adgilebSi. rogorc ki moamTavrebda israeli xvna-Tesvas, movidodnen midiani, yamaleki da kedemi da moedebodnen israels. Camo-saxldebodnen maT miwaze, gaaCanagebdnen mTels mosavals Razamde, aRarafers utovebdnen israels Tavis sarCenad _ arc cxvars, arc Zroxas, arc saxedars. modiodnen jogebian-karvebianad, modiodnen kaliasaviT uricxvni, Tvla ar hqondaT arc maT da arc maT aqlemebs. Seeseodnen da aCanagebdnen israelis qveyanas~ (msaj. 6:1-5).

am dros es `magari vaJkaci~ (gibor xail), rogorc mas uwoda uflis ange-lozma, mtris Tvals mofarebuli Sromobda TavisTvis da fiqradac ar mosdi-oda, rom SesaZlebeli iyo xsna; miTumetes, ver warmoidgenda, Tu xsna misi xe-liT unda aRsrulebuliyo; arc imas, ra Tqma unda, rom misi xeliT unda dan-greuliyo baalis sakurTxeveli da xalxi uflisken Semoebrunebina. uflis an-gelozis gamocxadebamde gedeoni ver grZnobda Tavis TavSi gansakuTrebul fizikur Zalas, verc uCveulo religiur mowodebas da verc Tavis sagvareu-loSi xedavda raime gansakuTrebul Rirsebas. uflis angelozis sityvebze: `wadi mag Seni ZaliT da ixseni israeli midianis xelidan~, mTeli gulwrfe-lobiT, da albaT, sinanulis grZnobiT pasuxobs: `vaglax, batono, me rogor unda vixsna israeli? Cemi sagvareulo yvelaze mcirea menaSes tomSi, me ki ma-maCemis saxlSi yvelaze umcrosi var~ (msaj. 6:14-15). aq unda davZinoT, rom Ta-vad menaSe yvelaze umcrosi tomi iyo israelSi.

gedeonisTvis sruliad daujerebelia, rom esoden knini kaci, rogoradac Tavi miaCnda aqamde, `guSin da guSinwin~, romelic arafers gansakuTrebuls ar grZnobs Tavis TavSi, airCia ufalma. gedeoni iTxovs uflis angelozisgan,

romelic ver icno man uflis angelozad, niSans imis damadasturebels, rom es kaci namdvils laparakobs, rom is namdvilad uflis gamogzavnilia. mas esaWiroeba Sinagani darwmunebulobisaTvis uxilavi wodebis xiluli niSani. niSnis molodinSi gedeoni ZRvens gamoutans stumars _ asrulebs stumarmas-pinZlobis sayovelTao Cveulebas (rogorc abraami im sami stumris mimarT): ga-moaqvs misTvis xorci da xmiadebi, rasac teqstSi ewodeba `ZRveni~ (minha _sa-kulto termini), radgan es sastumarmaspinZlo `purmarili~ stumrisagan, rome-lic namdvilad uflis angelozia da uflis nebiT moqmedebs, Seiwireba ro-gorc ZRveni, Sesawiravi. es moxdeba gedeonis Tvalwin. is, rac uxilavad xdeba msxverplSewirvisas, xilul saxes iRebs gedeonis winaSe. `gaiSvira uflis an-gelozma kverTxi, romelic xelT epyra, da mere wveri xorcsa da xmiadebs Se-axo, avarda qvidan cecxlis ali da STanTqa xorci da xmiadebi. mere Tvals miefara uflis angelozi~ (msaj. 6:21). amrigad, gedeonis Tvalwin gacxadda msxverplSewirvis saidumlo, romelic arc erT mRvdelmTavars aaronianTagan ar gamocxadebia; am saswaulma daudastura mas ara mxolod eWvmiutanloba stumris misiisa, aramed Seacnobina Tavis TavSi religiuri winamZRolobis unari, romelsac dasabami moses pirovnebaSi aqvs. sastumro sufra gadaiqca samsxverplo trapezad da gedeoni moevlina Tavis toms da mTels israels da-viwyebuli mamapapeuli kultis aRmdgenelad, im didi moses xatad am daknine-bul xanaSi. gedeonma gabeda, Seiqna `mkadre~ imisa, rasac sxva dros, `guSin da guSinwin~, ver ikadrebda _ man daangria baalis samsxverplo da aaSena uflis samsxverplo, romelzec Seswira kurati albaT didi xnis daviwyebul aRsav-len `sruladdasawvel~ msxverplad. es uCveulo ambavi iyo, ukidures kadnie-rebad aRiqves gedeonis moqmedeba misma Tvistomebma:

`adgnen diliT qalaqis mkvidrni da ras xedaven: baalis samsxverplo dang-reulia, gverdiT rom xemxvivani idga, moWrilia da aRsavleni kurati iwvis axladagebul samsxverploze. uTxres erTmaneTs _ vin Caidina es saqme? mimod-gnen, gamoikiTxes da Tqves: `gedeons Caudenia, ioaSes Zes~. uTxres qalaqis mkvidrebma ioaSs:

`gamogviyvane Seni vaJi, sikvdiliT unda daisajos, radgan daungrevia baa-lis samsxverplo da gverdiT rom xemxvivani idga, mouWria~. uTxra ioaSma yve-las, vinc mas miuxda: ra Tqveni dasacavia baali, ra Tqveni sapatronoa? misi damcveli am diliTve sikvdiliT daisjeba. Tu RmerTia, Tavad daicvas Tavi, radgan gedeonis dangreulia misi samsxverplo. uwodes im dRidan (gedeons) ierobaali, radgan Tqves: Tavad gauswordes baali Tavisi samsxverplos dang-revisaTvis~ (msaj. 6:28-32).

gedeonis axali saxeli, ra azric ar unda idos masSi (TiTqos: `baali da-vobs~), misi feriscvalebis gamoxatulebaa, axali saxeli yovelTvis niSnavs adamianis axal dabadebas. am kerZo SemTxvevaSi imasac mowmobs, rom xalxma daadastura misi ganaxleba; anu gedeonis Sinagani rwmena, darwmunebuloba, gancda rCeulobisa, obieqtur aRiarebas poulobs. axali saxeli, romelic Tumca xalxma Searqva mas da ara ufalma, dagvirgvinebaa yovelive imisa, rac moxda manamde sawnaxelTan, rac Caidina, gabeda gedeonma, roca itvirTavda rjulmdeblis fuqcias. aq isic niSandoblivia da gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova-ni Zveli aRTqmis koncefciiT, rom xsna mxolod maSin moxdeba, rodesac xal-xi zurgs Seaqcevs baals, rwmena-warmodgenaTa da sakulto wesTa Tu zne-Cveu-lebaTa mTels erTobliobas, rac baalis qanaanur kultSia daunjebuli, da roca, rac mTavaria, gamoCndeba, `aRdgeba~, rogorc gamoTqvams teqsti, kaci, uflis suliT aRZruli, da darazmavs xalxs baalisa da momxduri mtris wina-aRmdeg.

qarizmatuli beladi mxolod maSin gadis brZolaSi, roca is Sinaganad grZnobs uflis sulis myofobas Tavis TavSi; roca ufali iZleva iseT niSans, romelic Tavisi damarwmuneblobiT aRemateba yovelgvar saswauls fizikur planSi. `uflis sulma moicva (anu `Seimosa~) gedeoni, buksa hkres da gamovid-nen abiyezerelni mis daZaxilze~ (msaj. 6:34). aq unda iTqvas, rom xsnis bela-

dis qarizmatulobis piroba misi bunebriv-adamianuri uZlurebaa, iseve ro-gorc gareSeTa TvalSi gamourCevloba apirobebs uflis rCeulobas, rac Se-adgens Zveli aRTqmis samxsnelo moZRvrebis Taviseburebas. es amgvarad gamoi-xateba: ufals surs moaxdinos xsna uZluris xeliT da mcirericxovani mxed-robiT, zogjer sruliad umniSvnelo razmiT, risTvisac mas sakmarisi safuZve-li aqvs. mas Semdeg, rac gedeoni `moicva uflis sulma~ da oTxi tomis xalxi _ mebrZolebi, ocdaTormeti aTasi kaci, dabanakebuli iyo brZolis molodin-Si, ufali gamoecxada gedeons da eubneba: `Zalze bevri xalxi gyavs. ar Cavag-deb amaT xelSi midians, rom ar gamididguldes israeli, ar Tqvas, Cemma xel-ma mixsnao~ (msaj. 7:2).

warmatebisgan TviTgandidebis araerTi magaliTi SeiZleba davadasturoT Zvel aRTqmaSi. gansakuTrebuli warmateba, rac xSirad saswauls udris, gamo-Cenili pirovnebis tragizmis mizezi xdeba. gamonaklisi arc msajulebi arian, maT Soris arc gedeoni, magram mis pirovnebaSi daZleuli Tu miCqmaluli TviTgandideba mis STamomavlobaSi gadadis da iq qmnis tragizms. am kerZo SemTxvevaSi, rac gedeonis misias Seexeba, ufals surs, rom israelma umniSvne-lo mxedrobiT sZlios midians, raTa gamoCndes uflis dideba da misdami rwmena gamyardes xalxSi. ase rom es brZola faqtiurad religiuri omia, rom-lis aRsasrulma religiur-zneobrivi aRmavloba unda moutanos xalxs. xsna gulisxmobs ara mxolod da ara imdenad xalxis fizikur gadarCenas, ramdena-dac zneobriv gadaxalisebas. amitomac xsna, Tundac aseTi efemeruli da um-niSvnelo masStabSi aRsrulebuli, esqatologiuria Tavisi arsiT. sxvanairad Tu vityviT, es xsna midianelTa xelidan im sayovelTao metaistoriuli xsnis anareklia am wuTisoflad istoriul xanaSi.

sabolood gedeoni, Tumca uflis rCeulia, magram misi xeli, rogorc kerZo kacisa, ar aris gammarjvebeli: is mxolod iaraRia uflis xelSi, imave `magar xelSi~, romelmac egviptidan ixsna xalxi; `xeli~ uflis sulis meore saxe-lia. im sulisa, romelmac `moicva gedeoni~. gedeonis mxriv aq ar unda yofi-liyo gaugebroba, rom uflis suli Tavis sakuTar sulad, masSi bunebrivad dabadebul mxneobad moCveneboda; radgan mxneoba TandaTanobiT ar warmoiS-veba misi gulis siRrmeSi, aramed es iyo rogorc movardnili talRa an Zlie-rad moberili niavqari, romlis winaaRdgoma SeuZlebelia. gedeoni mindobi-lia masSi moberil suls, xalxi ki dandobilia masze da TiTqmis aigivebs mas ufalTan. gedeonis saxiT is xedavs ufals, uflis `magar xels~, amitomac aris SesaZlebeli TiTqosda mkrexeluri Zveli aRTqmis religiis fonze sity-vebi `uflisaTvis da gedeonisaTvis!~, romelTac gaiZaxis sabrZolo yiJinad is mcire razmi, ufalma rom gamoarCevina da dautova gedeons.

imdenad mcirea adamianis fizikuri Zalis wvlili uflismier xsnaSi, rom mterze gamarjvebas groteskuli saxe aqvs micemuli: gedeonis laSqari imarj-vebs bukiscemiT da anTebuli kvarebiT, romlebic doqebSi hqonda damaluli samas mebrZols. samasi anTebuli CiraRdnis moulodnelma gamoCenam samasi bu-kis xmaze imdenad daabnia midianis banaki, rom maT erTmaneTze aRmarTes maxvi-li da mere uwesrigod gaifantnen sxvadasxva mxares. groteskulia is niSanic, romliTac SeirCa samasi mebrZoli saomrad Sekrebili aTi aTasamde israelia-nidan. Tavis mxriv, es aTi aTasi kaci ocdaori aTasidan darCa. roca uflis sityvam gamoacxada, rom visac omis SiSi hqonda, ukan gabrunebuliyo. ase rom, es aTi aTasi rCeuli, guladi meomrebi iyvnen. magram aTi aTasic bevri iyo uf-lis TvalSi. `mainc bevria xalxi, eubneba ufali gedeons; wyalze Caiyvane da iq gamogirCev maT. viszec me getyvi, gamogyves-meTqi, is gamogyves; viszec gety-vi, nu gamogyveba-meTqi, nu gamogyveba~ (msaj. 7:4).

rogorc vxedavT, saboloo arCevani ufalzea: man unda amoarCios saukeTe-so, is narCevi, romlis saSualebiT unda ganxorcieldes xsna. magram irCevs ki ufali Tavis saymodan saukeTesos, roca mas surs uZlurSi gaacxados Tavisi dideba? iyo Tu ara saukeTeso arCevani, roca man airCia gedeoni, romelic Ta-vadve adasturebda Tavis uRirsobas da umniSvnelobas; an roca airCia mose,

romlisTvisac aseve moulodneli iyo es arCevani da isic uRirsad grZnobda Tavs (aseTi iyo maTi Sinagani gancda da ar unda mivaweroT is Tavmdablobas an yalb TavpatiJs maTi mxridan)? niSandoblivia, rom rogorc winamZRols ar irCevs sakuTari arCevaniT xalxi, aseve mebrZolebic ar arian misi arCeulni; gedeonic uflis kacia da is samasic, romelic ucnaurad gamoarCia aTiaTasi-dan ufalma.

uflis sityvisamebr, gedeonma `Caiyvana xalxi wyalze. uTxra ufalma gede-ons: vinc eniT Sesvleps wyals, rogorc ZaRlebi svlepen, calke daayene, ag-reTve isinic, vinc Caimuxlebs da ise dalevs. eniT msvlepelTa ricxvi samasi iyo, danarCenma xalxma Caimuxla da ise dalia wyali. uTxra ufalma gedeons: samasi msvlepeli gixsniT da xelSi CagagdebinebT midians; danarCeni xalxi Sin wavides~ (msaj. 7:5-7).

aTi aTasi kacidan samasi kaci _ isic msvlepeli! ra motiviT? iqneb imis ga-mo, rom msvlepelSi naklebad ivaraudeba adamianuri (gavixsenoT veluri, naxe-varkaci enqidu, romelic gareul mxecebTan erTad piriT ewafeba wyals) da ufro metad mxecuri, rac TiTqos samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi warmatebis sawindari unda yofiliyo. magram es samasi xom Tavis ZaliT da mxecuri gabe-dulebiT (romelsac sokrate ganarCevs namdviladamianuri simamacisagan) ar imarjvebs; aramed bukiscemiT, dalewili qoTnebis grialiT da moulodnelad gamoCenili cecxliT; yovelive amas isini _ es msvlepelni asruleben gedeo-nis darigebiT. aq arc maTi Zala Cans, arc mxedruli suli, arc gansakuTrebu-li simamace, arc goniereba da arc brZolaSi gamosadegi gamWriaxoba. isini mxolod msvlepelni arian da meti araferi, SesaZloa, uaresi narCevi anu unarCevesi im oTxi tomidan israelisa, romlebic Sekrebilni iyvnen galaadis mTaze.

midianis Zlevam, romelic gedeonis xeliT moxda _ Tumca metismetad kuri-ozuli, sruliad ara meomruli saSualebiT, TiTqos zRapruli xerxiT (ro-gorc zRaprebSi xdeba, rogorc nacarqeqia amarcxebs devs nacris buqiT), _ didi STabeWdileba datova xalxis xsovnaSi. es istoriuli movlena, romelic Semonaxulia mTeli Tavisi konkretulobiT, winaswarmetyvelTa qadagebebSi igavur mniSvnelobas iZens. winaswarmetyvel esaias xanaSi (Zv.w. VIII s.) midia-nelTa mtroba, cxadia, ar iqneboda aqtualuri, samagierod, `midianis dRe~ (es. 9:3), `midianis Zleva (es. 10:26), gaarRvevs ra viwro dro-Jamul farglebs da is-toriul kerZoobas, esqatologiuri momavlis simbolo xdeba _ saboloo mtris ukanaskneli Zlevis niSani. amave dros, `midianis dRe~, rogorc dRe xsnisa, gaTanabrebulia xalxis egviptidan gamoxsnis genezisur dResTan, roca mxsnelma `kverTxis moRerebiT~ gaapo mewamuli zRva, rogorc dasabamieri urC-xuli, da gza-savali gauxsna xalxs. am azriT `midianis Zlevas~ esaias winas-warmetyvelebaSi kosmogoniuri Seferilobac aqvs.

rodesac israelianebi eubnebian gedeons, `Sen gvixseni midianis xelidan~, am naTqvamSi ufro metia nagulisxmevi, vidre dRevandelma mkiTxvelma SeiZle-ba dainaxos. saqme is aris, rom xsna, rogorc viciT, israelis RmerTis, ro-gorc samyarosa da istoriis Semoqmedis, mTavari atributia: is aris mxsneli _ moSiay _ upiratesad, am wodebaSia moqceuli mTeli misi Rvawlis Sinaarsi. is aris mxsneli kacTa modgmisa urCxulisagan _ kosmosis mtrisgan da israe-lisa misi istoriis gariJraJze egviptis tyveobidan. amgvari SegnebiT da moSi-ayis amgvari gaazrebiT, gedeonis, rogorc mxsnelis, pirovneba xalxis TvalSi zeadamianuri RirsebiT unda Semosiliyo. am Segnebas savsebiT gamoxatavda sa-omari yiJina, romliTac samasi msvlepeli Caeba brZolaSi: `uflisaTvis da ge-deonisaTvis!~ xalxi ar iqneboda kmayofili, rom misi mxsneli Cveulebriv ada-mianad (rigiT israelianad) darCeniliyo, sakuTari xeliT momkili puris mcex-velad sawnaxelSi, an efemerul msajulad, romlis funqcia mxolod ukidures gasaWirSi Tu iCenda Tavs. gedeoni maT TvalSi erTi TaviT unda amaRlebuli-yo. xalxi fiqrobda, rom man es daimsaxura midianis ZleviT. is mefe unda gam-xdariyo. amave dros, xalxs surda misi mefed cxebiT moepovebina mudmivi

mxsneli efemeruli msajulis nacvlad, rac mas mudmiv usafrTxoebis garanti-as Seuqmnida. maSin mis pirovnebaSi SeerTdeboda ori principi winamZRolobi-sa: erTi, rasac gulisxmobs moSiay (mxsneli) da meore, rasac gulisxmobs ma-Siax (mesia, cxebuli). xalxs surda erT pirovnebaSi exila am ori funqciis damTxveva, romelic isedac arsebobda am ori sityvis fonetikaSi.

gedeoni gansacdelis, ufro sacTuris, winaSe idga da man sZlia sacTurs. `uTxres israelianebma gedeons: ibatone Cvenze Senc da Senma Svilmac, radgan Sen gvixseni midianis xelidan. gedeonma uTxra: me ver vibatoneb Tqvenze da verc Cemi Svili ibatonebs Tqvenze. ufali batonobs Tqvenze~ (msaj. 8:22-23). am pasuxSi gamoCnda gedeonis simtkice da erTguleba uflisadmi, pirdapir unda iTqvas, misi Teologiuri mrwamsi, RvTisSemecneba. saqme is aris, rom mefobis instituti, romelic israelianebma garSemo xalxebis wabaZviT SemoiRes, CaTv-lilia maT erovnul codvad, Ralatad uzenaesi patronisadmi, radgan maTi er-TaderTi mefe (melex) ufali RmerTi unda yofiliyo. gedeonis pasuxSi mefo-bis uaryofiT dadasturda misi siwrfele, magram mas hqonda meore gansacde-li da cTuneba, man Caidina saqcieli, romelzec naTqvamia, rom is `maxed eqca gedeons da mis saxls~. gedeonis moqmedeba, razec axla gveqneba saubari, aSka-rad mogvagonebs `oqros xbos~ Seqmnis epizods, romelic mouSorebel wyev-lad gasdevs eris religiur Segnebas aaronis xanidan moyolebuli. maSin sti-qiuri religiuri SuriT aRvsilma xalxma, romelsac surda exila egviptidan gamomyvani RmerTis saxe, aiZula aaroni xalxSi mokrebili oqroulobisagan Camoesxa maTTvis xbos qandakeba. cxadia, es iyo ukangadadgmuli nabiji im gza-ze, romelzec moses mihyavda xalxi. am xalxs surda exila uxilavi RmerTi da ixila is xbos saxiT. marTalia, gedeons xalxisTvis ar miucia maTi RvTis zoomorfuli saxe, magram uflis xatis Seqmna masac codvad CaeTvala da ara mxolod pirovnulad mas.

rodesac gedeonma uari Tqva mefobaze im simarTliT, rom `ufali batonobs maTze~, mas gauCnda idea uflis raRac niSani mieca xalxisTvis. es niSani oqrosi unda yofiliyo udabnodan gamoyolili tradiciiT. aaronis kvalze gedeonma akrifa xalxSi nadavlad Cagdebuli midianelTa oqrouloba, gaakeTa misgan efodi da Tavis qalaqSi, yofraSi, gamo-fina (msaj. 8:24-27). gedeons ar gaukeTebia oqros xbo, arc sxva saxis ram kerpi, rom xalxi-saTvis RvTis saxe daenaxvebina. man Seqmna efodi, samRvdelmTavro Sesamoseli _ oqromke-diT, lurji, Zoweuli da mewamuli ZafebiT moqsovili (TiToeul fers Tavisi simboluri mniSvneloba hqonda), romelic mRvdelmTavris RvTismsaxurebas gamoarCevda Cveulebrivi kultmsaxurebisagan. es iyo yvelaze wmida samoseli, Tavisi oqros brwyinvalebiT uflis didebis gamomxatveli, uromlisodac mRvdelmTavari wmidaTa wmidaSi ver Sevidoda. gede-ons ar Camousxams kerpi aaroniviT, magram efodi _ wmida sagani, Seqmna kerpad, roca gamo-fina is Tavis qalaqSi, rom gamarjvebul israelianebs Tayvani ecaT misTvis. es, cxadia, kerpTayvanismcemlur moqmedebas hgavda: `uzneobda iq mTeli israeli mis (gedeonis) kvalze da maxed eqca es gedeonsa da mis saxls~.

gedeons ar Seumosavs efodi, ar gamouyenebia is Tavisi pirdapiri daniSnu-lebiT, rac uTuod mRvdelmTavris funqciis uzurpacia iqneboda; magram dana-Sauli efodis kerpadqcevaSi mdgomareobda; is, rac dafaruli iyo eris Tval-Tagan, gareSeTagan, da mxolod wmidaTa wmidaSi sanTlebis Suqze ixilveboda uflis mier, axla sayovelTaod iqna mzis Suqze gamofenili, gamoqveynebuli. am saxiT arsebuli efodi daupirispirda israelis erTaderT siwmides _ rju-lis kidobans anu RvTis kidobans, romelic utaZrobis xanaSi (aseTi iyo msa-julTa xana) siloamSi, imJamad israelianTa erTaderT sakrebulo adgilze imyofeboda. gedeonis mSobliuri qalaqi yofra, sadac man efodi gamofina sa-Tayvanod, daupirispirda siloams, rogorc saRvTo adgili. gaCnda ori saRvTo adgili, romelTagan erT-erTi yalbi unda yofiliyo, saxeldobr, is, romelic ar iyo qarizmatuli arCevis Sedegi. saRvTo adgili safuZvels aclida moses rjuls da monoTeizms, romelic ara mxolod erTRmerTianobaSi, aramed erTi wmida adgilis aRiarebaSi mdgomareobda. sabolood, es iyo erTi religiuri

Suagulidan gandgoma da TviTneburi Suagulis Seqmna, Zveli aRTqmis eniT `uzneoba~, `garyvnileba~ (zonah), rac maxed eqca gedeons da mTels mis saxls.

`msajulTa wigni~ arafers ambobs imis Taobaze, Tu ra konkretuli gamoxa-tuleba hqonda am `maxes~ gedeonisaTvis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, gedeonze naTqva-mia, rom is mokvda `keTil sibereSi~, rac imas mowmobs, rom mas samagiero ar mizRvia efodis gakerpebisTvis. magram misi saxlis bedi ki ukuRma datrialda: ierubaal-gedeonis samocdaaTi kanonieri vaJiSvili `erT qvaze~ daxoca misi xarWis naSobma abimeleqma, romelic amis Semdeg mefed dasves israelze ara msajulad, rogorc mamamisi, aramed mefed. SesaZlebelia, mefobis uzurpacia, RvTis nebis gareSe gamefeba, iyo misTvis maxe, radgan abimeleqi kvdeba ara rogorc mefes SeSvenis, aramed rogorc erTi vinme ukanaskneli mdabioTagani: erT-erTi qalaqis alyis dros, viRac qalma galavnidan dolabis natexiT Ta-visqala Caumtvria mas (msaj. 9:53).

ifTaxi

gedeonis xanidan ramdenime Taobis Semdeg msajulad gamoCnda ifTaxi (Zv. qarT. iefTae), galaadeli, rogorc Cans, imave menaSes tomidan, radgan galaa-dis mxareSi hqonda samkvidro israelianTa am Stos. Tu gedeons ercxvineboda menaSes tomoba da Tavisi sagvareulo yvelaze kninad miaCnda am tomSi, ra un-da eTqva saeWvo warmomavlobis ifTaxs, romelic rogorc meZavis Svili, sam-Soblodan gandevnes misi mamis Svilebma, raTa memkvidris wili ar hqonoda ma-miseul qonebaSi. arc mama iyo cnobili kaci, romlis saxelic ki ar axsovs matianes. igi iwodeba galaadad, im vrceli mxaris saxeliT, romlis mkvidri iyo.

marTalia, ifTaxi ambis dasawyisSive ixsenieba rogorc `magari vaJkaci~ (gi-bor xail), magram mis simagres xeli ar SeuSlia naxevarZmebisTvis, moeSorebi-naT igi Tavidan. ifTaxma dakarga yvelaferi, rac SeiZleba mas mamisagan gad-mocemoda; ar SerCa arc mamuli, arc mamiseuli rjuli, radgan iZulebuli Se-iqna galaadis ganapira mxareSi gadasaxlebuliyo da TareSiT erCina Tavi. ma-tianeSi naTqvamia, rom mis garSemo Tavi moiyara `carielma xalxma~ da iwyes masTan erTad saTareSod gasvla galaadis sazRvrebs gareT. `carieli~ kargad gamoxatavs am umkvidro, mamulidan albaT sxvadsxva mizeziT devnili xalxis mdgomareobas. am xalxs araferi ebada am qveyanaze garda sakuTari mklavisa da davlaTisa, romelsac xangamoSvebiT ufali uwyalobebda maT. tradiciul sazogadoebaSi warmoudgeneli iqneboda ufro dabali done dacemisa, rogorc dacemulni iyvnen, cxadia, socialurad, es `carieli xalxi~ _ anaSim rekim. martoobisa da sazogadoebisgan mowyvetilobis wyevla iyo maTze da maT, Se-saZloa, gaurbodnen kidec rogorc keTrovnebs. es sityva `carieli~ _ rek _ saginebeli sityva unda yofiliyo imxanad, romlis kvalma Cveni welTaRricx-vis pirvel saukunemde moaRwia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, saxareba icnobs sityvas raka salanZRav sityvad: `romelman hrquas Zmasa TKssa raka (romel ars saZa-gel), Tana-mdeb ars igi krebulisagan ganslvad~ (m. 5:22).

magram maSin, msajulTa xanaSi, ganidevna ara is, vinc Tavis moyvass uTxra raka, aramed is, visac uTxres, rom umemkvidro yofiliyo mamiseuli qonebis-gan. am kacs Tavidan unda daewyo saxlis Seneba, Tumca udabnoSi, sadac is sa-TareSod gadioda, saxls ver aaSenebda. is Tavs irCenda rogorc veluri kan-jari, romelic adre Tu gvian unda daRupuliyo (Suamdinaruli igavis Tanax-mad, kanjari adamianuri cxovrebis antipodia). cariel-tarielad darCenili ifTaxisTvis namdvilad xsna iyo galaadis uxucesTa winadadeba _ gamxdariyo israelis mxsneli yamonelTagan, romlebic imxanad pretenzias acxadebdnen ga-laadis ebraelTa miwa-wyalze. galaadis uxucesebma winaswar igrZnes, rom if-Taxi, es `carieli kaci~, romlis garSemo Tavs iyrida im aremaris yvela `ca-rieli~ (anaSim rekim), uflis suliT unda avsebuliyo. amaSi darwmunebulobis safuZvels iZleoda ifTaxis davlaTi, romelic aSkarad Seeweoda mas, Tavis `kanjarul~ cxovrebaSi. is ukve iyo Tavkaci, Tundac mis mier gaZRolilni ma-

saviT carielni yofiliyvnen. xolo Tavkaci, winamZRoli, rogorc msajuli, ak-lda israels, ar Canda imxanad xalxSi. ifTaxis davlaTi da winamZRoloba is-raelis xsnis saqmes unda moxmareboda. aseTi iyo galaadis uxucesTa gegma, roca isini ewvivnen ifTaxs winadadebiT: `modi, gaxdi Cveni winamZRoli da Se-vebrZoloT yamonelebs~ (msaj. 11:6). am sityvebidan Cans, rom galaadis uxuce-soba sruliad dajerebulia, rom ifTaxis winamZRoloba gamarjvebis ueWveli garantia iqneba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, isini ar daimcirebdnen Tavs da TxovniT ar mimarTavdnen im kacs, romlis gandevnaSi maTac miuZRodaT bra-li, radgan ifTaxis naxevarZmebi maTi dasturis gareSe ver gandevnidnen Zmas.

ufro metad, cxadia, Tavad ifTaxia dajerebuli gamarjvebaSi, rom misi meS-veobiT unda aRsruldes xsna. es aris misi Sinagani darwmunebuloba, radgan mas hqonda davlaTis mosvlis gamocdileba. magram ifTaxs surs darwmunebuli iyos imaSic, rom gamarjvebis Semdeg is galaadis mcxovrebTa winamZRoladve darCeba anu mudmivad Seasrulebs msajulobas. ifTaxma ukeT uwyis, rom qariz-ma _ uflis sulis gadmosvla efemerulia. suli moqmedebs masSi mxolod brZolis dros da gamarjvebis Semdeg datovebs mas, mudamJam ar aris masze dadgromili. amitom is im pirobiT Tanxmdeba galaadSi dabrunebaze da yamo-nelTa winaaRmdeg winamZRolobaze, Tu mas maSinac aRiareben winamZRolad, ro-ca uflis suli ar iqneba masTan da mxolod sakuTari mxneobisa da mklavis imedi eqneba. `Tu damabrunebT yamonelebTan sabrZolvelad da ufalma momca maTi Tavi, kidev viqnebi Tqveni winamZRoli?~ gamosTxovs ifTaxi galaadis uxucesebs pirobas. isini pasuxoben: `ufali iyos mowme Cvens Soris, rom Seni sityvisaebr moviqceviT~ (msaj. 11:9-10).

marTalia, ifTaxi uxucesobam da xalxma Tavis winamZRolad da msajulad daadgina da es, rogorc Cans, ritualurad gaformda uflis winaSe ficis warmoTqmiT galaadis qalaq micfaSi, magram is msajulisgan gansxvavebiT po-litikur beladad da diplomatad evlineba israels. pirveli misi moqmedeba winamZRolad dadginebis Semdeg qveynis mefis moqmedebaa da ara msajulisa: ifTaxi molaparakebas gamarTavs yamonelTa mefesTan, rogorc toli tolTan. is laparakobs ara rogorc msajuli an kerZo kaci, meomari, aramed warmoad-gens mTels israels, mTels mis istorias egviptidan gamosvlis droidan mis xanamde. ifTaxi avtoritetulad iwyebs, TiTqos misi piriT metyvelebs istori-uli WeSmariteba: `uTxras: ase ambobs ifTaxi: israels ar miutacebia moabel-Ta qveyana da yamonelTa qveyana. roca egviptidan gamosulma udabnoSi iara me-wamul zRvamde da kadeSs miadga...~ (msaj. 11:15-16). amas mohyveba mokle gadmoce-ma israelis moZraobisa adgilidan adgilze, misi marSrutisa im teritoriam-de, rasac yamonelTa mefe edaveba mas. istoriuli faqtebis moSveliebiT ifTa-xi umtkicebs yamonelTa mefes israelis simarTles. magram, rogorc am diplo-matiuri dokumentis daskvnaSi Cans, es simarTle ar aris adamianuri simarT-le, aramed RvTaebrivia:

`xom flob imas, rac dagimkvidra qamoSma, Senma RmerTma? Cvenc vflobT yve-lafers, rac ufals, Cvens RmerTs, daumkvidrebia CvenTvis~ (msaj. 11:24). es aris ukanaskneli Zlieri argumenti: israels sakuTari neba-surviliT ar aurCevia Tavisi teritoria, iseve rogorc yamonelebi ar dasaxlebulan sakuTari nebiT TavianT qveyanaSi. erTs iahvem aurCia samkvidrebeli, meores _ qamoSma. es er-TaderTi adgili unda iyos mTels Zvel aRTqmaSi, roca israelis RmerTi Ta-nabari uflebiT aris naxsenebi sxva RmerTis gverdiT. miT umetes, Tu es sxva RmerTi mtruli qveynis mfarvelia. araviTari upiratesoba aq ar Cans. ar Cans ifTaxis gancxadebaSi, rom iahves nebis winaSe unda daixios qamoSma, rom iahve erTaderTia. qamoSi iseve Tavgamodebulia Tavisi xalxisTvis, rogorc iahve. ifTaxi ver moitans Tavisi simarTlis dasadastureblad iahves erTaderTobas, mis Zlevamosilebas. ifTaxi mters diplomatiis enaze elaparakeba _ misi argu-mentebi istoriuli xasiaTisaa. ifTaxma unda gaixsenos is viTareba, Tu rogor moxda, rom israels uWiravs sadavo teritoria. ifTaxma unda gaixsenos gamos-vlaTa xana, roca israelis eri Semodioda qveyanaSi. ifTaxi dRes ver SeaSi-

nebs iahveTi yamonis qveyanas. magram is mainc imowmebs iahves: is teritoria, romelic sadavo gamxdara yamonelTa da israelianTa Soris, iahvem daumtkica israels, ahyara ra iqidan amorevelebi, romelTac israeli ar gaatares Ta-vinT miwaze. ifTaxi ar ambobs, Cven, israelis xalxma davipyariTo es terito-ria. ara, is ambobs, iahvem dagvimkvidrao. garda RvTaebrivi avtoritetisa, aq moqmedebs drois avtoritetic, siZvelis avtoriteti: `samasi welia, rac cxov-robs israeli xeSbonSi da mis soflebSi, yaroyerSi da mis soflebSi, yvela qalaqSi arnonis gaRma-gamoRma. ratom imTaviTve ar daibrune isini?~ (msaj. 11:26). ai, rogor pasuxobs ifTaxi yamonelTa ultimatumze da rogor aboloebs Tavis diplomatiur sityvas: `ufali (iahve) iyos axla msajuli israelianebsa da yamonelebs Soris!~ (msaj. 11:27).

amitom brZola am or, monaTesave, Tumca suliskveTebiT gansxvavebul toms Soris, romelTac gansxvavebuli bunebis RmerTebi mfarveloben, sabolood warmodgenilia brZolad or RmerTs Soris _ iahvesa da qamoSs Soris. ifTaxi iaraRia iahves xelSi, romlis meSveobiTac man unda daamtkicos Tavisi Zleva-mosileba da am kerZo SemTxvevaSi, upiratesoba qamoSis winaSe. iahvem Tavisi qveynidan gandevnili, moZulebuli kacis xeliT unda moutanos gamarjveba Ta-vis xalxs.

magram ifTaxi ar yofila cariel-tarieli am qveyanaze. rogorc irkveva cnobil tragikul epizodSi, mas hqonda raRac Tavis qveyanaSi, romelic yve-lafers erCia. marTalia, ifTaxi grZnobda, rom uflis suli gadmovidoda mas-ze, roca mcire razmiT SeebrZoleboda qamoSis xalxs _ yamonelebs, _ `gadmo-vida uflis suli ifTaxze da man gaiara galaadi da menaSe, gaiara galaadis micfa da galaadis micfadan wavida yamonelebze...~ (msaj. 11:29), mainc ifTaxi dgams sabediswero nabijs _ gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas gaamarjvebinebs ufali, aRuTqvams ufals aRsavlen msxverplad imas, vinc pirveli gamoegebeba saxlis WiSkridan brZolidan dabrunebuls. `uflis iyos, ambobs ifTaxi, da Sevwirav aRsavlen msxverplad~ (msaj. 11:31).

ratom aRuTqva ifTaxma ufals aseTi ucnauri aRTqma? ras gulisxmobda pirvel SemxvedrSi? vin unda gamogebeboda ifTaxs, romelsac aravin hyavda, garda erTaderTi asulisa? ufro naklebs msxverpls arc akadrebda ifTaxi ufals gamarjvebis sazRaurad, Tumca albaT mas fiqradac ar mouvidoda, rom erTaderTi asulis Sewirvas aRuTqvamda ufals. mainc vin unda yofiliyo Se-wiruli, vin iqneboda asulze Zvirfasi? mainc xom yvelaze Zvirfasi da erTa-derTi, rogorc isaki abraamisTvis, unda Seewira uflisaTvis, sxvanairad ra gamarTleba eqneboda aRTqmas da msxverpls? gulis siRrmeSi icoda ifTaxma gamarjvebis sazRauris fasi, magram mTeli tragizmi am msxverplisa maSin gai-azra, roca, TiTqos axdenil sizmarSi yofiliyo, Sinmobrunebuls `rokviT ga-moegeba Tavisi asuli dairiT xelSi~ (msaj. 11:34).

magram sidiade am epizodisa ar mdgomareobs mxolod imaSi, rom ifTaxma ar gadaTqva uflisadmi krizisul wuTebSi micemuli aRTqma (`bage gavxseni uf-lis winaSe da ver gadaval sityvas~), aramed Tavad ganwiruli asulis mzad-yofnaSi, aRsrulebuliyo mamis mier dadebuli aRTqma da imis SegnebaSi, rom aris raRac meti Tavisi RirebulebiT, vidre adamianis sicocxlea:

`mamaCemo, raki bage gaxseni uflis winaSe, miyavi is, rac Senma bagem war-moTqva, roca ufalma samagiero miago Seni xeliT Sens mtrebs, yamonelebs~ (msaj. 11:36).

yoveli uCveulo, pirvelqmnili saqcieli andrezis Zalisaa. is afuZnebs, da-sabams aZlevs Cveulebas, romelic ritualiT aris ganmtkicebuli Taobebis xsovnaSi. Tumca saxeli ifTaxis saxelganTqmuli asulisa ar Semoinaxa xal-xis xsovnam, magram israelis asulni TavianTi moqmedebiT inaxaven mis xsovnas. `wesad daido israelSi, rom weliwadSi erTxel, yovel wlisTavze, wavidod-nen israeliani qaliSvilebi da oTxi dRe dastirodnen ifTax galaadelis asuls~ (11:40).

samsoni

saxelganTqmuli samsoni ukanasknelia im msajulTa Soris, romelTa saqmeni sagmironi Semoinaxa `msajulTa wignma~. igi ukanasknelia da TiTqos aboloebs msajulTa rigs, magram misi pirovneba, misi cxovreba da bedi folkloruli niSnebiT aris SeTxzuli. is TiTqos arc aris istoriuli piri, ar aris gan-sazRvruli romelime istoriuli droiT da is brZolebi, romlebic man gadai-xada Tavisi xalxis xsnisaTvis filistimelTa mZlavrobisagan, zRapruli bum-berazebis brZolebs ufro hgavs, vidre realur galaSqrebebs mtris winaaRm-deg. Tavad Casaxva misi dedis mucelSi rogorc aRTqmuli Svilisa (aseTebi iy-vnen, rogorc viciT, Zvel droSi isaki da samueli) gamoarCevs mas sxva msaju-lebisagan, romlebic mowiful asakSi sruliad moulodnelad iRebdnen mxsne-lis qarizmas. samsonis Casaxva da mxsnelad mowodeba ki erTdrouli aqti iyo.

mis berw dedas (dedis xangrZlivi siberwe, rogorc wesi, moaswavebs Sobi-lis didebas da gansakuTrebulobas) gamoecxadeba uflis angelozi da aRuTq-vams: `aha, daorsuldebi da vaJi SegeZineba; samarTebeli ar unda miekaros mis Tavs, radgan RvTis mowmidari iqneba dedis muclidanve da Seudgeba israelis daxsnas filistimelTa xelidan~ (msaj. 13:5). rom daerwmunebina uflis ange-lozs aRTqmis WeSmaritebaSi col-qmari _ manoaxi da misi berwi coli, rom-lis saxels ar axsenebs `msajulTa wignis~ avtori, man saswauli moaxdina maT Tvalwin: samsxverplo cecxli TavisTavad aigzno sakurTxevelze da STan-Tqa Sewiruli msxverpli da, rac yvelaze ufro STambeWdavi da zardamcemi iyo, `uflis angelozi zeahyva samsxverplo als~ da caSi gauCinarda. ai, aseT viTarebaSi emcno maT, rom maTi Svili uflis mowmidari unda yofiliyo de-dis muclidanve.

uflis mowmidaroba, Cveulebriv, Tavad adamianis nebazea. misi rjuli anu wesebi `ricxvTa wignSia~ ganmartebuli: `Tu kacma an qalma aRTqma dado, rom uflis mowmidari gaxdeba, Rvinisa da TafluWisagan unda iwmidos; arc Rvinis Zmari da arc TafluWis Zmari ar dalios, arc yurZnis wveni ar dalios, arc axladmokrefili yurZeni da arc CamiCi ar Wamos. Tavisi mowmidarobis mTel dros yurZnisagan damzadebuli araferi Wamos _ wipwidan kanamde. mowmidaro-bis aRTqmis mTel dros samarTebeli ar unda Seexos mis Tavs. vidre uflis mowmidarobis vada ar gauva, wmidaa igi. Tma unda moizardos Tavze. uflis mowmidarobis mTel dros mkvdars ar miekaros. ar unda gauwmidurdes mamis, dedis, Zmisa da dis gamo _ maT gamoc ki maTi sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi, radgan misi RmerTis mowmidarobaa mis Tavze. Tavisi mowmidarobis mTel dros uflis wmidaa igi~ (ricx. 6:2-8).

mowmidaroba israelianis Sinagani moTxovnilebaa _ aRTqma, dadebuli Seg-nebulad mowifulobis asakSi. adamiani grZnobs, rom raRac mniSvnelovani saq-mis aRsasruleblad ar aris sakmarisi sulieri da fizikuri monacemebi, una-rebi; rom aucilebelia Tavis mozRudva uflis mier momadlebuli (raki yve-laferi uflisagan modis) unarebis SesanarCuneblad. mowmidaroba israelia-nis rCeulobis garegani gamoxatulebaa. rogorc mTeli israeli, erTiani eri aris gamorCeuli mis garSemo xalxebSi, aseve erTi kerZo israeliani, roca is mowmidarobis aRTqmas debs, gamorCeuli xdeba Tavis wreSi, Tavis xalxSi. mow-midari Tavisi cxovrebiT cocxlad atarebs da axorcielebs im princips, ri-Tac israeli gansxvavdeba im xalxebisagan, romlebic mas daxvda aRTqmul qve-yanaSi, qanaanSi, egviptidan gamosvlisas, Tumca es xalxebi misi monaTesaveni iyvnen da mis monaTesave enaze laparakobdnen. SemTxveviTi da nebismieri ar aris mcenareuli sakvebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Rvinisa da sxva magari sasmelebis akrZalva. udabnoSi Sobili israeli mowodebiT mwyemsi iyo da qanaanSi Sesv-lisas unda dapirispireboda qveynis mkvidrTa samiwaTmoqmedo kulturas, raTa TavisTavadoba SeenarCunebina. udabnoSi Secnobili transcendentuli RmerTis idea ar unda SebRaluliyo orgiastuli kultiT, romelic bunebaSi ganzave-buli RvTaebebis Tayvaniscemas gulisxmobda. marTalia, istoriul xanaSi is-raeli miwas amuSavebda, Tesda, venaxs aSenebda, _ misi simboloc ki iyo vazi, udabnoSi napovni (ier. 2:21), _ Rvinos wuravda, svamda, magram mainc mwyemsoba

iyo misi idealuri yofa, amitomac uflis mowmidari, rogorc israelianis umaRlesi tipi, rCeulTa rCeuli, am sawyiss unda axorcielebdes.

samsonis bedi, rogorc mowmidarisa, gansakuTrebulia. misi mowmidaroba ar aris misi nebiT arCeuli, aramed Tandayolilia; SobiTganve mas Tan dahyveba saidumlo, romelsac iseve esaWiroeboda Senaxva, rogorc mowmidarobas marx-va. Tmis mozrda mowmidarobis erT-erTi pirobaa, magram samsonisTvis es ufro metia, vidre piroba: mis TmaSia ganivTebuli misi fizikuri Zala, romelic ufalma misca mas filistimelTa dasamarcxeblad. es gamocdac iyo da gansac-delic. saidumlo misi Zalisa, romelic mis TmaSia damarxuli, ician misma mSoblebma, icis manac da swored es codna Seiqna sabediswero misTvis. cod-nis anu saidumlos gacema, roca arsebobs akrZalva, aucilebeli epizodia zRapruli gmiris cxovrebaSi. zRapruli gmiri arRvevs akrZalvas, raTa dakar-gos Zala, magram kvlav daibrunos igi. es aris misi gamocdileba. samsonic kargavs Zalas da kvlav ibrunebs, raTa am ZaliT sabolood mterTan erTad sakuTari Tavic gaanadguros. mas usaTuod _ es iyo misi bediswera _ unda gae-ca saidumlo, Casaxuli jer kidev mis dabadebamde dedis saSoSi. dedam aRTq-muli Zis Casaxvamde icoda es saidumlo da wilic ki hqonda mis SeqmnaSi, raki mucladRebuls Tavi mowmidarad unda Seenaxa. `...vaJi SegeZineba, _ uTxra mas uflis angelozma, romelmac saxelis gacxadeba ar ineba, _ oRond frTxilad iyavi, ar dalio Rvino da TafluWi, uwmiduric araferi Wamo~ (msaj. 13:3-4). de-da frTxilad iyo, magram vaJi ar iyo frTxilad da es Seiqna misi tragikuli aRsasrulis mizezi: ramdenadac maRali unda yofiliyo mowmidaris dideba, imde-nad Rrma iyo misi dacema (Tumca man sakuTari sicocxlis fasad mainc SeZlo Tavisi adamianuri Rirsebis dacva).

samsonis cxovrebaSi sabediswero roli iTamaSes qalebma. Timna, Raza, so-rekisxevi _ ai, adgilebi,saiTkenac is miiswrafoda rogorc nadiri xafangisa-ken. aq hqonda mas gansacdeli, cTuneba, romelic unda daeZlia, magram ver daZlia.

rodesac is midis TimnaSi, filistimelTa qalaqSi colis saTxovrad, is sruliadac ar iqceva ise, rogorc Seefereba msajuls, romelic `ufalma akurTxa~ (msaj. 13:24); is midis rogorc kerZo kaci, Tavisufali Tavis arCevan-Si, romelsac moewona filistimeli qali. mSoblebi uSlian (`qali dailia Sens sagvartomoSi da mTels Sens erSi, windaucveTel filistimelTagan rom Txoulob cols?~), magram avtori amarTlebs samsonis arCevans, TiTqos es `uflisagan iyo~, TiTqos am qorwinebiT unda SeeRwia samsons filistimelTa wiaRSi da gaemarjva. magram aq vxedavT (es iyo misi pirveli gasvla) damarcxe-bul samsons: aq, TimnaSi, ganicada man pirveli xelis mocarva, aq pirvelad ga-moCnda, rom mas ar SeZlebia saidumlos Senaxva. ra iyo es saidumlo? es iyo igavi, romelic samsons Timnasken mimaval gzaze SeemTxva.

qalis dasaniSnad mimavals gzad lomi Semoeyreba. uiaraRo samsoni, uflis suliT moculi, Suaze gaxleCs loms. ramdenime xnis Semdeg mSoblebTan er-Tad imave gzaze gavlisas, amjerad ukve saqorwinod mimavali, gauxvevs im ad-gilisken, sadac lomi mokla; xedavs, lomis gvamSi futkari dabinavebula da Tafli gaukeTebia. samsonma SeWama Tafli da mSoblebsac aWama, romlebmac ar icodnen saidan iyo gamoRebuli Tafli. am SemTxvevam samsonis gonebaSi daba-da igavi-gamocana, romelic mas, rogorc sasiZos, unda mietana gamosacnobad, wesisamebr, qalis mayrebisTvis. `mWamelidan saWmeli gamovida, Zlieridan tkbi-li gamovida~ _ ase ucnaurad gardasaxa es sakvirveli SemTxveva samsonma, romlis Semswre mxolod Tavad iyo. gamocana Taviseburi orTabrZola iyo, romelic samsonma SesTavaza filistimel mayrebs. misi amocnoba ocdaaTi xe-li tanisamosiT iyo Sefasebuli qalis mayarTa ricxvis mixedviT, Tumca amoc-noba ufro Rirsebis saqme unda yofiliyo _ aq ebrZoda erTmaneTs ori moSu-Rari tomi, israeli da filistimeli, da ra unda yofiliyo ufro Sesaferi sarbieli am brZolisa, vidre qorwili? samsonma mayrebs Svidi dRe misca ga-mocanis amosacnobad, Svidi dRe qorwilisa. es Svidi dRe samsonisaTvis lxi-

nis dReebi unda yofiliyo, magram mas, rogorc gamocanis SemTavazebels da am SeTavazebiT filistimelTa gamomwvevs, gansacdelad eqca.

ocdaaTi mayari qals aiZulebda gamoetyuebina samsonisTvis igavis saidum-lo, qali ki, Tavis mxriv, `Svidi dRe Sestiroda samsons, ramden xansac lxini grZeldeboda~. bolos, meSvide dRes samsonma gaumxila pasuxi; mzis Casvlamde ki es ukve icodnen filistimelma moymeebma. aseTi iyo gamocanis pasuxi: `ra aris Taflze tkbili da lomze Zlieri?~ damarcxda samsoni da es Tavisi mar-cxi kvlav igavurad gamoTqva: `Cemi furi rom ar gexnaT, ver gamoicnobdiT Cems gamocanaso~. `furi~ anu Tavisi arCeuli sacole sacTurad eqca mas: misi furiT amoTxares filistimelebma misi saidumlo.

Rirsebis SesanarCuneblad samsons isRa darCenoda, rom sanaZleo gadaexada mayrebisaTvis: Camoerigebina ocdaaTi kacisTvis TiTo xeli tanisamosi. qorwi-neba ki CaiSala, magram samsonma gadawyvita, Suri eZia filistimelebze _ sama-si mela erTmaneTs gadaaba kudiT, TiTo maSxala miaba da miuSva filistimel-Ta savargulebze, gadabuga Znebi, samkali, venaxebi, zeTisxilis baRebi. aqdan daiwyo aSkara mtroba samsonsa da filistimelebs Soris. isini ukve sdevnid-nen samsons da cdilobdnen mis xelSi Cagdebas, radgan uflis Zalas xedavd-nen masSi. Tu mas bolos mouRebdnen, ebraelobac karga xans Zleuli iqneboda. samsoni imaleba iudas tomis miwa-wyalze, etamis exSi, xolo filistimelebi Seesevian iudaelebs da awiokeben, moiTxoven samsons. samasi iudaeli mivida etamis exTan da samsonic Cabarda maT, raTa misiT gamoesyidaT filistimelTa-gan mSvidoba.

auxsnelia, ratom moxda ase, ratom gaxda aucilebeli samsonis gacema. sama-si kaciT, samasi `msvlepeliT~, rogorc gvaxsovs, gaimarjva msajulma gedeon-ma midianelebze, romlebic Warbobdnen maT ricxviT. esenic samasni iyvnen, iu-das xalxi, da hyavdaT msajulad dauokebeli fizikuri Zalis mqone kaci, de-dis muclidanve mowmidari, romlis davlaTianoba ar SeiZleba ar hqonodaT gagebuli iudas tomSi, romlis mezobladac esaxla danis tomi. rogor ar un-da miswvdenoda iudas yurs misi ambavi, roca `uflis sulma iwyo misi aRZvra danis banakSi, corasa da eSTaols Soris~ (msaj. 13:25), roca daiwyo Cena misma qarizmam. samasi kaci erTi msajulis winamZRolobiT moutanda mSvidobas iu-das mxares, magram am samasma kacma ormagi axali TokiT Sekra samsoni da mi-ugdo filistimelebs.

aq ismis kiTxva: rogor moaxerxes iudaelebma SeeboWaT samsoni, romlis Za-la dausazRvreli iyo, radgan is uflis wyarodan moedineboda? an ra auci-lebeli iyo misi Seborkva, roca mas SeeZlo Tamamad wasuliyo filistimelTa winaaRmdeg _ erTi aTasze, rogorc moxda Semdeg? pasuxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samsoni gamudmebiT ver grZnobda zebunebriv Zalas Tavis TavSi. Zala uf-lisa iyo da ufali maSin aamoqmedebda mas, roca saWirod dainaxavda. Zala TiTqos yofiliyo denTi, romlis afeTqebas naperwkali sWirdeba. es naperwka-li ki uflisgan modis da aravin icis, rodis mova. am naperwklis gareSe sam-soni Cveulebrivi adamiania, romelic arafriT gansxvavdeba TiToeulisgan im samasSi, romelic mas borkavda. uimnaperwklod rom Tavis dacva ar SeeZlo samsons, es maT Soris gamarTuli mokle dialogidanac Cans: `uTxres (iudae-lebma): movediT, rom SegipyroT da migceT filistimelebs. samsonma uTxra: Se-momficeT, rom ar momklavT~ (msaj. 15:12). es ar aris im kacis sityvebi, rome-lic gamudmebiT grZnobs Zalas. marTalia, mas ganucdia `aRZvra~ uflis suli-sagan, Zalis mowola, magram axla am gancdis natamalic ar iyo masSi, SesaZ-loa, arc molodini; SesaZloa, ganwiruladac Tvlida Tavs; mzad iyo Sebo-Wils gaetarebina mTeli sicocxle tyveobaSi, oRond ar moeklaT.

ai, dgas uZluri samsoni martodmarto gamZvinvarebuli, SurisgebiT aRZru-li mtris winaSe. uflis gangebam moawyo ise, rom is marto aRmoCeniliyo aTa-sis win; martos _ ara samasi kacis waZRoliT, rogorc iqceoda misi winamor-bedi msajuli _ moetana xsna. magram jer Tavad unda gadarCeniliyo, jer mas unda movlenoda xsna, romelsac ar eloda (es gansacdelic _ gancda umweobi-

sa unda gadaetana); unda daxsniliyo saguldagulod dagrexili Tokebi, misma sulmokle Tanamemamuleebma rom Semoaxvies. ufali ar miatovebda, sikvdil-si-cocxlis zRvarze miuswrebda Tavis mowmidars.

`lexTan rom mivida (samsoni), yiJiniT Semoexvivnen filistimelebi da uf-lis suli gadmovida masze, Tokebi, romlebiTac xelebi hqonda Sekruli, damw-vari seliviT Seiqna, da dascvivda sakvrelebi xelebidan. viris axali yba ipo-va, xeliT daswvda, aiRo da aTasi kaci daxoca imiT~ (msaj. 15:14-15).

es gamarjveba, romelic ufro zRapruli gmiris gamarjvebas gvagonebs, ro-ca ubralo sagani ram saswaulebriv sabrZolo iaraRad iqceva mis xelSi, ase-Ti sityvebiT ukvdavyo samsonma:

bilexi haxamor xamor haxamoraTaim bilexi haxamor hiqeTi elef iS (msaj. 15:16).

romlis qarTuli Targmani daaxloebiT aseTi iqneba: viris ybiT virTa dasi, viris ybiT vxoce aTasi~. es sityvebi romeliRac ZvelisZveli, dakarguli poemis fragmentad miaC-niaT. magram isini mas aRmoxda rogorc sakuTari Semoqmedeba, rogorc Timnasken mimaval gzaze gamocana da misi pasuxi. da roca aRmoxda rogorc daskvna gadaxdili brZolisa, xelidan gaagdo nabrZoli yba _ lexi da uwoda im adgils ramaT-lexi (`borcvi ybisa~ an, xalxuri etimologiiT, `nagdebi yba~, raki aq daagdo samsonma yba). ase aRibeWda misi Rvawlis kvali iudas miwa-wyalze.

am gamarjvebis Semdeg samsons kvlav filistimelTa qalaqSi vxedavT. es aris Raza, xalxmravali qalaqi da sakulto centri, sadac samsoni erTi meZa-vis saxlSi aTevs Rames. SurismaZiebeli Razelebi qalaqis gareT, karibWesTan udarajeben samsons, diliT varaudoben mis gamosvlas. samsoni ki SuaRamisas gamovida qalaqidan, magram Tan gaiyola kari Tavisi bWeebiTurT da erT ma-Ral mTaze aitana, Razidan Sors, iudaelTa qalaq xebrons iqiT. raRac saara-ko da gaugonari unda Caedina samsons, rom aseTi daujerebeli epizodiT Se-morCeniliyo misi gmirobis ambavi. fiqroben, TiTqos aq samsoni mzis rolSi gvevlinebodes (misi saxeli SimSon xom `mcire mzes~ niSnavs): is imeorebs TiT-qos mzis miTosur gzas qvesknelidan (romlis gansaxiereba Razaa, mtris qala-qi), roca mze gamolewavs Signidan SaveTis karibWeebs da samSvidoboze gava qveynis gasanaTleblad.

RazaSi aCvena samsonma qveyanas _ Tavisas da mtrisas saarako Zala da Raza-Sive miiyvana igi sabolood bedisweram, raTa tragikulad gasrulebuliyo mi-si dauokebeli sicocxle. RazaSi eloda mas sapyrobile, SaveTi _ aq waarTves mas TvalisCini da aqve gabrwyinda sabolood misi dideba.

`amis Semdeg erTi qali Seuyvarda (samsons) sorekis xevSi, saxelad dali-la~ (msaj. 16:4). filistimelebs SeeZloT darwmunebiT efiqraT, rom samsoni ukve maT xelSi iyo. oRond maT unda `exnaT misi furiT~, romlis tyveobidan is Tavs ver aRwevda. rogorc maSin, qorwilis dReebSi, qalis xeliT rom ga-mostyues samsons misma mayrebma igavis pasuxi, romlis amocnoba mxolod Rir-sebis saqme iyo, axlac amave gzas daadgnen filistimeli mTavrebi: aTas-aTas vercxls dahpirda TiToeuli mis axlandel furs _ dalilas, rom gamoetyue-bina maTTvis samsonis Zalis saidumlo, raTa SeekraT kaci da daemorCilebi-naT. saidumlos gamotyuebis procesi pirwmindad zRaprulia. ase gamostyueben gulubryvilo devebs adamianTagan motacebuli colebi misi sasicocxlo su-lis adgilsamyofels. devi samgzis tyuis, meoTxegzis wamoscdeba simarTle. SeuCnda samsons dalila da mosveneba ar misca, sanam swori pasuxi ar miiRo. gaimarTa Zneli brZola, ufro Zneli, vidre odesme gadaexada samsons, orTab-rZola, roca adamians aiZuleben `sxvaTa msgavsi~ gaxdes, adamiani ki cdilobs SeinarCunos gansakuTrebuloba. sxvaTagan gamorCeuloba; jer ar tydeba, ar surs gasces mibarebuli, ar uRalatos sakuTar Tavs, magram... umjobesia wavi-kiTxoT es sabediswero epizodi.

`uTxra samsons dalilam: miTxari, saidan gaqvs es didi Zala? riTi unda Segkras kacma, rom dagimorCilos? uTxra samsonma: Svidi axalTaxali, nedli lariT unda Semkra, davZabundebi da sxvaTa msgavsi Seviqnebi. moatanina fi-

listimelTa mTavrebs Svidi axalTaxali, gamoumSrali lari da imiT Sekra dalilam samsoni. oTaxSi ki xalxi hyavda Casafrebuli. uTxra samsons dali-lam: samson, filistimelebi modian Senze! ise dawyvita samsonma larebi, ro-gorc ZenZis Zafi wydeba xolme, cecxli rom daynosavs. da ver amoicnes misi Zala. uTxra samsons dalilam: aha, xom momatyue da gamabriyve, axla mainc miTxari, riTi SeiZleba Seni Sekvra? uTxra samsonma: axalTaxali, uxmari To-kebiT unda Semkran, davZabundebi da sxvaTa msgavsi Seviqnebi. aiRo dalilam axalTaxali Tokebi, Sekra igi da uTxra: samson, filistimelebi modian Senze! oTaxSi es xalxi iyo Casafrebuli. ZafebiviT Semoiwyvita mklavebze. uTxra samsons dalilam: aqamde xom matyue da mabriyve. miTxari, riTi SeiZleba Seni Sekvra? miugo: Tu Cemi Tmis Svid kowols saZaxvelSi Cagrex. palo daaso da uTxra: filistimelebi modian Senze, samson! gamoeRviZa samsons da amoglija saZaxvelis palo naZaxvianad. uTxra dalilam: rogorRa meubnebi, miyvarxaro, Tu guliT ara xar CemTan? aha, samjer momatyue da ar gamimxile, saidan gaqvs eg didi Zala. raki yoveldRe am sityvebs CasCiCinebda da saSvels ar aZlevda, sicocxle mosZulda samsons. gamoutyda da uTxra: samarTebeli ar gahkarebia Cems Tavs, radgan dedis muclidan RvTis mowmidari var. Tavi rom gadampar-son, Zala gamomecleba, davZabundebi da sxvaTa msgavsi Seviqnebi. dainaxa da-lilam, rom guli gadauxsna man. SeuTvala filistimelTa mTavrebs: axla ki amodiT, gamomityda. amovidnen filistimelTa mTavrebi da vercxlic amoitanes. kalTaSi CaaZina igi dalilam, kaci ixmo da misi Tmis Svidive kowoli moapar-svina. iwyo samsonma daZabuneba, gamoecala Tavisi didi Zala. uTxra dalilam: filistimelebi modian Senze, samson! gamoeRviZa da ifiqra: avdgebi da winan-deburad davixsnio Tavs, magram ar icoda, rom RmerTma piri ibruna misgan...~ (msaj. 16:6-20).

gulisxmobda Tu ara samowmidaro pirobebi am saidumlos Senaxvas? amis Ta-obaze garkveviT araferia naTqvami. magram, rogorc am dramatuli epizodis boloSi gamoCnda, swored es dumili saidumlos Sesaxeb unda yofiliyo sa-fuZveli mowmidarobisa, misi Tavi da Tavi, radgan es iyo RvTis saidumlo adamianSi, romelic unda Senaxuliyo rogorc TvalisCini. `RmerTma piri ibru-na misgan~, amitom aris naTqvami, Tma ki mxolod niSani iyo am saidumlosi. RmerTma saxe Seaqcia mas ara imis gamo, rom Tma aRar hqonda, aramed im mize-ziT, rom saidumlo gasca.

dauZlurebuli, `sxvaTa msgavsad~ Seqmnili samsoni `Seipyres filistime-lebma da Tvalebi dasTxares, Caiyvanes RazaSi, spilenZis xundebi daades da iyo satusaRoSi mexelsafqvaved~ (msaj. 16:21). TvalisCini waarTves mas, vinc atarebda mziur saxels (SimSon); mtruli qalaqi Raza SaveTad eqca da, marT-lac, ganasaxierebda qvesknelSi Camaval, Camqral mnaTobs. borkildadebuli uflis mowmidari monad emsaxureboda filistimelebs, romelTa xelidan qvey-nis xsnisaTvis dedis saSoSive iyo mowodebuli. magram ufals bolomde ar mi-utovebia Tavisi mowmidari:

`amasobaSi iwyo Tmam wamozrda mis gadaparsul Tavze~ (msaj. 16:22). _ av-tors am fraziT mxolod im ubralo faqtis aRniSvna rodi surs, rac Tmis mozrdaSi mdgomareobs. Tma, cxadia, bunebrivad wamoizrdeboda. mas imis Tqmac surs am tevadi fraziT, rom samsoni ikrebs Zalas. avtors kidev imis Tqma surs da, SesaZloa, es iyos misi ZiriTadi saTqmeli, _ rom ufalma moinaxula usinaTlo mona mis SaveTSi, rom man Seundo Secodeba, Ralati, dacema; rom miscems saxsars gamosyidvisa. amis niSania Tmis mozrda.

samsonis aRsasruli _ tragikuli triumfi daemTxva filistimelTa mTavari RvTaebis _ dagonis dResaswauls. gamoiyvanes samsoni taZarTan Sekrebili xalxis winaSe gasamasxreblad da dagonis sadideblad, romelmac, maTi fiq-riT, xelSi Caugdo maTi qveynis amaoxrebeli. samsoni or svets Sua idga, sax-li ki savse iyo filistimelebiT da elodnen mis gapampulebas. axla mis Za-las mtrebis xelSi Cavardnili da samasxrod agdebuli kacis Rirseba unda daecva, Rirseba israelianisa, miT umetes, mowmidarisa, windaucveTeli filis-

timelebis winaSe; radgan samsonis ori davsebuli Tvali mxolod mis sakuTar ubedurebas ar gamoxatavda, isini israelisa da misi uflis damcirebisa da sircxvilis niSanic iyo. samsonma ganicada, Seicno wamis ganumeorebloba da SehRaRada ufals, rom am erTxelac da ukanasknelad gaeZlierebina igi. ufal-mac ar daayovna da, roca samsonma igrZno Tavis TavSi Zala, xelgapyrobiT mo-sinja ori sveti, romlebzedac saxli iyo dayrdnobili, da ganwiruli Zaxi-liT `mokvdi, sulo Cemo, filistimelebTan erTad!~ miawva maT. saxli Camoiqca da qveS moiyola samsoni da Sigmyofi xalxi.

`igi oci weli iyo israelis msajuli~ _ am sityvebiT mTavrdeba samsonis ambavi. is iyo ukanaskneli msajuli, romlis xsovna Semoinaxa `msajulTa wign-ma~.

mefeni winaswarmetyveli samueli

msajuloba ar iyo STamomavlobiTi, verc iqneboda im mizeziT, rom igi qa-rizmatuli iyo, damokidebuli iyo davlaTze, romelic uflisagan modioda. qarizma, davlaTi Svilze ar gadadioda, iseve, rogorc yoveli piradi Tviseba, Tu ufali amas ar moisurvebda. gedeonma uari Tqva eris winadadebaze, maTi mefe gamxdariyo: ara, me ver vimefeb Tqvenze. es iyo WeSmariti israelianis sityvebi, romelic ganicdis ciur winamZRolobas Tavis erze da gamsWvalulia im suliskveTebiT, rom misi eri gamorCeuli eria da ar unda hgavdes araferSi sxva xalxebs. im xalxebs, romlebic qanaanSi, israelis dasamkvidrebel qveya-naSi cxovrobdnen, yvelas hyavda mefe _ melex, romelic marTavda maT. Tavis sirTulesTan erTad, rac mefis cnebis gansazRvraSi mdgomareobs, yvelaze cxadi niSani mefisa is aris, rom igi STamomavlobiTia, is gadadis mamidan Svilze. ase rom, is ar hgavs arc erT winamZRolobas, romelic ki ganucdia israelis xalxs. mas axsovda, rom udabnoSi, im dinamiuri cxovrebis dros, roca igi dadioda, mas hyavda mose da mere ieso (ieSua), romelmac gamoiyvana isini iordaneze da daamkvidra qveyanaSi. magram arc mose, arc ieso, mefeebad ar iwodebodnen. roca xalxi iqmneboda, misi winamZRoli iyo winaswarmetyve-lic, iyo msajulic, iyo RvTismsaxuric (Suakaci RmerTsa da xalxs Soris), iyo sardalic, magram ar iyo mefe, romelic gulisxmobs memkvidreobiT garda-maval Zalauflebas da moiTxovs pirad pativs.

umefoba TiTqos am xalxis gansakuTrebuli, Tandayolili Tviseba unda yo-filiyo. roca is iqmneboda, TiTqos imgvarad iqmneboda, rom mTeli Tavisi is-toriis manZilze ar unda dasWirveboda mefe, radgan is RmerTi, romelmac isi-ni egviptidan gamoiyvana, maTi erTaderTi mefe unda yofiliyo. swored am Seg-nebiT gasca pasuxi mefis mosurne xalxs msajulma gedeonma, miaCnda ra Tavisi Tavi qarizmis droebiT matareblad, qveynis droebiT msajulad. gasagebia xalxis suliskveTeba: mas surs, rom hyavdes mudmivi winamZRoli da ar iyos damokidebuli qarizmaze, davlaTze, romelic msgavsad sulisa da qarisa ara-vin icis saidan da rodis uberavs da qris. xalxs surda damsgavseboda sxva xalxebs, rom damSvidebuli yofiliyo, radgan misTvis autaneli iyo sxvaTagan gamorCeulis martooba.

gedeonma uari Tqva mefobaze, magram misma Svilma abimeleqma mamis sikvdi-lis Semdeg TviTneburad gamoacxada Tavi mefed. Suamavlad ar yofila arc winaswarmetyveli, arc sxva vinme, rom gamoeTxova uflis Tanxmoba. amitomac misi mcdeloba gamefebisa kraxiT damTavrda: man ver daadgina dinastia. Tu ufali ar iqneboda momxre misi mefobisa, ra imedi hqonda gedeonis Zes, garda mamis avtoritetisa, mefed gamoecxadebina Tavi? amas gabedva sWirdeboda da abimeleqmac gabeda: man amoxoca Tavisi samocdaaTi (!) naxevarZma da amiT `da-amtkica~, rom mefea. sisxli iyo is mironi, romelic man icxo, raTa mefis uf-lebebi moepovebina. magram masze gadmovida ara kurTxeva, aramed mxolod wyev-

la. sami mkrexeluri uzurpatorobis Semdeg, is dedakacis xeliT gadmogore-bulma dolabma mokla (msaj. 9).

abimeleqis gamefebaSi uflis xeli ar eria, amitomac ase samarcxvinod da-asrula man sicocxle. da kvlav, roca israelma igrZno gadaudebeli saWiroe-ba mudmivi winamZRolobisa, man mimarTa winaswarmetyvels, daesva maTTvis mefe: `dagvidgine axla mefe, rom sxva xalxebis wesisamebr gangvsjideso~ (1mef. 8:5).

vin iyo es winaswarmetyveli, romelsac israelis uxucesobam aseTi Txov-niT mimarTa?

rogorc yovelTvis, aseTi kaci krizisul xanaSi ibadeba, is iqneb arc gaCe-niliyo amqveynad, rom mis unayofo dedas, xanas (anas) wlidan wlamde mxurva-le locva-vedreba ar aRevlinebina imis winaSe, vinc iZleva pirmSos. jer de-das surda hyoloda Tavisi saSos naSieri; mere mas Svili imisTvisac surda gasCenoda, rom ar daekarga qmris siyvaruli da amave dros aecilebina wyevla unayofobisa da sircxvili Tavis qmris meore colis winaSe, romelic amci-rebda mas misi siberwis gamo. SesaZloa, xanas raRac saso gasCenoda sarasa da raxelis gaxsenebisas, radgan es orTaveni qmrebis sayvareli colebi iyvnen, TumcaRa berwni garveul dromde. saram sami stumari angelozis dapirebisa-mebr Sva isaki _ aRTqmis Svili, xolo raxelma iosebi _ israelis tomis mxsneli egvipteSi.

samuelic _ ase erqva im winaswarmetyvels, mefobis daweseba rom sTxova xalxma _ aRTqmis Svili iyo. is Caisaxa sasowarkveTili qalis saSoSi, ro-gorc uflis wyaloba, da amitomac dedam, rogorc ki mosxlita igi, uflis sawmidars dautova anu Seswira siloamSi, sadac imxanad mRvdelmTavrobda wmida kaci, saxelad eli, da mRvdlebad iyvnen misi garyvnili Svilebi, rom-lebmac `arc ufali icodnen da arc mRvdlobis movaleoba xalxis winaSe~ (1mef. 2:12-13).

rac dro gadioda, naTqvamia matianeSi, ufro da ufro scodavdnen eli mRvdelmTavris Svilebi uflisa da eris winaSe, _ maTi saqme ukve gadawyveti-liyo caSi, _ `yrma samueli ki izrdeboda da mSvendeboda, uflisa da eris TvalSi~ (1mef. 2:26).

am zneobrivi dacemisa da politikuri gasaWiris xanaSi, _ filistimelebi kvlav mZlavrobdnen qveyanaze da, rogorc Cans, msajulic ar hyavda xalxs, _ roca TiTqos cac daxuruli iyo berwi qaliviT _ `uflis sityva iSviaTi iyo im xanebSi, xilvebi ar iyo xSiri~ (1mef. 3:1), gamoCnda samueli, jer kidev yrma, romlis meSveobiT ufalma daiwyo gamocxadeba da mxileba, da winaswarmetyve-leba da `fuWad ar Cauvlia arc erT mis sityvas, da Seityo mTelma israelma, danidan ber-Sebamde, rom samueli uflis winaswarmetyvelad iqna damtkicebu-li~ (1mef. 3:19-20).

samuelis pirovnebaSi SeerTda winaswarmetyveli da msajuli _ misi msaju-lobiT israelma saboloo gamarjveba moipova filistimelebze, daibruna war-Tmeuli qalaqebi da `uflis xeli iyo filistimelebze samuelis sicocxleSi~ (1 mf. 7:13). magram is iyo ukanaskneli msajuli, romlis sicocxleSive gadag-varda msajulobis instituti. jer erTi, imitom, rom man moindoma msajuloba memkvidreobiT gadasuliyo missave sicocxleSi: roca moxucda, `israelis msa-julebad Tavisi Svilebi daadgina~ (1 mf. 8:1); meorec is, rom iseTi Rirseuli kacis Svilebi, rogoric iyo samueli, ar gamodgnen msajulebad: `ar gahyvnen Svilebi mamis gzas, angarebas misdevdnen, qrTams iRebdnen da samarTals amru-debdnen~ (8:3).

misi Svilebis uRirsi msajuloba iyo sababi imisa, rom xalxma samuels mosTxova mefe. xalxs ar SeeZlo Tavisi sakuTari arCevaniT gamoerCia mefe Ta-visi wridan. xalxi arc samuelisgan moeloda, rom is Tavisi nebiT airCevda israelianTagan mefes. samueli RmerTs unda dahkiTxeboda an xilvaSi unda mi-eRo niSani im israelianze, romlis mefobasac RmerTi inebebda.

mainc ras warmoadgenda mefe Zveli aRTqmis ideologiis Tanaxmad, rogor esaxeboda mefobis institutis arsi Zveli aRTqmis sazogadoebis ideologs?

pirvel rigSi, ramdenadac ufali iyo erTaderTi WeSmariti mefe, romlis morCileba marTebda yvelas, vinc egviptidan iyo amoyvanili da axladmopove-bul qveyanaSi hqonda wili, yoveli xorcieli mefe unda Seracxuliyo im uxi-lavi, transcendentuli mefis xilul da amqveyniur gamoxatulebad. es ki sxva araferi iqneboda, Tu ara kerpTayvaniscema imave `oqros xbosi~, romelic udabnoSi myofma xalxma Tavisi uflis xatad igulva. rjuli ambobda, rom xalxs ar unda hyoloda kerpebi da mxolod zeciur ufals unda damorCile-boda. amieridan ki xalxi unda damorCileboda xorciel mefes. amas gulisx-mobda uflis pasuxi samuelisadmi, romelmac CiviliTa da guliswyromiT ac-noba mas xalxis survili: `Seismine xalxis yoveli sityva, rasac getyvis, rad-gan Sen ki ar uargyves, aramed me uarmyves TavianT mefed~ (1mef. 8:7). es moT-xovna uaryofa ki ara, ugulebelyofa mainc iyo Teokratiisa, roca xalxi uSualod RvTis sityvas unda damorCileboda da ara imas, vinc am sityvas uc-xadebda mas. magram ufalma miiRo xalxis survili, win ar aRudga mis nebas, radgan Tavisufal xalxad hyavda Seqmnili da gamozrdili Tavisi unji eri. oRond xalxs unda scodnoda, rogor uRelSi ebmeboda mefobis dawesebiT. sa-muelis piriT Zveli aRTqma, rogorc yovelTvis, daufaravad amxilebs mefobis uaryofiT mxareebs. ai, mefobis ra saidumlo ganucxada xalxs samuelma:

`uTxra: ai, ra uflebebi eqneba mefes, romelic imefebs Tqvenze: waiyvans Tqvens Svilebs da Tavis etlebTan da cxenebTan daayenebs; irbenen isini misi etlis win. daniSnavs maT aTasisTavebad da ormocdaaTisTavebad, Tavisi yanis mosaxnavad da Tavisi samkalis mosamkelad, Tavisi sabrZolo saWurvelisa da etlebis sakeTeblad. aiyvans Tqvens asulebs menelsacxeblebad, mzareulebad da puris mcxoblebad. wagarTmevT saukeTeso yanebs, venaxebsa da zeTisxilis baRebs da Tavis msaxurebs daurigebs. meaTeds aiRebs Tqveni naTesebidan da venaxebidan da Tavis kariskacebsa da msaxurebs uwyalobebs. wagarTmevT sauke-Teso ymebs, mxevlebs, msaxur biWebs, saxedrebs da Tavis saqmeze amsaxurebs. waiRebs meaTeds Tqveni faridan da Tqvenc misi ymebi gaxdebiT. maSin mohyvebiT wuwuns Tqvens arCeul mefeze, magram ar mogismenT ufali~ (1mef. 8:11-18).

xalxma moismina es sityvebi, magram yvelafris fasad moiTxova mefe. mTava-ri mainc is iyo, rom mas surda sxva xalxebs damsgavseboda:

`ara da ara, mefe unda gvesvas: Cvenc iseTebi unda viyoT, rogorc sxva xal-xebi arian. Cveni mefe gangvsjis Cven, win wagviZRveba da Cveni gulisTvis ibr-Zolebs~ (1mef. 8:9-20).

axla gadasawyveti iyo, vin unda yofiliyo israelis mefe anu uflis xor-cieli nacvali qveyanaze. magram gana SeiZleboda adamianis nebiT gadawyveti-liyo, Tu vin iqneboda konkretulad mefe? saidan, romeli tomidan, ra Camomav-lobisa? an hqonda Tu ara mniSvneloba STamomavlobas, winaprebs, simdidres an pirad Tvisebebs, fizikur Zalas Tu sulier simamaces? rac unda brZeni da SorsmWvreteli yofiliyo samueli, is Tavisi sakuTari arCevaniT ver gamoZeb-nida mefes. aq kvlav uflis xmisTvis unda esmina mas.

uflis STagonebiT samuelma samefod gamoarCia israelianTagan is Sto, sa-xeldobr, beniaminisa, romelic yvelaze naklebad eloda am Rirsebas. Tumca is, vinc arCeul iqna, obieqturad _ ara mxolod samuelis fiqriT _ saukeTeso niSnebiT aris wardgenili Zveli aRTqmis mkiTxvelis winaSe: kiSs `hyavda vaJi, gamorCeuli da mSvenieri, saxelad sauli. israelianTa Soris masze ukeTesi aravin iyo: erTi TaviT maRali iyo mTel xalxze~ (1mef. 9:2), mainc arCeuls, roca garkveviT ecnoba mas zegardmo moniWebuli misiis Sesaxeb, Tavi ar Seu-racxavs mefobis Rirsad. misi pasuxi iseTive iyo samuelisadmi, rogoric pasu-xi gedeonisa uflis angelozisadmi, romelmac msajuloba miuloca mas. samue-lis sityvebze, `vis ekuTvnis israelis mTeli saunje, Tu ara Sen da mamaSenis mTel saxlso~, yrma sauli upasuxebs: `me xom beniamineli var, israelis umc-rosi tomis kaci? Cemi sagvareuloc xom umciresia beniaminis tomis sagvareu-loTa Soris? risTvis meubnebi amaso~ (1mef. 9:20-21). samuels aRar dauzuste-bia, aRar gaumxnevebia, ar gauxsenebia misTvis misi sagvareulos Rirsebani kni-

ni beniaminis tomSi. cxadia, arc arsebula raime Rirseba, romlis gulisTvi-sac ufali irCevda kiSis Zes. ra hqonda mas garda silamazisa (rac ase iSvia-Tia RirsebaTa Soris Zveli aRTqmis avtorTaTvis) da gamorCeuli simaRlisa. saulis pasuxSi unda davimaxsovroT mxolod sruli ignorireba sakuTari Rirsebebisa (Tuki raime hqonda) _ simdable yrma saulisa, romelic Semdeg rogorc davinaxavT, gamoiwvevs masSi arasrulfasovnobis grZnobas, dabadebs eWvsa da Surs Tavisi erTguli adamianis mimarT, rac sabolood misi jer su-lieri, mere ki fizikuri daRupvis mizezi Seiqneba.

sauli

axla ki es yrma, romelic uflis miswavlebiT unda gamoeZebna samuels da zeTi ecxo misTvis, ramdenime dRe msaxur biWTan erTad daeZebs mamamisis da-kargul virebs. gangebam ise moawyo, rom nacvlad imisa, rom virebi epova, sau-li Sexvda winaswarmetyvel samuels, romelmac mefoba `apovnina~ mas. sauls surda misgan, rogorc misnisagan, gamoekiTxa dakarguli virebis ambavi, misans ki erTi dRiT adre hqonda gamocxadebuli uflisagan: `xval am dros kacs ga-mogigzavni beniaminis mxaridan da scxeb mas Cemi eris, israelis mefed...~ (1 mf. 9:16).

aucilebeli iyo, rom isini _ winaswarmetyveli da mefed zegardmo ganwese-buli erTmaneTs Sexvedrodnen (amisTvis jer saWiro iyo virebi dahkargoda ma-mamiss, kiSs) im adgilas, saidanac winaswarmetyveli arafris momlodine yrmas waiyolebda gorakze, saxalxo msxverplSewirvis adgilze da saklavis sauke-Teso naWers miawodebda, mere ki, daimartoxelebda Tu ara, zeTs daasxamda Tavze, akocebda da etyoda: `aha, gcxo ufalma Tavisi samkvidros mTavrad~ (1 mf. 10:1). yvelaferi winaswar aris gamzadebuli an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, samueli xedavs, rom rac saulis Tavs xdeba, yvelaferi winaswar aris gadawyvetili. misgan wasul sauls, vinc Sexvdeba, yvela, Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad, monawi-leobs mis uCveulo TavgadasavalSi: is ori kacic, romelic raxelis saflav-Tan etyvis mas, napovnia Seni virebi, romelTac eZebdio, da is sami kacic, ro-melTagan erTi or purs miscems da isic gamoarTmevs; da, rac mTavaria, qala-qis SesasvlelTan gorakidan daSvebuli gundi winaswarmetyvelTa anu qadag-Ta, romlebsac Seereva sauli, raTa maszec gadavides RvTis suli da maTTan erTad isic aqadagdes (1mef. 10:2-6). TiToeuli Tav-Tavis saqmeze dadis, magram sabolood, uflis gangebiT, yvela erT saqmeSi Sexvdeba erTmaneTs.

es Sexvedrebi, romelTac samueli uwinaswarmetyvelebs sauls, iyo niSnebi, romelTac unda daedasturebina saulisTvis, rom rac mis Tavze xdeba, ubra-lod ar xdeba, rom es Sexvedrebi saswaulebia mis gzaze, romelic sabediswe-ro aRmoCnda misTvis. cxadia, qadagebTan Sexvedris Semdeg sauli iseTive ar daubrundeboda mamas, rogoric man gamoistumra virebis saZebnelad. `RvTis suli gadmova Senze, uTxra samuelma, da masTan erTad aqadagdebi. sxva kacad gardaiqmnebi~ (1 mf. 12:6).

aqedan, am gardaqmnidan iwyeba saulis drama, romelic tragikuli aRsasru-liT bolovdeba. marTalia, is ukve cxebuli iyo samuelis xeliT da mefedac gamocxadebuli israelis yvela tomis winaSe, magram pirvel gamarjvebamde anu pirvel xsnamde, romelic man, rogorc mefem, moutana xalxs, sauli rigiTi is-raelianis cxovrebas misdevda. jer kidev ar iyo masze qarizma, radgan madli krizisul wuTebSi unda gadmosuliyo masze. qarizma ar axlda mas, yanaSi mxvnel-mTesvels, rogorc kerZo kacs, magram is yvelasaTvis moulodnelad icvleba, roca Seityobs yamonelTa Tavdasxmas qveyanaze, saxeldobr, qalaq iabeSze, romelic galaadis mxareSi mdebareobda da napiris adgili iyo, mtri-sagan naklebad daculi. roca mociqulebi movidnen gibyaSi, sadac saulis sagvareulo cxovrobda, da iqaurma xalxma maTgan motanil ambavze tirili morTo, sauli am dros xarebs mohyveboda yanidan. `am sityvebis gagonebaze RvTis suli gadmovida saulze da Zlier ganrisxda igi. adga da akuwa orive

xari da mociqulebis xeliT dagzavna mTels israelSi, SeuTvala: vinc saul-sa da samuels ar gahyveba, ase mouva mis xarebso~ (1 mf. 11:6-7).

es iyo ZvelisZveli niSani, romelsac kaci ukidures viTarebaSi iyenebs, ro-ca sityva ise ver gaWris, rogorc moqmedeba. es ar aris msxverplSewirva da miT umetes STambeWdavia, rom xarebi msxverplad ki ar iwireba, ki ar ikvlis, aramed ikuweba. es simwris gamomxatvelia. amis Camdeni gambedavia, SesaZloa, is Tavisi nebiTac ar moqmedebdes. saulis SemTxvevaSi ki aSkara iyo, rom mas RvTis suli amoqmedebda, amitomac `uflis SiSi daeca xalxs da gamovidnen rogorc erTi kaci~ (1mef. 11:7).

es SiSi, saRvTo SiSi, imis gamoxatuleba iyo, rom xalxma irwmuna misi me-foba, imaTac ki, romlebic ambobdnen, `eg Cven rogor gvixsniso, da SeiZules igi da ZRveni ar miarTves~ (1mef. 10:27), anu ar aRiares igi TavianT mefed. sa-ulma moimoqmeda, aRasrula pirveli xsna da Caidina pirveli mefuri didsu-lovneba, roca ar dasaja is xalxi, vinc eWvis TvaliT uyurebda mis mefobas, Tumca misi erTgulebi moiTxovdnen maT dasjas. saulis pasuxi ki aseTi iyo: `erTi kacic ar mokvdeba dRes, radgan xsna moavlina ufalma dRes israelSi~ (1mef. 10:13). am sityvebSi gamoCnda ara mxolod sulgrZeloba axladdadgenili mefisa, aramed imis Segnebac, rac WeSmariti msajulebisaTvis iyo niSandobli-vi, rom xsna uflisgan aris, winamZRoli ki mxolod iaraRia mis xelSi. sagu-lisxmoa, rom swored am sityvebis Semdeg iyo, rom samuelma Sehyara xalxi gilgalSi, israelis istoriis RirsSesaniSnav adgilas (aq daibanaka xalxma pirvelad, roca iordane gadalaxa qveynis dasamkvidreblad), raTa ganemtkice-bina saulis mefoba: `uTxra samuelma xalxs: wamodiT, wavideT gilgalSi da ganvaaxloT iq mefoba. wavida mTeli xalxi gilgals da gaamefes sauli uf-lis winaSe iq, gilgalSi. Seswires samadlobeli msxverpli uflis winaSe da Zlier gaixares iq saulma da yvela israelianma~ (1mef. 11:14-15).

magram swored gilgalSive miiRo saulma uflisgan pirveli sayveduri, aqe-dan daiwyo ufalma misi moZuleba: `inana ufalma, sauli rom gaamefa israel-Si~ (1mef. 15:35). saulma ori danaSauli Caidina, risTvisac daimsaxura risxva samuelisa da uflisa, Tumca Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisTvis Zneli gansacdelia maTi simZime. magram sauli saRvTo samarTliT iqna gansjili.

es moxda misi mefobis meore wels, gilgalSi. sauli masTan Semokrebil xalxTan erTad samuels elodeboda, raTa brZolis win msxverpli Sewiruli-yo da vedreba aRvleniliyo uflis mimarT, samueli daTqmul droze ar modi-oda, sauls ki xalxi efanteboda da filistimelebic, sadac aris, unda dasx-modnen Tavs. saulmac gabeda, risi uflebac ar hqonda miRebuli uflisagan _ aRavlina aRsavleni, raTa xalxi gaemxnevebina da daekavebina banakSi. `Tavs vi-kavebdi, magram mainc aRvavline aRsavleni msxverplio~, ase imarTla Tavi sa-ulma dagvianebiT mosuli samuelis winaSe. Zneli saTqmelia, SemTxveviT daig-viana samuelma Tu gamosacdelad, raki ganwiruli iyo sauli, gauZlebda Tu ara gansacdels, magram faqtia, rom RvTismsaxurebis uzurpacia (gavixsenoT aluda qeTelauris gansacdeli, roca man TviTneburad Seswira kurati, ris gamoc moikveTa kidec sazogadoebisagan) gaxda sababi misi moZulebisa. `ugunu-rad moiqeci, rom ar daicavi uflis, Seni RmerTis nabrZanebi. es rom ar geqna, samaradisod ganamtkicebda ufali Sens mefobas israelze. amieridan veRar im-yarebs Seni mefoba. gamoZebnis ufali Tavis sasurvel kacs da Tavisi eris wi-namZRolobas ubrZanebs...~ (1mef. 13:13-14).

magram ufali aq ar gandgomia sabolood Tavis cxebuls. aqedan mxolod daiwyo gandgoma.

iyo tomi yamaleki, romelTa winaprebi erT dros abrkolebdnen gzaze egvip-tidan aRTqmuli qveynisken mimaval israels. axla moadga yamaleki iudaelTa erT-erT qalaqs asaoxreblad da gasaZarcvavad. ufalma sauls ubrZana samue-lis piriT, gaenadgurebina yamalekis mTeli sabadebeli, roca daamarcxebda, ar daendo arc adamiani, arc pirutyvi (1mef. 15:1-3). dedanSi gamoyenebuli sity-va `ganadgurebis~ gamosaxatavad (xerem) gulisxmobs mtris qonebisa Tu cocxa-

li Zalis mTlianad mospobas, roca adamians araferi ar unda darCes nadav-lad anu ekrZaleba xeli axlos mtris sabadebels, radgan totaluri ganadgu-rebiT uflisadmia Sewiruli. misgan araferi ar unda darCes, igi ganwirulia dasaRupad da am ganwirulobiT is gamoridebulia Cveulebriv, yofiT sferos da sakralizebulia, amitomac misi xelyofa danaSaulia; iseve, rogorc dana-Saulia aRsavleni, anu sxvanairad, mTlianad dasawveli msxverplis gemos xilva saRvTo trapezze.

saulma ki xalxis SiSiT, radgan gamarjvebul xalxs dauokebeli survili hqonda, dapatroneboda mtris dovlaTs, gasanadgureblad ar gaimeta saukeTe-so saqoneli, sursaT-sanovage, baR-venaxebi, xolo uvargisi rac iyo, gaanadgu-ra. daindo agreTve yamalekis mefe agagi. teqsti ar ambobs, ratom daindo sa-ulma yamalekis mefe. magram man daindo igi rogorc adamianma da ara mefem, romelsac usityvod marTebda damorCileboda uflis gankargulebas. ufali mefisgan moiTxovs morCilebas, radgan mefezea damokidebuli qveynis keTild-Reoba da bedi da, rac mTavaria, xsna. sauli moiqca rogorc kerZo kaci moiq-ceoda, sakuTar gulispasuxs mindobili.

mRvdlobis funqciis xelyofas axla daerTo akrZalulis anu xeremis xel-yofa da aman gadawyvita misi, rogorc mefis, bedi. mas zurgi Seaqcia samuel-mac, misma moyvarulma, da roca mosasxamis kalTaze moeWida mas vedrebiT, `dabrundi CemTan erTad, rom Tayvani vceo ufals~, radgan sruliad marto rCeboda, kalTa gaiglija, razedac simboluri sityvebi moesma mosasxamis pat-ronisagan: `gamogglija dRes ufalma israelis mefoba da misca igi Sens Tvis-toms, Senze ukeTess~ (1mef. 15:26-28).

daviTi

sauls ukve meored esmis winaswarmetyvelis sityvebi, rom is moZulebulia uflisagan, da rom israelis romeliRac tomSi, romeliRac sagvareuloSi, uk-ve amorCeulia Rirseuli samefo kaci.

magram es ambavi mxolod man icis da samuelma. magram saulma ar SeiZleba icodes, vin iqneba konkretulad is rCeuli. amis codna mxolod samuels SeuZ-lia, radgan kvlav misi xeliT unda moxdes cxeba da kurTxeva mefisa. arCevani kvlav uCino sagvareuloze midga, Tumca iudas tomi, romelsac ekuTvnoda ie-ses _ daviTis mamis gvari, arc ise uCino iyo. magram beTlems swored daviTis mefobis gamo eloda dideba momavalSi. `beTlemel iesesTan ggzavni, radgan mis SvilTa Soris davigule CemTvis mefe~, _ esmis samuels uflis sityvebi (1mef. 16:1). winaswarmetyveli da mRvdelmTavari unda stumreboda beTlemSi ie-ses ojaxs, Seewira msxverpli da saRvTo trapezze moewvia yvelani. ieses ki rva Svili hyavda, rvave vaJi. `Camoatara iesem Tavisi Svidi vaJiSvili samue-lis win~, magram arc erTi maTgani ar iyo uflis rCeuli. mogviano gadmoce-miT, roca samuelma ieses erT-erT vaJiSvils, eliabs, daupira cxeba, zeTi ar gadmoiRvara rqidan, igive ganmeorda sxva Zmebis mimarTac; magram, roca jeri daviTze midga, zeTi Tavisuflad gadmoiRvara da Tavze daesxa Wabuks.

Tumca samueli winaswarmetyveli iyo da misani (xozeh `mxilveli~), magram is mainc adamiani iyo da, rogorc adamians sCvevia, garegnobiT arCevda samefo kacs. pirvelad mas TvalSi moxvda eliabi _ maRali, tanadi, Tanac yvelaze ufrosi ZmebSi. roca samuelis Tvali masze SeCerda, man aseTi Segoneba mois-mina uflisagan: `nu uyureb mis garegnobas da tanis simaRles, radgan me ganva-yene igi...~ ufali gulisxmobs ganyenebas saulisas, romelic erTi TaviT maRa-li iyo mTels xalxSi. mere kidev Caesmis xma samuels: `radgan ise ar aris, rogorc kaci xedavs. radgan kaci mxolod imas xedavs, rac TvalSi xvdeba, xo-lo ufali guls xedavs~ (1mef. 16:7).

Sinac rom yofiliyo am dros daviTi, albaT samueli zedac ar Sexedavda, arc iese warudgenda umrwemes Zes _ nabolaras. am dros daviTi cxvarSi iyo da es garemoeba ormagad simboluri Seiqna: mefe unda aRzevebuliyo im adgi-lidan, saidanac aravin eloda mefes; da mefe unda gamosuliyo mwyemsobidan

uflis eris dasamwyemsavad. es idea mkafiod aris gamoTqmuli fsalmunSi da ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebaSi. 78-e fsalmunSi vkiTxulobT:

`gamoarCia daviTi, Tavisi morCili, da gamoiyvana cxvris farexidan, mwve-lavTagan moiyvana igi Tavisi eris, iakobis da Tavisi samkvidros, israelis dasamwyemsavad. da mwyemsavda maT wrfeli guliT da Tavisi marjve xeliT mi-uZRvoda maT~ (fsalm. 78:70-72).

daviTi bolomde inarCunebs mwyemsobis saxels _ Tavad saxeli `daviT~ da tituli `mwyemsi~ esqatologiuri SinaarsiT itvirTeba, esenia: mesiis sakuTari saxeli da zedwodeba _ rogorc winaswarmetyvelebs ezekieli:

`me davixsni Cems cxvars da aRar iqnebian datacebulni... erT mwyemss davu-yeneb maT da is damwyemsavs maT. daviTi, Cemi msaxuri, damwyemsavs maT: is iqne-ba maTi mwyemsi. me _ ufali, maTi RmerTi viqnebi, xolo daviTi, Cemi morCili, winamZRoli iqneba maTi~ (ezek. 34:22-24).

amrigad, SvidSi ar aRmoCnda is, romelsac eZebda samueli, maSin iesem sa-Zovrebidan daibara umcrosi vaJi, nabolara, romelzedac damyarebuli iyo xsnis imedi da, ufro farTo masStabiT, esqatologiuri imedi. magram arc am SemTxvevaSi araferia naTqvami rCeulis Rirsebebze, TiTqos erTaderTi misi Rirseba umrwemesoba yofiliyo. eris istoriaSi, genealogiur TqmulebebSi Zlierad iyo CabeWdili umcrosobis upiratesoba. es upiratesoba imdenad nam-dvili iyo misi istoriaSi realizaciis ZaliT, rom esaia winaswarmetyvelis bageebSi andazur WeSmaritebadac ki JRers: `mcire aTasad gadaiqceva da umr-wemesi _ did xalxad~ (es. 60:22).

gareSe damkvirveblisaTvis gaugebaria es arCevani _ araviTari xiluli ni-Sani Rirsebisa, arc raime miniSneba Sinagani Tvisebisa, romlis matarebeli un-da imsaxurebdes mefobas Tu xalxis winamZRolobas. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom ufali irCevs mas iseTs, rogoric aris igi. saulic iseTive airCia, rogo-ric iyo igi Tavisi xiluli da uxilavi naklovanebebiT, romlebic Semdeg ga-movlindeboda an, SeiZleba, arc ki gamovleniliyo. ufals ar gardauqmnia igi, ar Seucvlia misi pirovneba, ar Sexebia mis Sinagan birTvs, romelic yovel kerZo SemTxvevaSi warmoSobs saqciels. ufalma masSi datova xeluxleblad Tavisufali neba, morCilebisaken Tu urCobisaken adamianis mimdrekeli. yvela potencia, romelic mere iCens Tavs saulis cxovrebaSi, imTaviTve iyo masSi. mefed cxebam, rac mdgomareobda wmida zeTis meoxebiT RvTis sulis masze gadmosvlaSi, mas mxolod qarizma, davlaTi misca dasazRvruli vadiT, raTa sasikeTod waremarTa Tavisi moqmedeba da morCili yofiliyo uflis xmisa, romelmac uboZa es suli, rogorc mefes da ara kerZo adamians.

aseve daviTic ar iyo srulyofili adamiani. igi rCeba iseTad, rogoric iS-va iesesgan, codvisken midrekili, rogorc yoveli adamiani. RvTis suli, rome-lic gadmovida masze samuelis xeliT zeTiscxebisas, ki ar gardaqmnis mas axal adamianad, sxva bunebis kacad, aramed aZlevs Zalas xalxis gasaZRolad, mefobis warsamarTavad. RvTis suli ar eZleva kerZo adamians, aramed mefes da amitomac ekrZaleba mas misi gamoyeneba piradi miznebisaTvis.

daviTis bedi, gansakuTrebiT misi cxovrebis pirvel periodSi, gadajaWvu-lia saulis bedTan. maT urTierTobaSi vlindeba ori gansxvavebuli tipi ada-mianisa. es urTierToba, romelic dramatulia da saxifaTo orivesaTvis, gamo-aCens TiToeul maTganSi iseT Tvisebebs, rogornic arasodes gamovlindeboda, rom maTi Sexvedra ar momxdariyo. daviTi da sauli erTmaneTs qmnian, SeiZle-ba iTqvas, es urTierToba erTs aRazevebs maRal zneobaSi, romlisTvisac arc erT pirovnebas Zveli aRTqmis ganmavlobaSi ar miuRwevia, da meores ise gas-tanjavs SuriT da eWviT, ise dascems, rogorc mcireni Tu dacemulad mefeTa-gan.

daviTisa da saulis Sexvedris ori varianti Semoinaxa Zveli aRTqmis tra-diciam. daviTi unda moxvdes saulis karze, magram rogor? kanonikuri teqsti (sxva teqsti ki ar arsebobs) saulis cnobil SavnaRvlianobas xsnis imiT, rom `ganeSora sauls uflis suli da dauwyo mas wvaleba borotma sulma uflisa-

gan~ (1mef. 16:14). misgan uflis sulis ganSoreba ki uSualod dakavSirebulia daviTis mefed cxebasTan beTlemSi, romelic saidumlod unda momxdariyo, rogorc saulis mefed cxeba moxda. `aiRo samuelma rqa da scxo mas misi Zme-bis TandaswrebiT. am dRidan da merec uflis suli warmarTavda daviTs... gane-Sora sauls uflis suli...~ (1mef. 16:13-14). xom ar SeiZleboda, rom RvTis suli erTdroulad yofiliyo davanebuli rCeulze da ganyenebulze? ufalma miato-va sauli da borot suls gauxsna gza mis bunebaSi. Cans, es iyo RvTis sasje-li, magram sabediswero is iyo, rom saulis gvemuli sulis Semsubuqeba daeva-la axladcxebul daviTs:

`uTxres misma msaxurebma sauls: aha, boroti suli RvTisagan gaSfoTebs Sen. ubrZanos Cvenma batonma Sens msaxurT, moZebnon kaci, qnarze damkvreli, da, roca Semogawveba boroti suli RvTisagan, daukravs da Sveba mogecema. uT-xra saulma Tavis msaxurT: momiZebneT kaci, kargad rom ukravdes qnarze, da momiyvaneT. miugo erTma msaxurTaganma da uTxra: beTlemeli ieses Svili megu-leba, icis qnarze dakvra, qveli da mamaci kacia, sityvagonieri da lamazi. ufalia masTan...~ (1mef. 16:15-18).

ase moxvda daviTi saulTan da `roca ki Semoawveboda boroti suli RvTis-gan sauls, aiRebda daviTi qnars da ukravda. amoisunTqebda sauli, ukeT xde-boda, gaecleboda boroti suli~ (1mef. 16:23). magram yovelTvis ase mSvidobia-nad ar mTavrdeboda boroti sulis Semowola: ufro xSirad saulis Subi gan-sagmiravad emuqreboda daviTs, risTvisac sauls sababad hqonda jer eWvi, raki axsovda samuelisagan masze ukeTesi rCeulis arsebobis Sesaxeb israelSi, da mere Suri. rac Surs Seexeba, saamiso sababic hqonda sauls. am motivzea agebu-li maTi Sexvedris, ufro sworad, daviTis saulis karze moxvedris meore versia.

es aris cnobili epizodi, sadac daviTi amarcxebs filistimelTa bumbe-razs, saxelad goliaTs, da ixsnis israelis laSqars sircxvilisagan da ga-dawyvets brZolis beds. es epizodi moTxrobilia me-17 TavSi, romelic uSua-lod mosdevs daviTis mefedcxebisa da saulTan misi miyvanis ambavs. me-16 Tav-Si Cven vecnobiT daviTs, rogorc farul cxebuls da memusikes. axla ki da-viTma rogorc mxsnelma gamoiCina Tavi.

aris aSkarad zRapruli elementi am epizodSi, Tumca eWvs ar unda iwvevdes amis gamo me-17 TavSi gadmocemuli ambavi. yrma, darwmunebuli Tavis davlaTSi (is, cxadia, grZnobda uflis suls Tavis TavSi), gabedulad Caeba orTabrZo-laSi, romlis Sedegs unda gadaewyvita bedi brZolisa israelsa da filisti-melTa Soris. aq araferia daujerebeli (msgavsi asparezoba `baSi-aCukSic~ aris moTxrobili), oRond yrma daviTi gvagonebs zRapris gmirs, xSirad gle-xis biWs, goliaTi _ samefoze miCenil, mourevel Zalas, xSirad gveleSaps, sa-uli ki _ qveynis mefes, romelic Tavis asuls hpirdeba im gmirs, vinc ixsnis qveyanas gveleSapisagan. am gmirs, romelsac xSirad Zmebic hyavs da, Tu hyavs, Tavad umcrosia da ufrosni ver uyureben mas mainc da mainc Zmurad, aqvs ra-Rac jadosnuri sagani, raRac gaRebuli msxverplis sanacvlod mopovebuli, an rogorc jildo keTili samsaxurisa Tu misi bunebrivi sikeTisaTvis, rac ar Cans da, SesaZloa, arc arasodes gamoCndes; sagani, romliTac is Zlevs masze aTaswilad aRmatebul fizikur Zalas, _ zRapris simbolikiT, es sagani zRap-ris gmiris swored am dafaruli, misi mflobelisTvis gaucnobierebeli sike-Tis gamoxatulebaa _ gasagnebuli sikeTe.

ra imediT gadioda aSkarad uTanasworo orTabrZolaSi daviTi, es mxolod erTma RmerTma uwyoda.

goliaTis epizodSi avtors ise Semohyavs daviTi, TiTqos is mkiTxvelisT-vis ucnobi iyos, TiTqos pirvelad acnobdes mas;

`daviTi iyo Svili im efraTelisa, iudas beTlemidan, romelsac saxelas erqva iese da rva Svili hyavda. saulis dros moxucebuli iyo es kaci, xandaz-muli. wahyva sauls brZolaSi ieses sami ufrosi vaJiSvili; omSi wasuli misi

vaJiSvilis saxelebi iyo: pirmSosi eliabi, momdevnosi aminadabi, mesamesi Sama. daviTi ki maTze umcrosi iyo. wahyva sami ufrosi sauls...~ (1mef. 17:12-14).

mama agzavnis ZmebTan umcross, romelic unda iyos misi sayvareli Svili; mama moxucebulia _ amas xazs usvams teqsti. ufrosi Zmebi mainc da mainc ar unda iyvnen keTilad ganwyobilni umcrosisadmi, radgan swored maT Tvalwin gamoarCia samuelma umcrosi, roca zeTi scxo mas, Tumca es rituali saidum-lod unda Sesrulebuliyo; moxucebuli mama ki, rogorc iakobi iosebs, agzav-nis ZmebTan _ maT mosakiTxad da maTi ambis mosatanad saxlSi. ufrosi Zmebi _ samni ormoci dRis ganmavlobaSi Semswreni arian galaRebuli goliaTis saq-cielisa _ rogor arcxvens igi da sasacilod igdebs uflis rCeul xalxs _ da maTi mefis umweobisa. banakSi misuli daviTi ismens goliaTis Tavxedur sityvebs, mefis pirobas, rom goliaTis mZlevels aZlevs igi Tavis asuls; da ismens agreTve ufrosi Zmis geslian sayvedurs, daufaravi siZulviliT naTq-vams: `risTvis Camoxvedi aq? vis dautove is mcire fara udabnoSi? vici Seni ampartavnebisa da Seni avgulobis ambavi; mxolod brZolis sayureblad xar Camosuli~ (1 mf. 17:28).

saulis yuramde miitanes sityva, rom dadis banakSi tanmorCili yrma da yve-las ekiTxeba, Tu ra bedi moelis kacs, vinc im filistimels daamarcxebs da sircxvils moxocavs israels; da kidev ambobs muqariT da darwmunebiT: `vin aris eg windaucveTeli filistimeli, aseT sircxvilSi rom agdebs dRes RvTis razmebso?~ (1mef. 17:26). da, roca warudgines sauls es ucnobi ymawvili, romelic gawveulic ki ar iyo jarSi, mefes esmis misgan es sityvebi:

`nuravis guli nu Sedrkeba mis winaSe. wava Seni msaxuri da SeebrZoleba am filistimels~ (1 mf. 17:32).

arc maxviliT an SubiT (israeliani jariskacis Cveulebrivi iaraRiT), arc javSanSi Camjdari da arc Tavmuzaradiani (man uari Tqva mefis SemoTavaze-bul srul aRWurvilobaze) ar gasula goliaTis winaSe daviTi. gavida is ga-regnulad sruliad daucavi, rogorc dadioda Tavis samwyesurSi. ra iyo misi iaraRi? kombali _ misi mwyemsobis niSani da xuTiode riyis qva da Surduli. aseTma aRWurvilobam moulodnelad gamoarCia daviTi mTeli israelobidan. Tu sauli erTi TaviT maRali iyo yvela danarCen Tavis Tvistomze, daviTis siqvele dafarulia yvelasagan, rogorc mwyemsis gudaSi Cawyobili saSurdu-le qvebi. erTaderTi saCino sagani _ kombalic (mas kverTxis Rirseba unda mi-niWeboda momavalSi) ar aRiqmeboda sabrZolo iaraRad, `ZaRli xom ara var, joxiT rom gamodixar CemTano~ moesma daviTs Seuracxyofili bumberazis sit-yvebi.

Surduli daviTis xelSi is jadosnuri iaraRia, romelsac zRapris gmiri ipovebs Tavisi Sinagani Rirsebis jildod; amave dros, Surduli gamoxatavs adamianuri gonebis Zlevamosilebas, mis upiratesobas brma da usaxuri fizi-kuri Zalis winaSe. daviTi imave gziT _ gamWriaxobiT da maxvili gonebiT _ imarjvebs, rogorc imarjveben CvenTvis nacnobi odisevsi (calTvala bumbera-zis mZleveli), devTan mebrZolni Cveni jvar-xatebi (RvTisSvilni), an Tundac nacarqeqia, amouwurav SesaZleblobaTa dammarxveli, romelic gadamwyvet wa-mebSi aradCasagdeb, yofiT sagnebs Zlevamosil iaraRebad aqcevs.

`Cayo xeli daviTma gudaSi da amoiRo iqidan qva, styorcna Surduli da Sig SublSi moartya filistimels. SublSi CaeWeda qva da pirqve daemxo fi-listimeli~ (1mef. 17:49).

am orTabrZolam dasabami misca saulis laSqris gamarjvebebs filistime-lebze.

ai, maSin ikiTxa saulma (es aris meore versia saulisa da daviTis daaxloe-bisa) daviTis vinaoba da is meored warudgines mefes, amjerad ukve ara ro-gorc memusike _ qnarze damkvreli, aramed rogorc gmiri. maTi Sexvedra gad-mocemulia ukiduresi dawurviT, TiTqos mxolod da mxolod rogorc cnoba, magram am simSraleSi da sityvier siZunweSi Cans saulis mefuri, Tan mamaSvi-

luri Rirseba, xolo gamarjvebuli yrmis Tavmdabloba da morCileba. dasawyi-si sakeTildReo iyo.

`roca dainaxa saulma filistimelis winaaRmdeg gamavali daviTi, hkiTxa ab-ners, mxedarTmTavars: visi Svilia es ymawvili, abner? miugo abnerma: Sens Tavs geficebi, ar vici, mefeo. Tqva mefem: ikiTxe, visi Svilia es Wabuki. roca dab-runda daviTi filistimelis damarcxebis Semdeg, xeli mohkida mas abnerma da warudgina sauls; xelSi filistimelis Tavi eWira. uTxra saulma: visi Svili xar, ymawvilo? miugo daviTma: Seni msaxuris, ieses Svili var, beTlemelis~ (1mef. 17:55-58).

saulis karze gamoscada pirvelad daviTma sakuTar Tavze Surisa da eWvis dauZleveli Zala saulisagan da aseve dauZleveli megobruli siyvaruli me-fis Zis, ionaTanisa. `Seekra ionaTanis suli daviTis suls da Seiyvara igi io-naTanma, rogorc sakuTari Tavi... Sekra ionaTanma daviTTan kavSiri, radgan Se-iyvara igi rogorc sakuTari Tavi. gaiZro mosasxami ionaTanma, Tan rom hqonda, da misca daviTs, agreTve Sesamoseli, maxvili, mSvildi da sartyeli~ (1mef. 18:1-4).

ZmadSeficvis am aqtma, TiTqmis ritualurma da simbolurma moqmedebam, gan-sazRvra daviTis Semdgomi bedi _ misi urTierToba ara mxolod ionaTanTan, aramed gaaZliera misi mowiweba saulis winaSe, ara rogorc mxolod mefis, aramed Zmadnaficis mamis winaSec.

erTgulobda daviTi sauls sicocxleSic da misi sikvdilis Semdegac pat-ronobda mis STamomavlebs, erTi sityvac ar dascdenia mis mimarT saaugo da arc saqmiT cdila gaesworebina misTvis angariSi, Tumca saamiso SemTxveva bev-rjer mieca mas. saulis sicocxleSi daviTi avlenda patiosnebis, siqvelis, raindobis, morCilebis da Svilobrivi siyvarulis magaliTs mefisadmi, rome-lic TiTqmis dRidan goliaTis damarcxebisa mosisxle mtrad gadaekida mas. saulSi iZala Surma Wabuki qveSevrdomis mimarT, roca brZolidan dabrune-buls moesma qalebis gundis mier saxeldaxelod SeTxzuli simRera: `Semusra saulma Tavisi aTasi, xolo daviTma Tavisi aTiaTasio!~ es sityvebi sakmarisi iyo Suris aRsaZvrelad da saulma TiTqos iwinaswarmetyvela: `mefobaRa ak-lia!~ es eWvi, cxadia, ar iyo usafuZvlo, mxolod misi avadmyofuri gonebis nayofi. xom namdvilad cxebuli iyo daviTi da, amgvarad, misi metoqe, Tumca sauls es ambavi ar SeiZleba dabejiTebiT scodnoda. is mxolod grZnobda Si-naganad, rom ufals hyavda mitovebuli, da samuelic, daviTis mcxebelic, aRar ekareboda im Sexvedris Semdeg gilgalSi, sadac man amxila igi uflis urCo-baSi da uflis nebac gamoucxada, rom `gamoglejda~ mefobas, rom ufals amorCeuli hyavs samefod masze Rirseuli.

neba uflisa, romelic mas gamoucxada samuelma, ukve aRsrulebuli iyo: sa-mefo, mefoba, ukve warTmeuli hqonda mas, xolo uflis sulis nacvlad, boro-ti suli iyo masze movlenili uflisaganve. is samefo davlaTi, romelsac igi veRar ganicdida sakuTar TavSi, axladmovlenil yrmaSi iyo gadasuli. amas grZnobda sauli: `SeSinda sauli, radgan ufali iyo daviTTan, sauls ki gane-Sora~ (1mef. 18:12).

saulis winaSe sruliad udanaSaulo daviTs hqonda erTi danaSauli: is gu-lis siRrmeSi grZnobda _ es arasodes ar yofila garkveviT gamoTqmuli, _ rom is israelis mefed iyo mowodebuli, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Sinaganad ganic-dida uflis sulis Semweobas ara mxolod cxebis Semdeg, aramed manamdec, ro-ca mamamisis faras mwyemsavda, radgan mwyemssac esaWiroeboda RvTis Sewevna. daviTis Sinagani darwmunebuloba Tavis davlaTSi, rom es namdvilad RvTisa-gan moberili qarizma iyo, gamoCnda im sityvebSi, romlebic saulma moismina misgan. sauli akavebda mas filistimel bumberazTan brZolisagan, `radgan jer bavSvi xar, is ki mebrZolia siyrmiTganveo~, magram rogor pasuxobs daviTi? ra Cans daviTis pasuxSi, ra momavali gamokrTa mis pasuxSi mefis mamaSvilur rCevaze?

`uTxra daviTma sauls: mwyemsavda Seni msaxuri Tavisi mamis faras da, roca daecemoda lomi an daTvi da gaitacebda faridan cxvars, gavekidebodi, vklav-di da piridan gamovglejdi xolme... lomsac da daTvsac amarcxebda Seni msa-xuri, am windaucveTel filistimelsac igive daemarTeba, radgan sircxvilSi agdebs igi cocxali RvTis razmebs. Tqva daviTma: ufali, romelic damixsnida xolme lomisagan an daTvisagan, axlac damixsnis filistimelisagan...~ (1mef. 17:34-37).

am sityvebSi Cans gamoucdeli Wabukis darwmunebuloba imaSi, rom mwyemsoba misTvis mosamzadebeli safexuria xalxis winamZRolobisaken. Tu winaT is ma-mis faras mwyemsavda da ugeriebda mtacebel mxecebs, axla mas SeuZlia, SesaZ-lebelia, valdebulic aris, damwyesos uflis, Tavisi zeciuri mamis samwyso _ israeli. daviTisaTvis es erTi da igive saqmianobaa, oRond sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva asparezze ganxorcielebuli. mwyemsobis Rirseba misi xalxis isto-riaSia dadasturebuli: mwyemsi iyo mose, sanam igi xalxs gamoiyvanda egvipti-dan; is jer Tavisi simamris faras mwyemsavda udabnoSi (swored am samwyesur-Si aRmoaCina man RvTis gamocxadebis mTa) da mere Seudga Tavisi xalxis mwyem-svas. rogorc mosesaTvis, aseve daviTisaTvis xalxis winamZRoloba iyo igive mwyemsoba, maRal rangSi ayvanili. winaswarmetyvelTa esqatologiur simbo-lizmSi mwyemsi mefis sinonimia da am simbolikas fesvi realur niadagSi ud-gas. ase iyo mTels axlo aRmosavleTSi: jer kidev Sumerisa da Semdeg babi-lonisa Tu aSuris mefeebi atarebdnen mwyemsis tituls, romlis Sinaarsi da-fuZnebuli iyo xalxis winamZRolobisa da patronobis ideaze. `ra aris xalxi Tvinier mefisa? mxolod cxvris fara, umwyemsod STenili!~ ambobs erTi Sume-ruli andaza.

xalxi uflis eria, xolo misi winamZRoli _ mefe uflis nebiT dayenebuli mwyemsi. is periodi daviTis cxovrebisa, roca daviTi mwyemsavda Tavisi xorcieli mamis faras, unda gavigoT rogorc simboluri winaswarmoswaveba im periodisa, roca daviTi kverTxiT xel-Si Caudgeba saTaveSi Tavis zecieri mamis faras. rogorc cxvris patroni eZebs erTgul mwyemss, aseve ufali _ rCeuli xalxis patroni eZebs erTgul winamZRols. es suliskveTe-baa gamoxatuli zemomoyvanil esqatoligiur nawyvetSi ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebi-dan: `me davixsni Cems cxvars da aRar iqnebian datacebulni... erT mwyemss da-vuyeneb maT da is damwyemsavs maT; daviTi, Cemi msaxuri, damwyemsavs maT, is iq-neba maTi mwyemsi...~

amrigad, gulmarTali yrmis sityvebSi mefisadmi, gamosWvivoda, rom misi kombali erT mSvenier dRes samefo kverTxad gardaiqmneboda. saulis sasme-nelni daxSuli ar yofila am sityvebis mimarT.

roca saulisTvis cxadi gaxda, rom daviTia misi metoqe samefo taxtze _ Tumca daviTi arc apirebda raime eRona zeTiscxebis meoxebiT miRebuli po-tenciuri mefobis gasanaRdeblad, _ is ukve aRar malavda Tavis mtrobas mis mimarT da xelsayrel SemTxvevas eZebda mis mosaklavad, risxavda Svils iona-Tans, Caagonebda mas: `vidre cocxalia ieses Ze amqveynad, verc Sen ganmtkicde-bi da verc Seni mefoba ganmtkicdebao~ (1mef. 20:31); ionaTani ki, misi megobari, romelsac sakuTar Tavze metad uyvarda igi, esarCleboda mas mefis winaSe, Tumca manac icoda, rom samomavlod taxti daviTsa da mis STamomavlobas un-da darCenoda. daviTi orjer dausxlta saulis nasrol Subs misi gaSmagebi-sas, roca borotma sulma Seipyro igi, daviTi ki qnars ukravda dasamSvideb-lad. magram amao iyo qnaris xma, `undoda sauls kedelze miegmira SubiT, mag-ram gausxlta daviTi da kedels moxvda Subi. daviTi ki gaiqca da ase gadarCa sikvdils im Rames~ (1mef. 19:10). meored daviTi misma colma, saulis asulma mi-qalma, romelsac uyvarda, ixsna. bolos ki, ionaTanma, romelmac xeli Seuwyo sabolood garideboda sauls da samefo kars, da daetovebina qveyana, gadaxve-wiliyo ucxo mxareSi, sadac saulis Subi ver miswvdeboda.

ori xanaa daviTis cxovrebaSi _ xetialisa da damkvidrebisa. is xetialobs rogorc kaenisagan devnili mwyemsi abeli. Tavisi cxovrebis am periodSi is axorcielebs ideals im daRupuli abelisa, romelsac swyalobda RmerTi.

RmerTi daviTTan aris da ara saulTan, romelic damkvidrebulia miwaTmoqme-di kaeniviT, magram Sinaganad xetialobs, Zrwis, itanjeba boroti sulisagan, rogorc kaeni, romelic gadaixvewa `Zrwolisa~ da `xetialis~, `wrialis~ mxa-reSi (ase iTargmaneba qveynis saxeli nod, sadac damkvidrda kaeni).

daviTis devnileba da gasvla qveynidan gamoxatavs israelis warsuls, ro-ca is udabnos gziT midioda qveynisaken, da momavalsac, roca dadga didi gan-fantvis xana. WeSmarit mefes TiTqos unda gaemeorebina Tavisi xalxis isto-ria, rogorc Zvel miTosSi mwyemsi imeorebs anu, ufro sworad, iziarebs Tavi-si samwysos bed-iRbals; TiTqos xetiali unda yofiliyo daviTisaTvis same-fod mzadeba, udabnos qronotopul viTarebaSi unda dabadebuliyo is mefed, rogorc israeli iSva xelaxla, rogorc uflis eri, udabnoSi ormoci wlis xetialisas.

magram es gasvla qveynidan, ramac gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula daviTis, rogorc pirovnebis da rogorc mefis, CamoyalibebaSi, samZimo viTarebas uqmni-da daviTs, rogorc erT kerZo israelians, ufro Sors rom wavideT eris gene-zisamde, abraamis wiaRidan gamosuls. am gandevniT daviTi wydeboda im miwas, romelic uflisagan mieca mis mama-papas da piradad masac, rogorc wilis mqo-nebels am memkvidreobaSi. igi moikveTa qveynidan ara mxolod rogorc sacxov-rebeli adgilidan, aramed sawmidaridan da RvTis Tayvaniscemisagan, radgan sxvagan, am qveynis gareSe, israelianisaTvis warmoudgeneli iyo erovnuli RmerTis msaxureba; radgan ufali (iahve) RmerTi jer kidev ar iyo maT Segne-baSi universaluri RmerTi, rom misi samsxverplo aRTqmuli qveynis garda sxvagan sadme aSenebuliyo. am gandevniT saulma daviTs fexi amoukveTa ara mxolod samkvidrodan, aramed sawmidaridan. is unda darCeniliyo Tavisi Rmer-Tis patronobis gareSe da sxva, ucxoTa RmerTebs unda Sexizneboda.

`axla isminos mefe batonma Tavisi msaxuris sityvebi: Tu ufalma wagaqeza Cems winaaRmdeg, surnelovani iyos es msxverpli; Tu adamianebma _ wyeulimc arian isini uflis winaSe, radgan maT ganmdevnes me dRes, rom wili ar mqono-da uflis samkvidroSi, da miTxres, wadi, ucxo RmerTebs emsaxureo~ (1 mf.26:19).

es sityvebi gadasZaxa Soridan sauls udabnoSi, borcvidan mas Sem-deg, rac saulis banakSi idumal SeRweulma Subi da maTara aarTva mZinare mefes da waiRo imis niSnad, rom igi arasodes aRmarTavda xels uflis cxebulze. udabnom, rogorc gansacdelma, warmoaCina daviTis saukeTeso zneobrivi Tvisebebi, magram avida Tu ara taxtze, dakarga simaRle. taxtze asvlis Semdegac, roca is myarad damkvidr-da ierusalimSi, romelic man pirvelma aqcia dedaqalaqad da sadac ganicada devnileba, amjerad ukve mojanye Svilisa, da esec gansac-deli iyo. xetialsa da umkvidrobaSi, romliTac is TiTqos axorcie-lebs RvTis saTno abelis ideals Tavisi cxovrebis pirvel period-Si, daviTi Tanaziaria israelis udidesi siwmidis _ uflis kidobnis bedisa, romelic ieses ZesaviT ucxo qveyanaSi imyofeboda rogorc tyve da tyveobidan Tavdaxsnis Semdgom mimodioda, icvlida adgil-samyofels, vidre sabolood ierusalimSi ar damkvidrda gamefebul daviTTan erTad.

saulis aRsasruli yvela Tavisi bedisweriT kvdeba, yvelas Tavisi gansakuTrebuli sikvdili

aqvs. iakobi mokvda xansruli, wlebiT maZRari, tkbil sibereSi, vaJiSvilebiT da SvilTaSvilebiT garSemortymuli, im Svilis xelSi, romlis gamo ambobda, mgloviare Cavalo Cems SvilTan SaveTSi. abraami, isaki, iakobi, _ eris mamam-Tavrebi, mwyemsebi, mSvidobiani xalxi iyo da mSvidad datoves wuTisofeli. rogor mokvda sauli, romelmac brZolaSi gaatara mTeli cxovreba da lxinis drosac ki, Tavisi erTguli xalxiT garSemortymuls, Subi hqonda xelSi Cab-

Rujuli? TiTqos eloda boroti sulis mobervas, rom eWvebiT gasenils Tavi-si moyvasi gaegmira. Seiqmneboda Tu ara misTvis es Subi sabediswero?

`mefeTa wignebma~ saulis sikvdilis ori versia Semoinaxa, orive Caweril iqna erTmaneTis miyolebiT: biblia ar ufrTxis garegan winaaRmdegobebs; is ar fiqrobs, rom rac moxda, swored ise moxda, rogorc unda momxdariyo. bib-lia utovebs SemTxvevas sxva SesaZleblobasac, rom ufro amomwuravad gamoCn-des SemTxvevis mniSvneloba da iq moxvedrili adamianis ukanaskneli saqcieli.

pirveli versia. `miewivnen filistimelebi sauls da mis vaJebs da daxoces filistimelebma

ionaTani, abinadabi da malqi-Suayi _ saulis Svilebi. gauZnelda brZola sa-uls. niSanSi amoiRes igi mSvildosnebma da mZimed daWres igi mSvildosnebma. uTxra saulma Tavis saWurvelTmtvirTvels: iSiSvle maxvili da gamiyare, rom windaucveTelebma ar momklan da ar Seuracxmyon. ver gabeda saWurvelTmtvir-Tvelma, radgan Zalian eSinoda. maSin aiRo saulma maxvili da zed daego. ro-ca dainaxa saWurvelTmtvirTvelma, rom mokvda sauli, isic zed daego max-vils da mokvda masTan erTad~ (1mef. 31:2-5).

vin unda yofiliyo Semswre am tragikuli scenisa? vis unda moesmina patro-nisa da misi morCilis ukanaskneli dialogi? roca mefiswulni da misi Tanam-dgomni daxocilni eyarnen maT win? vin moitana es ambavi, rom ymam ar Seasru-la mefis ukanaskneli brZaneba, roca aravin iyo mis meti brZanebis Semsrule-beli? vin Caxeda mas saxeSi, roca maxvilCabRujuli xeli aukankalda da ver aRmarTa igi cxebulze? `radgan Zalian eSinoda~? maSin xom ar aukankalda xe-li, roca mefis kvalze gulSi iyrida maxvils imis dasadastureblad, _ vis winaSe? misi patroni mkvdari iyo ukve, _ rom sakuTari sicocxle ar enanebo-da?

modaraje Tvali dahyurebda maT zemodan. am TvaliT danaxuls agviwers biblia mefeTa pirveli wignis dasasruls.

mefeTa meore wigni ubrundeba amave ambavs, ar cnobs mas amowurulad. es versia unda avsebdes winamavals, azustebdes saulis aRsasrulis suraTs.

`movida mesame dRes saulis banakidan kaci, samoseli Semoglejoda da Tav-ze nacari eyara. movida daviTTan, miwaze davarda da Tayvani sca. uTxra da-viTma: saidan modixar? miugo: israelis banakidan gamoviqeci. uTxra daviTma: ra ambavi moxda, miambe. uTxra kacma: xalxi gaiqca brZolis velidan. bevri Cve-nianic daeca da daixoca, saulic da misi vaJic, ionaTanic daixocnen. uTxra daviTma ymawvilkacs, ambis momtans: rogor gaige, rom daxocilan sauli da mi-si vaJi ionaTani? miugo ymawvilma kacma, ambis momtanma: gilboayis mTaze movx-vdi da, vxedav, Tavis Subzea sauli wamogebuli da, aha, etlebi da mxedrebi uaxlovdebian mas. ukan moixeda, daminaxa da damiZaxa. mivuge: gismen, batono-meTqi. miTxra: vina xar? mivuge: yamalekeli var-meTqi. miTxra: dameci Tavs da momkali, radgan saSinel tanjvaSi var, jer kidev midgas suli. mivedi da mov-kali, radgan vicodi, rom mainc ar icocxlebda damarcxebis Semdeg. movxade gvirgvini, Tavze rom exura, avarTvi samajuri, xelze rom ekeTa, da aq movuta-ne Cems patrons...~ (2mef. 1:2-10).

WeSmaritad tragikuli suraTis Semswre Seiqna es yamalekeli ymawvili: ca-sa da miwas Soris, yvelasagan mitovebuli, Tavis Subs wamogebuli ganwiruli mefe. etlebi da mxedrebi grialiT uaxlovdebian. yamalekels namdvilad sau-lisagan unda moesmina es sityvebi, romlebic gamarjvebul daviTs moaxsena. man moismina saulis Sinagani xma, ara mefuri, aramed ubralod adamianuri. ra pasuxi unda gaeca ucxo yamalekels mefis gulis amoZaxilze? marTalia, ymaw-vili, israels Sexiznuli yamalekeli, saulis morCili iyo, magram mas ar Se-Sinebia masze xelis aRmarTvisa. Tu saWurvelTmtvirTveli daZlevda SiSs da xels aRmarTavda cxebulze, es xeli xom masac mouRebda bolos, rogorc mox-da. magram saWurvelTmtvirTvelma ver aRmarTa xeli. sauli wamoego Tavisave Subs, magram sasikvdilo ar yofila es wamogeba, saWurvelmtvirTvelma ki iniSna saulis saqcieli da xeli aRmarTa sakuTar Tavze _ ise rom arc ki da-

ucdia saulis sikvdilisTvis. sauli kvdeboda da arc kvdeboda, calke saSine-li tanjva Wrilobisagan, calke momdgari mteri, romlis xeliT sikvdils ga-urboda. ymawvili civi gonebiT sjida, Seucdomlad gaerkva viTarebaSi. `mive-di da movkali, _ Tqva man, _ vicodi, rom damarcxebis Semdeg ar icocxlebda.~ ase Tqva man, vidre erTi wamisyofis Semdeg mkvleli gaxdeboda. sauli, marTa-lia, ar icocxlebda dacemis Semdeg, is ganwiruli iyo, magram vai mas, vinc pirveli aZgerebda maxvils. moklul mefes sxva vinmec aarTmevda gvirgvins da samajurs _ samefo niSnebs da daviTs miarTmevda; amiT is xilul saxes miscem-da imas, rac samuelma saidumlo zeTiscxebiT moimoqmeda. saulic daiRupebo-da, daviTic miiRebda gvirgvins, magram vai mas, vinc sisxliani xeliT miarT-mevda gvirgvins.

`hkiTxa daviTma ymawvilkacs, ambis momtans: sadauri xar? miugo: xizanis Svili var, yamalekeli. uTxra mas daviTma: rogor gabede da aRmarTe xeli uf-lis cxebulis dasaRupad? dauZaxa daviTma erT msaxurTagans da uTxra: aq mo-di da mokali es kaci. manac dahkra da mokvda igi. uTxra mas daviTma: Sens Tavzea Seni sisxli, radgan Senmave bagem gamxila, roca Tqvi, me movkalio uf-lis cxebuli~ (2mef. 1:13-16).

daviTs mieca SemTxveva Tavisi mosisxlis sixli aeRo da eglova igi omSi daRupulTa godebiT, sadac aseTi sityvebic ismis: `gilboayis mTebo! ar ge-Rirsos cvari da wvima, nayofieri mindvrebi, radgan mand gacudda vaJkacTa fari, saulis fari, TiTqos ar yofiliyo zeTiT cxebuli! gangmirulTa sisx-lisagan, vaJkacTa gul-RviZlisagan ukan ar brundeboda ioanaTanis mSvildi, saulis xmali fuWad ar brundeboda! saul da ionaTan! sayvarelni da sanat-relni sicocxleSi, sikvdilSic ganuyrelni arian... israelis asulno, itireT sauli, Tqveni Semmosveli ZoweuliT da ZvirfaseuliT, oqros samkaulebiT rom gimSvenebdaT Sesamosels. rogor daecnen vaJkacebi brZolaSi...~ (2mef. 1:21-25).

daviTis gansacdeli bibliur adamians Tan sdevs gansacdeli. SeiZleba iTqvas, Casafrebulia da

elis mis nabijs. romeli ascda Tavis cxovrebaSi gansacdels, vin iyo misgan Tavisufali? gansacdelis meoxebiT arian, rogornic arian, rom araferi vTqvaT adamze, pirvelkacze, romelmac gza gauxsna mas kacobriobaSi, abraami, iakobi, iosebi da sxvani. gansacdeli sasinji qvaa, romelic gamoaCens adamia-nis didebas da simdables; quraa, romelSic unda gadadnes kaci da gamovides misi xinji. gansacdelidan adamiani SeiZleba arnaxul simaRleze avides an ise daeces, rogorc arasodes dacemula.

iyo dro, roca daviTze SeiZleba Tqmuliyo: `sul maRla da maRla midioda daviTi da ufali, cabaoT RmerTi, masTan iyo~ (2mef. 5:10). magram Tu SeinarCuna taxtze gamtkicebulma is simaRle, romelsac devnilebaSi _ esec xom gansac-deli iyo _ atarebda? SesaZloa am xanaSi Tavisi cxovrebisa ufro Zneli gan-sacdeli moeloda, vidre maSin, roca saulis Subi hqonda damiznebuli. maSin daviTi abeli iyo, TiTqos dasaRupad ganwiruli; magram masTan iyo ufali, rogorc iosebTan, da devnili iosebiviT, isic masze iyo mindobili. SesaZloa, mas taxtze asvlamde, rogorc kerZo kacs, bevri ram epatieboda. magram taxtze mjdomi mTel qveyanaSi xelisguliviT moCanda Tavisi siavkargiT. maSin, roca udabnos miwaze da gamoqvabulebSi aTevda Rameebs, misi erTaderTi mamxilebe-li sakuTarive Tavi iyo; sindiss _ `mamxilebel gonebas~ misas ar eZina, magram taxtze aRzevebulisTvis, roca sasaxleSi daido bina, saWiro Seiqna gareSe mamxilebeli. es iyo naTani, misi sulieri moZRvari, romelic mowodebuli iyo RvTis cxebulSi sinanulis gasaRviZeblad. magram naTani, raki mefesTan hqon-da saqme, igavebiT gamoTqvamda samxilebels, ara pirdapir _ aseTi iyo aRmo-savleTSi miRebuli wesi mxilebisa.

roca daviTma brZolaSi RalatiT moakvlevina uria xeTeli, Tavisi erTgu-li yma da colad SeirTo misi coli berSabe (baT-Sebay `asuli Svidisa~ Tu `asuli ficisa~), `ar moewona ufals es saqme~ da `miugzavna ufalma daviTs naTani da isic mivida masTan da uambo: ori kaci cxovrobda erT qalaqSi, mdi-dari da Raribi. mdidars uamravi cxvari da Zroxa hyavda, Raribs ki araferi ebada erTi patara batknis garda, romelic nayidi hyavda, da kvebavda da zrdida TavisTan, Tavis bavSvebTan erTad. mis lukmas Wamda, misi Tasidan svam-da, mis ubeSi eZina; rogorc qaliSvili, ise hyavda. ewvia erTxel vinme mgzavri mdidar kacs. veraferi gaimeta Tavisi cxvar-Zroxidan dasaklavad, rom gamas-pinZleboda Tavis stumars, wamoiyvana Raribi kacis batkani da gaumzada stum-rebul kacs. didad ganrisxda daviTi am kacze da uTxra naTans: ufals vfi-cav, sikvdilis Rirsia amis Camdeni! batkani oTxmagad unda zRos, aseTi saqme rom Caidina da Seubraleblad moiqca. uTxra naTanma daviTs: Sen xar is ka-ci...~ (2mef. 12:1-7).

ise moawyo brZenma naTanma, rom mefem manamde gamoutana ganaCeni im usamar-Tlo mdidars, sanam masSi Tavis Tavs amoicnobda. am igavma gamoafxizla mefe Tavisi codvisagan, TiTqos av sizmarSi yofiliyo. codva Cadenilia: batkani warTmeulia, misi sabralo patroni moklulia. daviTi ar isjeba, cocxali rCeba, magram codvis Segneba ar waSlila misi cnobierebidan, samudamo sinanu-lad SerCa mas, rogorc gamoiTqva am SemTxvevis gamo SeTxzul fsalmunSi: `vi-ci Cemi danaSauli da Cemi codva mudam Tvalwin midgas~ (fsalm. 51:5).

daviTis danaSauli kidev ufro Rrmavdeba uria xeTelis zneobrivi simaR-lis fonze. rac ufro dacemulia mefe, miT ufro amaRlebulia misi yma. ai, rogor moxda, rom daeca mefe, misi morCili ki amaRlda.

banze moseirne daviTi mobanave qals dainaxavs, moewoneba, daibarebs da da-uaxlovdeba. qalis qmari _ uria xeTeli ki am dros uflisaTvis da misi cxe-bulisaTvis ibrZvis israelis Zveli mtrebis winaaRmdeg. qaltan siaxlovis Semdeg, imave dRes, daviTma brZolis velidan TavisTan gamoixmo misi qmari, raTa colTan Sexvedris SesaZlebloba mieca misTvis.

mefe mowme xdeba im kacis gamorCeuli sulieri Rirsebisa, romlis mimarT aseTi muxanaToba hqonda Cadenili. brZolis ambis gamokiTxvis Semdeg mefisgan dasaCuqrebuli da Sin gastumrebuli uria xeTeli Sin ar wasula, aramed me-fis saxlis karTan gaaTia Rame. arc meore, arc mesame Rame saxlSi ar gauTe-via mefis moymes, ar unaxavs Tavisi lamazi coli. es saqcieli _ Ramis gaTeva TiTqos brZolis velze, cis qveS _ misi bunebrivi moTxovnileba iyo, romelic amgvarad gamoixata sityvierad mefisadmi pasuxSi: `roca uflis kidobani, is-raeli da iuda karvebSi arian, Cemi batoni ioabi (jaris sardali) da Cemi ba-tonis xalxi velze dganan, rogor wavide Cems saxlSi, rogor vWamo da vsva, rogor davwve colTan? Sen Tavs vficav, ver vizam am saqmes!~ (2mef. 11:11).

bibliuri avtori arasodes iZleva adamianis saqcielis Sefasebas. igi ala-parakebs gmirs an aCvenebs mis saqciels. aq is ar gamoTqvams aRtacebas mefis morCilis sityvebis gamo, aramed upirispirebs mefis saqciels, risi ganmsje-lic agreTve ar aris. `diliT dawera daviTma werili ioabisaTvis da urias xeliT gaugzavna. werilSi ase dawera: daayeneT uria iq, sadac sastiki brZo-la mogeliT, da mere miatoveT, rom gaigmiros da mokvdes~ (2mef. 11:14-15). es iyo pasuxi erTguli moymis qcevaze, TiTqos sxva gamosavali ar iyo. SesaZloa, marTlac ar iyo sxva gamosavali: berSabes sircxvili albaT sxvagvarad ver Camoirecxeboda. roca berSabem daitira qmari wesis mixedviT, roca gavida glovis dawesebuli dReebi, daviTma SeirTo berSabe da daviTis saxlSi mas SeeZina vaJi. avtori ar tvirTulobs msajulis rols, ar aZlevs Tavs ufle-bas gakicxos mefe, is mxolod gadmogvcems RvTis ganaCens: `ar moewona ufals es saqme, rac daviTma Caidina~ (2mef. 11:27). Tumca uflis Tvalsazrisi adamia-nis saqcielze adamianisave umaRlesi Segnebis gamomxatvelia. da bibliuri mTxrobelis SegnebaSi imdenad mZimed Cans daviTis es codva, romelic miute-veblobis SemTxvevaSi sasikvdiloa (`ufalma mogiteva codva, ar mokvdebi~,

eubneba mefes misi moZRvari naTani), rom Semdgomi tragikuli ambebi, rac Tavs daatyda daviTs, am codvis Sedegad aris gaazrebuli. Tumca codva mitevebu-lia, daviTi ar mokvdeba, magram mas erTxel da meorejerac SeemTxveva iseTi ram, rom sikvdilic ki sanatreli gauxdeba kaeniviT, romelic cocxliv ixdi-da sikvdilze uares sasjels.

kaci, romelic Tavis mosisxle mters patiobda, erTgulobda mis sicocxle-Si da misi sikvdilis Semdegac, ar aRmarTavda xels arc masze, arc mis STa-momavlobaze; araTu Surisgebis survilic ar hqonia mis mimarT, piriqiT, sikv-diliTac ki dasaja saulis mkvleli, romelmac axara es ambavi daviTs; kaci, romelsac Tavis valad miaCnda saulis danaSTomze zrunva, miagebda keTils im borotebis wil, rac siWabukeSi misgan hqonia nawvnevi, _ es kaci sCadis sa-sikvdilo codvas uflis TvalSi, romelic mudam masTan iyo da mxarSi edga. gana uflis wyalobiT ar iyo igi gadarCenili mravalgzis saulis Subisagan Tu mis morCilTa maxvilisagan? sinais mTaze miRebuli cnebebi `ara kac kla~ da `ara imruSo~ daarRvia daviTma, da miT ufro mZime iyo misi Secodeba, rom man rjuli daarRvia rogorc mefem, romlis yoveli saqcieli rjuliT unda yofiliyo ganmtkicebuli.

marTlac mZime iyo Cadenili codvis sazRauri, ufro mZime, vidre sakuTari sikvdili. naTanma uwinaswarmetyvela berSabesgan SeZenili Zis, codvis Svilis, sikvdili: `ufalma mogiteva codva, ar mokvdebi. oRond, raki am saqcieliT alanZRvine ufali mis mtrebs, Svili mogikvdeba, romelic SegeZina~ (2mef. 12:13-14). Svili mokvda da mware iyo misi sikvdili daviTisaTvis. es iyo misi sasje-li. unda vifiqroT, rom pirmSos sikvdiliT TiTqos ganiwmida daviTisa da berSabes col-qmruli kavSiri, TiTqos ufalma akurTxa maTi SeuRleba, TiTqos wari-xoca codva, radgan meore vaJi _ solomoni, romelic uSva mas berSabem, `Seiyvara ufalma~ (2mef. 12:24). es ki imas moaswavebda, rom daviTis ZeTa Soris upiratesoba mas mieniWeboda da taxtis erTaderTi memkvidre is iqneboda.

daviTs kvlav Sexvda simware da kvlav Svilisagan. mamam ganicada Svilis Ralati, Svili aujanyda mamas, ufliswulma mefis sicocxleSi moindoma game-feba, rogorc im sxivosanma angelozma, uflis taxts rom Sehbeda. es iyo abe-salomi _ ab Salom `mama mSvidobisa~, Tumca ki iyo mama janyisa. `aravin iyo mTels israelSi iseTi naqebi kaci silamaziT, rogorc abesalomi: TxemiT ter-famde unaklo iyo. roca Tavs moikreWda xolme (wlidan wlamde ikreWda Tmas, radgan amZimebda), Tmis monakreWi oras Sekels iwonida samefo sawoniT~ (2mef. 14:25-26). aseTi iyo abesalomi, romelic gamorCeviT uyvarda mefes, msgavsi uf-lis winaSe mdgari im angelozisa.

janyi Sinaganad gancdili damoukideblobis, TavisTavadobis garegani gamo-xatulebaa da, amdenad, albaT aqvs mas Tavisi simarTle. aq vlindeba adamianis Tavisufali neba da gabedva imisa, rom gza mieces Tavisufal nebas. da ai, abe-salomma igrZno, rom mas SeuZlia hyavdes sakuTari etli (saomari etli) da ormocdaaTi malemsrboli anu moyme _ piradi gvardia; abesalomma igrZno, rom mas SeeZlo ganekiTxa samarTali anu aResrulebina mefis upirvelesi funqcia, jer kidev msajulTa xanidan warmomavali. `Tayvanis sacemad mosul kacs xels gauwvdida xolme, isic moeWideboda da akocebda. amgvarad eqceoda abesalomi yvela israelians, vinc ki mefesTan modioda samarTlisTvis. ase moigo abesa-lomma israelianTa guli~ (2mef. 15:5-6).

bolos, roca darwmunda, rom israelis yvela Sto mxars dauWerda, xebron-Si wasvla gamosTxova mefes im sababiT, rom uflisaTvis aRTqmuli msxverpli Seewira. xebroni is qalaqi iyo, sadac daviTi gamefda, sadac mefed cxes igi, da ramodenime xans mefobda vidre ierusalimSi damkvidrdeboda sabolood. axla daviTi ierusalimSi ijda, abesaloms ki surda gaemeorebina mamis gza _ xebronidan mieRwia ierusalimamde.

rogorc Cans, ormocdaaTi moyme, samarTlis sja da xebroni _ aucilebeli piroba unda yofiliyo gasamefeblad. da kidev erTi ram. erTi aseTi muxlia naTanis winaswarmetyvelebaSi Semcode daviTis mimarT: `ase Tqva ufalma: aha,

ubedurebas dagaTev Senive saxlidan; aviyvan Sens Tvalwin Sens colebs da Sens moyvasebs mivcem; mzisiT dawvebian Sens colebTan. Tumca Sen Cumad gaake-Te, me mTeli israelis winaSe da mzis winaSe gavakeTeb am saqmes~ (2mef. 12:11-12).

naTani simboluri eniT winaswarmetyvelebda, rogorc Seefereba qadags. da-viTi unda mimxvdariyo naTqvams, rogorc Tavadac winaswarmetyveli. dRes SeiZ-leba paradoqsad moeCvenos adamians, magram Zvel aRmosavleTSi mefis coli _ dedofali ganasaxierebda mefobas; mefe flobda dedofals da am flobiT is flobda samefosac.

roca abesalomma rCeva hkiTxa Tavis mxardamWers, axiTofels, Tu ra unda moemoqmeda pirvel rigSi, pasuxad miiRo: `Sedi mamaSenis xarWebTan~ (2mef. 16:21). ai, sad axda naTanis winaswarmetyveleba rogorc pirdapiri azriT, aseve simbolurad: `gaSala karavi abesalomma banze da Sevida abesalomi mamis xar-WebTan mTeli israelis Tvalwin~ (2mef. 16:22). am aqtiT abesalomma sabolood gaacxada Tavis ganzraxva. cxadia, es simboluri moqmedeba iyo, rogorc wesi, rogorc niSani, romlis azrsac mTeli qveyana unda mimxvdariyo da eRiarebina axali mefe.

(daviTis xarWaze kidev sxva misma Zem gaacxada pretenzia, oRond es misi sikvdilis Semdeg moxda, roca taxtze ukve solomoni ijda. roca adonias, abesalomis momdevnos, gamefebaze xeli moecara, daebada imediani azri, gamo-eTxova solomonisaTvis daviTis xarWa abiSaga sunameli. es iyo daviTis uka-naskneli xarWa, romelic mas mihgvares moxucebulobaSi gasaTbobad da sanuge-Seblad (da mefes igi ar Seucvnia). adoniam am TxovniT gasca Tavisi faruli zraxvebi, rom ar daukargavs gamefebis imedi. amas mixvda solomoni, amoikiTxa ra am TxovnaSi adonias pretenzia: risTvis iTxovs abeSagas adonia? barem me-fobac moiTxovos, xom Cemi ufrosi Zma ariso? am Txovnas Seewira adonia. so-lomonma dasaja igi sikvdiliT, rogorc taxtis mojanye.)

abesalomi Sevida daviTis xarWebTan. amiT yvelaferi iyo Tqmuli: safrTxe-Si Caigdo Tavi abesalomma da daviTis sicocxlec safrTxeSi aRmoCnda.

rogorc Cans, devnileba, xetiali, gaqceva, Cawerili iyo daviTis bedSi. ro-ca gaigo man, rom `ganmtkicda SeTqmuleba da uamravma xalxma iwyo dena abesa-lomisaken~, datova taxti, romlis Seuryevloba aRuTqva mas ufalma, da ieru-salimi, romelic sataxtod da uflis kidobnis dasavanebel qalaqad iyo gan-wesebuli. `gadalaxa mefem kedronis xevi da daadga mTeli xalxi udabnos gzas.~

RirsSesaniSnavi am epizodSi is aris, rom daviTis gza simbolur mniSvne-lobas iZens. Tumca es gza savsebiT realuria: realuria kedronis xevi, rome-lic ierusalims hyofs zeTisxilis mTisagan, romelzec gadis gza udabnosa-ken. realuria udabno, saiTac TavganwirviT, RvTis anabara mitovebuli daviTi midis. es udabno ar gamoiwvevda masSi xats im istoriuli udabnosi, romlis wiaR eris qmnadobis xanaSi gamoatara xalxi mosem, _ is udabno mudam erTg-var nostalgias badebda israelianis gulSi. daviTs unda gadaelaxa xevi, saz-Rvari, asuliyo zeTisxilis mTaze, TiTqos Tavisi sicocxlis mwvervalze, da mere SerTvoda udabnos usazRvroebas _ Tohu-va-bohus, adgils, romelsac uf-lis xeli ar Sehxebia.

am gansacdelSi daviTma ar isurva Tan waeyola RvTis kidobani, israelian-Ta udidesi siwmide, romelic udabnoSi svlisas axlda xalxs. daviTma ar in-doma, rom kidobans gaeziarebina misi bedi _ gadasaxleba. man gzidan gaabruna kidobani da Tavis sityvebSi mRvdelmTavrisadmi gamoaCina morCileba Tavisi bedis winaSe: `daabrune qalaqSi RvTis kidobani. Tu madli mipovnia uflis TvalSi, mec damabrunebs da maxilvinebs mas da mis samyofels. Tu brZanebs, aRar mindixaro, sadRa waval; miyos, rac enebos~ (2mef. 15:25-26).

mematianes saSualeba mieca gamoexata damcirebuli da damdablebuli mefis Sinagani sidiade, misi aRmasvla am damdablebaSi. `xolo daviTi Seudga zeTis-xilis mTas, adioda da tiroda, Tavdafaruli da fexSiSveli~ (2mef. 15:30). Cans,

daviTma datova mefoba ierusalimSi uflis kidobanTan erTad, uaryo, ukuagdo ra samefo Rirsebis garegani niSnebi da darCa casa da miwas Soris Sinagani RirsebiT, rogorc cxebuli uflisa; mxolod es _ cxebuloba _ Tu gadaarCen-da imis winaSe, visac es madli ar hqonda miniWebuli. fexSiSveloba _ Seurac-xebis ukiduresi niSani, ganZarculoba ara mxolod samefo Rirsebebisagan, aramed, saerTod adamianobis garegani atributebisagan, savsebiT gamoxatavs gansacdelSi Cavardnili daviTis Sinagan suliskveTebas, romelic Semdeg sa-monanulo sagaloblebad (fsalmunebad) gamoikveTa (mag. `fsalmuni daviTisi, raJams ivltoda igi pirisagan abesalomisa, Zisa Tvisisa~, fs. 3). ganZarculoba ar aris mxolod ritualuri moqmedeba daviTis mxridan, es aris misi Sinagani mdgomareobis gamoxatuleba, rac ara mxolod qcevaSi, aramed mis sityvebSic mJRavndeba. roca zeTisxilis mTas gamcdars baxurimTan saulis saxlis naTe-savi kaci, vinme Simyi Semoxvda qvebis sroliTa da wyevla-krulviT, mxleblis abiSai ceruias Zis sityvaze, `risTvis aginebs es mkvdari ZaRli Cems mefe-ba-tons, waval da Tavs wavaclio~. mefem miugo: `Tu iwyevleba, iqneba ufalma ub-rZana, daswyevleo daviTi... xom xedavT, Cemi RviZli Svili mosaklavad momdevs da am beniaminels raRa movkiTxo? Tavi daanebeT, iwyevlebodes. ufals ase ub-rZanebia~ (2mef. 16:11-12).

WirTa TmeniT, bedisadmi morCilebiT surda daviTs, rogorc saulis dros, gadaetana es gansacdeli. maSin mas sdevnida misTvis mamad miRebuli kaci, ax-la ki sdevnis Svili iseve samkvdrod, rogorc sauli. aqac gamoCnda daviTis simaRle: Tumca ajanyebuli abesalomi emuqreboda ara mxolod mis taxts, ara-med mis sicocxlesac, daviTs ar surda gamarjveba Svilis sisxlis fasad. magram viTareba ise gamwvavda, ise sabediswerod daupirispirda daviTs abesa-lomi, rom igi an unda dacemuliyo, an uflis cxebulis taxtze asuliyo. da-viTis Sinagani sulieri brZola da gulistkivili sami sityviT gamoiTqva xalxis winaSe, yvelas gasagonad, raTa yvelas scodnoda misi survili da rai-me gaugebroba ar momxdariyo: `damizogeT ymawvili, abesalomi. uTxra daviTma sardlebs, vidre isini gadamwyvet brZolaSi gavidodnen. da mTelma xalxma mo-ismina, rac abesalomis gamo ubrZana mefem Tavis sardlebs~ (2mef. 18:5).

Svilis dandobas mama iTxovda, ara mbrZanebeli mefe, Tumca, unda vifiq-roT, rom am dros daviTSi laparakobda WeSmariti mefe, xelmwife, `saxiTa mis mieriTa~, mravalmowyale da sulgrZeli. magram amqveyniuri mefis morCils surs mefis mtris Surismgebeli iyos da ar esmis namdvili Zala sityvebisa `damizoge ymawvili abesalomi~, _ lmobili gulis amoZaxili, romelSic ma-mobrivi da RvTiuria Sezavebuli. Sezavebulia erTmaneTTan gulispasuxi miwi-eri da zeciuri mefisa. ramdenadac aratradiciulia da uCveulo daviTis gan-wyobileba dinastiuri TvalTaxedviT, imdenad gamarTlebulia mxedarTmTavar ioabis moqmedeba, mimarTuli janyis fesvis aRmosafxvrelad. abesalomis mokv-liT sardali gadavida daviTis nebas, rogorc mamisa, magram aRasrula sasje-li, romelsac taxtis mojanye imsaxurebda, Tundac igi mamis sayvareli Svili yofiliyo.

daviTis mravalricxovan monagarSi abesalomi gamorCeuli iyo: misi iyo pirmSoeba, maSasadame, mamis kurTxevac, esoden sasurveli davlaTi israelian-Ta mamrovanisTvis. daviTis siyvaruli misdami mxolod iakobis iosebisadmi siyvaruls Tu gautoldeba. mSvenebiT savse pirmSos mamobrivi siyvaruli gu-lisxmobda agreTve imas, rom mama abesalomSi memkvidres xedavda. `damizogeT ymawvili abesalomi~ albaT unda gavigoT rogorc `damizogeT memkvidre~. erT-gulma sardalma ar dauzoga pirmSo da, bolos, dauwereli wesisamebr, davi-Tis taxtze umrwemesi Ze _ solomoni gaamefa.

Cveulebriv, bibliuri wignebis avtori metismet siZunwes iCens personaJis garegnobis aRweraSi. mkiTxvelma ar icis abraamis, iakobis da isakis garegno-bis erTi niSanic ki; saulze mxolod is viciT, rom is erTi TaviT maRali iyo sxvebze. daviTs wiTuri Tma hqonda da axovani ar iyo; leas, iakobis pir-vel cols, susti Tvalebi hqonda, xolo raxeli, misi da, romelic uyvarda

iakobs, lamazi Sesaxedavi iyo; roca mose daibada, Tqves kargiao (rogorc RmerTma Tqva Tavis Seqmnil samyaroze) da gadamales, rom gadarCeniliyo. arc abesalomis garegnobis aRweraSia mefeTa wignebis avtori sityvauxvi, magram is gvimxels abesalomis konkretul niSans, Tumca ara imdenad misi silamazis maradsaxseneblad. avtori sagangebod laparakobs abesalomis Tmaze, mis uCveu-lo siuxveze, mkiTxvels amcnobs misi monakreWis wonasac ki. Tumca es savse-biT profanuli Tmaa, ara samsonis TmasaviT samowmidaro, romelSic iyo misi Zala, swored am siuxviT Seiqna misi damRupveli, TmaSi iyo abesalomis bedis-wera. bibliuri avtori SemTxveviT arc erT niSans ar axsenebs; TxrobaSi abe-salomis Semosvlisas naxsenebi misi Tma gamoCndeba misi aRsasrulis Jams: `Se-ejaxa abesalomi daviTis msaxurT jorze amxedrebuli. roca jori totebga-barjRuli didi muxis qveS gadioda, TmebiT gamoedo abesalomi muxas da casa da miwas Soris gamoekida. jori ki gamoecala da gaiqca~. ufliswulis umweo-biT isargebla sardalma ioabma da gangmira igi da ajanyebac Caqra.

Zvel aRTqmaSi moTxrobil aRsasrulTa Soris es aris erTi absurduli aR-sasruli adamianisa, yoveli mSvenebiT, SesaZloa gardametebuli mSvenebiT Sem-kuli ufliswulis, romelic mowodebuli iyo samefod da albaT Seswevda ki-dec qveynis marTvis unari. magram mefe kargavs memkvidres da Svils erTdrou-lad _ orkecia misi mwuxareba. Svilze glovis mxolod orad ori SemTxvevaa Zvel aRTqmaSi: iakobi moTqvams iosebze, moTqvams ara mxolod rogorc Svil-ze, _ mis garda mas kidev TerTmeti hyavs, _ aramed rCeul Svilze, romelic man daamSvena `Wreli kvarTiT~. es `Wreli kvarTi~ (qeToneT fassim) gaxda Zme-bis Suris mizezi da Zmebma daRupes igi, Caagdes WaSi, Sesvares ra misi samose-li Txis sisxliT, raTa mamas daejerebina sayvareli Svilis sikvdili. xom uzomo iyo mamis mwuxareba, magram bibliuri avtori aqac erTgulia movlenaTa aRweris miseburi wesisa _ iakobis moTqma sami fraziT aris gadmocemuli, im mniSvnelovani, erTaderTi sityvebiT, romlebic uTuod unda warmoeTqva saso-warkveTils: `Cemi Svilis kvarTia! nadirs SeuWamia, nadirs dauglejia iosebi!~ mere sityvebia, romelTac albaT mravalgzis imeorebda: `mgloviare Caval Cems SvilTan SaveTSi!~ xom ganuzomelia daviTis mwuxareba, magram mxolod orma sityvam, individualuri ritmiT warmoTqmulma, daitia igi: `Svilo, abesalom, Svilo, Svilo abesalom! (beni abSalom beni beni abSalom) netav Sens magivrad me movmkvdariyavi, abesalom, Svilo, Svilo!~ (2mef. 18:33). da isev da isev sxva rigiT: `Svilo, abesalom, abesalom, Svilo, Svilo!~ (beni abSalom abSalom be-ni beni).

solomoni

solomoni aris israelis pirveli mefe, romelic ufliswulad daibada. da-viTma is Tavis sicocxleSive dasva mefed im pirobis Tanaxmad, romelic misca man berSabes. uaryo kanonieri memkvidre adonia da gaamefa umrwemesi Tavis Ze-Ta Soris, fufunebaSi aRzrdili da naferebi solomoni, romlis saxelis (Se-lomo) TanaJReradoba `mSvidobasTan~ (Salom), ar SeiZleba mis TanamedroveTa TvalSi gangebiseulad ar aRqmuliyo: misi mefoba qveyanaSi mSvidobis sufeviT aRiniSna. man daasadgura qveyanaSi oqros xana, samoTxisdari, uzrunveli cxov-reba mTels israelSi, `Wamdnen, svamdnen, mxiarulobdnen...~ (3mef. 4:20). `uSiS-rad isxdnen solomonis dros iuda da israeli, TiToeuli Tavisi venaxis Zi-ras da Tavisi leRvis Ziras danidan vidre berSebamde~ (3mef. 4:25).

gadamwyveti gansacdeli solomonis cxovrebaSi, ramac gansazRvra misi mo-mavali da misi saxe TaobaTa xsovnaSi, iyo sizmari, sadac man yvela amqveyniur sikeTes amjobina sibrZne. sizmrad gamoxcadebulma ufalma misca arCevanis Se-saZlebloba: `mTxove, ra ginda, rom mogce~ da manac qveynis samarTavad airCia `brZeni da gonieri guli~. ufals moewona misi arCevani da isic misca, rac ar uTxovia misTvis solomons: simdidre da dideba. marTalia, is sibrZne, romli-Tac saxeli gaiTqva man, uflis mier momadlebulad aris miCneuli, magram sib-rZnis arCevani xom TavisTavad gulisxmobda Tandayolil sibrZnes. mxolod

brZeni irCevs sibrZnes. solomonis pasuxSi uflis kiTxvaze, `mTxove, ra ginda, rom mogce~, ukve Cans sibrZne da saRi azri. `uasako ymawvili~, rogorc igi uwodebs Tavs, acnobierebs im WeSmaritebas, rom mefoba mieca mas rogorc da-umsaxurebeli madli, rom igi daviTisadmi uflis keTilganwyobilebis gamo zis taxtze, da Tu ufali moiTmens mis mefobas, mxolod daviTis gulisaTvis moiTmens, radgan daviTi `wrfeli guliT dadioda mis winaSe~, _ wrfeli iyo maSinac ki, roca codvas sCadioda. da rasac mas apatiebda, daviTis gulisaT-vis apatiebda. ymawvils Segnebuli hqonda, rom igi ijda ara Tavis taxtze, aramed daviTis ganmtkicebul taxtze da mis aSenebul qveyanaSi, romlis Sesa-narCuneblad mas sWirdeboda `gamgebi guli~. ymawvilis arCevanSi da uflis dasturSi am arCevanze gamoCnda mTeli Rirseba sibrZnisa, rom sibrZne erTi safexuriT maRla dgas amqveyniur RirebulebaTa kibeze, rom yoveli dovla-Tis dasabamia gulis sibrZne. ra SeiZleba yofiliyo ymawvili mefisaTvis ima-ze meti jildo, rac mas Caesma sizmrad uflisagan? `uTxra mas RmerTma: imis gamo, rom mTxove es da ar moiTxove SenTvis xangrZlivi sicocxle, ar moiT-xove simdidre, ar moiTxove Seni mtrebis suli, aramed goniereba mTxove sa-marTlis gasaCenad, _ aha, mominiWebia SenTvis brZeni da gonieri guli, ise rom Seni msgavsi arc Senamde iqneboda sadme da arc Sens Semdeg gamoCndeba Seni msgavsi. rac ar giTxovia, imasac mogcem: simdidresac, didebasac, ise rom, vid-re cocxali xar, aravin iqneba mefeTa Soris Seni msgavsi~ (3mef. 3:11-13).

ra aris es sibrZne, romelic solomonma uflisagan miiRo da ramac mas sa-xeli gauTqva saqveynod da samaradisod? rogorc `igavTa wignidan~ Cans, rom-lis avtoroba mas miewereba, es aris unari wuTisoflis oromtrialSi garkve-visa da misi mravalsaxovani, yofiTi WeSmaritebebis Secnobisa; es ar aris miR-mieri gamocxadebis sibrZne, romelic rogorc saidumlo ram dafarulia Cveu-lebrivi adamianisaTvis. es ar aris winaswarmetyvelTa naqadagari mcnebani, romlebic imarxaven sabediswero saidumloebebs wuTisoflis momavalze, qvey-nisa da adamis modgmis bedze. solomonis sibrZne xSirad praqtikuli codnaa, igavebSi gansxeulebuli da Tumca is cdiseulia, cxovrebis gamocdilebaa mi-si wyaro, magram is mainc RvTiuri warmomavlobisad aris miCneuli. radgan `uflis SiSi, ambobs erTi igavi, sibrZnis saTavea~ (igav. 9:19). da kidev: `ufal-ma SemiZina Tavisi gzis dasawyisSi, Tavis qmnilebebamde dasabamiT~ (igav. 8:22). es sibrZne yvelasaTvis unda iyos misawvdomi, is ar aris rCeulTa privilegia. `netaria kaci, ambobs sibrZne, me rom mismens, Cems karebTan fxizlobs dRenia-dag da Cemi karis wyrTilebs icavs~ (igav. 8:34). sibrZne warmodgenilia gvirg-vinosan dedakacad, dedoflad, romelic dReniadag unda axldes mefes, ro-gorc mefobis principis gansaxiereba. is aris misi zecieri sasZlo, romelic Caagonebs mas: `CemiT mefoben mefeni da CemiT aweseben samarTals mTavarni; Ce-miT mTavroben mTavarni da didebulni _ qveynis yvela msajuli~ (igav. 8:15-16).

solomoni sruliad gankerZoebuli movlenaa israelis istoriaSi. mas ar hyolia winamorbedi da arc STamomavali, romelic iqneboda sibrZnis matare-beli. Tu raimeSi an vinmeSi hpova ganivTeba misma sulma, es aris `igavTa wig-ni~, romelic cxraas TxuTmeti Segonebisgan Sedgeba; Tumca mravali maTgani moaruli andazaa, e.w. `xalxuri sibrZnis~ nawili, magram tradiciam mTeli es sityvieri dovlaTi mis Semoqmedebad dasaxa; mis bages miewereba ufro meti igavi, vidre bibliis `igavTa wignSia~ Semonaxuli. `warmoTqva sami aTasi igavi, ambobs matiane, da SeTxza xuTi aTasi sagalobeli~ (3mef. 4:32).

ra miiRo solomonma daviTisagan garda sxeulisa da gamzadebuli samefo-si? daviTi sruliad moklebuli iyo sibrZnis im saxeobas, romelic igavebSia gakvalTuli. solomoni Txzavda am igavebs da maTi meSveobiT gaikiTxavda qveynis samarTals. daviTi arc Txzavda igavebs da arc sjida, piradad ar gai-kiTxavda Tavis morCilTa samarTals, _ albaT, amiT isargebla mefobis mo-surne abesalomma, mefis karze samarTlis saZieblad momsvlelT rom eubnebo-da: `kargia da samarTliani Seni sityvebi, magram vin mogismens mefis karzeo?~ da Tan rom ocnebobda, `netav msajulad damadginon am qveyanaSi, yvela me mo-

makiTxavda, visac ki sadao saqme da saCivari eqneboda, da mec samarTals gavu-Cendio~ (2mef. 15:3-4), _ aramed Tavad ismenda mxilebis igavs, raTa amoecno am igavSi sakuTari Tavi da sakuTari Secdomebis ambavi. magram daviTs hqonda unari sxvagvari Semoqmedebisa da Semecnebisa. Tu solomoni igavebs Txzavda da adamianebs dasayrdnobel argans aZlevda wuTisofelSi an mis bnelSi una-Tebda gzas, rom gza-kvali ar areoda, borotTan brZolaSi samarTali enaxa da gaemarjva, daviTi qmnida fsalmunebs, romlebic misi codvilobis gancdaSi iRebdnen dasabams; fsalmuni ibadeboda misi Semusvrili da monanie gulidan, radgan masSi mudam cocxlobda Segneba Cadenili codvisa da im Caudenel codvaTa, ris SesaZleblobasac mefis ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba iZleoda. solomoni zemodan sjida qveyanas, rogorc warmomadgeneli zecieri msajuli-sa, daviTi ki dacemuli, ara taxtis simaRlidan da ara samefo samoseliT Se-mosili, aramed uxamlo da ganZarculi SeRaRadebda ufals, Tavs ki ar imarT-lebda, uflis ganusazRvrel madlsa da wyalobas aRiarebda.

solomoni Tavis valad Tvlida Tavis mefobaSi ganexorcielebina daviTis survili _ uflisaTvis saxlis aSeneba. ufalma ar moisurva daviTi yofiliyo misi saxlis aRmSenebeli. aseTi iyo ara mxolod neba RvTisa, aramed obieqtu-ri pirobac: daviTi jer kidev ar ijda myarad qveyanaSi _ axali dasrulebu-li iyo xetiali, devnileba; daviTi ar iyo savsebiT mkvidri, is jer kidev abe-li iyo, romelsac ar SeeZlo saxlis aSeneba. mas SeeZlo mxolod erT, myar adgilze daemkvidrebina rjulis kidobani _ taZris Tesli, israelianTa udi-desi siwmide. daviTi Tavis xalxs warmoudga rogorc mrokveli dasavaneblad mimavali, amoZravebuli kidobnis irgvliv _ es iyo misi RvTismosavobis uSua-lo gamovlineba.

solomonis xanaSi sabolood dadginda israelis tomTa sazRvrebi da erTi-anma teritoriamac gaiCina Suaguli ierusalimis saxiT, rogorc samefos cent-ri, aseve religiuri centri, raki uflis kidobani masSi damkvidrda samuda-mod. solomoni, rogorc sataxto qalaqSi Sobili, simyaresa da simkvidres atarebs Tavis TavSi da amitomac is unda gamxdariyo mSenebeli taZrisa, rom-lis wiaRSic moeqceoda uflis kidobani, manamde droebiT karavSi Sefarebu-li, dasadgurdeboda wmidaTa wmidaSi, raTa kvlav aRar daZruliyo. taZris aSenebiT sruliad unda Secvliliyo israelis sakulto cxovreba. amieridan taZarSi, rogorc SuagulSi, Tavi unda moeyara israelis Tormet Stos, raTa aq, uflis winaSe daedasturebina religiuri da erovnuli erToba, xalxma Se-iZina iseTi ram, rac arasodes hqonia Segnebuli erovnuli cxovrebis manZilze _ erTi gansazRvruli adgili im RmerTis Tayvansacemad, romelmac isini egvip-tidan gamoiyvana da aRTqmul qveyanaSi daasaxla. es adgili ar iyo Cveulebri-vi adgili; is amorCeuli iyo jer kidev maSin, roca xalxis winapari am qveya-naSi Tavis STamomavlobas samSoblos umzadebda. gadmocemiT, taZari im maR-lobze iqna agebuli, im morias mTaze, sadac abraams Tavisi siberis Ze isaki unda Seewira uflisaTvis. sxvagan sad unda aSenebuliyo taZari, Tu ara im ad-gilas, sadac xalxis mamamTavarma RvTis morCilebisa da samsaxuris arnaxuli magaliTi aCvena.

taZris mSenebloba, romlis masStabebi, aRwerilobis mixedviT, mxolod ba-bilonis taZrebisa an zikuraTebis masStabebs Tu Seedreba, marTalia, monumen-turobas aniWebs solomonis mefobis xanas, magram isic faqtia, rom amave xana-Si gauCnda bzari samefos. roca solomonis pirovnulma didebam, romelmac sa-xeli gauTqva mis samefosac, da RvTismosavurma Zalisxmevam, romelmac taZris SenobaSi hpova ganivTeba, umaRles mwvervals miaRwia, swored maSin daiwyo da-cema, Tumca didebis nayofebi ki darCa. paradoqsia, rom taZris amSenebeli, qveyanaSi RvTis dasadgurebis istoriuli misiis aRmsrulebeli, droebiTi rRvevadi karvidan gamZle SenobaSi misi damamkvidrebeli, mtkiced veRar dad-ga mama-papis rjulze. kaci, romelic taZris aSenebis Semdeg RvTis transcen-dentulobiTa da sidiadiT SeZruli ambobda: `nuTu namdvilad imkvidrebs mi-waze RmerTi? aha, ver iteven mas cani da cani caTani, rogor daitevs es Cemi

aSenebuli taZari?~ (3mef. 8:27). kaci, romelic `idga da xmamaRla akurTxebda israelis mTels krebuls~ am sityvebiT, romlebic mxolod rjulis namdvili moZRvris bageebidan SeiZleba gamosuliyo: `kurTxeul iyos ufali, romelmac simSvide mianiWa Tavis ers, israels, rogorc dapirebuli iyo. erTi sityvac ar darCenila aRusrulebeli im sasikeTo sityvebidan, Tavisi morCilis, moses piriT rom brZana. CvenTan iyos ufali, Cveni RmerTi, rogorc Cvens mama-papasTan iyo; ar migvatovos, ar gagvwiros, miizidos Tavisken Cveni gulebi, rom mis gzaze viaroT da davicvaT misi Segonebebi, wesebi da mcnebebi, romel-nic Cveni mama-papisaTvis dauwesebia. iyos es Cemi sityvebi, romlebiTac ufals vevedrebi, axlos ufalTan, RmerTTan, dRiTa da RamiT, rom maradRe aCendes samarTals misi msaxurisaTvis da misi eris, israelisaTvis, raTa gaigos deda-miwis yovelma xalxma, rom RmerTia ufali da sxva aravinaa mis meti. iyaviT gulwrfelni uflisadmi, Cveni RmerTisadmi, rogorc dResa xarT, rom iaroT mis wesze da daicvaT misi Segonebani~ (3mef. 8:56-61), am sityvaTa warmomTqmeli aRar iyo wrfeli uflisadmi da aRar iara misi gzebiT. niSandoblivi da sabe-diswero iyo istoriul perspeqtivaSi, rom solomonis `oqros xanas~ ar ewera xangrZlivi arseboba da rom amqveyniuri didebis mwvervalze asuli solomo-nisaTvis ar Canda sxva ufro maRali mwvervali _ wuTisoflis wesis Tanaxmad mxolod dacema iyo mosalodneli.

`siberis xans midrikes solomonis guli misma colebma ucxo RmerTebisaken. ise wrfeli ar iyo misi guli uflisadmi, rogorc daviTis, mamamisis guli. dadioda solomoni cidonelTa RmerTis, aSToreTisa da yamonelTa sibilwis, milqomis kvalze. ukeTurebas sCadioda solomoni uflis TvalSi da ise ar erTgulebda ufals, rogorc mamamisi daviTi. maSin augo solomonma samsxverp-lo qamoSs, moabis sibilwes, mTaze, ierusalimis pirdapir, da moloqs, yamoni-anTa sibilwes. aseve moiqca Tavis yvela ucxoeli colis gulisaTvis, romel-nic ukmevdnen da msxverpls swiravdnen Tav-TavianT RmerTebs...~ (3mef. 11:4-8).

jer kidev qanaanSi cxovrebisas, sanam egvipteSi gadasaxldeboda israelis Tormeti Svili, ucxoeli colebi didi sacTuri iyo erTi uflis, uxilavi da transcendentuli RmerTis aRmsarebelTaTvis. ebraelTa winapari mamebi ukrZa-lavdnen TavianT Svilebs qanaaneli colebis moyvanas. `gaficeb ufals, RmerTs cisas da RmerTs miwisas, _ ase eubneboda abraami Tavis msaxurs, _ ar mouyvano coli Cems Zes qanaanelTagan, romelTa Soris me vcxovrob; aramed waxvide Cems qveyanaSi, Cems samSobloSi da iqidan mouyvano coli Cems Zes, isaks~ (dab. 24:3-4); Tavis mxriv isakic amgvar anderZs utovebda iakobs: `nu mo-iyvan cols qanaanelTagan. adeqi da wadi SuamdinareTSi, dedaSenis mamis, be-Tuelis saxlSi da iqidan moiyvane colad dedaSenis Zmis, labanis asuli...~ (dab. 28:1-2). am endogamias xalxis genezisSi Rrma safuZveli hqonda: unda da-culiyo am xalxis sxeuli da suli, ufro suli, raTa misgan Seqmniliyo rCe-uli da wmida eri, raTa misi suli ar SemRvreuliyo, ar datyvevebuliyo qanaa-nelTa orgiastul dResaswaulebSi. `am qalebma suli Seuwuxes isaks da rebe-kas~ (dab. 26:35) _ naTqvamia esavis qanaanel colebze, romelTac gansazRvres sabolood esavis anu edomis suliereba. iakobis tyupiscali usasrulod da-Sorda Tavis Zmas, romlis wiaRidan unda gamosuliyo uflis rCeuli eri. `mia-tovebs kaci ded-mamas da miewebeba Tavis cols (dedakacs)~ (dab. 2:24) _ ambobs adamianis Sesaqmis miTosi. qali Semodis mamakacSi Tavisi rjuliT da Seswevs unari Seucvalos mas rjuli. mamakacis religia SeiZleba iZlios dedakacis religiiT, rogorc iZlia adami evas rCeviT, roca akrZaluli xilis gemos-xilvas urCevda, ris Sedegadac adamma dakarga mamis religia.

solomonma aaSena taZari da Seuqmna Tavis xalxs da qveyanas erovnul-re-ligiuri Suaguli, magram sicocxlis miwurulze Tavad uRalata masSi davane-bul ufals: mis gverdiT qveyanaSi Semoiyvana da daasadgura coleurTa ucxo RmerTebi. es iyo ufro mZime codva, vidre is codva, romelic daviTma Caidina _ erTaderTi cduneba Tavis cxovrebaSi; radgan uria xeTelisTvis colis warTmeva da mere misi muxanaTuri mokvla _ es sazareli saqcieli mxolod mi-

si Camdenis sulsa da xorcs vnebda (daviTma, mxilebulma codvaSi, moinania da ikisra sasjeli), solomonis moqmedebam ki, rac mamapapeuli erTRmerTobis (monoTeizmis) Ralati iyo (`radgan guli aicrua man ufalze~), acTuna mTeli eri.

`uTxra ufalma solomons: imis gamo, rom ase iqcevi, ar asruleb aRTqmas da wesebs, romlebic damiwesebia SenTvis, gamogglej samefos da mivcem Sens msaxurs. oRond Sens sicocxleSi ar gavakeTeb amas mamaSenis, daviTis guli-saTvis. Sens Svils ki gamovglej xelidan. magram mTels samefos rodi gamovg-lej, erT Stos Sens Svils davutoveb daviTis, Cemi msaxuris gulisaTvis da ierusalimis gulisaTvis, romelic me avirCie~ (3mef. 11:11-13).

ase rom, mamis Crdili efina solomons da ar daisaja gandgomisaTvis, rac arc erT mis Semdgom mefes ar epatia. magram is pirveli iyo, romelzec SeiTx-za uflisagan gamdgar mefeTa gamkicxveli formula. _ `ukuRmarTad iqceoda solomoni uflis TvalSi~.

iudas da israelis mefeebi daviTis erTiani samefos orad gaxleCa uflis nebiT moxda. magram uflis

neba uSualod ar iwvevs procesebs, ufals adamianis xeli `exmareba~. rac xde-ba uflis nebiT xdeba, magram adamianis xeliT xorcieldeba. aseTi Sedgeni-lobis aris istoriuli procesi, es ori faqtori gansazRvravs mas: erTia RvTis neba da meore _ adamianis xeli, erTmaneTis Seuwonadi faqtorebi. mag-ram _ esec uflis nebaa _ yoveli istoriuli cvlileba uflisa da adamianis TanaSemoqmedebis _ sinergiis Sedegia.

iyo periodi samyaros istoriaSi, roca rac Seiqmna, yvelaferi keTilad da mSvenierad Seiqmna. Seqmnilis sikeTe Sesaqmis yoveli aqtis Semdeg xuTgzis daadastura Semoqmediseulma Sefasebam, rom kargia, meeqvsed ki mTlianobaSi _ Zalian kargia. Tu berZnuli msoflgancda samyaroSi wesrigs _ kosmoss _ xe-davs, arc biblia uyurebs sxvanairad am samyaros, misTvisac igi wesrigisa da mSvenierebis gamoxatulebaa. `gasrulda ca da miwa mTeli misi wyobiTurT~ (dab. 2:1). amrigad, samyaro Seiqmna, rogorc sruleba, rogorc wyoba (wyobile-ba, wesrigi), rogorc Tanxmoba, mSvidoba qmnilebaTa Soris. Semoqmedi RmerTi ara mxolod samyaros mefea, aramed kacobriobisa mTlianobaSi da, kerZod, is-raelisa, romelzec cis mxedrobis, cis wyobis analogiurad mefobs ufali. arsebobs Sesatyvisoba samyarosa da adamianTa sazogadoebas (sociums) Soris, samyaros wesrigsa da sociumis wesrigs Soris. meore mxriv, adamiani mowode-bulia daicvas es wesrigi am miwaze, qveyanaSi, romelic ufalma misca mas sam-kvidreblad. es misia mas SeeZlo srulyofilad Seesrulebina, ramdenadac is `RvTis xatad~ Seiqmna, ramdenadac mas SeeZlo evlo RvTis nebiT (es niSnavs ara monur morCilebas, aramed sakuTari adamianuri nebis SerTvas RvTiur ab-solutur nebasTan). biblia ramdenime adamians asaxelebs kacobriobis genea-logiaSi, romlebic iyvnen srulni (Tam, Tamim) da `iqceodnen RvTis (nebis) Ta-naxmad~. aseTebi iyvnen enoqi, romelic cocxliv iqna atacebuli RmerTTan (dab. 5:25), da noe, romelic erTaderTi Tavis TaobaSi gadaurCa sayovelTao warRvnas, riTac ufalma codvili kacobrioba dasaja.

adamiani unda yofiliyo yovlisSemoqmedisa da samyaros mefis vikariusi de-damiwaze, raTa mas ganegrZo RvTis Semoqmedeba dedamiwis sferoSi. Tu adams SeeZlo, gaewia cxovelTa samyaros patronoba, rac araorazrovnad aris miTi-Tebuli bibliis me-2 TavSi, sadac adami RvTis miTiTebiT saxelebs arqmevs cxovelebs, ramdenad pasuxismgebeli unda yofiliyo igi wesrigze adamianTa sazogadoebaSi, romelic RvTis xatad Seqmnil arsebaTagan Sedgeba.

sxva RirebulebaTa Soris, romelzec dgas ara mxolod samyaro, aramed un-da idgas adamianTa sazogadoeba, aris Salom _ universaluri ontologiuri sinamdvilis amsaxveli cneba, romelic septuagintas (bibliis berZnuli Targ-manis) meSveobiT yvela qristianul enaze `mSvidobis~ mniSvnelobamde daviw-

rovda. marTalia, Salom niSnavs mSvidobas (berZn. eirene), magram ara mxolod mSvidobas, aramed yvelafers, rac mSvidobis pirobas qmnis da rasac Sedegad iwvevs. erTi sityviT rom gamovxatoT, Tumca Znelia, es iqneba `simrTele~, ro-melic erTdroulad unda moicavdes ganuyofeli mTlianobisa da sisrulis ideas. ZvelaRTqmiseul misalmebaSi Salom igulisxmeba ara mxolod zavis, uomobis mdgomareoba, aramed iseTi mdgomareoba, romelic SeiZleba davaxasia-ToT rogorc srulyofileba. am azriT, Salom esqatologiuri kategoriaa, ramdenadac is istoriis procesSi ganuxorcielebelia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, edemidan gamosuli RvTisxatSebRaluli adamiani ver axorcielebs mas. Salo-mis mdgomareoba dasasrulis mdgomareobaa, da Tu vinme ambobs, rom qveyanaSi dasadgurda igi, tyuis. winaswarmetyvelni afrTxilebdnen xalxs, ar daejere-binaT Salomis, rogorc ukve damkvidrebulis, mqadagebelTaTvis. `amboben: mSvidobaa, mSvidoba! magram ar aris mSvidoba~ _ es ieremias sityvebia, romel-Tac is gamudmebiT imeorebda (ier. 6:14; 8:11).

da mainc, is amocana, romelic aRTqmul qveyanaSi rCeuli xalxis damkvid-rebas gulisxmobda, imavdroulad Salomis damkvidrebac hqonda mxedvelobaSi. vinaidan, ra Rirebuleba unda hqonoda uflis TvalSi da xalxis TvalSic (ramdenadac am xalxs uflis TvaliT unda emzira) `rZiTa da TafliT mdinar qveyanas~, Tu iq uflis mSvidoba ar iqneboda damkvidrebuli? mSvidoba-Salom, ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iqneboda misi miRweva dedamiwaze erTi qveynis farg-lebSi, damokidebuli iyo Tavad xalxis suliskveTebaze, mis monoliTurobaze, mis Sinagan Tanxmobaze, mcnebaTa aRsrulebaze, uflisadmi erTgulebaze... mag-ram, bolos da bolos, rac mTavaria, maT erT qveyanaSi unda ecxovraT. vidre udabnoSi imyofebodnen, maTi mizani iyo, daemkvidrebinaT qveyana da damkvidre-buliyvnen qveyanaSi, magram roca es mizani Sesrulda da didi warmatebiTac, araTu esqatologiuri Salomi, aramed elementaruli mSvidoba, misi yofiTi aslic ki sanatreli Seiqna.

enoqi da noe gamonaklisebi iyvnen kacobriobaSi, maT wess ar misdevs kacTa modgma. magram gana aseTive gamonaklisi ar unda yofiliyo iakobis sazardu-lidan gamosuli Tormeti Zmuri tomi, romelic RmerTma mTeli kacobriobidan Tavis unj xalxad airCia? romel xalxs hyolia aseTi RmerTi, romels hqonia aseTi winamZRoloba, aseTi mizani? isini imave jiuti da qeduxreli kacobrio-bis nawili iyvnen, magram rCeulobas xom unda gardaeqmna isini, raTa TavianT sulier cxovrebaSi, yoveldRier yofaSi, socialur urTierTobebSi, sxva xal-xebTan damokidebulebaSi eCvenebinaT, rom isini namdvilad rCeul modgmas warmoadgendnen. magram, rogorc davinaxeT, Tunda mefobis SemoRebis istori-ul epizodSi, rCeulma xalxma ver aitana Tavisi rCeuloba, SeiZleba iTqvas, ocdaaT vercxlad gayida igi. gayides iosebi misma Zmebma, saidanac es xalxi warmoiSva? gayida ufro adre pirmSoeba esavma? aseve gayida israelma Tavisi saunje _ unikaloba, erTaderToba, riskenac maT samyaros Semoqmedi mouwodeb-da. maT ki Tqves: Cven gvinda iseTebi viyoT, rogorc sxva xalxebi arian. mefo-bis SemoRebiT daiwyes da ase gaCnda pirveli ganangrevi saganZuris kedelSi.

gasagebia, xalxs cxovreba undoda, winaswarmetyvelni ki mudmivad afrTxi-lebdnen, rom iseTi cxovreba, rogoric maT gadaiRes gareSemo xalxebisagan, keTil bolomde ar miiyvanda maT. rZeze da da Taflze xom zedmeti iqneboda laparaki. vinaidan, rac metia daumsaxureblad gadmosuli madli, miT metia pa-suxismgebloba: madlis meore mxare sasjelia. ufalma maRla aiyvana xalxi, magram roca is daeca, maRlidan daeca, da, rogorc winaswarmetyvelni ambobd-nen, ganacvifra am dacemam xalxebi. RmerTi Tavisianebs ufro mets mohkiTxavs, vidre sxvebs, visTvisac rjuli ar miucia.

saidan daiwyo erTiani samefos gaxleCis procesi? SeimCneoda Tu ara iako-bis SvilebSi erTmaneTisadmi gaucxoeba an Tu iuda da beniamini erTad iyvnen, aTi tomi ki _ calke, da am urTierTzurgSeqcevam, partikularizmma ukve erTi tomis farglebSi gadainacvla? iuda da sxvani erTzraxva iyvnen, roca mamis gulis mosaklavad gawires iosebi, xolo erTaderTi reubeni, arcTu yvelaze

ukeTesi ZmaTa Soris, _ man ar Seuracxyo mamis sareceli? _ cdilobda maTi ganzraxvis CaSlas? jiutni da qedficxelni iyvnen Svilebi, yvela Taviseburad janydeboda mamis winaaRmdeg, rac Semdeg uflis winaaRmdeg janySi gadaizar-da, roca maT erTi xalxi warmoSves.

naTeli wertili am modgmaSi jer iosebi iyo, romlis providenciul did-sulovnebas SeeZlo gamoesyida Zmebis uTnoebani (da asec moxda, es gaxda saWi-ro), iosebi, visi cxovrebac macxovris prefiguraciis erT-erT wyarod iqca, da mere daviTi, iudas Stodan, romlis Rirsebebi uTvalavia, Tumca moeria mas adamianuri sisuste, risTvisac pirovnulad, ara misma modgmam, mwared ago pa-suxi. da mainc daviTi gaxda mefobis magaliTi, romelmac erTgvarad SeZerwa macxovris saxe. Tu egvipteSi gayiduli iosebi ucxo qveynis faqtiuri ganmge-beli gaxda, ixsna Tavisianebi da Zmebic, maTi ukeTuri saqcielis patiebiT, kvlav erT sxeulad Sekra, daviTi pirveli iyo, romlis drosac da kverTxis qveS (gavixsenoT iakobis kurTxevidan: `ar waerTmeva kverTxi iudas... vidre ar mova misi mflobeli da is iqneba saso xalxebis~) israelianTa Tormeti tomiT dasaxlebuli miwa-wyali erTiani samefo iyo. mis dros TiTqmis savsebiT aRs-rulda abraamisTvis uflisagan micemuli aRTqma, rom misi STamomavloba da-imkvidrebda qanaans.

am or, Tumca erTmaneTisagan bediTa da xasiaTiT gansxvavebul pirovnebaze SeiZleboda Tqmuliyo, rom isini iqceodnen uflis nebaze da iyvnen _ TiToeu-li Tavis asparezze _ srulni. magram axla Cveni yuradReba daviTisaken ixre-ba, romelic SeiZleba iTqvas centraluri da, erTgvarad, arqetipuli figuraa xalxis istoriaSi. aq is aris SesaniSnavi, pirvel rigSi, rom man SeZlo mieR-wia Tormeti tomis erTianobisaTvis, Tumca Tavdapirvelad qveynis CrdiloeT-Si mcxovreb tomebs didi simpaTiiT ar SeuwynarebiaT misi mefoba. man aqcia ierusalimi politikur da religiur centrad da aqamde moxetiale karavi mTavari siwmidiT _ uflis kidobaniTurT _ erT mkvidr adgilas daavana, Tum-ca mas saZirkvliani taZari uflisaTvis ar auSenebia. mis dros sabolood niv-Tieri aRvseba miiRo uflis mier mravalgzis Tqmulma, rom is airCevda ad-gils Tavisi saxelis dasamkvidreblad. aseTi adgili ierusalimi gamodga, romlis didebuli warsuli gamoucnobi melqicedekis _ `Salemis mefisa da uzenaesi RvTis mRvdlis~ _ saxelTan kavSirdeba.

garda uria xeTelis epizodisa, romlisTvisac daviTma pirovnulad savse-biT miiRo sazRauri, xolo STamomavlobas, kacobriobas dautova yoveli qristianisaTvis nacnobi sinanulis Seudarebeli 50-e fsalmuni, masSi araviTa-ri biwi ar ipoeboda. ufals uyvarda daviTi da, rom mis Semdeg gvirgvini da kverTxi ar warTmevia mis naSiers mravali Taobis manZilze, am siyvarulis ga-mo iyo. miuxedavad mefobisadmi uflis uaryofiTi damokidebulebisa, daviTi rCeboda mefis etalonad dinastiur istoriaSi da mesiis winasaxed sakacob-rio esqatologiur perspeqtivaSi.

roca solomonma, daviTis siyvarulis Zem, daviTis sikvdilis Semdeg da, rac paradoqsulia, Tumca amasac SeiZleba moeZebnos racionaluri axsna (Tu ara, gageba mainc), taZris Senebis dasrulebis `meore dRes~ ucxo RmerTebisa-ken midrika guli, daviTisadmi siyvarulis gamo iyo, rom ufals ganmdgari me-fisaTvis zurgi ar Seuqcevia, ar mouZulebia bedkruli sauliviT, ar waurTme-via misTvis mefoba, ufro meti: samefos gaxleCis Semdeg iudas samefoSi ar gamrudebula daviTisagan momdinare dinastiuri xazi: iudas taxtze saboloo katastrofamde daviTianebi, Tumca ukeTurni, mefeebi isxdnen. ase uyvarda ufals daviTi.

ra iyo samefos gaxleCis mizezi Tu mizezebi? iyo mizezic da iyo sababic, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada momxdariyo is, rac aucileblobiT unda momxdari-yo. pirveli mizezi Tavad xalxis SigniT mwifdeboda dasabamidan, rogorc iT-qva, im xnidan, roca xalxi jer kidev ar iyo xalxi, aramed erTi mamis Torme-ti Ze, romlebic arcTu morCili Svilebi da Tanxmieri Zmebi iyvnen. rogorc iakobs uWirda maTi dazaveba, ise mefes gauWirdeboda (ufro metadac) mTeli

xalxis TanxmobaSi moyvana. vgulisxmob religiur, ara imdenad politikur Tanxmobas. qanaanSi damkvidrebis Semdgomma istoriam aCvena, rom uflis arCeu-li erTaderTi sakulto adgili _ ierusalimi arcTu avtoritetuli gamodga sarwmunoebrivi separatizmisken midrekili Crdiloeli aTi tomisaTvis.

daviwyeT Soridan da gamovyveT drois dinebas. jer kidev maSin, roca qanaani dapyrobili ar iyo da israelis mxedroba

iordanes aRmosavleT mxares imyofeboda, reubenisa da gadis tomma da menaSes tomis erTma nawilma (naxevarma), nacvlad imisa, rom qanaanis teritoriaze mie-RoT wili, TavianT samkvidrod mdinare iordanes aRmosavleTiT nayofieri mi-webi airCies. es iyo galaadi, baSani, romlebic saZovrebiT iyo mdidari, am tomebs ki bevri saqoneli hyavdaT. mosem dasturi dasca, oRond im pirobiT, rom es ori tomi da naxevartomi jer TavianT Zmebs miexmarebodnen qanaanis dapyrobaSi; mere ki maT SeeZlebodaT dabruneba TavianT arCeul miwa-wyalze. da, aha, dasrulda uflis brZolebi aRTqmuli qveynisTvis, romlis dasamkvid-reblad mTeli israeli _ misi yvela Sto monawileobda. maT Soris iyvnen re-ubeni, gadi da menaSes naxevari. rodesac isini, valmoxdilni, ukan brundebod-nen, gzaze samsxverplo aages. TiTqos araferi: ratom unda CaTvlodaT saeWvo moqmedebad samsxverplos ageba tomebs, romlebic stovebdnen qanaans da ior-danes gaRma gadiodnen? samsxverplo xom ara baalis, aramed iahve-uflis sa-xelze aages? magram es ar moiwones danarCenma israelianebma. maT am qmedebaSi umal separatizmis mcdeloba Tu dagvirgvineba dainaxes, vidre RvTismosaobis aqti. `ratom umtyuneT israelis RmerTs, zurgi rom SeaqcieT dRes ufals da samsxverplo aaSeneT uflis gasajavreblad? ... nurc Cven gvajavrebT imiT, rom uflis, Cveni RmerTis samsxverplos garda sxva samsxverplos aSenebT~ (ieso 22:16). riTi imarTles Tavi samsxverplos mSeneblebma? ara, Tqves maT, Cve-ni samsxverplo sruliadac ar aris sakulto daniSnulebis; Cveni aSenebuli samsxverplo sruliadac ar upirispirdeba uflis erTaderT samsxverplos. ara, Cven avaSeneT igi, raTa yofiliyo mowmed Cvens STamomavalTaTvis imisa, rom maTac, iordanes gaRma mcxovrebTac, aqvT wili qanaanSi mcxovreb israe-lianebTan erTad. `dResve daviRupoT... Tu Tavis dasazRvevad ar movqceuliya-viT ase, rom xval Tqvenma Svilebma ar uTxran Cvens Svilebs: ra saqme gaqvT ufalTan, israelis RmerTTan?... vifiqreT: roca ase gvetyvian Cven da Cvens Sem-dgom Taobas, mivugebT: aha, uflis samsxverplo, romelic Cvenma mama-papam aaSe-na ara aRsavlenisaTvis da saklavisaTvis, aramed raTa mowme yofiliyo igi Cvensa da Tqvens Soris.~ (ieso 22:22-28). maT aRiares, rom maTTvisac uflis er-TaderTi samsxverplo is iyo, romelic uflis savanis win idga (ieso 22:29). anu is adgili, sadac ufalma Tavisi saxelis davaneba isurva. uflis es sur-vili gasdevs laitmotivad `meore rjulis~ wigns. es iyo israelianTa erTia-nobis piroba, raki maT miwieri mefe _ erTianobis garanti ar unda hyolodaT, mxolod erTaderTi RmerTis rwmena da misi erTaderTi samsxverplo _ erTa-derTi sakulto centri unda yofiliyo maTi erTianobis garanti. samsxverp-loTa simravle gamoricxuli iyo _ es SebRalavda Zveli aRTqmis ukompromi-so monoTeizms. erTi RmerTi, erTi samsxverplo da erTi xalxi _ es iyo moses rjulis principi, rasac Semdgom winaswarmetyvelni gamudmebiT qadagebdnen.

daviTma, rogorc iTqva, ganaxorciela es principi: ierusalimSi uflis ki-dobnis gadataniT man samudamod mianiWa am qalaqs centraluri da erTaderTi sakulto adgilis Rirseba: rogorc sxva kidobani ar arsebobda, aseve ar unda earseba sxva samsxverplos. erTi RmerTi (elohim), erTi `aRTqmis kidobani~ (aron ha-beriT), erTi samsxverplo (mizbeax), erTi `uflis krebuli~ (kehal Yah-ve), erTi `israelis sazogadoeba~ (yedaT israel) _ da amas daemata: erTi mefe, Tumca, unda gavimeoroT, mefobas ar hqonda israelis religiur da politi-kur cxovrebaSi Teologiuri gamarTleba.

rodesac politikuri Tu sxva mizeziT, erTiani samefo gaixliCa, maSin re-liefurad gamoCnda am principis SebRalvis katastrofuli Sedegi. im adamian-ma, romelsac uflis miSvebiT xelSi Cauvarda Crdilo aTi tomis mefoba, pir-

veli, rac gaakeTa, es iyo oqros xbos ori kerpis aRmarTva _ erTisa beTelSi, sadac iakobs zeciuri kibe esizmra, meorisa danSi, israelianTa gansaxlebis ukidures punqtSi.

ieroboami erqva am mefes, Crdilo samefos pirvel mefes, romelmac Semdgom ukeTur mefeTa tips daudo dasabami. `iTaTbira mefem da gaakeTa ori oqros xbo da uTxra xalxs: geyofaT ierusalimSi siaruli. aha, Seni RmerTebi, israe-lo, romelTac egviptidan gamogiyvanes~ (3mef. 12:28). sinais mTis Ziras, sadac pirvelad aRimarTa oqros xbo, igive sityvebi ismines egviptidan axladgamo-sulma israelianebma: `aha, Seni RmerTebi...~ (gam. 32:8). es sityvebi aaronis piri-dan gamovida, magram aarons pasuxi ar ugia maTTze, ieroboami ki israelis ukeTur mefeTa winasaxe Seiqna. maSin Tu kerpi moses brZanebiT gacamtverda, ise rom, misi Tayvaniscema verc moaswro xalxma, axla am oqros xboebma xang-rZlivad (israelis samefos dacemamde) gansazRvra qveynis religiuri saxe. yve-laze mkrexelurad da uRvTod daupirispirda beTeli da dani TavianTi kerpe-biT ierusalimis siwmides. ieroboamma kidev gadadga ori nabiji religiuri separatizmis gzaze. erTi _ samsxverplo gorakebis (bamoT) dawesebiT da meo-re _ ierusalimis tradiciuli dResaswaulis sapirispirod `misi msgavsi~ dResaswaulis daarsebiT `merve Tvis meTxuTmete dRes~ (3mef. 12:31). ase daupi-rispirda ieroboami ara mxolod daviTs, aramed israelis krebulis mTels tradiciul religiur praqtikas. dabolos, man pirovnulad gabeda iseTi ram, rasac verc moses dros, verc msajulTa areul xanaSi veravin gabedavda: da-arRvia ra wmida tradicia, romlis ZaliTac samsxverplos mxolod levianebi (levisagan warmoSobili Stos warmomadgenlebi) emsaxurebodnen, mosedan mo-yolebuli, TviTneburad `avida Tavis agebul samsxverploze merve Tvis meT-xuTmete dRes, im TveSi, romelic Tavisi nebiT amoirCia, dauwesa ra dResaswa-uli israelianebs, da avida samsxverploze sakmevis sakmevlad~ (3mef. 12:33). am saqcieliT israelis (ase daerqva cxra tomiT dasaxlebuli qveynis Crdilo nawils) pirveli mTlianad mowyda ierusalims da mis kults. misi pirovneba da saxeli ukeTuri mefis andazad iqca mefobis istoriaSi. `borotad iqceoda uflis TvalSi, mihyveboda ieroboamis gzas da mis codvebs da israelsac ac-dunebda~ (3mef. 15:34), ase ajamebs mematiane israelis mefis bayaSas mefobas. `miwebebuli iyo da ar ganridebia ieroboam nabatis Zis codvebs, romelmac acduna israeli~ (4mef. 3:3), naTqvamia mefe ioramze.

arada, keTilad daiwyo ieroboamma gamoCena. `mamaci kaci (gibor xail) iyo ieroboami~, ase axasiaTebs mas matiane. amitomac solomonma mas begaris saqme Caabara. ufali ki mas sxva asparezisTvis amzadebda. erTxel, ierusalimidan gasuls, Semoxvda siloameli winaswarmetyveli axia, romelsac axali mosasxa-mi hqonda mosxmuli. Cven viciT, rom sityvis garda, winaswarmetyvelebs gamom-saxvelobis sxva saSualebac aqvT maragSi, saxeldobr, simboluri moqmedeba. da am axiam, gaixada Tavis axali mosasxami da Tormet nawilad daglija da aTi nawili ieroboams misca xelSi. maT garda sxva aravin iyo iq. gareSe mayu-rebeli uTuod giJad CaTvlida mas. vin aris es SeSlilio (meSugay), ityoda misi am qmedebis Semswre, rogorc erTxel Tqves erTi usaxelo winaswarmetyve-lis danaxvisas (4mef. 9:11). risi Tqma surda am ucnauri saqcieliT winaswar-metyvels? man xatovnad aCvena da sityviTac ganumarta, rom mrTeli mosasxami Tormeti tomisgan Semdgari erTiani samefoa, romelsac or nawilad gayofa moelis. ufali gamoglejs solomons aT Stos (toms) da ieroboams Caabarebs. mxolod ori Sto (iudasa da beniaminis) darCeba solomonis STamomavlebs da-viTis gulisaTvis. ase Taviseburad, SeiZleba aratradiciulad, iqna arCeuli mefed ieroboami _ Tumca mxolod solomonis sikvdilis Semdeg Caibara same-fo. aqve miiRo Segonebac, Tu rogor unda moqceuliyo, rom mefoba SerCenoda mis saxls momavalSi anu misi dinastia gagrZelebuliyo. `Tu Seismen yvela-fers, rac me gibrZane, _ eubneboda ufali axias piriT, _ da ivli Cems gzaze, Tu gaakeTeb Cems mosawons, daicav Cems wesebs da mcnebebs, rogorc Cemi msaxu-ri daviTi akeTebda, maSin SenTan viqnebi, agiSeneb mtkice saxls, rogorc da-

viTs avuSene da mogcem israels~ (3mef. 11:38). da nacvlad imisa, rom evlo ie-roboams uflis gzaze, man Tavisi gza airCia, `ieroboamis gza~, romelsac miy-vebodnen misi momdevno mefeebi israelis samefo taxtze.

israelis samefom Tavis dacemamde (722 w. Zv. w-aR.) xuTze meti dinastia da cxrameti mefe gamoicvala. dinastiis Secvla, rogorc axla SeiZleba vuwo-doT, saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Sedegad xdeboda. gamoCndeboda vinme `davla-Tiani~, qarizmatuli pirovneba, romelic gabedavda da moklavda mefes, ganTq-muls Tavisi ukeTurebiT, RvTisgan da xalxisgan moZulebuls, da Tavad daj-deboda taxtze. Svils mamis winaaRmdegac mouwyvia SeTqmuleba da mis nacv-lad gamefebula. cxadia, samefo saxlis Senacvleba uflis nebiT xdeboda: uzurpatori iaraRi iyo uflis xelSi arasasurveli dinastiis dasamxobad. magram ukeTuris nacvlad gamefebuli winamorbedis gzas miyveboda.

ki miyveboda israelis mefeTa umravlesoba `ieroboamis gzas~, magram iyvnen gamonaklisnic, romelTa Sesaxeb SeeZlo mematianes eTqva, rogorc ioaSze dai-wera: `sworad iqceoda uflis TvalSi ioaSi mTeli sicocxle, sanam iehoiaday mRvdeli moZRvravda~ (4 mef. 12:3). Tumca misi sworad moqceva pirobiTi iyo: mas samsxverplo gorakebi ar gauuqmebia _ xalxi kvlavindeburad swiravda iq msxverpls da sakmevels akmevda.

israelis samefos pirveli mefe ieroboami iyo. vin iyo iudas pirveli mefe? es iyo roboami, solomonis Ze. marTalia, ufalma gaumeeqvseda samefo solo-mons, magram mefoba mainc mis saxls SeunarCuna da ase gagrZeldeba samefos dacemamde, babilonis tyveobamde. daviTian-solomonian mefeTa xazi ar gawyve-tila. bolo mefes, iehoiaqins, babilonSi vxedavT tusaRs, Semdeg gaTavisuf-lebuls da taxtze mjdoms babilonis mefis gverdiT sxva mefeTa Soris, rom-lebic babilonis mefes datyvevebuli hyavda. sikvdilamde eZleoda mas sarCo mefisagan (4mef. 25:27-30).

roboams, solomonis Zes, ar aRmoaCnda sibrZne, romliTac mamamisma saxeli gaiTqva. cudad daiwyo man. roca Crdilo StoTa uxucesebi eaxlnen solomo-nis Zes TxovniT, Seemsubuqebina maTTvis solomonis xeliT dadebuli begara, `uReli dagvimZima mamaSenma. axla Segvimsubuqes Zneli samsaxuri da mZime uRe-li, mamaSenma rom dagvakisra, da gemsaxurebiT~ (3mef. 12:4), _ am sityvebiT gamo-xates maT TavianTi saTxovari. roboami daekiTxa mamis uxucesebs, iudastome-lebs, romelTagan aseTi pasuxi miiRo: `Tu dRes mag xalxis msaxuri iqnebi, daemorCilebi da daakmayofileb maT, karg sityvebs etyvi, maSin Seni msaxurni iqnebian samudamod~ (mef. 12:7). SesaniSnavi sityvebia, romlebic aqtualobas arasodes dakargaven, sanam adamianTa sazogadoebaSi xelisuflebis saWiroeba iqneba. es urTierTmsaxureba, harmonia, romelsac gamoxatavs zemoTnaxsenebi sityva-cneba Salom. magra ar ewera Saloms damkvidreba israelianTa sazoga-doebaSi _ arc CrdiloeTSi, israelSi, arc samxreTSi, iudaSi. roboamma ar is-mina mamis uxucesTa rCeva da axla Tavis Tanatolebs, masTan erTad gazrdi-lebs daekiTxa, cxadia, formalurad, radgan roboams ukve hqonda Tavisi pasu-xi, icoda kidec, rogor pasuxs moismenda maTgan. ai, ra moismina: `ase uTxari im xalxs, romelic geubneba, uReli dagvimZima mamaSenma da axla Sen unda Seg-vimsubuqoo, ase uTxari maT: mamaCemis welze msxvilia-Tqo Cemi nekaTiTi. xom dagadgaT mamaCemma mZime uReli, me kidev ufro dagimZimebT uRels. xom gsji-daT SoltebiT mamaCemi, me morielebiT dagsjiT-Tqo~ (3mef. 12:10-11). ufals xom gadawyvetili hqonda, rom gamoglejda aT Stos solomonis naSierT, magram es gangeba adamianis xeliT unda aRsrulebuliyo. aseTi pasuxis mosmenis Semdeg xalxs sxva araferi hqonda saTqmeli, garda am sabediswero sityvebisa: `ra wi-li gvidevs daviTSi! ra memkvidreoba gvaqvs ieses Zisagan? Sen-Seni karvebisa-ken, israelo! axla Sen mixede Sens saxls, daviT!~ (3mef. 12:16). da, roca robo-amma scada Tavisi Zalauflebis gamoyeneba Crdilo tomebze, xalxma ar miiRo misi xelisufali _ mokles da Caqoles igi. `maSin saswrafod axda etlze ro-boami da ierusalimSi gaiqca~ (3mef. 12:18). ierusalimi daviTis qalaqi iyo. iu-das qveyana, sadac es qalaqi mdebareobda, daviTis RviZli tomiT iyo dasaxle-

buli. ase rom, daviTis saxli mis sakuTar tomze mefobiT SeizRuda. magram is mainc Zlieri iyo daviTis saxeliT, ierusalimis avtoritetiT da, rac mTava-ria, solomonis aSenebuli taZriT, romlis siwmide erTi _ iudas tomis _ farglebSi ar eteoda.

daviTis saxeli da ierusalimis taZari pasuxismgeblobas akisrebda iudas mefeebs, magram maT Sorisac, rogorc israelis mefeTa Soris, cotani iyvnen `keTili mefeebi~, romlebic daviTis gzas miyvebodnen.

roboami viciT, misi Ze abiamic `dadioda yvela im codviT, rasac masze win mamamisi sCadioda. ar iyo srulad mindobili misi guli uflisadmi...~ (3mef. 15:3). umetesoba aseTi SefasebiT aris Cawerili mefeTa matianeSi. ZiriTadi codva mainc religiuri xasiaTis iyo, ara yofiTi, an politikuri. matianeSi naTqvamia, rom iudas xalxi ar CamorCa israelis xalxs uflisgan gandgomaSi, rac sakulto gorakebis, svetebis, aSerebisa Tu xemxvivanebis gaSenebaSi mdgo-mareobda. uaresic: `roskipebic iyvnen qveyanaSi, sCadiodnen im xalxebis yovel-gvar sibilwes, romlebic ayara ufalma israelianebisagan~ (3mef. 14:23-24). anu xdeboda is, risganac gamudmebiT afrTxilebda ufali israelianebs _ nu Se-ezrdebiT, nu SeeTvisebiT qanaanelebs, warmarTebs da kerpTayvanismcemlebs, nu gadaiRebT maTi cxovrebis wess. Tqven rCeuli eri xarT. es iyo erTaderTi mo-wodeba moses xanidan moyolebuli, magram mowodeba mowodebad rCeboda.

345 weli gastana daviTis dinastiam da 20 mefeSi mxolod xuTiodem Tu da-imsaxura keTili saxeli israelisa da iudas mefeTa istoriaSi. pirveli iyo asa, romelic `simarTliT iqceoda uflis TvalSi mamamisis, daviTis msgavsad~ (4mef. 15:11). asam, ukeTuri roboamis Zem da aseve ukeTuri abiamis SviliSvilma, gayara qanaanuri wesis saRvTo roskipebi qveynidan da dalewa mamapapisdroin-deli kerpebi. asa imdenad mkacri yofila, rom dedasac, romelic abesalomis asuli iyo, ar apatia kerpis Tayvaniscema da dedoflobas ganaSora, misi ker-pebi ki aCexa da maTi nagabari kedronis xevSi gadayara. Tumca man bolomde ver miiyvana dawyebuli saqme: ver moeria gorakebs da xalxi kvlav gorakebze wiravda msxverpls. solomonis didebiT agebuli taZari _ RvTis saxli (beT elohim) ki idga ierusalimSi. asas dros gamudmebuli brZolebi iyo iudasa da israels Soris.

meore iyo ioSafati, romelic `yvelaferSi mamamisis, asas gzas adga, ar ux-vevda misgan da sworad iqceoda uflis TvalSi~ (3mef. 22:43). oRond manac ver SeZlo samsxverplo gorakebis gauqmeba. Tavis ocdaxuTwlian mefobaSi ioSa-fats zavi hqonda israelis mefesTan. metic: masTan erTad laSqrobda kidec. daxmarebis xels uwvdida israelis mefes aramis mefisa Tu ganmdgari moabis winaaRmdeg.

mesame iyo ioaSi. `sworad iqceoda uflis TvalSi ioaSi mTeli Tavisi si-cocxle, sanam iehoiaday mRvdeli moZRvravda mas~ (4mef. 12:3). iehoiaday mRvdlis, misi moZRvris, sikvdilis Semdeg (igi mefeTa samarxSi damarxes), ga-nudga ioaSi iudas mTavrebTan erTad ufals _ aSerebsa da kerpebs dauwyes msaxureba. ar gaWra arc RvTisagan movlenil winaswarmetyvelTa sityvam da arc zaqaria mRvdlis, iehoiadayis Zis qadagebam. araTu ar usmina ioaSma Tavi-si moZRvris Zes, mis memkvidres, aramed brbos Caaqolina igi. `ar gaixsena mefe ioaSma madli, rac iehoiadayma, mamamisma, uyo mas da mokla misi vaJi...~ (2neSt. 24:22). amis Semdeg ukan wavida ioaSis saqme: ufalma mcire laSqriT gaamarjve-bina aramis laSqars, romelic iudas da ierusalims Seesia, gawyvita erismTav-rebi da didZali alafi moxvetes da damaskoSi gaugzavnes mefes. xalxma am marcxisaTvis ioaSs dasdo brali, mRvdelmTavris mkvlelobac gauxsenes da mZimed dasneulebuli sakuTar sawolSi mokles. mefeTa samarxSi ar daumar-xavT, Rirsad ar CaTvales (2neSt. 24:23-25).

mexuTe iyo amacia (srulad: amaciahu), misi Ze. `sworad iqceoda uflis TvalSi, oRond ara ise, rogorc misi mama daviTi. yvelafers ise akeTebda, ro-gorc ioaSi, mamamisi~ (4mef. 14:3). amaciam mamis Suri iZia, mkvlelebi daxoca, magram maTi Svilebi ar dauxocavs, daicva ra moses rjuli, romlis Tanaxmad

ar unda daisajon Svilebi mamis da mamebi SvilTa danaSaulis gamo. es swori moqceva iyo uflis TvalSi. magram rac amis Semdeg Caidina, ar SeiZleboda ufals mowoneboda. Seesia edoms, gaanadgura da wamoasxa misi RmerTebi, da Tayvans scemda da ukmevda. es iyo gadaxveva daviTis gzidan da mamis _ ioaSis gzaze Sedgoma. amas isic daemata, rom brZolaSi gamoiwvia israelis mefe, ro-gorc Cans, uflis imediT, magram ufali aRar iyo masTan. aqamde zavi iyo or samefos Soris, axla amacia arRvevs am zavs. israelis mefe, romelsac amacias mamis saxeli erqva _ ioaSi (srulad: iehoaSi) ampartavnul, Tumca sakadris pa-suxs aZlevs mis gamowvevas. igavurad pasuxobs igi. ai, misi sityvebi, romlebic samudamod aRbeWda mefeTa matianem: `libanis kvrinCxma SeuTvala libanis ke-dars: colad miaTxove Seni asuli Cems vaJs. magram Caiara libanis gareulma mxecma da gaTela kvrinCxi. dagimarcxebia edomi da gadidgulebulxar. Rirse-ulad geWiros Tavi da SenTvis ijeqi saxlSi. risTvis stex SfoTs? Senc dae-cemi da iudac~ (4mef. 14:9-10). magram iudas mefem yuri ar aTxova gonivrul rCevas, romelic israelis erT-erTi ukeTuri mefis piridan gamodioda, da ufalma gaamarjvebina ioaSs, Tumca misi mefoba am tradiciuli formuliT Se-fasda matianeSi: `ukuRmarTad iqceoda uflis TvalSi...~ (4mef. 13:11). amacia da-marcxda brZolaSi, tyved Cavarda; israelis mefe miadga ierusalims, daangria misi kedeli da didZali qoneba gazida uflis saxlidan da samefo saganZuri-dan. sabolood, man, ganmdgarma mefem, iseve daasrula sicocxle, rogorc mis-ma mamam ioaSma: SeTqmulebma ierusalimidan gaaZeves da sadRac laqiSSi miug-zavnes mkvlelebi, da mokles.

meeqvse yuzia iyo, romelsac gansakuTrebuli xvedri Sexvda. Teqvsmeti wlis iyo yuzia (srulad: yuziahu), roca gaamefa iudas xalxma mokluli mamis nacv-lad. ormocdaTormeti weli imefa da bednieri da warmatebuli iyo misi mefo-ba, vidre cocxali iyo zaqaria winaswarmetyveli, `vidre eZiebda ufals, Rmer-Tic Seeweoda mas~ (2neSt. 26:5). ufali iyo masTan yvela saqmeSi _ brZolebsa da mSvidobian aRmSeneblobaSi. filistimelebi daimorCila, waarTva qalaqebi _ gaTi, iabne, aSdodi; yamonelebs, romlebic erT dros aoxrebdnen iudas miwa-wyals, xarki daado; gaamagra ierusalimi, koSkebi aRmarTa mis karibWeebze, da zed saomari manqanebi daayena isrebisa da lodebis sasrolad; hyavda gawvrT-nili jari, jaWvis perangebiT, farebiT, muzaradebiT, mSvildebiT da Surdu-lebiT aRWurvili; udabnoSic koSkebi aago da uamravi Wa amoiRo; hyavda uTva-lavi fara da naxiri, yanebi da venaxebi, `radgan miwis moyvaruli iyo~, askvnis matiane (2neSt. 26:10). misma saxelma egviptesac uwia. `Sors gaiTqva saxeli, radgan sakvirvelad iyo Sewevnili, vidre ar gaZlierda~ (2neSt. 26:15). es Se-wevna da gaZliereba yuziasTvis gansacdeli yofila, Turme ufali cdida mas, gauZlebda Tu ara mefe am warmatebas, saxels da didebas. aq iyo Casafrebuli xifaTi. didebis mwvervalze man iseTi nabiji gadadga, romelic ar axsovs is-raelianTa istorias moses droidan, roca koraxi da misi dasi legitimur, uflisagan kurTxeul aaronianebs samRvdelo funqciebs Seedava im motiviT, rom `wmidaa erTianad mTeli sazogadoeba~ (ricx. 16:5), rogorc uflis eri, da rom maTac aqvT ufalTan siaxlovis ufleba da neba, radgan ufali maT Sori-sac aris. es siaxlove wmidaTa wmidaSi Sesvlisa da iq kmevis sakralur ufle-baSi gamoixata. maSin mosem daumtkica koraxs da mis TanamdgomT, Tu vis unda SeZleboda sacecxluris pyroba da uflis winaSe sakmevlis kmeva. rodesac wardgnen xelsacecxlurianebi uflis winaSe sakmevad, gamovarda uflisagan cecxli da STanTqa isini _ `orasormocdaaTi kaci, sakmevlis Semwirveli~ (ricx. 16:35), xolo janyis wamomwyebs koraxs da mis dass ki miwam uyo piri mTeli xalxis Tvalwin. gadarCa mxolod aaroni, romelsac uflisagan moses xeliT hqonda moniWebuli es prerogativa. am epizodTan aris dakavSirebuli `ganedlebuli kverTxis~ saswauli. aRTqmis karavSi uflis win dawyobil nu-Sisxis kverTxTagan, romlebic israelis Tavkacebs ekuTvnodaT, erTaderTi aa-ronis kverTxi gamoarCia ufalma: `aha, ayvavda aaronis kverTxi, levis saxli-dan, ayvavda, gaifurCqna yvavili da damwifda nuSi~ (ricx. 17:23). amis Semdeg ki-

dev ufro ganmtkicda aaronianebis samRvdelo uflebebi da, gansakuTrebiT, mRvdelmTavrisa, romelsac erTaderTs mieca ufleba Sesuliyo wmidaTa wmida-Si, Seetana msxverplis sisxli Tavisi da eris gamosasyidad, da ekmia sakmeve-li. es xdeboda weliwadSi erTxel. swored am dros warmoiTqmoda RvTis sa-xeli, romlis sajarod warmoTqmas akrZalva daedo, ise rom aRaravis axsovda, rogor gamoiTqmoda igi (e.w. RvTiuri tetragrama anu oTxi Tanxmovnisagan Sem-dgari sityva _ YHWH-¡hvh).

koraxis hubrisi (gabudayeba) maSin moses epoqaSi sastikad daisaja uflisa-ve xeliT da mas Semdeg aravis ucdia samRvdelo prerogativebis xelyofa. ax-la yuzia, didebis mwvervals miRweuli keTili mefe, romlis cxovreba aqamde SeubRalavi iyo, imeorebs koraxis codvas. sjobs movusminoT matianes: `roca

gaZlierda yuziahu, gadidgulda da Tavisda dasaRupad Sescoda ufals, Tavis RmerTs,

radgan Sevida uflis taZarSi sakmevlis sakmevad samsxverploze. mas mihyva mRvdeli ya-

zariahu oTxmoci vaJkacis TanxlebiT. win gadaudgnen mefe yuziahus da uTxres: Sen ar

gekuTvnis, yuziahu, uflisaTvis kmeva, aramed mRvdlebs, aaronianebs, romlebic mkmevle-

bad arian nakurTxni. gamodi sawmidaridan, radgan Sescode da pativad ar CageTvleba

uflisagan, Seni RmerTisagan. ganrisxda yuziahu, xelSi ki sacecxluri eWira sakmevad

da, roca ganurisxda mRvdlebs, keTri gamoaCnda Sublze mRvdlebis winaSe uflis sax-

lSi, sakmevlis samsxverplosTan. da miixedes misken yazariahu mRvdelmTavarma da yve-

la mRvdelma da, aha, Sublze keTri aqvs, da saswrafod gamoiyvanes iqidan. Tavadac

Cqarobda gamosvlas, radgan ufalma dahkra mas~ (2neSt. 26:16-20).

keTri uflis sasjeli iyo da, rogorc dasjili, calke saxlSi cxovrobda yuziahu sikvdilamde, Tumca rCeboda mefed, magram samefo karsac da qveyana-sac misi Ze ioTami ganagebda.

magram mainc yuziam, romlis meore saxeli iyo yazaria (asea igi moxsenebu-li mefeTa wignSi), keTili saxeli daimkvidra matianeSi. misi Zis, ioTamis me-foba misi magaliTiT aris Sefasebuli: ioTami `sworad iqceoda uflis Tval-Si, rogorc mamamisi yuziahu iqceoda. oRond taZarSi ar Sesula~ (2neSt. 27:2).

ukeTuri mefis axazis (ioTamis Zis) Semdeg, romelzec Cawerilia matianeSi, rom `ar iqceoda sworad uflis TvalSi... dadioda israelis mefeTa gziT, baa-lebis qandakebebic ki Camoasxa, sakmevels akmevda ben-hinomis velze, cecxlSi atarebda Tavis Svilebs im warmarTTa bilwi Cveulebisamebr, romelnic ahyara ufalma israelianTagan, msxverpls swiravda da akmevda gorakebze...~ (2neSt. 28:1-4) da daskvnis saxiT, rom ufalma `daamdabla iuda axazis, iudas mefis ga-mo, radgan garyvna man iuda da codviT scodavda ufals~ (2neSt. 28:19), gamoCn-da mefed iudas taxtze misi Ze xizkia (srulad: iexizkiahu, ZvelqarTuli Tar-gmaniT: ezekia), romelzec martivad aris naTqvami: `sworad iqceoda uflis TvalSi, rogorc daviTi, misi mama, iqceoda~ (2neSt. 29:2; 4mef. 18:3) da kidev, rom `arc manamde yofila misi msgavsi israelis mefeTa Soris da arc mis mere iqneba~ (2neSt. 29:5).

manamde, cxadia, iyo daviTi, magram daviTi, rogorc iTqva, keTilmefobis Ta-ursaxea (amitom iwodeba is mefeTa mamad _ ab), TiTqmis metaistoriuli, mesianuri figura, romelic momavalSi mova kvlav gamTlianebuli samefos mefed. rac Seexeba, mis mere~, xiz-kias mere iyo ioSia, misi SviliSvili, keTili mefe, iudas bolo mefeebi ki ukeTurni iyv-nen _ maTze, maT ukeTurebazeve, dasrulda iudas samefos istoria. Tumca aRsaniSnavi isic aris, rom xizkias dros daeca samaria (722 w. Zv.w.), Crdilo israelad wodebuli samefos, dedaqalaqi da arseboba Sewyvita am samefomac. aSuris mefe, salmana-sar V, ar dasjerda samariis aRebas da qveynis dapyrobas; man Tavisi imperiis sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi gadaasaxla cxra (ara aTi) tomi, romlebic Crdilo samefos mo-saxleobas Seadgenda. israelis cxra tomi Seeria adgilobriv mosaxleobas, gaiTqvifa da samudamod daikarga ebraeli xalxisa da istoriisaTvis. darCa iudas da beniaminis Stoebi samxreT samefoSi, magram maTac mZime dReebi eloda _ babilonSi gadasaxleba, Tumca ufalma ar gaswira isini, gansakuTebiT, iuda, daviTis siyvarulis gamo, da tyveobidan ukan daabruna.

davubrundeT xizkias, imave iexizkiahus, romlis saxeli amgvarad iTargmne-ba: `ganamtkica ufalma (iahum)~ an `Cemi simtkicea ufali~. misi mefoba imiTac aris RirsSesaniSnavi, rom igi moeswro didi winaswarmetyvelis esaias moRva-weobas. `keTil mefe~ iyo xizkia, magram misi cxovreba dramatuli movlenebiT iyo aRsavse.

pirveli, rac man itvirTa, religiuri reforma iyo. man Tavis erTgul msa-xurebTan erTad moawyo didi, epoqaluri wmenda ierusalimis taZarSi; sauku-noobiT dagrovili nakerpavi, warmarTuli nagavi kedronis xevSi gadayara; uf-lis saxli rjulis Tanaxmad msxverplSewirvebisaTvis gaamzada. bolos da bolos, man SeZlo gaeuqmebina samsxverplo gorakebi, sadac mravali xnis man-Zilze msxverpls swiravdnen leviani mRvdlebi, romelTac mitovebuli hqon-daT uflis taZari; ar iqneboda ioli saqme ramdenime aseuli wliT gauqmebu-li ritualebis aRdgena; yvelaferi TiTqos Tavidan unda dawyebuliyo, ro-gorc moses xanidan daiwyo. misi ganmaaxlebeli qmedebani gascda iudas sazRv-rebs da gauqmebul Crdilo samefos teritoriasac miswvda: efremis, menaSes, isaqaris StoTa naSTebic, vinc gadasaxlebas gadaurCnen, Caebnen ganmaaxlebel, ufro sworad, aRmadgenel moZraobaSi: maTac gaCexes aSerebi, daangries gorak-Ta samsxverploebi, dalewes svetebi... dabolos, xizkiahum didixnis daviwyebu-li paseqis dResaswaulis sayovelTao, mTeli israelis masStabiT aRniSvna ga-moacxada (2neSt. 30). am aqtiT mefe Seecada daeaxlovebina da Seerigebina erT-maneTTan erT dros erTiani, aw ki or nawilad gaxleCili xalxis sxeuli da suli. es udidesi Canafiqri iyo, rac ki odesme daviTiani mefis gonebasa da gulSi Casaxula. dagzavna mTel qveyanaSi malemsrboli macneni am istoriuli misiiT, raTa xalxisaTvis emcnoT mefis gadawyvetileba. matiane ar malavs, rom zebulonis, efremis Tu menaSes qveyanaSi iyvnen iseTnic, romlebic skepti-kurad Sexvdnen mefis mowodebas, dascinodnen maT da abuCadac igdebdnen. mag-ram mizani, Tumca efemerulad, _ male kvlav didi xnis manZilze aRar gaimar-Teboda paseqi, radgan xalxi aRar iqneboda am miwaze, _ magram miRweuli iqna. mainc `didZali xalxi moawyda ierusalims meore TveSi ufuarobis dResaswau-lis gadasaxdelad...~ (2neSt. 30:13). yvelaferi Tavisi wesisa da rigis mixedviT Sesrulda, leviani mRvdlebi Tav-Tavis adgilebze idgnen, rogorc mosem dau-wesa maT. `xarobda iudas mTeli krebuli, mRvdlebi da levianebi, israelidan mosuli mTeli krebuli, israelis qveynidan mosuli xiznebi da iudas mkvidr-ni. iseTi didi sixaruli sufevda ierusalimSi, romlis msgavsi solomon davi-Tis Zis, israelis mefis, dReebis mere ar yofila ierusalimSi~ (2neSt. 30:25-26).

da, aha, misi didebis mwvervalze, rogorc matiane wers, `am patiosan saqmeTa Semdeg movida sanxeribi, aSuris mefe, SemoiWra iudaSi...~ (2meSt. 32:1). mteri uricxvi laSqriT Semoadga ierusalims, alya Semoartya mas, gamovida herol-di mtris banakidan da maRali xmiT, ebraul enaze, rom mTel qalaqs gaegona, aSuris mefis saxeliT dauwyo lanZRva da damcireba maT ufals da maT mefes, rom suliT dacemuliyo isedac cudi aRsasrulis molodiniT SeSinebuli xalxi. `nu daujerebT xizkias, radgan ase ambobs aSuris mefe: damizavdiT da gadmodiT Cem mxareze, Wamos TiToeulma Tavisi yurZeni da leRvi da svas Ta-visi Wis wyali. sanam movidode da wagiyvandeT Tqveni qveynisnair qveyanaSi, pu-risa da Rvinis qveyanaSi, yanebisa da venaxebis qveyanaSi, zeTisxilisa da Taf-lis qveyanaSi... rodis uxsniaT RmerTebs Tav-Tavisi qveynebi aSuris mefis xe-lidan?~ (4mef. 18:31-33). amas pirdeboda aSuris mefe ierusalimSi SeyuJul xalxs, TiTqos RmerTi yofiliyo, romelmac moiyvana am miwaze israelianebi da daasaxla. nu erwmunebiT Tqvens RmerTs, nu daujerebT xizkias, nu gaime-debT xizkia... esmoda es sityvebi xalxs, romelsac xizkiam uflis saxeliT da-ungria samsxverplo gorakebi da kerpTa Tayvaniscema aukrZala, ris gamoc bev-ri maTgani ukmayofilo iqneboda. aSuris mefis sityvebi sworad iyo gaTvli-li. namdvilad iyo saSiSroeba, rom gatydeboda sulmokle xalxi da ierusa-limi gauRebda mters karibWeebs. isev da isev xizkias RvTismosaobis gamo iyo

rom ixsna ufalma ierusalimi da iudas samefo. rom acnobes aSureli herol-dis sityvebi, saxelovani mefe jvaloTi Seimosa da taZarSi wavida salocavad. solomonis mxurvale locvis Semdeg, romelic man taZris Senobis dasrulebi-sas aRavlina RvTis winaSe im Rirssaxsovar dRes iq Sekrebili xalxis gasago-nad, ar moiZebneba mTel bibliaSi sxva locva, aseTi rwmeniT, sasoebiT da sim-SvidiT rom warmoTqmuliyo, rogorc xizkiam warmoTqva da _ rodis, roca ga-darCenis araviTari imedi aRar iyo. roca jvaloTi Semosili xizkia taZarSi Sedioda, xelSi mtris banakidan RvTis maginebeli etrati eWira. daCoqilma uflis winaSe gaSala gragnili da ase iloca:

`ufalo, RmerTo israelisa, qerubimze amxedrebulo! Sena xar erTaderTi RmerTi qvey-nierebis yvela samefosi, Seni Seqmnilia ca da miwa. yuri moapyar, ufalo, da ismine, Tvali gaaxile da Sexede; gaigone sanxeribis sityvebi, cocxali RvTis sagineblad rom SemoTva-la. marTalia, ufalo, moaoxres aSuris mefeebma xalxebi da maTi qveynebi, cecxls misces maTi RmerTebi da gaanadgures, radgan RmerTebi ki ar yofilan isini, aramed xisagan da qvisagan adamianis xeliT nakeTebi sagnebi iyo. aw gvixsen, ufalo, RmerTo Cveno, misi xeli-dan, raTa gaigos qveynierebis yvela samefom, rom Sen xar ufali, erTaderTi RmerTi~ (4mef. 19:15-19).

pasuxmac ar daayovna. esaias piriT gamocxadebuli pasuxi Seicavs uflis, rogorc istoriis Semoqmedis, sityvas: yvelaferi, rac xdeba, misi nebiT xdeba, yvelaferi winaswar aris ganzraxuli mis dafarulSi, raTa sabolood gac-xaddes: `nuTu ar gsmenia, rom es ZvelTaganve ganvamzade? axlaRa movawie, rom nangrevebad qceuliyvnen cixe-qalaqebi~ (4mef. 19:25). pasuxi Seicavs aSuris me-fis ganaCens: `imis gamo, rom gamididguldi da moswvda Cems yurebs Seni ampar-tavneba, nestoebSi rgols gagiyri da pirSi lagams amogdeb, imave gziT dagab-runeb, romliTac moxvedi... me davifarav am qalaqs, rom vixsna igi CemTvis da daviTisTvis, Cemi msaxurisTvis~ (4mef. 19:28,34).

da, marTlac, istoriis mamoZravebelma sulma mowyo ise, rom sanxeribi iZu-lebuli Seiqna ukan gabrunebuliyo. ra iyo amis obieqturi mizezi _ moulod-neli Savi Wiri banakSi, rogorc biblia gvauwyebs (4mef. 19:35), Tu aSuris xe-lisuflebas damorCilebuli babilonis janyi, rogorc aSuruli saistorio wya-ro gadmogvcems, _ sinxeribma moxsna alya da Tavis qveyanas miaSura, sadac mokles kidec misma vaJebma (4mef. 19:37).

amjerad gadarCa iuda da ierusalimi, ar mouxda mas, rom Crdilo samefos bedi gaeziarebina. xizkiac gadarCa, rom mis dros ar moxda, rac asi wlis Sem-deg misi ukeTuri STamomavlis dros moxda.

marTali mefe, romlis drosac saswaulebrivad gadarCa qveyana ganadgure-bas da xalxi wartyvevnas, da Tavadac aranaklebi saswauliT gauxangrZlivda sicocxle (sasikvdilo senisgan gankurnebis niSnad Crdili aTi safexuriT dabrunda ukan, 4mef. 20:9-11), axlos iyo damRupvel gaamayebasTan, magram man daTrguna siamaye, rogorc sagangebod aRniSna mematianem:

`modrka iexizkiahu Tavis didgulobaSi da masTan erTad ierusalimis yvela mkvidri

da aRar dastydomiaT RvTis risxva iexizkiahus dReebSi~

(2neSt. 32:26). erTi sabediswero saqcieli Caidina uflis nebierma mefem. roca aSuris wi-

naaRmdeg misma mokavSirem babilonis mefem Seityo misi gamojanmrTeleba, we-rilebi da ZRveni gamougzavna. sixaruliT miiRo elCebi xizkiahum da babilo-nis mefisadmi madlobis niSnad gauxsna maT saganZurebi da yvelaferi, rac maTSi inaxeboda, daaTvalierebina. winaswarmetyvelma esaiam mefis am moqmede-baSi samefos mware aRsasrulis niSani dainaxa: `aha, dadgeba Jami da yvela-fers, rac saxlSi gaqvs, da rac Sens mama-papas dRemde mouxveWavs, babilonSi waiReben, aRaraferi darCeba, ambobs ufali~ (4mef. 20:17).

misma STamomavlebma or TaobaSi _ Svilma menaSem da SviliSvilma amonma ukuRma daatriales misi waRma nakeTebi saqmeebi, kvlav daabrunes iudas xalxi kerpTayvanismcemlobisken, uflis saxlSic ki Seitanes aSeras kerpebi da vars-

kvlavebs samsxverploebi auSenes. `ubralo sisxlic bevri daRvara menaSem, ise rom pirTamde aavso ierusalimi...~ (4mef. 21:16).

am ori ukeTuri mefis Semdeg kvlav da ukanasknelad movida keTili mefe _ es iyo ioSia. rva wlis gamefda ioSia, radgan misi ukeTuri mama amoni SeTqmu-lebma mokles, oriode weli mouxda mefoba. arc erT sxva mefes, garda xizkia-si, misi didi papisa, ar daumsaxurebia iseTi Sefaseba, rogoric xvda wilad ioSias: `sworad iqceoda uflis TvalSi da yvelaferSi daviTis gzas mihyvebo-da, arc marjvniv gadauxvevia, arc marcxniv~ (4mef. 22:2). `arc mis mere gamoCeni-la misi msgavsi~, askvnis mematiane misi Rvawlis aRweris bolos (4mef. 22:25). man ukanasknelma ganaxorciela mefobis principi, romlis magaliTi daviTma misca Taobebs, rom uflis mcnebaTa erTgulni yofiliyvnen.

srulwlovani rom Seiqna, pirveli, rac ioSiam moimoqmeda, uflis saxlis gasufTaveba da SekeTeba iyo. swored am samuSaoebis dros ipovna mRvdelmTa-varma xilkiam sadRac, taZris kunWulebSi mikarguli `rjulis wigni~ (sxvanai-rad, `aRTqmis wigni~). waukiTxes wigni mefes da man Semoixia samoseli. mixvda ioSia da mere ufalmac gamoucxada, rom yvela is ukeTureba, zneobrivi Tu religiuri, romelic xdeboda warsul TaobebSi, am wignis mcnebaTa daviwyebis Sedegi iyo. imasac mixvda ioSia, rom axlos iyo Jami, roca unda avsebuliyo uflis moTminebis Tasi. `rjulis wignis~ sityvebSi iudas samefos saboloo ganaCeni ikiTxeboda. daiRupeboda iuda, magram es ar moxdeboda ioSias mefoba-Si, raki man am wignis sityvebis mosmenisas qedi moidrika uflis winaSe da sa-moseli Semoiglija, da atirda (4mef. 22:19). da Seudga ioSia qveynis ganwmedas im sisaZagleTagan, romlebic mravali Taobis ganmavlobaSi dagrovda. rasac xizkias xeli ver miswvda, saxeldobr, solomon mefis dros, mis gandgomile-baSi, dadgmul kerpebs aSToreTis, qamosis da milqomis saxelze. misi xeli Crdilo teritoriasac gadaswvda, sadac misi iurisdiqcia ar vrceldeboda: daangria gorakebi, sadac samasi wlis winaT ieroboam nabatis Zem oqris xboe-bi dadga da israelianTa gandgomas misca dasabami.

magram RvTis gangebaSi efemeruli Canda misi rCeulis Rvawli. samefos bedi gadawyvetili iyo. `ar mohbrunebia guli ufals didi risxvisagan, romelic aRigzno iudaSi yvela im wyenis gamo, menaSem rom awyenina mas. Tqva ufalma: iudasac moviSoreb Cemgan, rogorc israeli moviSore. arad Cavagdeb qalaqs, ierusalims, romelic avirCie, ierusalims da saxls, romelzec vTqvi, aq iqne-ba-meTqi Cemi saxeli~ (4mef. 23:26-27). sabolood, mefem, romelmac radikaluri religiuri reformebi Caatara da RvTismosavis saxeli daimkvidra, politika-Si dauSva sabediswero Secdoma: aSuris winaaRmdeg daZrul egviptis Zlevamo-sil laSqars brZoliT Seegeba, raTa mxari daeWira Zveli mtrisaTvis, rome-lic axla mokavSired airCia, da moikla megidosTan.

sami ukanaskneli mefis wlebi uflis gangebis aRsrulebis wlebi iyo. jer wvril-wvrili samefoebidan Semoseuli urdoebi awuxebdnen iudas. mere, roca dairRva politikur ZalTa wonasworoba da babilonma Tavisi `mSvidoba~ daam-yara wina aziaSi, iudas bedic unda gadamwydariyo sabolood im ganzraxvis sisruleSi mosayvanad, romelic ufalma Caifiqra. ioSiadan mesame TaobaSi ukeTur iehoaqinze dasrulda iudas samefos damoukidebloba.

babilonis mefe nabuqodonosori moadga ierusalims, aiRo qalaqi, gazida taZris mTeli saganZuri, daamtvria oqros WurWeli, romelic jer kidev so-lomonma daamzadebina uflis saxlSi samsaxureblad; ahyara ierusalimis mo-saxleoba _ aTi aTasi didebuli da meomari, maTTan erTad xelosnebi da mSe-neblebi _ rva aTasi kaci, da babilonSi waasxa dasasaxleblad. mxolod mda-biorni datova qveyanaSi. maT kvals gauyena mefe iehoaqini, dedamisi, misi msa-xurebi da kariskacebi. mis nacvlad biZamisi maTania cidkiahus saxeliT, rac niSnavs `samarTliania ufali~, dasva taxtze (4mef. 24:11-17). marTlac, samarT-liani iyo ufali, roca `mrisxanebda ierusalimze da iudaze, vidre sabolo-od ar moiSora isini Tavidan~ (4mef. 24:20).

aTi wlis Semdeg uflis wyalobas moklebuli cidkiahu egviptis imediT ga-nudga babilonis mefes. babilonis laSqari meored moadga ierusalims, alya Semoartya da SimSilis piras miiyvana qalaqi. cidkiahu gaipara qalaqidan Ta-visi saxleuliTurT; TiTqos samSvidobos iyo gasuli, rom ieriqonis velze miewivnen babilonelebi, Seipyres da mefes mihgvares. mefem Svilebi dauxoca Tvalwin cidkiahus, Tavad mas Tvalebi daTxara da borkildadebuli babilon-Si waiyvana (4mef. 25:11-7).

es iyo iudas da ierusalimis aRsasruli. babilonelebma gadawves taZari da mefis sasaxle, yvela saxli, `yvela didi saxli~, daangries ierusalimis kedeli; waiRes yvelaferi, rac pirveli wartyvevnisas gadarCa; darCenili mo-saxleobac tyved waasxes, amjerad mdabiorTagan mxolod `mevenaxeebi da mxvnel-mTesvelebi~ datoves.

cidkiahus bedi CvenTvis ucnobia, misi Zmiswuli iehoiaqiani ki, mefeyofili, sapyrobiledan gamoiyvana babilonis mefem, patimris samoseli gamoucvala, ba-bilonis tyveobaSi myof mefeTa Soris taxtze dasva da samudamo sarCo ganu-Cina (4mef. 25:27-30).

ierusalimi ki Sors darCa, nangrevebSi.

dabruneba iudas samefos dacemis wina xanebSi, roca mefeebi da maTi maamebeli winas-

warmetyvelni da mrCevlebi egvipteze amyarebdnen babilonisgan xsnis imeds, erTaderTi winaswarmetyveli ieremia iyo, romelic babilonisadmi morCilebi-saken mouwodebda mefes da xalxs, risTvisac mas eris moRalated acxadebdnen da sasikvdilod devnidnen. ioSias sikvdilis Semdeg, jer kidev iehoiakimis me-fobis dros ieremia winaswarmetyvelebda ierusalimisa da misi taZris daqce-vas. roca iehoiakims miutanes gragnili, sadac es winaswarmetyveleba iyo da-werili, mefe wakiTxul nawils xevda da cecxlSi wvavda. ieremiam uflis kar-naxiT meore gragnili dawera. magram arc mefe, arc eri ar ismenda mis sity-vas. Seusmenlobas Seguebuli iyo winaswarmetyveli, radgan man icoda, rom ganwiruli iyo SeusmenlobisTvis. gana ar eubneboda ufali? `etyvi maT yvela am sityvas, magram ar mogismenen. mouwodeb maT, magram ar gagigoneben~ (ierem. 7:27). magram winaswarmetyveli ar cxreboda: Tu sityva ar Wrida, simboluri qceviT aCvenebda WeSmaritebas, romelic uflisagan hqonda gamocxadebuli. WeSmariteba ki is iyo, rom erTaderTi xsna damorCileba iyo. ufali alapara-kebs ieremias, aTqmevinebs WeSmaritebas, romelic Zalze mware iyo patriotu-lad ganwyobili adamianebisTvis: `amieridan (ambobs ieremias piriT ufali) mTeli es qveynebi nabuqodonosors, babilonis mefes, Cems msaxurs, unda Cavaba-ro xelSi. velis mxecebic misTvis Camibarebia, raTa emorCilebodnen mas...~ (ierem. 27:6). uflis STagonebiT ieremias mihyavs xalxi, uxucesebi da mRvdlebi ierusalimis kedlebs gareT, ben-hinomis velze, winaswarmetyvelebs da maT Tvalwin amsxvrevs Tixis qoTans ierusalimisa da iudas daqcevis niSnad. ami-saTvis iqve scemes mas da dilegSi Caagdes.

597 wels, roca nabuqodonosorma mefesTan erTad pirvelad gadaasaxla iu-das da ierusalimis mcxovrebni babilons, ieremiam werili miswera gadasaxle-bulT, arwmunebda, axla mainc mieRoT morCilebiT babilonis tyveoba, damor-Cilebodnen beds, raSic uflis neba gamoixata. mouwodebda yvelas, eSenebinaT saxlebi babilonSi, gaeSenebinaT baR-venaxebi, SeeqmnaT ojaxebi, ezrunaT im qa-laqTa keTildReobisaTvis, sadac dasaxldebodnen, rom Tavadac keTildReoba-Si yofiliyvnen da, rac mTavaria, tyveobis vadasac uniSnavs. `radgan ase am-bobs ufali: rogorc ki Seusruldeba babilons samocdaaTi weli, mogxedavT da agisrulebT Cems sasikeTo sityvas, am adgilze dagabrunebT-meTqi~ (ierem. 29:10).

winaswarmetyveleba axda: dabruneba (TeSubah) movida, vidre daTqmuli sa-mocdaaTi weli gavidoda.* gadasaxlebidan ormocdarva wlis Semdeg istoriis

Carxi gadasaxlebulTa da qveyanaSi darCenilTa sasikeTod Semotrialda. dae-ca babiloni da misi mefoba sparseTis xelSi gadavida. ara sakuTari belade-bis, aramed ucxo mefis xeliT mouvlina ufalma xsna iudas da ierusalims. es iyo sparseTis mefe kirosi, romelic ufalma Tavis cxebulad (maSiax) CaTvala: `ase uTxra ufalma Tavis cxebuls, kiross, romlis marjvena miWiravs, raTa xalxebi davamxo mis winaSe... Cemi msaxuris, iakobis, da israelis, Cemi rCeu-lis, gulisaTvis giwodeb saxels da pativiT Segmosav, Tumca ar micnob... me gartyam sartyels, Tumca ar micnob...~ (es. 45:1,4,5).

babilonSi gamefebis pirvel wels _ es iyo 538 weli _ kirosma, romlis po-litika xalxebis mimarT Zireulad gansxvavdeboda aSurisa da babilonis mefe-Ta politikisgan, gamouSva ediqti iudevelTa TavianT qveyanaSi dabrunebis Se-saxeb. `ase ambobs kirosi, sparseTis mefe: qveynierebis yvela samefo momca me ufalma, caTa RmerTma, da manve mibrZana avuSeno mas saxli ierusalimSi, iuda-Si rom aris. vin aris Tqvens Soris am xalxidan, RmerTi iyos masTan! wavides ierusalimSi, iudaSi, da auSenos saxli ufals, israelis RmerTs. es aris RmerTi, romelic ierusalimSia~ (1ezra 1:2-3). ufro metic: kirosma mouwoda yvelas, visTvisac Zvirfasi iyo ierusalimis taZari, gaeRo saxsari mis xelme-ored asagebad. da amaze metic: kirosma daubruna iudaelebs taZris wmida sa-ganZuri, romelic nabuqodonosorma gazida ierusalimidan.

dabrunebidan Svidi Tvis Tavze israelianebi ukve qalaqebSi esaxlnen, Ti-Toeuli Tavis qalaqSi, saidanac gadaasaxles. im xanad dabrunda sul ormoc-daaTi aTas samas samoci kaci. ai, am xalxma aaSena taZari, dabrunebulTa meo-re talRa ierusalimis kedlis aRdgenas Seudga.

taZris Senebis procesi RirsSesaniSnavi periodi iyo xalxis cxovrebaSi, es iyo mcdeloba warsulis aRdgenisa. mSenebelTa sulisCamdgmeli iyo samRvde-lo kaci, mefeTa naTesavi, saxelad zerubabeli, romelzec xmac ki dairxa, swored eg aris is mesia, romlis mosvlas esaia winaswarmetyvelebdao. magram varaudi ar gamarTlda, Tumca zerubabel SalTielis Zem zedmiwevniT aRasru-la misia, risTvisac is namdvilad movlinebuli iyo. am dros moRvaweobdnen winaswarmetyvelni _ angia da zaqaria, romlebic gverdSi edgnen mSeneblebs da RvTis sityviT amxnevebdnen (1ezra 3). es iyo didi enTuziazmis xana: Tu so-lomonis dros taZars ZiriTadad ucxoelebi aSenebdnen, meore taZris Seneba-Si mTeli xalxi iyo Cabmuli. didi iyo sixaruli. `netar mas Jamsa, ra¡ igi iq-mneboda!~ es formula, fuZemdebluri Jamis gamomxatveli sityvebi, savsebiT mi-esadageba maT ganwyobilebas. Tumca movusminoT Tavad ezras, rogor ukvdavyo man is Jami, roca taZris saZirkveli iyreboda:

`roca mSeneblebi Seudgnen uflis taZris saZirkvlis Cayras, daayenes Semo-sili mRvdlebi sayvirebiT da levianebi, asafis Zeni, dafdafebiT, raTa edide-binaT ufali israelis mefis daviTis wesis mixedviT. umRerdnen qeba-didebas ufals: radgan keTilia, radgan saukunoa misi wyaloba israelze! mTeli xal-xi ki maRali xmiT yiJinebda uflis qeba-didebas uflis saxlis dafuZnebis ga-mo. bevri mRvdeli da leviani, mamissaxlTa Tavkacni, romelTac nanaxi hqon-daT pirvandeli taZari, xmamaRla tirodnen, roca maT Tvalwin saZirkveli ey-reboda taZars. bevrni sixarulis yiJinas scemdnen. xalxi ver arCevda sixaru-lis yiJinas da tirilis xmebs, radgan didi xmiT yiJinebda xalxi da Sors ga-ismoda maTi xma~ (1ezra 3:10-13).

winaswarmetyvelni

`radgan arafers moimoqmedebs ufali RmerTi, Tu ar gaucxada

Tavisi saidumlo Tavis morCilT, winaswarmetyvelT. lomi

brdRvinavs _ vin ar SeSindeba! ufali RmerTi laparakobs _

vin ar gaqadagdeba!~ (amos, 3:7-8). `winaswarmetyveli~ _ es saxelwodeba Zveli aRTqmis sulieri moRvawisa

axal enebSi modis berZnuli sityvidan profetes, rac gulisxmobs imis winas-warmTqmels, winaswargamcxadebels, rac jer ar momxdara da rac mosaxdenia aucileblobiT. winaswarmetyvelis cnobiereba win uswrebs yofierebas, sinamd-

vilis faqtebs da movlenebs. es erTi aspeqtia Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyve-lobisa, magram ara ZiriTadi, ara arsebiTi. Tu bibliuri winaswarmetyvelis arss mxolod am funqciiT SemovzRudavT, misi buneba sagrZnoblad gaRaribe-buli gamoCndeba _ mas daakldeba is specifika, rac ekuTvnis mxolod mas, rac ar axasiaTebs sxva xalxebisa da sxva kulturaTa winaswarmetyvelT, misanT, naTelmxilvelT da sxva. Zvel aRTqmaSi xsenebulni arian, monawileoben qanaa-nuri RvTaebebis baalebis winaswarmetyvelni, magram saeWvoa, rom maTi moRva-weoba sulier aspeqtSi iseTive Rirebuli yofiliyo, rogoric uflis winas-warmetyvelTa moRvaweoba iyo. mainc raSi mdgomareobs Zveli aRTqmis winas-warmetyvelTa gansakuTrebuloba?

upirveles yovlisa, ras gveubneba Tavad termini, romliTac aRiniSneba wi-naswarmetyvelobis funqcia? es aris nabi da niSnavs `gamomTqmels~, `gamomcxa-debels~; etimologiurad es Ziri dakavSirebulia ebrauli enisa da sxva semi-turi enebis imave fonetikuri aRnagobis ZirebTan, romlebic niSnavs `gareT gasvlas~, `gadmoRvras~ da sxv. amrigad, nabis gareT gamoaqvs sityva, romelic dafarulia sxvebisaTvis; misi Semoqmedeba, romelic upiratesad sityvasTan aris dakavSirebuli, apokalifsuria Tavisi arsiT: es aris dafarulis gamoc-xadeba. am dafaruls absoluturi Rirebuleba aqvs; is iseTi ram aris, rac au-cileblad unda gamocxaddes, aucileblad unda isminos xalxma, radgan is Se-adgens maTi qcevebisa da zraxvebis programas. sakuTari azrebis gamocxadeba rom daewyo winaswarmetyvels, mas aravin mousmenda. is ar ambobs: `me geubne-biT~, aramed: `ase ambobs ufali~ anu is acxadebs obieqtur WeSmaritebas da ara sakuTar warmodgenebs. misi winaswarmetyvelobis avtoriteti ganmtkicebu-lia im wyaroTi, saidanac iRebs igi gamocxadebis Sinaarss da Tavad gamocxa-debis, rogorc aqtivobis, uflebas. nabi _ gamomcxadebeli, rogorc wesi, uze-naesi nebis gamomcxadebelia. is aris uflis bage, romlis meSveobiT ufali acxadebs Tavis WeSmaritebas. RvTis sityvas igi gardaTqvams kacTaTvis gasageb enaze, Tumca es ena xSirad simboluria, magram is gasagebia im sazogadoebi-saTvis, sadac igzavneba winaswarmetyveli.

amgvarad, winaswarmetyveleba mowodebaa; mowodebaa im azriT, rom igi mowo-debulia, am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT, sawinaswarmetyvelod. winaswarmetyve-leba zegardmo davalebaa, sauflo tvirTia, romelic unda ataros kacma mTe-li Tavisi sicocxle. da tvirTi, rogorc tvirTi, Tavisi namdvili mniSvnelo-biT, yovelTvis mZimea. `me ca mniSnavs...~ SeuZlia Tqvas winaswarmetyvelma ase-Ti sityvebi; am sityvebSi gamoxatuli gancda mxolod pirvel pirSi Tu gamo-iTqmis, radgan es aris winaswarmetyvelis Sinagani gamocdileba. vin ityvis masze ukeT, Tu ra xdeba im adamianis gulSi, ara mxolod gulSi _ mTels mis arsebaSi, mis fizikur sxeulSic ki, rodesac mas moesmeba mowodeba, roca is `orsuldeba~ sityviT da mas ar SeuZlia saSo gadauketos sityvas. sityva mo-dis, rogorc stiqioni, rogorc bunebis Zala, rogorc niaRvari, romelmac un-da warxocos yovelive warmavali Tavis gzaze. sityva wmeds, asufTavebs adami-ans misi zedapiruli, SemTxveviTi `me~-sagan.

`Sen gadamibire, ufalo, da mec dagyevi, _ aRiarebs ieremia winaswarmetyve-li, _ CamiWire da damZale... vifiqre, daviviwyeb mas da aRar vilaparakeb-meTqi misi saxeliT. magram cecxliviT amigizgizda gulSi, Zvlebamde gamatana; vcdi-lobdi gameZlo, magram ver SevZeli~ (ier. 20:7-8). aq Cans, rom wodebuli ganic-dis am mowodebas, rogorc Tavis bedisweras, rogorc garduvalobas; is grZnobs, rom magar xels uWiravs igi, rom igive xeli devs masze, romelsac xalxi gamohyavda monobis saxlidan, xels, romelic ido rCeul erze. winas-warmetyvelic aseTive rCeulia rCeul xalxSi _ rCeulze rCeuli, im xalxSi, romelic sauflo erad unda Seqmniliyo, amitom potenciurad SeiZleba yove-li maTgani uflis winaswarmetyveli yofiliyo. `ricxvTa~ wignSi aseTi ambavia moTxrobili: winaswarmetyvelebis tvirTi rom Seemsubuqebina mosesaTvis, _ gaZnelda udabnoSi xalxis mwyesva, _ ufalma moseze gadmosuli suli gauna-wila samocdaaT kacs, israelianTa uxucesebs, rom SeSvelebodnen mas xalxis

tvirTis tarebaSi. roca maTzec gadmovida suli da samocdaaTive gaqadagda mcirexniT, maT Soris, orni, romlebic karavTan ar idgnen, moses erTgul msa-xurs, ieso naves Zes, ar moewona es da uTxra Tavis moZRvars, nu miscem maT winaswarmetyvelebis nebaso, xolo mosem Tqva: `netav mTeli uflis xalxi wi-naswarmetyveli iyos! rom ufalma Tavisi suli moafinos maTze!~ (ricx. 11:16-29).

ibadeba Tu iqmneba winaswarmetyveli? romaelebi ambobdnen: poetebi ibadebi-an, oratorebi iqmnebiano. winaswarmetyveli poetic aris da oratoric, magram igi arc ibadeba da arc iqmneba Cveulebrivi yofiTi azriT. ufro sworad, misi asaki ar ganisazRvreba fizikuri dabadebiT; winaswarmetyvelma SeiZleba igrZ-nos mowodebis Jami, radgan es aris misi cxovrebis romeliRac cnobieri mo-nakveTi. magram mas arasodes ar ecodineba, rodis airCia igi ufalma Tavis wi-naswarmetyvelad; es mxolod uflisagan SeiZleba gaigos, rogorc ieremiam. `vidre mucelSi gamogsaxavdi, gamogarCie, _ hqonda uflis sityva ieremias Ta-visi winaswarmetyvelebis dasawyisSi, _ vidre saSodan gamoxvidodi, wmida gya-vi, xalxebis qadagad dagadgine~ (ier. 1:5). sruliad gaugebaria, ra RirsebisaT-vis iqna winaswarmetyveli arCeuli uflis qadagad. ieremia verc erT niSans ver grZnobs Tavis TavSi, rom Tavi uflis qadagis Rirsad miiCnios. `eh, ufa-lo RmerTo! me xom laparaki ar vici, radgan balRi var~, pasuxobs is. `bal-Ri~ ar niSnavs mxolod `uasakos~ da arc `laparaki ar vici~ _ arcodnas Cveu-lebrivi adamianuri metyvelebisa, romelic garkveuli asakidan iwyeba. balRi gamoucdelia da ar icis, ra ilaparakos da rogor ilaparakos. ieremia Tavis TavSi ver xedavs winaswarmetyvelebis raime unars, magram Turme is dedis sa-Sodanve yofila mowodebuli.

arc moses, Tumca misi sicocxlis adreuli xana _ dabadeba da bavSvoba saswaulebrivad Sobil da aRzrdil CvilTa miToss imeorebs, mowiful asakam-de ar Seucvnia winaswarmetyvelebis niWi da mowodeba; mainc mas gamZafrebuli hqonda samarTlianobis grZnoba da ganicdida erovnul gansakuTrebulobas, ris gamo kacismkvlelic ki gaxda da karga xans moSorebuli iyo Tavis xalxs, romlis ena, SesaZloa, kargad arc icoda. albaT ase unda gavigoT misi sity-vebi uflis mowodebaze ewinaswarmetyvela anu daemwyesa Tavisi eri da egvip-tidan gamoeyvana. man uTxra ufals, rogorc mravali saukunis Semdeg ieremiam, me xom molaparake ar vyofilvar `arc guSin, arc guSinwino~ da axlac, roca Sen melaparakebio; radgan Znelmetyveli da enabrgvili varo, daumata (gam. 4:10). ufali ar ixevs ukan, raki erTxel mouwoda mas: aha, aaroni, romelmac icis laparaki; is iqneba moses bage, xolo mose misTvis RmerTiviT iqneba (gam. 4:16). ase rom, enabrgviloba dabrkoleba ar aris winaswarmetyvelisaTvis; Cans, aris raRac gamoucnobi adamianuri Tviseba, ris gamoc xalxis masidan gamoir-Ceva winaswarmetyveli. Zveli aRTqmis avtori ar asaxelebs am Tvisebas, miT nakleb, Tavad winaswarmetyveli, romelic gadmogvcems Tavisi mowodebis am-bavs. aravin icis, ra RirebulebisaTvis iqna ieremia dadgenili qadagad dedis mucelSive. ieremias mxolod gamocxadeba SeiZleba axsovdes: `gamoiwoda xeli ufalma da Seexo Cems bages. miTxra ufalma: aha, Camidvia Cemi sityvebi Sens ba-geebSi~ (ier. 1:9). es aris misi meoredSoba amjerad sulierad, RvTis sulidan dabadeba.

winaswarmetyveli ara Tu ver grZnobs Tavis misias, aramed uwmidurad miaC-nia Tavi uflis sityvis satareblad da salaparakod. mowodebis aqtic, Tu is gadmocemulia, Tavzardamcem STabeWdilebas axdens wodebulze, radgan wode-buli absoluturi siwmidis winaSe katastrofulad ganicdis Tavis kerZo da zogadkacobriul uwmidurobas. zeciur taZarSi uflis da serafimebis wreSi moxvedril esaias (aseTi iyo misi xilva, es. 6:1-13) aRmoxdeba, rogorc aRsareba uzenaesis winaSe: `vaime, daviRupe, radgan bageuwmiduri kaci var da bageuwmi-dur xalxSi vcxovrob! Cemma Tvalebma ki meufe, cabaoT ufali ixiles!~.

uflis xelis SexebiT ieremias utyvi bage metyveli iqmna, xolo esaias bage, metyveli, magram uwmiduri, unda gawmediliyo. mofrinda CemTan erT-erTi serafimTagani (gvamcnobs esaia) da xelSi samsxverplodan aRebuli muguzali eWira maSiT. bageze Semaxo da

miTxra: aha, Seexo es Sens bages da mogcilda ukeTureba, mitevebulia Seni codva~ (es. 6:6-7).

RvTiur CvenebaSi uflis didebis xilviT Tavzardacemuli da pirqvedamxo-bili ezekieli fexze wamoayena daZaxilma `adamis Zev!~ da mis arsebaSi dasad-gurebulma sulma (ez. 2:1-2), _ es iyo misi winaswarmetyvelad dabadeba anu su-lieri Soba, meored Soba. radgan zegardmo movlenili suli aRZravs mas RvTis WeSmaritebis saqadageblad, amitomac winaswarmetyvels sxvanairad ewo-deba `sulis kaci~ (iS ha-ruax) an `RvTis kaci~ (iS ha-elohim). is ukve aRar ekuTvnis Tavis Tavs, radgan atarebs wmida sityvas, ufro sworad, gamsWvalu-lia am sityviT. es gamsWvalva ki naturalisturad aris gamoxatuli. ieremia ambobs, rom ufalma mas bageSi Caudo sityva, magram ezekieli ufro organu-lad ganicdis sityvis SeWras Tavis arsebaSi. `gaaRe piri da SeWame, rasac mogcem. _ eubneba xma, _ da me vixile, aha, xelia gamowvdili Cemken da, aha, wignis gragnilia masSi. gaSala Cems win da, aha, orive mxares aris dawerili; sweria: godeba, moTqma da vai. miTxra: adamis Zev! SeWame, rasac xedav, SeWame es gragnili da wadi, da elaparake israelis saxls. gavaRe piri da SevWame es gragnili. miTxra: adamis Zev! aWame Sens mucels da aivse nawlavebi am gragni-liT, romelsac me gaZlev. mec SevWame da TafliviT metkbila pirSi~ (ez. 2:8-10; 3:1-3). es `danayreba~ sityviT, roca sityva moxvdeba ara mxolod mis bageSi, ara mxolod mis SegnebaSi, aramed SeaRwevs mis SiganSi `mosaneleblad~ mis nawla-vebSi, gadaaqcevs mas sulis kacad anu axal adamianad, namdvil qadagad, ro-melsac ar SeuZlia ar ilaparakos; is ilaparakebs, Tundac icodes, rom ara-vin mousmens. `gind mogisminon, gind ar mogisminon~, CasZaxis xma ezekiels. ro-gorc wesi, WeSmaritebis gamomcxadebel winaswarmetyvels ar usmenen. ufali aZlevs mas sityvas, agzavnis xalxSi, magram ar aZlevs warmatebis imeds. winas-war afrTxilebs, rom xalxi ar daugdebs mas yurs, mis naTqvam sityvas ar da-ijerebs, sityvas ar SeuSvebs Tavis SiganSi, radgan emwareba, ver Seicnobs mas-Si tkbil dvritas. TiTqos paradoqsia, magram yoveli winaswarmetyveli aRia-rebs Tavisi misiis warumateblobas. ufro metic: Tavad misi STamagonebeli suli umxels winaswarmetyvels, rom mas xeli moecareba Tavis gzaze da rom is ar aris gamonaklisi. `im dRidan, rac Tqveni mama-papa egviptis qveynidan ga-movida, _ eubneba xma ieremias, _ dRemde gigzavniT da gigzavniT gamudmebiT Cems msaxurT, winaswarmetyvelebs. magram ar migonebdnen da yurs ar maTxoveb-dnen... etyvi maT yvela am sityvas, magram ar mogismenen; dauZaxeb da ar gagago-neben~ (ier. 7:25-27).

xalxs mxolod tkbili da saamuri sityvebis mosmena surs. aseve mefec mzad aris gadamwyveti brZolis win cruwinaswarmetyvelis piridan sicrue moismi-nos, fuWad daiimedos Tavi, rom gaimarjvebs. WeSmariti winaswarmetyveli ki mzad aris Wamos `simwris puri~ da svas `simwris wyali~ (3mef. 22:27) da uTx-ras mefes simarTle, rac ufalma gamoucxada. albaT Zveli aRTqmis winaswar-metyvelni ar iyvnen pirvelni kacobriobis istoriaSi, simarTlis TqmisaTvis rom Cadiodnen dilegSi, Wamdnen simwris purs da svamdnen simwris wyals, ixo-cebodnen da idevnebodnen qveynidan; magram maTi Tavganwirvis ambavi pirvelad iqna werilobiT aRbeWdili. ar arsebobda qveynad Zala, romelsac SeeZlo wi-naswarmetyvelisaTvis gadaeTqmevinebina marTali sityva. winaswarmetyveli miqa (IX s.) Tavisi marTali sityviT upirispirdeba oTxas cru winaswarmetyvels, romlebic mefis garSemo Sekrebilan, raTa fuWi imedebiT aavson igi. `mefis sasikeTos amboben erTxmad winaswarmetyvelni, _ uTxres miqas, _ SeeTanxmos Seni sityvebic maT sityvebs. Senca Tqvi sasikeTo~ (3mef. 22:13). oTxasis tyuili erTis simarTlem unda gaaqarwylos. `Tqva miqam: ufals vficav, rom imas vity-vi, rasac ufali mibrZanebs~. mefe ki oTxasis saamur tyuils daijerebs da er-Tis sasikeTo simarTles ukuagdebs, brZanebs: `dilegSi CaagdeT es kaci da aWameT simwris puri da asviT simwris wyali, vidre mSvidobiT movbrundebode~ (3mef. 22:27), da gavida sabediswero brZolaSi. miqa ki dilegSi zis, rogorc Tavis droze ieremia Slamian WaSi, magram masTan aris ufali da WeSmariteba.

winaswarmetyveli dilegSic Tavisufalia, radgan is `sulis kacia~ da, sadac sulia, iq Tavisuflebaa; is atarebs WeSmaritebis suls da WeSmariteba aTavi-suflebs mas. winaswarmetyveli erTaderTia Tavis xalxSi, Tavis sazogadoeba-Si, mefeTa wreSic ki, romelic Tavisi TqmiTa da saqmiT axorcielebs sulier aznaurebas. is aravis emorCileba am qveyanaze garda im xmisa, romelic esmis Jamidan Jamze, Sekruli sityviT, daWerili, daxelTili uflis mier, is Tavisu-falia saero xelisuflebis winaSe, uzenaesi RvTismsaxurebis winaSe, radgan iyo dro, roca yoveli xelisufleba winaswarmetyvelis nebidan iRebda dasa-bams (aseTi iyo Tavis droze mose).

winaswarmetyvels araferi abadia, araviTari kerZo interesi ar amoZravebs, is aCvenebs uangarobis magaliTs angarebian brboSi, romelsac dakarguli aqvs simarTlis grZnoba da suli qarad miaCnia, rom ambobs winaswarmetyvelis abu-Cad asagdebad, `qarad iqcevian winaswarmetyvelnio~ (ier. 5:13), `nacvlad imisa, rom aRiaron maTSi RvTis sulis arseboba (ruax `sulsac~ niSnavs da `qar-sac~); winaswarmetyveli Tvisi arsebobiT cocxali gamoxatulebaa WeSmaritebi-sa. is mainc ityvis Tavis saTqmels da Tundac aravin mousminos, `ecodinebaT mainc, rom winaswarmetyveli iyo maT Soris~ (ez. 2:5). es imas niSnavs, rom misi sityva waruvalia. dRes mokvdeba, magram xval gamoiRebs nayofs, axal viTare-baSi aRorZindeba.

winaswarmetyvelis paradoqsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi, uSiSari da Tavi-sufali, ar ekuTvnis Tavis Tavs; mas ara aqvs piradi cxovreba. rogorc misi naTqvami sityva ar aris misi sakuTari sityva, aseve misi saqcieli, xSirad mTe-li misi cxovreba aris niSani, romliTac ufali ucxadebs adamianebs WeSmari-tebas da gzas, Tu rogor moiqces. zogjer sityva naklebad mWevrmetyvelia, vidre moqmedeba. sityvas SeiZleba wauyruos kacma, Tu ar surs mware WeSmari-tebis mosmena, magram saqcieli TvalsaCinoa. uflis brZanebiT ieremia qedze uReldadgmuli dadioda xalxSi imis niSnad, rom amao iyo winaaRmdegobis ga-weva nabuqodonosoris, babilonis mefisaTvis da rom xalxs marTebda morCi-leba, raTa sicocxle gadaerCina (3mef. 27:2-18). xalxisaTvis saTqmeli sityva xom tvirTi iyo winaswarmetyvelisaTvis, axla es tvirTi pirdapiri mniSvnelo-biT unda etarebina; mas unda eCvenebina Tavis TvistomTaTvis morCilebis pira-di magaliTi, Tundac eris moRalated gamoecxadebinaT, rogorc moxda kidec. ieremiam Tavi Segnebulad Caigdo sircxvilSi, magram sxva gamosavali ar iyo: is xedavda, rom winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi mis qveyanas ucilobeli ganadgu-reba moeloda. winaswarmetyvelis mxareze iyo amjerad yofiTi sibrZne, sadac ara sjobs, gacla sjobs. winaswarmetyveli xedavda, rom ara Tu mis qveyanaSi, aramed mTels imdroindel msoflioSi ar iyo Zala, romelsac winaaRmdegobis gaweva SeeZleboda babilonis mefisaTvis. xalxi, qveynis mefe, winaswarmetyvel-ni mzad iyvnen SebrZolebodnen mters, winaswarmetyvelnic aimedebdnen xalxs da amxedrebdnen. magram erTaderTi ieremia iyo mTels qveyanaSi, romelic wi-naswar TvalnaTliv xedavda ukve aoxrebul qveyanas, dangreul taZars, warty-vevnil xalxs.

uReldadgmuli ieremia dadioda dasapyrobad gamzadebul qveyanaSi da uf-lis sityvebiT ganmartavda Tavis saqciels: `risTvis unda daixocoT Sen da Seni eri maxviliT, SimSiliTa da Savi WiriT, rogorc daemuqra ufali im xalxs, romelic ar daemorCila babilonis mefes. nu daujerebT winaswarmety-velTa sityvebs, rom geubnebian: ar daemorCiloTo babilonis mefes. radgan sicrues giwinaswarmetyveleben. radgan me ar momivlenia isini, ambobs ufali. crud winaswarmetyveleben Cemi saxeliT, raTa ganidevnoT da daiRupoT Tqvens winaswarmetyvelebTan erTad... nu daujerebT maT, daemorCileT babilonis me-fes da cocxlebi darCebiT. risTvis unda aoxrdes es qalaqi?~ (ier. 27:13-17).

ieremiam morCileba aCvena xalxs maSinac ki, roca cruwinaswarmetyvelma xa-naniam, romelsac crupatriotTa da mefis gulis mogeba surda, qedidan Camox-sna mas uReli, dalewa da Tqva mTeli xalxis gasagonad: `ase ambobs ufali: amnairad davlewav nabuqodonosoris, babilonis mefis, uRels or weliwadSi

yvela xalxis qedze~ (ier. 28:10). ieremias xma ar amouRia, winaaRmdegobac ar gauwevia, Tumca uflis brZanebiT hqonda dadgmuli uReli, `da gavida ieremia winaswarmetyveli Tavis gzaze~, radgan masTan iyo simarTle.

zogjer winaswarmetyvelis ojaxuri viTareba simbolur mniSvnelobas iZens, ris wyalobiTac winaswarmetyveli unda gaerkves farul sinamdvileSi an mo-wevnadSi. winaswarmetyveli mzad aris miiRos bedis dartyma, rom niSnad da saswaulad iqces xalxisaTvis, rom daSindes xalxi da uflisaken moiqces. xalxma Tavisi bedi unda amoikiTxos winaswarmetyvel ezekielis bedSi, roca ufalma `moulodneli sikvdiliT~ coli waarTva da ar aglovebina; xalxi un-da mixvdes, ratom ar glovobs ezekieli Tavis cols: es RvTis risxva iyo, sasjelad movlenili, amitomac ar egeboda glova. `iqneba ezekieli TqvenTvis niSnad: rogorc man gaakeTa, yvelafers ise gaakeTebT. es axdeba da maSin mixv-debiT, rom me var ufali RmerTi~ (ez. 24:24). ezekielis cols `moulodneli sikvdiliT~ wagvrils, ufali `TvalTa netarebas~ uwodebs (`wagarTmev Sen TvalTa netarebas~), rac uTuod gulisxmobs taZars, romlis ganadgurebis momswre unda gaxdes xalxi.

simbolur-winaswarmetyveluria osias piradi cxovrebac. uflis winaswar-metyveluri sityva iWreba Rrmad mis yofaSi: osiam unda itvirTos, aitanos is codva, rac awevs qveyanas; osiam Tavis Tavze unda gamoscados sircxvili, ro-melSic Cavardnilia misi xalxi. `roca iwyo ufalma winaswarmetyveleba osias piriT, uTxra osias: wadi, moiyvane garyvnili qali colad da gaaCine garyvni-lebis Svilebi, radgan gairyvna qveyana da ganudga ufals~ (os. 1:2). ase daiwyo winaswarmetyvelma Tavisi winaswarmetyveluri samsaxuri uflis winaSe. misma ojaxurma viTarebam unda amxilos qveynis dacema. garyvnileba, colqmruli Ralati alegoriuli gamoxatulebaa RvTisagan gandgomisa, romlis savalalo Sedegi garyvnili qalis naSobma Tavisi saxeliT unda gaacxados. `daorsulda qali da Sva asuli. uTxra ufalma: daarqvi saxelad lo ruxama (arSesawyali-si), radgan aRar Seviwyaleb israelis saxls da arasodes Sevundob~ (os. 1:6). osia Tavisi naSieriT gamoTqvams uflis winaswarmetyvelebas da gafrTxile-bas, naSieris saxeli atarebs am ganaCens, romelic elis qveyanas. ufro metic: naSieri, roca is vaJad daibadeba, ganasaxierebs gandgomil ers, romelsac ufali gamoutans saboloo ganaCens. `mowyvita ZuZus lo ruxama da isev daor-sulda da Sva vaJi. Tqva ufalma: daarqvi saxelad lo yami (ara Cemi eri), rad-gan aRar xarT Cemi eri da mec aRar viqnebi Tqveni~ (os. 1:8-9).

Zlieri da Rrma iyo osias gamocdileba, romelic mouvlina mas ufalma, ra-Ta SeZleboda winaswarmetyveleba; mTeli misi Teologia, RvTis Semecneba, Se-iZleba iTqvas, am gamocdilebazea dafuZnebuli, Seferilia am gansacdeliT. ra aris is adamianuri grZnoba, romlis meSveobiTac osia cdilobs Seicnos uflisa da misi eris urTierToba? es siyvarulia, romelic odnavadac ar ga-nelebia osias Tavisi colis mimarT, romelmac garyvnilebaSi uSva mas loru-xama da loyami _ esoden sabediswero saxelis matarebeli qal-vaJi. Tumca am-bobda ase: `ar Seviwyaleb mis Svilebs, radgan garyvnilebis Svilebi arian, radgan garyvnilebas sCadioda maTi deda da Tavs ircxvenda maTi mSobelio~, magram isic icoda, rom amaT garda, aravin gaaCnda da rom `ara Cemi eri~ da `arSesawyalisi~ imarxavdnen Tavdapirvel WeSmarit saxelebs, romlebic maT ufalma uwoda, roca udabnoSi moiZia da aiyvana, _ `Cemi eri~ daerqva maSin mas, rac `Cemi Zis~ tolfasi iyo. `roca yrma iyo israeli da miyvarda is, eg-viptidan gamovixme Cemi Ze...~ ambobs ufali osias winaswarmetyvelebaSi (os. 11:1). kidev ambobs: `yurZeniviT vipove israeli udabnoSi, rogorc pirveli nayo-fi leRvis xeze...~ (os. 9:10). rogor SeeZlo Sua gzaze daegdo mtverSi ucxoTa-gan gasaTelad? osia savsea siyvaruliT, is mzadaa ukan daibrunos sayvarlebs akidebuli coli, roca is moiqceva. `waval, davbrundebi Cems pirvel qmarTa-no, radgan maSin axlandelze ukeTesi viyavio~ (os. 2:9). osiac ibrunebs siyva-rulis auxsneli ZaliT, Tumca qali axla maSindelze ukeTesi ar aris. roca ase grZnobs osia, maSin xvdeba, Tu ratom uyvars mainc ufals ganmdgari Tavi-

si eri da yovelTvis mzad aris Seundos gandgoma. maSin ambobs winaswarmety-veli, romlis piridan uflis sityva xmianebs: `rogor gagimeto, efrem? rogor gadagagdo, israel?... gadamibrunda guli, erTianad amitana sibralulma. aRar avinTebi risxviT, aRar aRviZrebi efremis dasaRupad, radgan RmerTi var da ara kaci; me wmida var Tqven SuagulSi da risxviT ar moval~ (os. 11:8-9).

osia, erT-erTi uZvelesi winaswarmetyveli, romlis naTqvami sityva werilo-biT SemorCa, siyvarulis winaswarmetyveli iyo. is im adamianuri grZnobiT Wvretda RmerTisa da adamianis urTierTobas, romelsac yvelaze ufro Zlie-rad, sxva grZnobaTa Soris, ganicdida sakuTar TavSi. marTlac Zlieri, dauS-reteli, amave dros nazi siyvaruli unda hqonoda adamians Tavisi axlobli-sadmi, adamianisadmi, mTeli erisadmi; man es eri udabnoSi napovn vazs Seadara, mcenares, romelic masSi damarxul sikeTeTa gamo gansakuTrebul zrunvas sa-Wiroebda. misma momdevno winaswarmetyvelebma aitaces es simbolo. osia pirve-li iyo, romelmac Tavisi mware ojaxuri gamocdilebis Rrma gancdiT RmerTi-sa da eris urTierTkavSiri saqorwino urTierTobiT gamoxata. da, rac mTava-ria, qorwineba, rogorc simbolo, am institutis ara socialuri, upirovno, aramed misi adamianuri, individualuri, aspeqtiT aris warmodginili. trans-cendentuli, miRmieri Camovida adamianis samyaroSi da adamianmac RvTis gaCe-nil samyaroSi igrZno Tavi.

winaswarmetyveli uflis sayviria. ufali laparakobs winaswarmetyvelis pi-riT obieqtur WeSmaritebas, magram es WeSmariteba winaswarmetyvelis indivi-dualobiT, misi piradi gamocdilebiT, misi pirovnuli xasiaTiT aris Seferi-li. osiaze cota adre gamoCnda amosi _ es aris pirveli winaswarmetyveli, romlis naqadagari Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa saTaveSi dgas. aq iCina Tavi pirvelad `uflis dRis~ pirquSma aspeqtma, romlis saerTo monapovari Seiqmna momdevno winaswarmetyvelTa `programebSi~. xalxuri warmodgenis idi-liuri `uflis dRe~, samoTxis Semobrunebis dari, amosis xilvaSi, romelic avismomaswavebeli winaTgrZnobiT aris nakvebi, qveynis katastrofis xatia. `vai, uflis dRis monatrulT! _ gasZaxoda amosi beTelis samsxverploebTan Sekre-bil xalxs. _ risTvis gindaT uflis dRe? bnelia is da ara naTeli~ (amos. 5:18). es iyo sruliad axali xilva, gaugonari sityva. `aba bneli ar aris uf-lis dRe, _ ganagrZobda winaswarmetyveli, _ da ara naTeli? wyvdiadi da Su-qis natamalic ar aris masSi~ (5:20). `im dRes iqneba, ambobs ufali RmerTi (ar cxreba amosi), rom SuadRisas Caviyvan mzes da dRis sinaTleze davabneleb qveyanas. dResaswaulebs glovad gadagigcevT da Tqvens simReras _ godebad, jvalos SemogaxvevT welze da yvela Tavi gadaiparseba. avatireb qveyanas, ro-gorc mxolodSobilze tirian, da mware dRe iqneba misi bolo! aha, dgeba dRe-ebi, ambobs ufali RmerTi...~ (amos. 8:9-11).

saesavi dRe uflisa winaswarmetyvelis xilvaSi Savi janRebiT iyo moquf-ruli. saidan aRmocenda aseTi xilva im dros, roca qveyanaSi mSvidoba sufev-da, qveyana yvaoda, arsaidan ar emuqreboda safrTxe? Cans, amosi ufro Rrmad xedavda eris guls, vidre sxva vinme, vidre Tundac mRvdelmsaxuri amacia, ro-melic gmobda amosis winaswarmetyvelebas da mefesTan abezRebda, `miwa ver ai-tanso mis sityvebs~ (amos. 7:10). Cans, amosi grZnobda, rom uflis dRe iseTive iqneboda, rogorc axla xalxisa da mis winamZRolTa Cabnelebuli gulebi iyo; rom mTeli xalxi pasuxismgebeli iqneboda uflis dRis darze, pirvel rigSi, Tavad winaswarmetyveli, romelic TmagaburZgvnuli pirdapir mwyemsTa binebidan gamocxadda beTelSi. saidan mixvda qveynis dacemas es ubiri mwyemsi, is xom xalxSi ar trialebda? mowodeba, rogorc Cans, misTvisac ara nakleb moulodneli iyo, vidre amaciasaTvis, sazogadoebis elitis warmomadgenli-saTvis. amosi ganicdis am mowodebas, rogorc stiqiur movlenas, rac ar iyo ganpirobebuli arc guSindeli, arc guSinwindeli misi saqmianobiT. `me arc winaswarmetyveli var da arc winaswarmetyvelis Svili. mwyemsi var me da leR-vis momyvani. wamomiyvana ufalma faridan da miTxra ufalma, uwinaswarmetyve-le Sens ers, israelso~ (amos. 1:14-15). amosi erTaderTi iyo winaswarmetyvelTa

Soris, romelmac gamoxata (amas yvela grZnobda) qadagobis garduvaloba, ro-ca is xma adgilze ar ayenebs adamians: `lomi brdRvinavs _ vin ar SeSindeba! ufali RmerTi laparakobs _ vin ar gaqadagdeba!~ (amos. 3:8). es saxe (lomis brdRvinva), cxadia, mwyemsuri gamocdilebidan modis da isic, beCavTa da upo-varTa SemaviwrovebelT `baSanis furebs~ rom adarebs, an roca qveynis xsnas amgvarad warmogvidgens: `rogorc mwyemsi gadaarCens lomis xaxidan or bar-kals an oris naglejs, ase gadarCebian israelianebi~ (amos. 2:12).

`ase gadarCebian israelianebi...~ ai, imedis sxivi, romelic gvirgvinad adgas amosis pirquS xilvebs, sadac mas ufali sastik msajulad da Surismgeblad ecxadeboda. ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom winaswarmetyvelTa religia, rome-lic maT qadagebebSia gamJRavnebuli, xalxis gadarCenis, xalxis xsnis reli-giaa. daundobeli mxileba, muqara, usasoo perspeqtivebis Cveneba, pirquSi esqa-tologizmi da mis sapirispirod eris qmnadobis xanis gaxseneba _ es yvelafe-ri xalxis xsnisaTvis iyo `amuSavebuli~. Zveli aRTqmis religiis wyaro winas-warmetyvelTa Semoqmedebaa, xolo misi Sinaarsi xalxis xsna, romelsac Tavisi miTosi aqvs. roca moses _ is ki Tavi iyo winaswarmetyvelTa _ sinais mTaze RmerTi gamoecxada, mxolod imisaTvis gamoecxada, rom egviptis tyveobaSi moxvedrili xalxis xsna daevalebina. amgvarad, dabeCavebul xalxs, romelic `monobis saxlSi~ imyofeboda, RmerTi gamoecxada imTaviTve, rogorc mxsneli RmerTi. amitomac egviptidan xalxis gamosvla aris qvakuTxedi, romelzec da-Senebulia ara mxolod xalxis istoriuli warsuli, misi qmnadobis xana, ara-med religiac, misi yvela aspeqtiTurT. mose, Tavi winaswarmetyvelTa, xalxs moevlina ukiduresi gaWirvebis Jams, roca misi yofna-aryofnis bedi wydeboda; is atarebda Tavis TavSi xsnis religias, romelic konkretulad warmoadgenda mowodebas egviptidan gamosvlisa. mas Semdeg winaswarmetyvelni gamoCndebod-nen yovelTvis, roca sabediswero Jami dgeboda eris cxovrebaSi, da maSinac winaswarmetyvelni xsnis religias atarebdnen, romelsac andrezad egviptidan gamosvla hqonda, Tumca am andrezSi ukve zneobrivi Sinaarsi iyo Cadebuli.

winaswarmetyveli dgas eris, rogorc sulier-sxeulebrivi erTianobis dasa-bamTan. is qmnis ers uformo masidan, Wreli xalxisagan, romelsac araferi surda, garda aTuxTuxebuli, xorciT savse qvabebisa. oRond es hqonoda uxvad, mzad iyo ukan mibrunebuliyo egviptisaken. misTvis Zneli asatani iyo udabnos uvali gza, ukidegano sivrce, Tavisufali haeri. is ver swvdeboda uxilav RmerTs da erTRmerTobas, rac misive erTobis sawindari unda yofiliyo. is moiTxovda kacis xeliT nakeTeb, xilul kerpebs da, rac ufro meti eqneboda, miT ufro imedianad iqneboda. mose Sors gaaxeda ufalma, daanaxa, rom am xal-xis bediswera uflis rCeuloba iyo. ufali iseT rasme avalebda Tavis wode-buls, rac Wirveuli bavSvis aRzrdas da wvrTnas ufro hgavda. me xom ar gami-Cenia es xalxi, zurgiT rom vataroo, SesCioda RmerTs da garSemo aravin Can-da gamgebi da Semwe. sxva xelisufleba ar arsebobda. iyo erTi winaswarmetyve-li, enabrgvili, Tavis xalxs TiTqmis gaucxoebuli da am gaucxoebiT TiTqos im sibrZnis transcendetulobis (kodeS) gamomxatveli, romelic miwaze ar ipoeba da mTidan unda Camoetana Tavisi xeliT. mosem mTidan Camoitana reli-gia, sakulto sibrZne, magram Tavad ar yofila kultmsaxuri. is Tavisi pirov-nuli daniSnulebiT axorcielebda kavSirs RmerTsa da xalxs Soris, magram kultmsaxurad sxva iyo dadgenili mis mier. es iyo aaroni _ mRvdelTa modg-mis mamamTavari. xom wmidaa (kodeS) mRvdeli, xalxisaTvis moRvawe, xalxisgan ganyenebuli; magram winaswarmetyveli wmidaTa wmidaa. is uSualod, taZris ga-reSe, urTierTobs ufalTan; xedavs mis cecxls, mayvlovanSi agizgizebuls, da esmis misi xma; mRvdeli liturgiis ZaliT asadgurebs miwaze RvTiur sinam-dviles, winaswarmetyvels qarizmis ZaliT ecxadeba es sinamdvile. mRvdeli SehRaRadebs miwidan cisaken, winaswarmetyvels cidan miwaze Camoaqvs sityva.

moses Camoaqvs ara mxolod sityva, rogorc winaswarmetyvels, aramed mis xelTaa saqmec. is aris kultmsaxurebis realuri damaarsebeli. `gamosvlaTa~ wignis 24-e TavSi kargad Cans winaswarmetyvelis maRali ierarqiuli safexuri

mTis vertikalze, saidanac is xalxs evlineba rogorc pirvelmRvdeli. xma eubneba moses:

`adiT ufalTan Sen, aaroni, nadabi, abihu da israelis samocdaaTi uxucesi da Soridan eciT Tayvani. mxolod mose miuaxlovdes ufals, danarCenebi ar miuaxlovdnen, xalxi ar avides masTan erTad. mivida mose da Seatyobina xalxs uflis naTqvami da yvela rjuldeba. erTxmad upasuxa xalxma da uTx-ra: yvelafers SevasrulebT, rac brZana ufalma. dawera mosem uflis sityvebi. adga dilaadrianad da aRmarTa mTis Ziras samsxverplo da Tormeti sveti is-raelis Tormeti Stos mixedviT. gagzavna israelianTagan ymawvili kacebi da maTac moiyvanes aRsavleni msxverpli da Seswires ufals xarebi samadlobel msxverplad. aiRo mosem naxevari sisxli da TasebSi Caasxa, xolo naxevari sam-sxverplos asxura. aiRo aRTqmis wigni da waukiTxa xalxs, Tqva xalxma: yvela-fers aRvasrulebT da SevismenT, rac brZana ufalma. aiRo mosem sisxli da as-xura xalxs, Tqva: aha, sisxli aRTqmisa, romelic dagidoT ufalma yvela am saqmeze. avidnen mose, aaroni, nadabi, abihu da israelianTa samocdaaTi uxuce-si. ixiles maT israelis RmerTi. mis ferxTiT raRac msgavsi safironis qvafe-nilisa, sufevda, rogorc Tavad ca. israelianebis Tavkacebze ar aRumarTavs xeli: xedavdnen RmerTs, Wamdnen da svamdnen. uTxra ufalma moses: amodi Cem-Tan mTaze da aq iyavi. mogcem fiqalebs, rjulsa da mcnebebs, maT dasamoZRv-rad rom davwere. adga mose da misi msaxuri ieso, da avida mose RvTis mTaze. xolo uxucesebs uTxra: aq iyaviT, vidre TqvenTan movbrundebode. aha, aaroni da xuri iqnebian TqvenTan. Tu visme rame saqme gauCndes, maT miakiTxos. avida mose mTaze da dafara Rrubelma mTa. moefina uflis dideba sinais mTas. eqvs dRes efara mas Rrubeli da meSvide dRes mouwoda ufalma Rrublidan moses. da gamoCnda uflis dideba mogizgize cecxliviT israelianTa Tvalwin. da Se-vida mose RrubelSi da avida mTaze. da dahyo mosem mTaze ormoci dRe da or-moci Rame~ (gam. 24:1-18).

rac mosem mTis ferdobze Tu mis Ziras moimoqmeda, _ saklavis sisxli rom asxura xalxs, riTac ganaTla xalxi, _ mRvdlis movaleobaa. aq vxedavT, rom mose iwyebs, dasabams aZlevs mRvdelmsaxurebas, radgan masSi, rogorc winas-warmetyvelSi, Cadebuli iyo mRvdlobis Zalic, romelic mas sxvisTvis unda gadaeloca. am qmedebiT mosem magaliTi aCvena aarons, Tavis ufros Zmas, Tum-ca ukanmotovebuls RvTisaken mimaval gzaze, romlis modgmas, anu `aaronis saxls~, Zveli aRTqmis samRvdeloeba unda warmoeSva.

mose iyo msajuli udabnoSi ormoci wlis manZilze da, amrigad, saTave im msajulTa, romlebic mefobis dawesebamde ganagebdnen israels. is zegardmo Zala, romelic msajulebs qveynis mxsnelebad xdida, swored winaswarmetyve-lis qarizma iyo. ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi, rom gedeonis qarizmatuli msaju-loba, tradiciis Tanaxmad, andrezul ormoc wels grZeldeba (`da daisvena qveyanam ormoci weli gedeonis sicocxleSi~, msaj. 8:28).

mose, rogorc winaswarmetyveli, atarebda xalxis politikuri winamZRoli-sa da mxedarTmTavris potencias da axorcielebda kidec, roca israels brZo-lebiT uxdeboda gzis gakvalva udabnoSi da `aRTqmuli qveynis~ misadgomeb-Tan. es ki mefis funqcia iyo da, marTlac, Cven vxedavT, rom mogvianebiT, msa-julTa xanis dasasruls, roca qveyanas waerTva sawinamZRolo qarizma da ve-Rar `aRdgnen msajulni~, isev da isev winaswarmetyveli iyo is kaci, romelmac mefe gauCina xalxs. pirveli mefe winaswarmetyvelis xelidan gamovida ro-gorc cxebuli. samuelma sauls mTeli rqa zeTi daasxa Tavze, raTa masze me-fobasTan erTad gadmosuliyo winaswarmetyvelebis qarizma. marTlac, `sxva guli Caudga mas RmerTma~ da, roca igi Seeria misken momaval winaswarmety-velTa gunds, maTTan erTad awinaswarmetyvelda.

amrigad, winaswarmetyveli, rogorc xeldamsxmeli mefisa da kultis msaxu-risa, maRla dgas mefobaze da kultmsaxurebaze. amis ZaliT aris, rom mas xe-lewifeba mxileba da kicxva rogorc mefisa, ise samRvdeloebisa. naTani, brZe-ni winaswarmetyveli, amxilebda mefe daviTs, is iyo misi `mamxilebeli goneba~,

man auxila daviTs Tvali mis codvaze da gauRviZa sinanulis grZnoba, aRmo-aTqmevina fsalmunni _ galobani sinanulisani. winaswarmetyvelni ar epuebod-nen mefeebs, ZlierTa ama qveynisa, romelTac eris mwyemsoba hqondaT dakisre-buli, magram ar anaRvlebdaT qveynis saqme. winaswarmetyvelni uSiSrad miax-lidnen maT simarTles. risi unda SeSinebodaT qadagad davardnilT, roca isini uflis sityvebs amoisrodnen, rogorc isrebs. ase amxilebda ezekieli israelis mefeebs:

`iyo uflis sityva Cems momarT naTqvami: adamis Zev! iwinaswarmetyvele isra-elis mwyemsebze, iwinaswarmetyvele da uTxari maT mwyemsebs, ase ambobs-Tqo ufali RmerTi: vai israelis mwyemsebs, romlebic sakuTar Tavs mwyesaven! gana cxvars ar unda mwyesavdnen mwyemsebi? qons WamT, matyliT imosebiT, nasuqals xocavT, cxvars ki ar mwyesavT! dauZlurebulT ar aZlierebT, dasneulebulT ar gankurnavT, Wrilobebs ar SeuxvevT, gatacebuls ukan ar abrunebT, dakar-guls ar eZebT, mZlavrobiT da sastikebiT batonobT maTze. gaifantnen umwyem-sod darCenilni, mindvris mxecebis kerZni gaxdnen, gaifantnen! daexeteba Cemi cxvari mTebze da maRal gorakebze, mTeli qveynis pirze gaifanta Cemi cxvari da aRaravin aris maTi momkiTxavi, arc mZebneli. amitom ismineT uflis sityva, mwyemsebo! cocxalimc var, ambobs ufali! raki mitacebulia Cemi cxvari da mi-wis mxecebis kerZi gamxdara umwyemsod darCenili Cemi cxvari, raki ar moukiT-xavT Cems mwyemsebs Cemi cxvari, raki sakuTar Tavs mwyemsaven mwyemsebi, Cems cxvars ki ar mwyemsaven, amitom ismineT uflis sityva, mwyemsebo! ase ambobs ufali RmerTi: aha, isev mwyemsebs movkiTxav Cems cxvars da gadavayeneb cxvris mwyemsobidan, rom kvlav aRarasodes mwyemsavdnen maT. piridan gamovglej maT Cems cxvars, rom maTi kerZi aRar iyos. radgan ase ambobs ufali RmerTi: aha, me Tavad movikiTxav Cems cxvars da movZebni! rogorc mwyemsi eZebs Tavis cxvars, roca Tavis gafantul faraSi Cadgeba, mec ase movZebni Cems cxvars da davixsni yvela im adgilidan, sadac ki gaifantnen nislian da Rrublian dRes... me Tavad vixsni Cems cxvars da aRar iqneba gatacebuli. me viqnebi msa-juli cxvarsa da cxvars Soris. erT mwyemss davuyeneb da is damwyesavs maT. daviTs, Cems morCils, davuyeneb da is damwyesavs maT da is iqneba maTi mwyem-si. me, ufali, viqnebi maTi RmerTi, Cemi morCili daviTi ki winamZRoli iqneba maT Soris...~ (ez. 34:1-24).

ieremia uSiSrad ucxadebda mefes RvTis ganaCens: `ase ambobs ufali iehoa-kim iudas mefeze: ar eyoleba mas STamomavali, daviTis mosaydre. egdeba misi gvami dRis xvatSi da Ramis yinvaSi...~ (ier. 36:30), `ar igloveben mas: vai, Cemi Zmao, da vai, Cemo dao! ar igloveben mas: vai, xelmwifev, da, vai, miso didebu-lebav! viris damarxviT daimarxeba. waaTreven da ierusalimis karibWeTa iqiT gadaagdeben~ (ier. 22:18-19). ase werda ieremia, radgan is werda Tavisi xeliT da ugzavnida mefes, _ odesme Tu uTqvams visme mbrZaneblisaTvis esoden mware sityvebi! _ risTvisac mas scemdnen da agdebdnen sapyrobileSi Tu WaSi, amovi-doda da kvlav alaparakdeboda masSi RvTis ganaCeni, raTa kvlav daexSoT mi-si xma dilegis bnelSi.

viciT, msajuli da mefe maSin gamovidnen asparezze, roca qveyanas uWirda, roca mteri Zalmomreobda xalxis sxeulze; mefe Tu msajuli, romelic ki aR-dgeboda uflis suliT, eris sxeuls mxsnelad moevlineboda. winaswarmetyve-li, rogorc sulis kaci, gamoCndeba maSin, roca qveyana zneobrivad dacemu-lia; winaswarmetyveli yvelaze pirvelad grZnobs, SesaZloa, is erTaderTi grZnobs qveynis gadagvarebas, is erTaderTi iynosavs xrwnilebis suns. is ga-moCndeba dacemul xalxSi, rogorc yorani mZoris sunze. `vai, braleulo xal-xo, codviT damZimebulo ero, boroteulTa modgmav, warwymedilo Svilebo!~ _ gahyviris is, magram aravin usmens. winaswarmetyveli Tavisi `uflis sityviT~ gamoCndeba iq, sadac adamianTa sulier-zneobrivi dacema yvelaze metad auta-nelia. amosi gamoCnda beTelis samsxverploebTan, sadac yarda usulgulod da uwmiduri xeliT Sewiruli saklavebi. esaiac aqeTken mimarTavs Tavis daun-dobel sityvebs, radgan aq aris RvTis saxli (beT el) da aq unda yofiliyo

siwmidis da sulierebis adgili. ra Tqma unda, amjeradac winaswarmetyveli ar gamoTqvams Tavis pirad (ra fasi eqneboda!) damokidebulebas kultisadmi. misi bagiT Tavad ufali metyvelebs.

`ras vaqnev Tqvens uzomo saklavebs, ambobs ufali. gamZRari var Tqveni aR-savleni verZebiT da kuratebis qoniT. aRar msurs mozvrebis, kravebisa da va-cebis sisxli! rom modixarT da pirispir mecxadebiT, vin dagavalaT Cemi ezo-ebis Telva? nuRa momitanT mag fuW Sesawiravs, saZagelia CemTvis sakmeveli, axalmTvarobebi da SabaTebi, jarobebi ver amitania! ukeTureba da dResaswau-li? Tqveni axalmTvarobebi da zeimebi SeiZula Cemma sulma, tvirTad damawva, daviRale maTi zidviT. xelebs rom aRapyrobT, Tvals garidebT. locvebsac rom mimravlebT, ar vismen. xelebi sisxliT gaqvT savse!~ (es. 1:11-15).

ar unda vifiqroT, rom winaswarmetyveli qadagebdes kultmsaxurebis usar-geblobas an moiTxovdes mis gauqmebas im mizeziT, rom `mRvdlebi aukuRmarTe-ben Cems rjuls da bRalaven Cems siwmides, wmidas (kodeS) nalaxisagan (xol), ar ganarCeven, uwmidurs gawmedilisagan ar asxvaveben~ (ez. 22:26). yvela droSi winaswarmetyveli, rogorc kultis pirobiTobiT SeuzRudveli da masze maRla mdgomi, marTal cxovrebas aniWebs upiratesobas kultmsaxurebis winaSe, qada-gebs, rom simarTlisa da samarTlianobis gareSe ara Tu fuWia da mizans ver aRwevs rjulis wesebis formaluri aRsruleba, aramed sibilwedac ki Seirac-xeba uflis TvalSi. `ganibaneT, ganiwmideT, _ mouwodebs winaswarmetyveli RvTismsaxurebs da xalxs, _ avi saqmeebi TvalTagan ganmarideT, SewyviteT bo-rotis qmna. sikeTis qmna iswavleT, eZieT samarTali, SeewieT Cagruls, gani-kiTxeT oboli, qvriv-oxers gamoesarCleT. mere modiT da ciloba vyoT, ambobs ufali, mewamulic rom iyos Tqveni codvebi, TovliviT gaspetakdeba~ (es. 1:16-18).

winaswarmetyveli rasac laparakobs, xilvaSi xiluls an mosmenils lapara-kobs. mainc ra Sinaarss atarebs misi xilva da smena _ ras xedavs igi da ras ismens iseTs, rasac sxvani, Tumca rCeuli xalxis warmomadgenelni, ver xeda-ven da ver ismenen? winaswarmetyveli momavals xedavs da momavlis xmas ismens awmyoSi, momavali ki xalxisaTvis dafarulia, Tundac iyos igi rCeuli xalxi.

winaswarmetyveli gaaxsenebs xalxs mis warsuls, magram warsuls mis Tval-Si ara aqvs TavisTavadi Rirebuleba. igi moxmobilia imisaTvis, raTa xalxma naTlad igrZnos mowevnadis garduvaloba. Tu mis warsul cxovrebaSi iyo eg-viptidan gamosvlis faqti, momavalSi kvlav unda gameordes gamosvla. Tu war-sulSi, misi istoriis gadamwyvet periodSi, `magar xels~ igi gahyavda samSvi-doboze, kvlav unda gamoCndes `magari xeli~, radgan xalxis wuTisofeli sav-sea SfoTiT da xifaTiT. am xelma igi unda ixsnas im ukanaskneli gasaWiridan, romelSic Cavardeba xalxi, da es iqneba ukanaskneli xsna, rasac moimoqmedebs ufali da dasruldeba istoriac. winaswarmetyvelis xilvaSi xalxis cxovreba ar aris dausrulebeli wrebrunva, TaobaTa ganuwyveteli monacvleoba; igi xe-davs istoriis dasabams da Wvrets mis dasasrulsac, cocxal xatebSi ganic-dis mas, rogorc sakuTari cxovrebis dramis dasasruls.

Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa msoflgancda Zireulad gansxvavdeba baa-lis anu warmarTuli kultebis winaswarmetyvelTa msoflgancdisagan, rome-lic gansazRvrulia bunebrivi procesebis xasiaTiT. buneba kvdeba, ara Tu bu-neba, baalic kvdeba bunebasTan erTad, raTa weliwadis dabrunebis Semdeg kvlav aRorZindes, da ase grZeldeba dausrulebliv. bunebaSi ar aris Zala, romelsac SeeZleba gaarRvios es Caketili wre da zRvari daudos bunebis trials. eklesiastes cnobili sityvebi, `rac iyo, igive iqneba; rac xdeboda, igive moxdeba, da axali araferia mzisqveSeTSi~ (ekl. 1:9), savsebiT gamoxatavs amgvar msoflgancdas. am sityvebis avtori ver poulobs gamosavals wuTisof-lis trialidan da es tragikuls xdis mis azrovnebas, rogorc uflis mor-Cils da mis cxebuls, _ eklesiaste mefe solomonis saxelia, _ RvTivboZebu-li winaswarmetyveluri unariT unda egrZno, rom odesme iqneboda garRveva am wrebrunvaSi, magram, rogorc `mefeTa wignidan~ viciT, `misma colebma midri-

kes misi guli ucxo RmerTebisaken~ (3mef. 11:4), baalebisken da ganimsWvala baa-luri suliskveTebiT. `amodis mze da Cadis mze~ _ ambobs eklesiaste, riTac adasturebs wuTisoflis sibrZnes, xolo wuTisoflis gaRma mWvreteli esaia winaswarmetyveli adasturebs im sinamdviles, romelic jer aravis uxilavs: `aRar Caesveneba mze da Seni mTvare aRar dacxreba...~ (es. 60:20).

eklesiastes SegnebaSi dReebi erTmaneTis tyupiscalebia, xvalis dRes ar moaqvs siaxle, ar arsebobs axali dRe, da ase iqneba maradiulad. ganaxlebis veraviTar imeds ver xedavs qveynis eri; winaswarmetyvelma unda Caunergos mas imedi, rom dadgeba erTi dRe, yvela dReTagan rCeuli, rogorc ambobs zaqaria winaswarmetyveli, rom `iqneba erTi dRe, uflisaTvis sacnauri: arc dRe da arc Rame...~ (zaq. 14:7). im dRis daxasiaTeba `arc dRe da arc Rame~ niSnavs, rom is dRe ganyenebulia wuTisoflis dRe-RameTa rigisagan da ekuTvnis sruliad sxva sinamdviles. ai, ras ambobs esaia im dReze: `mTvaris naTeli mzis naTeli-viT iqneba da mzis naTeli gaSvidkecdeba Svidi dRis naTeliviT...~ (es. 30:26). am dRis saswauli moaswavebs, rom is aris axali droJamis, ganaxlebuli samya-ros dasabami, saidanac daiwyeba sxva aTvla. esaias gviani mowafe am dReSi xe-davs axal Sesaqmes _ axali cisa da axali miwis gamoCenas didebiT, rogorc ambobs igi uflis xilvaSi: `aha, Sevqmni axal cas da axal miwas, aRar gaixse-neba winandeli da fiqradac aravis mouva~ (es. 65:17).

TiTqmis yvela winaswarmetyveli ganicdis am ukanaskneli dRis realobas, isini elian mas, rogorc adamiani elis xvalindel dRes. isini mas uwodeben `uflis dRes~ da sxvagvarad ver aRiqvamen Tu ara `diadad~ da `saSinelad~. iovel winaswarmetyveli ambobs: `radgan didia uflis dRe da saSineli~ (2:11). is ar SeiZleba ar iyos saSineli, radgan is gankiTxvisa da Surisgebis dRea, saSineli _ RvTis gareganTaTvis (`ras izamT gankiTxvisa da daqcevis dRes, Soridan rom modis?~ es. 10:3) da sanatreli _ uflis Cagruli erisaTvis, rad-gan `im dRes iqneba, rom idinebs ierusalimidan sicocxlis wyali~ (zaq. 14:8), radgan `maSin Seuxvevs ufali Wrilobas Tavis ers...~ (es. 30:26). am dRes sabo-lood gaimarjvebs wuTisoflis gzebze mravalgzis damxobili simarTle da am simarTlis mtvirTveli uflis eri. im dRidan erTi safexuriT, erTi xaris-xiT aiwevs sinamdvile, rogorc winaswametyvelebs zaqaria: `im dRes daifaravs ufali ierusalimis mcxovrebT da Zabuni maT Soris daviTiviT iqneba im dRes. daviTis saxli ki RmerTiviT iqneba, uflis angeloziviT iqneba maT winaSe~ (zaq. 12:8). magram es winaswarmetyveleba mxolod Zveli aRTqmis ers ar exeba. arc aq naxsenebi ierusalimi ar aris eTnikuri, ebraelebiT dasaxlebuli qa-laqi. arc es daviTi aris is daviTi _ istoriuli mefe, wuTisoflis droJamSi moqceuli. zaqaria kacobriobis momavals Wvrets Tavisi eris kerZo magaliT-ze.

`uflis dRe~ saboloo dRea Zveli aRTqmis eris cxovrebaSi, magram ara Sewyveta sicocxlisa, aramed axali saukunis dadgomis sawindari; igi kacob-riobis, wuTisoflis, ukanaskneli dRec aris, ara gauqmebuli arsebobisa, ara-med droJamul-ganzomilebiani istoriis dasasrulis momaswavebeli. Zveli aR-Tqmis eris Tavgadasavali aris andrezi, romlis meSveobiTac winaswarmetyvel-ni, gansakuTrebiT mogvianoni (esaias mimdevarni, zaqaria da sxvani), gadmogvce-men kacobriobis bedisweras mis awmyoSi da mis momavalSi. `im dRes erTi iqne-ba ufali da misi saxelic erTi iqneba~, ambobs zaqaria (zaq. 14:9). radgan ufa-li yvelasaTvis erTia, `uflis eri~ mTeli kacobriobac aris, rogorc ganuyo-feli adami, romelic RmerTma Seqmna Tavis xatad. sxva yvela qmnilebaTa So-ris adamad saxeldebuli airCia Tavis xatad, Tavis rCeulad. Zveli aRTqmis xalxis rCeuloba im pirveli rCeulobis kerZo SemTxvevaa. es rCeuloba anu maTi kuTvnileba uflisadmi momavalSi, im dRes gamoCndeba. `mietmasnebian uam-ravi xalxebi ufals im dRes da gaxdebian Cemi eri~, amasac ambobs zaqaria wi-naswarmetyveli (zaq. 2:11). ieremiac aRiarebs erT Sesakrebels mTeli kacobrio-bisaTvis: `imJamad uflis taxtad iqneba wodebuli ierusalimi. masTan moiyris Tavs yvela xalxi ierusalimSi uflis saxeliT...~ (ier. 3:17).

winaswarmetyvels Tavisi eris tragikuli gansacdeli xelisgulze udevs, Tavis gancdaSi aqvs, rogorc sakuTari gansacdeli. magram rogorc krebiTi adami, am gansacdels sakacobrio gansacdelad ganicdis. amitom aris, rom is jvaloTia Semosili, Tavze nacars iyris. mtverSi da nacarSi mjdari, qedze uRels idgams da ase dadis xalxSi, rogorc qveynis bedis cocxali magaliTi. bolos, is tovebs qveyanas da udabnoSi gadis an ucxoTa Soris daexeteba, sam-Soblodan devnili, xsnis sityva ki xalxSi aqvs datovebuli, rogorc miwaSi gasaRivebeli damarxuli Tesli. misi mwuxareba orkecia _ is moTqvams Tavis bedze, rogorc adami, da mere, rogorc israeliani. is grZnobs, rom rac mis ers gadaxda warsulSi da rac momavalSi gadaxdeba, sakacobrio mniSvnelobi-saa: mis bedisweraSi ixateba kacobriobis _ adamis ZeTa bediswera. rogorc adami ganidevna edemis baRidan (samoTxidan), sadac ufalma daamkvidra igi, aseve israelis Zeni, israelianebi, im qveynidan, romelic ufalma misca maT sa-mudamo samkvidreblad. qveynidan gandevna xalxisa, rac sapirispiro movlenaa xalxis legendaruli Zlevamosili gamosvlisa egviptidan, erTi mtkivneuli gamocdilebaa Zveli aRTqmis xalxis istoriaSi, Tumca romel xalxs ar ga-nucdia Tavisi arsebobis manZilze devnileba da gadasaxleba? magram am xal-xis winaswarmetyveli saxavs mas aucilebel, gardauval SemTxvevad uflis eris cxovrebaSi, Tu sabediswero xvedrad, romelsac maradisobaSi gadahyavs xalxi.

adams, mogviano legendis Tanaxmad, naTlis samoseli emosa, magram akrZa-luli nayofis gemosxilvam ganZarcva am samoslisagan da siSiSvle axilvina. is ganidevna edemidan; gandevna sasjelic iyo da sircxvilic, rcxvenodaT adams da evas erTmaneTisa, uflisa da misi angelozebisa, romelTac isini uk-ve veRar xedavdnen, roca SiSvelni xetialobdnen ucxoobaSi, radgan edems ga-reT yoveli mxare ucxo iyo maTTvis. roca xalxi _ israelianebi egviptidan gamovidnen, SiSveli da unayofo udabnos gavla mouxdaT da ase midiodnen SiSvelni da upovarni, vidre gadalaxavdnen iordanes da Tavs Seafarebdnen nayofier qveyanas, romelic TaobaTa cvlaSi gaimSobliures da sakuTar sax-lad Seqmnes. es iyo maTi Sesamoseli.

Semosiloba bunebrivi adamianis mdgomareobaa. vinc SiSvels mosavs, saTnod iqceva, radgan man daufara kacs misi sircxvili. Tu Semosva madlia, gaSiSv-leba sasjelia: `...moixade pirbade, aikrife kalTebi, gaiSiSvle wvivebi da ga-dadi mdinareze. gaSiSvldeba Seni sarcxvineli da gamoCndeba Seni augi~ (es. 47:2), eubneba ufali winaswarmetyvelis piriT aRzevebul da gadidgulebul `babilonel asuls~. winaswarmetyveli siSiSvleSi sircxvilsa da damcirebas rom xedavs, amaSi araferia gansakuTrebuli. winaswarmetyveli maSin aCens Ta-visi msoflgancdis TviTmyofadobas, rodesac sakuTari qveynidan xalxis ga-fantvaSi mis ganSiSvlebas xedavs. mis TvalSi, romelic uflis Tvalia, Tavi-si qveynidan gasuli kaci ganSiSvlebulia qveynierebis oTxi qaris mimarT. is, rac aqamde dafaruli iyo, saaSkaraozea gamotanili, rogorc gafurCqnuli yvavilis siSiSvle _ warmavalobis xati. aq aris misi sircxvilic da sasje-lic, rogorc aucilebeli gansacdeli, romelic unda ganicados xalxma Tavi-si istoriis manZilze. magram im movlenas, rasac winaswarmetyveli gamoxatavs sityviT galuT, erTdroulad rom niSnavs `ganSiSvlebas~ da `ganfantvas~, aqvs meore mxarec.

TiTqos paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom galuTi eris xsnis piroba iyo; ase fiqrobdnen winaswarmetyvelni. marTalia, ufalma qveynis xalxis gadasaxle-biT babilonSi (es moxda 586 wels Zv. w.) dasaja xalxi, romelic ganudga ufals da am gandgomiT, romelic adamis urCobis gamovlena iyo, wabilwa mi-wa, maTTvis saukuno samkvidreblad aRTqmuli, magram swored am gadasaxleba-Si, `galuTis RameSi~, gviandeli poetebis gamoTqma rom movimarjvoT, unda amobrwyinebuliyo xsnis imedi. galuTSi unda ganwmediliyo xalxi, unda moexa-da sneuleba, raki adamis Ze midrekilia sneulebad; SigniT dagrovili balRa-mi gareT unda gamosuliyo, rogorc xalxi gavida gareT, da ganwmedili daub-

rundeba WeSmarit uflis xalxad uflis miwas. amaSi mdgomareobda galuTis gardauvaloba da SeiZleba iTqvas, sikeTec. `gagfantav xalxTa Soris da ga-gabnev qveynebSi, rom wagiSalo uwmidureba~, mimarTavs ufali ezekielis piriT Tavis rCeul xalxs (ezek. 22:15). galuTis, rogorc gansawmedelis, koncefcia dasabams iRebs babilonis tyveobidan, babilonis mefis, nabuqodonosoris xana-Si, da bolos, is iZens ganzogadebul mniSvnelobas eris istoriis perspeqti-vaSi. ratom laparakobs winaswarmetyveli ezekieli momavlis saxeliT, roca imeorebs uflis sityvas `gagfantav~? sityva naTqvamia ukve gadasaxlebaSi, ga-luTSi, babilonSi, mdinaris piras, sadac ezekieli Cveulebisamebr iRebda ga-mocxadebas. manamde xom iwinaswarmetyvela ieremiam babilonis tyveobis das-ruleba, roca Tqva _ samocdaaTi wlis Semdeg dabrundebao xalxi qveyanaSi (Tumca dabruneba moxda ormocdarva wlis bolos _ ieremia sakraluri saTva-laviT angariSobda welTaRricxvas). ezekieli am gamocxadebaSi gulisxmobs momaval galuTs, im gansacdels xalxis TavgadasavalSi, romelsac ufro me-tad Seefereba `ganfantva~ da `ganbneva~, vidre babilonis tyveobas, romelic dasrulda Zveli aRTqmis periodSive.

`gagfantav xalxTa Soris...~ Zveli welTaRricxvis me-6 s-is SuaxanebSi naTq-vamma am sityvebma gansazRvra eris istoria mravali saukunis manZilze. galu-Ti ar aris mxolod istoriuli movlena, droJamis farglebiT SemosazRvru-li. is dResac sinamdvilea da, xalxis moZRvarTa sibrZniT, misi dasasruli wuTisoflis dasasruls emTxveva. am TvalTaxedviT, dasasrulis perspeqtiva-Si, galuT (ganfantva-gaSiSvleba) da SebuT (tyveoba) identuri mdgomareobebia eris cxovrebaSi, romlebic TavianTi Zlieri intensivobiT, rogorc gansac-delni, aRweven ganzogadebis maRal xarisxs, gabrwyindebian ra esqatologiu-ri SuqiT, rac badebs winaswarmetyvelSi imeds, rom galuTis SuaRamiT amova mnaTobi da tyveobis ukuneTSi inaTebs mze. rogorc sneulebas mohyveba gan-kurneba, roca is amowuravs Tavs, aseve ganfantva dasruldeba saboloo Semok-rebiT, rogorc ambobs eklesiaste, roca istoriis gardauval ritms axasia-Tebs, `Jami qvaTa mimofantvisa da Jami maTi Segrovebisa~, tyveobis xanic amoi-wureba da uflis eri daubrundeba aRTqmul qveyanas _ axal miwaze axali cis qveS. `natamali daubrundeba, _ ambobs esaia, _ iakobis natamali, Zlier RmerTs~ (es. 10:21). esaiam daarqva Tavis Svils simboluri saxeli Sear-¡aSub anu `natamali dabrundeba~ imis sawameblad, rom mciredni dabrundebian im mravalricxovani xalxidan, romelic gaifanta qveynebSi xalxTa Soris. nata-malSi winaswarmetyveli xedavs im saukeTeso nawils erisa, rCeulis rCeuls, romelmac unda gauZlos galuT-SebuTis gansacdels da gamovides ganwmedili, rogorc quraSi gamoxurvebuli vercxli.

am natamals, quraSi gamovlils, xedavs winaswarmetyveli axal miwaze, axali cis qveS. es natamali aris is waruxoceli, mkvrivi birTvi axali sazogadoebisa, romliskenac, ase ambobs winaswarmetyveli, `daiZreba uTvalavi xalxi da ityvis: modiT, avideT uflis mTa-ze, iakobis saxlSi; gvaswavlos Tavisi gzebi da misi bilikebiT viaroT...~ (es. 2:3). winaswar-metyvelis es suliskveTeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas Jamidan Jamze pirquSi xilvebi ecxa-deba, optimisturia: mis Tvalwin aris ganaxlebuli, fernacvali miwisa da adamis ZeTa sa-zogadoebis xati da moelis yovelive amas Tavis sakuTar xvalindel dResaviT; xmac ki esmis im dRisa, msgavsad sofonia winaswarmetyvelisa, romelic mouTmenlad acxadebs: `axlos aris da mova Zalian male xma uflis dRisa~ (1:14). ai suraTi momavali sazogadoebisa, rogorc esaxeboda xilvebSi winaswarmetyvels:

`amova ylorti ieses Rerodan da misi fesvis amonayari gaixarebs. daivanebs masze uflis suli, suli sibrZnisa da gonierebisa, suli rCevisa da simxnevi-sa, suli Segnebisa da uflis SiSisa. is uflis SiSiT isuldgmulebs, danaxu-liT ar gansjis da gagoniliT ar daiwyebs mxilebas. simarTliT gansjis Ra-rib-RatakT, sisworiT ganikiTxavs qveynis bedSavT, dahkravs miwas Tavis bageTa kverTxs da Tavis pirisqariT boroteuls moakvdinebs. simarTle iqneba sarty-lad mis welze da siwrfele sartylad mis ferdebze. dadgeba mgeli cxvarTan erTad da vefxvi dabinavdeba cikanTan erTad. xbo, lomi da nasuqali pirutyvi

erTad iqnebian da Cvili bavSvi wauZRveba maT. Zroxa da deda daTvi erTad mosZoven da maTi Svilebi erTmaneTis gverdiT dawvebian. lomi ZroxasaviT Se-Wams Calas, ZuZuTa bavSvi unasis xvrelTan iTamaSebs da ZuZusanasxleti aspi-tis budeSi Cayofs xels. aravin iborotebs, aravin ibilwebs mTel Cems wmida mTaze, radgan aivseba miwa uflis codniT, rogorc zRva aris wylebiT dafa-ruli. im dRes xalxTa droSad idgeba ieses fesvi da misken daiwyeben denas tomebi. dideba iqneba maTi saSvebeli. im dRes meored gaiwvdis ufali xels, rom gamoisyidos Tavisi eris natamali, romelic gadaurCeba aSurs, egviptes, faTross, quSs, elams, Sinyars, xamaTs da zRvispireTs. droSas aRumarTavs xalxebs, Sekrebs gadaxvewil israels da qveynis oTxive kuTxidan Tavs mouy-ris gafantul iudas... gamouCndeba gza-savali misi eris natamals, romelic aSurs gadaurCeba, rogorc gamouCnda israels, roca egviptidan amodioda~ (es. 11:1-16).

vin aris es `ieses ylorti~, romlis mefobaSi mSvidoba da Tanxmoba dasad-gurdeba ara mxolod adamianTa sazogadoebaSi, aramed cxovelTa samyaroSic, Tanxmoba, romelic arsebobda dasabamidan edemis baRSi da Semdeg ganmeorda sayovelTao katastrofis Jams, roca yoveli suldgmuli adamianis winamZRo-lobiT da mfarvelobiT kidobanSi Sevida raTa gadarCenoda warRvnas? es aris daviTi, Ze iesesi, mefe _ uflis rCeuli, romlis gulisaTvis ufali iTmenda miwier mefobas israelSi, kaci, romelic Tavis pirovnebaSi da cxovrebaSi ga-nasaxierebda Tavisi xalxis beds, atarebda mis madlsa da codvas. winaswar-metyvelni, esaiadan mokidebulni, daviT ieses Zis (ben iSai) saxiT elodnen me-sias, romelsac unda aRedgina adamis dakarguli RvTis xati da ganaxlebul qveyanas axal adamad, mis WeSmarit patronad, rogoradac iyo gaCenili, movle-noda. `ratom ar modis ben iSai?~ _ swuxda espaneTis galuTSi ebraeli poeti ibn gabiroli (XI s).

winaswarmetyvelTa SegnebaSi SemuSavda warmodgena esqatologiur mxsnel-ze, mesiaze, rogorc tanjulze kacTa Soris, romelmac adamianTa codvebis Tavis Tavze tvirTviT unda ixsnas qveyana. esaias avtoritets Sefarebuli er-Ti usaxelo winaswarmetyveli momavali mxsnelis garegani simdablis wiaR uf-lis rCeulis maradiul didebas xedavs. ai, amgvarad aRwers igi mis WeSmarit sulier portrets. mas agonebs es mxsneli im daviTs, yrmas, romelic udaresi iyo ZmaTa Soris, romelSic naTelmxilvelma samuelmac ki ver gamoicno uf-lis mier Tavis cxebulad ganmzadebuli _ umcrosi ZeTa Soris, romelsac ze-dac aravin uyurebda.

`vin daijera Cvengan smenili da uflis mklavi vis gamoecxada? wamoimarTa rogorc morCi mis (uflis) winaSe da rogorc fesvi dagvaluli miwidan. arc Rirseba hqonia da arc mSveneba, rom zed Segvexeda. arc ieri, rom mivezideT. saZulveli iyo, kacTagan aTvalwunebuli, gatanjuli da snebamoreuli. erTi imaTgani, visac pirs arideben. saZulveli iyo da arad vagdebdiT, namdvilad ki, man ikisra Cveni snebebi da itvirTa Cveni satanjveli. Cven ki gvegona, RvTi-sagan iyo nagvem-nacemi da damcirebuli. magram is Cveni codvebisaTvis iyo daWrili, Cveni ukeTurobebisaTvis dalewili; masze iyo sasjeli Cveni simrTe-lisTvis da misi wylulebiT Cven ganvikurneT. yvelani cxvrebiviT davexetebo-diT, TiToeuli Cven-Cven gzas vadeqiT, ufalma ki mas Sehyara yoveli Cvenganis ukeTureba. gaitanja da daiTrguna, magram bage ar dauZravs. kraviviT, dasak-lavad rom mihyavdaT da cxvariviT, mparsvelis win mdumared rom dgas, masac ar dauZravs bage. Wirsa da sasjels Cauvarda da vin ras ityoda mis modgma-ze? radgan cocxalTa qveyanas mowyda, Cemi xalxis codvebisaTvis Sexvda sa-tanjveli. mieca samarxi boroteulTa gverdiT da mdidarTan erTad Tavis sik-vdilSi, radgan siave ar Caudenia da mis bageSi sicrue ar yofila. magram ene-ba ufals misi gatanjva. roca Tavs dadebs danaSaulis msxverplad, ixilavs nagrams da gauxangrZlivdeba dReebi, uflis neba misi xeliT aRsruldeba. Ta-visi suliskveTebis nayofs ixilavs da daamdeba. misi sibrZniT bevrs gaamarT-lebs marTali, Cemi morCili, da sxvaTa Secodebebs itvirTavs. amitom mraval-

Si mivcem mas wils da ZlierebTan erTad gainawilebs nadavls, radgan sasikv-dilod gawira Tavi da codvilTa Soris Seiracxa. mravalTa codvebi hqonda tvirTad da codvilebs esarCleboda~ (es. 53:1-2).

ionas moqceva

`anu huriaTa-me xolo arsa RmerTi da ara warmarTTaca? he,

warmarTTaca!~ (rom. 3:29) Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa Soris iricxeba erTi vinme, saxelad iona,

amiTais Ze, romlis naqadagari sityvebi ar Semounaxavs biblias. magram sxva winaswarmetyvelTagan gansxvavebiT, iona gvevlineba personaJad erTi mcire mo-culobis wignisa, romelic oTxi Tavisagan Sedgeba, sadac misi saqcieli sity-vaze ufro mWevrmetyveluria da ufro mets gveubneba am mdumare winaswametyve-lis suliskveTebis Sesaxeb. ai, ras mogviTxrobs es wigni _ `wigni iona winas-warmetyvelisa~.

ionam, rogorc winaswarmetyvelma, uflis samsaxurSi myofma, miiRo uflisa-gan davaleba, wasuliyo nineveSi, aSuris dedaqalaqSi da eqadaga iq, raTa xalxs moenaniebina codvebi da ar daRupuliyvnen. nineve ionas mSobliuri xalxis istoriuli mteri iyo da winaswarmetyvelma ar indoma maTi gafrTxi-leba: dae, miwis piridan aRigavos nineve, aRmoifxvras misi saxeli da saxsene-beli! uflisagan iona swored amas moeloda, magram ufalma mas Tavisi rCeu-li xalxis samtro (ase fiqrobda iona) davaleba misca.

is fiqrobda, rom ufalma uRalata Tavis rCeul ers da gadaTqva aRTqma, rom Tavis mtrebze azeimebda. ionamac zurgi Seaqcia ufals da imis nacvlad, rom nineveSi wasuliyo, Cajda xomaldSi da TarSiSisaken mimaval gzas gahyva, raTa, wers avtori, `gaqceuliyo uflis pirisagan~.

yuradRebas iqcevs Zveli aRTqmis winaswametyvelisaTvis uCveulo saqcieli: bibliaSi sxvagan arsad dasturdeba SemTxveva, rom winaswarmetyvels uari eT-qvas uflis mier dakisrebuli movaleobis Sesrulebaze. ionam ki Tavi aarida Tavis movaleobas, TiTqos winaswarmetyvelis wodeba misi arCeuli yofiliyos da ara RvTisagan STagonebuli. man am saqcieliT uaryo Tavis TavSi winaswar-metyveli anu mamxilebeli suli. ra unda yofiliyo iona am mowodebis gareSe, am madlisa, romelic RvTis yuradRebis niSani iyo masSi? ra darCa misgan am mowodebis uaryofis Semdeg? darCa erTi mfrTxali da ugunuri kaci, romelic garbis ukanmouxedavad, Tavad iRobavs ukan mosabrunebel gzebs. es iyo codva ara mxolod uflis winaSe, aramed sakuTari Tavis winaSec. man gaimeora ada-mis Secodeba _ urCoba, roca gaimruda uflisagan naCvenebi gza, riTac evale-boda svla _ `wadi nineveSi, did qalaqSi...~.

iona arc ki Sevedrebia ufals, moexsna misTvis es saZnelo da arasasurve-li tvirTi, ar ulocnia Sewuxebuls, rogorc iloca erTxel macxovarma: `ma-mao Cemo, ukeTu SesaZlebel ars, Tanawarmxedin sasumeli ese...~ ara, igi usity-vod gadawyvets gaqcevas nineves sruliad sawinaaRmdego mxareSi. ratom gar-bis mainc da mainc TarSiSSi? imitom, rom es adgili qveynierebis kided iyo warmodgenili, ukidures dasavleTSi mdebare, sadac Tavdeboda, Zvelebis rwme-niT, kacTa modgmiT dasaxlebuli samyaro. TarSiSi araraobis winkari iyo, imis iqiT aRaraferi iyo, TiTqos imis miRma RmerTic aRar iyo, TiTqos ufali, romelsac iona `cisa da miwis Semqmnels~ uwodebda, veRar miswvdeboda mas TarSiSSi Tu TarSiSs miRmac, araraobaSi. nuTu ionas daaviwyda, rom misma RmerTma araraobidan Seqmna yvelaferi, rac ki Seqmna? xom naTqvami iyo amosis wignSi _ es unda scodnoda ionas _ uflis urCebze: `qvesknelSic rom Caimar-xon, iqidan amoiyvans maT Cemi xelio~ (amos. 9:2)?

orjer aris naTqvami erTsa da imave muxlSi (ion. 1:3), rom ionas surda gaq-ceva `uflis pirisagan~. avtors surs aCvenos mTeli simZime ionas nebisa: gaq-veul winaswarmetyvels Tavad gamoaqvs sakuTari TavisaTvis is ganaCeni, rac ufalma gamoutana kaens, roca devnida mas Tavis pirisagan. `aha, _ ambobs kae-

ni, _ aha, magdeb dRes miwis pirisagan da unda mivefaro Sens pirs, devnili da miusafari viqnebi amqveynad da yovel Semxvedrs SeeZleba Cemi mokvla~ (dab. 4:14). uflis mier piris damalva mZime sasjelia, ukiduresi zoma sasjelisa, Zveli aRTqmis adamianisaTvis. `maSin SebRavleben ufals, magram igi ar gas-cems maT pasuxs da daumalavs Tavis pirs...~ _ ambobs winaswarmetyveli miqa (miq. 3:4). uflis pirisagan moSoreba gaazrebulia rogorc uflis mfarvelobi-dan gamosvla da sawuTros saTamaSod gawirva Tavisa. ras SeiZleba Seedaros adamianis mdgomareoba, roca is moSorebulia uflis pirs? saba orbeliani qa-dagebs: `yovelTa uwyiT, viTar sazarel ars jojoxeTi, aramed missa usazar-les _ ganvrdoma pirisagan RmrTisa~. ionac jojoxeTSi moxvda, rogorc davi-naxavT.

zRvaze atyda qariSxali, SiSis zari daecaT mezRvaurebs, ionas ki xomal-dis `mucelSi~ eZina. yvelam Tavis RmerTs SehRaRada, magram amaod: ara da ar dacxra qariSxali. bolos, gadawyvites wili eyaraT, gaerkviaT, visi brali iyo xomaldze myofTagan es ubedureba. amoiyvanes ionac, ayrevines wili da wili ionas xvda. vin gabedavda aseT dros sicruis Tqmas da ionamac aRiara yvelaferi qariSxliani cisa da aboboqrebuli zRvis winaSe. esa da es var, ci-sa da xmeleTis Semoqmedis mosavi, ase da asea Cemi ambavi. zRvaSi gadamagdeT da qariSxalic dadgebao. ar Sevedrebia winaswarmetyveli, gandgomili morCi-li uflisa, Tavis ufals, rogorc sxvani _ warmarTni evedrebodnen Tav-Tavis enaze. an Tavi ar eRirseboda mis mlocvelad an Sewevnis saso hqonda warkve-Tili, anu jer ar damdgariyo gadamwyveti wami sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze, roca vedreba Sesmenili iqneboda. asec iyo, es Jamic daudga ionas. axla ki gaqceuli winaswarmetyveli, SesaZloa, fiqrobda zRvis RurRumelSi damalvo-da ufals, raki TarSiSSi ar ewera misvla. gadaagdes iona zRvaSi da zRva dawynarda, iona ki uflis brZanebiT, `didma Tevzma~ (Zveli qarTuli teqstiT, veSapma) gadaylapa, da moxvda iona didi Tevzis mucelSi.

ionas gaqceva uflis pirisagan gamoxatulia misi TandaTanobiTi svliT qve-viT da qveviT siRrmisaken: zRvaSi, xomaldis mucelSi, Rrma ZilSi, zRvis RurRumelSi, roca moisroles xomaldidan, bolos, `gveleSapis~ mucelSi. io-na TandaTan iZireba jojoxeTisaken, romlis gzaze man Tavisi nebiT gadadga nabiji, roca TarSiSisaken gaswia. magram rac unda Rrmad Cafluliyo kaci, ma-inc RvTis winaSe aRmoCndeboda. amas mixvda didi Tevzis mucelSi moqceuli winaswarmetyveli, darwmunda im WeSmaritebaSi, romelic gamoTqmulia 138-e fsalmunSi, TiTqos ionas gansacdelis naTelsayofad:

`sad wavuval Sens suls, sad gaviqcevi Seni pirisagan? cad aval, iqa xar! SaveTSi Caval, iq damxvdebi! ciskris frTebs gavSli, zRvis gaRma davideb binas, iqac wamiZRveba Seni xeli da damiWers Seni marjvena~.

(fsalm. 138:7-10) am fsalmunis me-9 muxlSi (`ciskris frTebs gavSli...~) gadmocemulia igive

moZraoba, rac Seasrula ionam, _ aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken, vinaidan `ciskris frTebi~ aRmosavleTiT monaberi qaria, romelic gadauqrolebs xmel-TaSua zRvas da gaaRwevs `zRvis gaRma~ anu mzis dasavalSi (`zRva~ iam `dasav-leTsac~ niSnavs am enaze), dasakargavSi, sadac Zvelebs SaveTi, mkvdarTa same-fo egulebodaT. am muxlis mniSvnelobas kargad gangvimartavs winamavali mux-li, sadac igive viTareba vertikalzea gamoxatuli: gza cidan SaveTisaken (ebr. Seol) igivea, rac gza dasavleTisaken, berZenTa miTologiis erebosisa-ken (romelic uTuod semituri sityvaa, ebr. yereb `mzis daisi~, `saRamo~); caSi sasufevelia, xolo aRmosavleTSi _ edemis baRi.

aq dasavleTSi, zRvaSi, jojoxeTSi Cavarda iona da aqve, ukidures gansac-delSi, iwyeba misi moqceva; SaveTSi, araraobis fskerze, ibadeba fsalmuni, ro-gorc sxivi da kibe, romelmac kvlav uflis pirisaken unda miaqcios iona. fsalmuni naTelia, romelic warmoiSvis jurRmulSi mbJutavi adamianis suli-

dan. iona xelaxla ibadeba `didi Tevzis~ muclidan da TiTqos axlad idgams enas da pirveli sityvebi, rac daebada, es iyo:

`WirSi myofma SevRaRade ufals da man xma gamca, Seolis muclidan Svela viTxove da Sen ismine Cemi mudara~ (ion. 2:3).

ufalma ismina ionasi da, rogrc ki aRdga kavSiri adamiansa da RmerTs So-ris, kvlav warudga uflis pirs adamiani, iona uflis gangebiT `didma Tevzma~ imave adgilze amoanTxia, saidanac gaiqca igi. Tavidan iwyeba ambavi, kvlav Ca-esmis winaswarmetyvels Tavisi uflis xma da xelmeored ekisreba igive tvir-Ti, misTvis amjeradac uamuri: `adeqi, wadi nineveSi, did qalaqSi, da uqadage, rasac me getyvi~ (ion. 3:2).

wavida iona nineveSi, iareboda qalaqSi da winaswarmetyvelebda uflis gan-gebas, ambobda: `kidev ormoci dRe da daiqceva nineve~ (ion. 3:4). Tumca ar eame-boda mis Surian guls mtrebis gafrTxileba, magram amjerad ar uRalata Ta-vis mowodebas da misma STagonebulma qadagebam SeZra mTeli nineve mdabiori-dan mefemde. gamoacxades marxva da jvaloTi Seimosnen didian-patarianad. pi-rutyvic amarxules da jvaloTi Semoses, aRavlines vedreba RvTisadmi da aRuTqves, rom miatovebdnen borotebis gzas da moinaniebdnen codvebs. ufalma ismina maTi da aRar moawia ubedureba, rasac apirebda.

nineves gadarCenam ise Seawuxa iona, rom sikvdili inatra: xom vicodi, rom ase moxdeboda, roca jer kidev Cems qveyanaSi viyavi, vicodi Seni gulmowyale-bisa da sulgrZelobis ambavi (ufals mimarTavs), rom Seibralebdi Cvens mtrebsac ki. amitomac gaviqeci TarSiSSi; axla barem suli amomxadeo, ufalo... ra aris im winaswarmetyvelis sicocxle, romelmac Tavisi xalxis mtrebis ga-dasarCenad gaxsna bage an romelsac daengra rwmena, rom misi xalxi erTader-Tia dedamiwis zurgze, ufali rom patronobs. aseTi iyo ionas ganwyobileba, roca is qalaqgareT erT borcvze ijda da eloda, ra mouvidoda qalaqs _ ax-deboda Tu ara winaswarmetyveleba, Tumca gloviT, marxviTa da RaRadisiT ni-neve iridebda RvTis risxvas. gavida ormoci dRe da ionas winaSe uvneblad idga qalaqi.

rac am mcire moTxrobaSi xdeba, ionas Wkuis saswavleblad xdeba. iwyeba axali igavi: SuadRis xvatSi mjdars ufalma erT dReSi aRmoucena ayiro misi Tavis dasaCrdileblad da dardis gasaqarveblad. es iyo erTaderTi Sveba mis sasowarkveTilebaSi. magram ufalma meore diliTve matls gamoaxrevina mcena-re da ionam meored inatra sikvdili. ufali mamobrivi kiloTi, TiTqos pirm-Rimari, orgzis ekiTxeba ionas `magrad gamwardi?~ _ erTxel, roca nineves ga-darCenam gaamwara is da meored, roca manugeSebeli Crdilis momfeni ayiros daWknobam. Tu didi Tevzis mucelSi myofma ionam piradi gansacdelis meoxe-biT Seicno uflis yvelganmyofoba, mzis papanaqebaSi damWknari ayiros qveS gaTangulma Seicno universaluri RmerTi, romlis wyaloba efineba yvela xalxs, TviT israelis mtrebsac, yovel qmnilebas, im usaxur ayirosac, rom-lis warmavalma yofam Tvali auxila dasicxul winaswarmetyvels.

mTeli es moTxroba, rogorc igavi, mowodebulia Zveli aRTqmis istoriaSi, mis erT monakveTSi Casaxuli ideis _ RvTis universalobis naTelsayofad; rom igavis bolos Tqmuliyo viwroerovnuli CarCoebiT SemozRuduli winas-warmetyvelis Wkuis saswavleblad:

`Sen erTi ayiro Segenana, Tumca Sen ar dagirgavs igi da arc gagizrdia. erTi Ramis Svili iyo da erT RameSi gaxma. aba me rogor ar Semenanos didi qalaqi nineve, sadac asociaTasze meti kacia, erTmaneTisagan rom ver gaurCe-via marjvena da marcxena, da uamravi pirutyvia?~ (ion. 4:10-11).

sibrZne

`saidan modis sibrZne?...~ (iob. 28:20)

`me gamovedi uzenaesis bagidan da

nisliviT davfare dedamiwa~ (ziraq. 24:3)

ieremias wignSi naTqvamia: `ar dakargvia rjuli mRvdels, rCevis unari brZenkacs da sityva winaswarmetyvels~ (ier. 18:18). mRvdeli (RvTismsaxuri), brZenkaci da winaswarmetyve-li _ ai, es samni, vinc warmarTaven Zveli aRTqmis xalxis Segnebas da religiur-zneobriv cxovrebas. xalxis istoriis gariJraJze, patriarqebis xanaSi, es sami funqcia erTi piris xelSi iyo, is aerTianebda am sam saxeobas sulieri moRvaweobisa Tavis xalxSi. abraami da iakobi Tavadve agebdnen samsxverploebs, Tavadve, Suamavlis gareSe, swiravdnen msxverpls, iwodebodnen winaswarmetyvelebad, hqondaT xilva da gamocxadeba (iakobma uwinaswarmetyve-la istoriuli bedi Tavis Tormet Svils, romelTac misi saxeli _ iakobi da, gansakuTre-biT, israeli daenaTla), isini iyvnen ara mxolod xorcieli mamani TavianTi Svilebisa, aramed sulieri moZRvarni, radgan isini atarebdnen sibrZnes, rogorc ganZs, samemkvidreod gadasacemad Taobidan TaobaSi. aseTi iyo mose, romelmac xalxs `aRmouCina~ Rmer-Ti, daudgina saRvTismsaxuro rjuli, uwinaswarmetyvela `aRTqmuli qveyana~ da misca aTi mcneba _ aTi marcvali marTali cxovrebis aRmosaceneblad.

mRvdeli uwesebs adamians sazRvrebs wmidisa da arawmidisa (uwmidurisa), raTa ar Selaxos wmida da ar daiRupos, ar gauwmidurdes uwmiduriT, Tavad ar Seilaxos da ar moikveTos uflis sazogadoebidan, rogorc wabilwuli da nalaxi. mRvdeli da winaswarmetyvelic emsaxureba im mizans, rom aRasrulebi-non xalxs uflis mowodeba, moses piriT gamocxadebuli: `wmida eri unda iyoT CemTvis!~ (gam. 22:30). brZeni ki aswavlis adamians, rogor gaarCios keTili da boroti, kargi da avi, raTa iaros sikeTis gziT, radgan es daRupvis gzaa. brZeni Tavisi moZRvrebiT iRwvis imisaTvis, rom es xalxi brZeni gaxdes, rad-gan is uflis xalxia. moses piriTve, roca is rjuls iZleoda, brZeni mimar-Tavs xalxs: `daicaviT da SeasruleT, radgan es aris Tqveni sibrZne da gonie-reba im xalxebis winaSe, romlebic yurs mohkraven am wesebs da ityvian: aha, brZeni da gonieri eria es didi xalxi~ (rjl. 4:6). es sityvebi iTqva udabnos gzaze da am pirobiT unda Sesuliyo xalxi `aRTqmul qveyanaSi~, romelmac wi-naswarmetyvelTa moZRvrebaSi sicocxlis simboluri mniSvneloba SeiZina.

winaswarmetyveli qadagebs samxilebel sityvas da is miemarTeba mTel xalxs, rogorc erTs, erT bedSi myofs, rogorc istoriaSi gasuls da ukanas-kneli Jamis momlodines. winaswarmetyvelis yurismgdebeli zedrouli piria, Tumca wuTisofelSi myofi, romelsac ekisreba pasuxismgebloba uflis WeSma-ritebisa da gzis mimarT da im miwis mimarT, romelic miiRo samkvidrod uf-lisagan. miwa ki, saboloo jamSi, erTiani kacobriobis sacxovrebeli iyo, erT dros rom `wairyvna RvTis winaSe da aivso usamarTlobiT~ (dab. 6:11), risTvi-sac kidec warixoca. winaswarmetyvelma unda moaqcios eri mrudi gzidan da marTal gzaze daayenos.

brZenkaci ki mimarTavs ara mTel xalxs sadme mravalTa sakrebuloSi, an sakurTxevlebTan, sadac gamoCndeboda xolme pirquSi winaswarmetyveli mamxi-lebeli sityvebiT, aramed erT kerZo adamians, erTeuls, Zes mamisa, saxlSi, SinaurobaSi, radgan yurismgdebeli aris misi Svili Tu aRsazrdeli, romlis-ganac unda Seqmnas man sibrZnis matarebeli pirovneba. is mouwodebs: `me, mamas, mismineT, Svilebo, da ise moiqeciT...~ (ziraq. 3:1), `mismine, Svilo, miiRe Cemi Se-goneba da Cems rCevas nu ugulebelyof~ (ziraq. 6:22), `Svilo, me momeci Seni guli da Senma Tvalebma Cems gzaze iyuron~ (igav. 23:26), `mismine, Svilo, da iyavi brZeni da gzaze daayene Seni guli~ (igav. 23:19). `Svilo, rom miiRebde Cems sityvebs da Cems cnebebs daicavde, yuri rom gqondes sibrZnisaken mipyro-bili da guli gonierebisaken geweodes~ (igav. 2:1-2). xma esmis Svils, oRond es xma ar ekuTvnis am kerZo mamas; es xmac igivea, gadmocemuli Taobidan TaobaSi, rogorc is sibrZne, romelic cxaddeba am xmiT; msmeneli Svili iTvisebs am xmas am sibrZnesTan erTad _ es ori ganuyofelia erTmaneTisagan. `maswavlida mamaCemi da meubneboda: miirqvas Senma gulma Cemi sityvebi, Cemi mcnebebi dai-marxe da icocxlebo~ (igav. 4:4). sibrZne mamidan gadadis SvilSi da mama xedavs Tavisi pirovnebis xelmeored Sobas SvilSi, radgan mis mier gadacemuli sibr-Zne axal mamad amzadebs Svils: es aris mamis, rogorc mamis, gaxangrZliveba STamomavlobaSi, rom mamis xma ganuwyvetliv ismodes TaobebSi. amgvarad awyo-

bil sazogadoebaSi, romelsac marTavs mamaTa _ abraamis, isakisa da iakobis RmerTi da mamaTa sibrZne, rogorc mamobis principi. ar arsebobs safuZveli mamisa da Zis dapirispirebisa: saxlidan gasul tobias sagzlad miaqvs mamis sibrZne da mamad gamzadebuli ubrundeba saxls (ix. tobiTi).

sibrZnis swavleba dafarulis gamocxadebaa, rogorc Svilia mamaSi dafaru-lis gamoCena. iseve, rogorc uSvilobaa wyevla Zveli aRTqmis sazogadoebaSi, aseve ikicxeba sibrZnis dafarva. `raRa dafaruli sibrZne da raRa damaluli ganZi? _ vis raSi argia an erTi an meore?~ anderZad utovebs Svils brZeni zi-raqi (zir. 20:30). Tu dafarvaa, ganagrZobs igi, sjobs kacma Tavisi sibriyve da-faros, vidre sibrZne (zir. 20:31). Zveli aRTqmis eTikas gasdevs fundamenturi dapirispireba sibrZnesa da sibriyves Soris; es dualizmi wuTisoflis iseTi-ve arsebiTi niSania, rogorc sicocxle da sikvdili, isini Tanaarseboben erT-maneTis gverdiT da adamianma unda airCios erT-erTi Tavisi Tavisufali ne-biT. adamianma nebiT unda miiRos, gaiTavisos sibrZne, guli Ria unda hqondes misTvis. amitom mama ki ar ubrZanebs mas, aramed urCevs, is mxolod acxadebs, qadagebs sibrZnes. `aha, gadmogiRvriT Cems suls...~ ambobs is (igav. 1:23).

mainc ra aris sibrZne? ra aris arsi im movlenisa, romelic gamoixateba sityviT xoqmah, am sityviT, romlis speqtri anaTebs Zveli aRTqmis wignebs? amao iqneboda misi ganmartebebis Zieba Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi. xoqmah ar aris abstraqtuli cneba, rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi zusti gansazRvreba; adamiani SeiZleba Caswvdes mis arss iseTi fuZemdebluri kategoriebis SemweobiT, ro-goric aris _ sicocxle, xsna, simarTle, mSvidoba, simrTele, simtkice... rad-gan mama gvaswavlis, rom sibrZne sicocxlea, misgan gadaxveva, anu sibriyve ki _ sikvdili. `vinc sibrZniT dadis, gadarCeba~ (igav. 28:26); `misi gzebi netare-bis gzebia da yoveli misi biliki simarTlea~ (igav. 3:17); `vinaidan Cemma mpov-nelma sicocxle hpova~, ambobs sibrZne (igav. 8:35); `simarTles sicocxlisaken mihyavs kaci~ (igav. 11:19); ` simarTle sikvdilisagan ixsnis~ (igav. 10:2). Zveli aRTqmis adamians sibrZne esaxeba `sicocxlis xed~, romlis nayofi ver igema adamma da romliskenac unda miiswrafodes yoveli adamiani: `igi sicocxlis xea maTTvis, vinc mas moeWideba...~ (igav. 3:18). amrigad, is aris iseTi nayofi, romelic kvebavs ara mxolod gonebriv samyaros adamianisas, mis sulsa da guls, aramed mis mTlian pirovnebas, mis sulier-xorciel erTianobas. sibrZ-nem unda SeaRwios ara mxolod mis sulSi da gulSi, aramed Seewovos, ro-gorc macocxlebeli wveni, mis Sigans, mis nawlavebs, gajdes mis Zvalsa da rbilSi, gapoxos, rogorc wmida zeTma, misi Zvlebi. `vin Cado TirkmelebSi sibrZne?~ _ ekiTxeba ufali mravaltanjul iobs, samagaliTo adamians (iob. 38:36); `Sen gsurs, rom TirkmelebSi iyos WeSmariteba da maswavli sibrZnes uSinagnesSi~, mimarTavs ufals mefe daviTi (fsalm. 51:8).

es sibrZne da codna, romelsac mama awvdis Svils sakvebiviT, ar aris gone-bis nayofi. is zneobrivi sawyisia, romelsac efuZneba marTali da keTili cxovreba. is batonobs gonierebaze da avsebs SinaarsiT adamianis Segnebas. `Tu sibrZne Sevida Sens gulSi da codna etkbo Sens suls, _ moZRvravs mama Svils, _ goniereba dagifaravs da Segneba dagicavs, rom gixsnas borotebis gzidan, TvalTmaqci kacisagan, swori gzis damtovebelTagan, bneli gziT moa-rulTagan, boroti saqmiT moxarulTagan, romlebic boroti TvalTmaqcobiT xaroben, romelTa savali mrudia da saqcieli ukuRmarTia. rom gixsnas ucxo qalisagan, ucxo Teslisagan, misi laqardiani enisagan, romelmac siyrmis me-gobari miatova da RvTis aRTqma daiviwya, radgan misi saxlis wiaR sikvdilia, misi nabijebi aCrdilisaken aris mimarTuli. iq SemsvlelTagan ukan veravin brundeba, sicocxlis gzebs kvlav veRar daadgeba. rom dadiode keTili gziT da marTalTa bilikebs ar gadauxvio, radgan alalmarTalni unda damkvidrd-nen qveyanaze da umwikvloni unda gadarCnen. urjuloni qveynidan moikveTebian da mzakvarni aRmoifxvrebian misgan~ (igav. 2:10-22).

Zveli aRTqmis adamiani sibrZnis dauokebeli wyurviliT aris aRZruli, sib-rZnis moxveWa ar aris inteleqtualuri aqti, aramed religiuri gamocdileba:

`jer kidev siWabukisas, vidre avxetialdebodi, gulwrfelad veZebdi sibrZnes Cems locvebSi; masze vuxmobdi taZris winaSe da bolomde misi mZebneli viqne-bi. rogorc SeTvaluli mwife mtevani, ise xarobda misiT Cemi guli. Cemma fex-ma sworad iara da siyrmidanve kvalSi Cavudeqi... Cemi suli SeeWida sibrZnes da rjulis saqmeSic gaviwafe. xelebi maRla aRvapyre da vaRiare Cemi umecre-ba. Cemi suli misken mivmarTe da siwmideSi vpove igi... Cemi Signeuli mis Zebnad SeiZra da amitomac SeviZine keTili ganZi~, ase ixsenebda brZeni ziraqi Tavis ganbrZnobis wlebs (zir. 51:13-21).

Zveli aRTqmis adamiani ara mxolod eswrafvis sibrZnes, raTa xsna hpovos masSi, aramed eZiebs mis dasabamsac, svams kiTxvas: `saidan modis sibrZne?~ kiT-xva gulisxmobs, rom sibrZne ar ibadeba adamianSi TavisTavad da arc xandaz-mis nayofia igi. SesaZloa, moaruli azriT, sibrZne xangrZlivi gamocdilebis Sedegad yofiliyo miCneuli, magram imave sazogadoebaSi adamians SeeZlo ua-reyo es Sexeduleba. kvlav cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba daarwmunebda mas, rom rogorc `iobis wignSi~ vkiTxulobT, `dRegrZelni yovelTvis ar arian brZenni da mxolod moxucebulni ar mixvedrilan WeSmaritebas~ (iob. 32:9). ufro Rrma azri sibrZnis dasabams RvTis SiSTan akavSirebs. `uflis SiSia sibrZne~ (iob. 28:28), `uflis SiSiT iswavleba sibrZne~ (igav. 15:33); magram isic aris naTqvami, rogorc imedi, rom `uflis SiSi macocxlebelia~ (igav. 19:23); uflis SiSi ar unda gvesmodes rogorc mxolod subieqturi gancda, is obieqturi realobac aris da Tavisi myofobiT adamianSi badebs sibrZnes. rogorc iobis erT-erTi megobari ambobs, sibrZne adamianSi suli da sunTqvaa yovladZlierisa (iob. 32:8). da swored es suli (ruax) aris SiSic da sicocxlec, romlebic, rogorc Zirebi adamianis yofisa, sibrZnesTan erTad absoluturi, `uTuo da uTumcao~ Rirebulebis kategoriebia. amrigad, sibrZne religiuri movlenaa da ar arse-bobs arc bunebaSi, arc adamianis sazogadoebaSi iseTi ram, razedac misi ga-dacvla SeiZlebodes. ra aris mis winaSe mTeli qveynierebis oqro-vercxli da Tval-margaliti, mefeTa pativi da Rirseba, gvirgvini da beWedi, roca Tavad aris maTi warmomSobi? sibrZne kosmiuri Zalaa da iseve dausabamoa, rogorc Tavad samyaros Semoqmedi. im metafizikur kiTxvaze, Tu saidan modis sibrZne am wuTisofelSi, adamiani kosmogoniuri SoreTidan apasuxebinebs isev mas, Ta-visi maradiulobis mowmes:

`ufalma SemiZina Tavisi gzis dasawyisSi, Tavis qmnilebebamde, dasabamiT. ukuniTidan damadgina, Tavidanve, qveynis dasabamidan. roca ar iyo ufskrule-bi, maSin gavCndi, roca wyaluxvi wyaroebi ar iyo. roca jer qveyana ar iyo Seqmnili, arc mindor-velebi da arc samyaros pirveli mtveri; rodesac igi zecas ganamzadebda, iq viyavi, rodesac ufskrulis pirze wres avlebda; rode-sac maRla cebs amagrebda, ufskrulis wyaroebs aZlierebda; rodesac zRvas wess udgenda, rom wyali napirebidan ar gadmosuliyo; rodesac qveyanas sa-fuZvels uyrida; maSin mec gverdiT vyavdi, rogorc ostati, dReniadag sixaru-li viyavi da yovelRam mis winaSe vlaRobdi; vlaRobdi samyaroSi mis miwaze da adamis modgmaSi iyo Cemi sixaruli~ (igav. 8:22-31).

ras eubneba adamians es aRsareba sibrZnisa? sibrZne acxadebs Tavis saidum-los, Tavis didebul warmoSobas, rom is ar Seqmnila adamianTa miwaze, aramed ciuri warmoSobisaa da Tavad udevs wili samyaros SeqmnaSi. is aRiarebs, rom Semoqmedebis mZime tvirTi misTvis silaRe da sixarulia; agreTve imas, rom mi-si saboloo mizani adamianTa Soris dasadgurebaa, radgan adami man Seqmna RvTis xatad da msgavsebad. adami xom man sibrZniT Seqmna samyarosTan erTia-nobaSi, axla adamianma, rogorc gonierma arsebam, sibrZniT unda moawyos Tavi-si cxovreba, Tavisi sazogadoeba, rogorc xati samyaros wyobilebisa. amito-mac is Camodis miuwvdomeli simaRlidan, raTa yvelasaTvis misawvdomi iyos, ganurCevlad niWisa, socialuri Tu qonebrivi mdgomareobisa. sibrZnem axsna beWdebi Tavis saidumlos da saaSkaraod gamoaCina Tavisi simdidre, is yvelas iwvevs TavisTan, rogorc sayovelTao dResaswaulze. `gana sibrZne ar mouwo-debs? gana goniereba ar gamoscems xmas? maRal mwvervalebze, gzasTan aris,

gzaTa Sesayarze dgas igi. karibWeebTan, qalaqis pirTan, Ria karSi mReris igi. Tqven mogixmobT, kacno! Cemi xma adamis ZeT mimarTavs~ (igav.8:1-4).

amaze mkafiod, amaze xatovnad rogorRa SeiZleba gamoiTqvas sibrZnis sayo-velTaoba? rom is ar aris idumalebrivi, Tavis TavSi Caketili, miukarebeli, mxolod rCeulTa privilegia? is ekuTvnis yvelas, radgan `sibrZne gareT mRe-ris, moednebze gamoscems xmas; xmaurian adgilebSi qadagebs, karibWeebTan, qa-laqSi, acxadebs Tavis sityvas~ (igav. 1:20-21). yvelas unda hqondes imedi, _ is mouxmobs yvelas, _ rom daidos masSi wili, rom yoveli kaci rCeul erSi ezi-aros mas, radgan is erTxel da samudamod am rCeul erSia damkvidrebuli. `ma-Sin mibrZana me yovelTa dambadebelma, _ ambobs sibrZne `ziraqis wignSi~, _ Cemma Semqmnelma da sabolood ganmiCina karavi da miTxra: iakobSi daivane da israelSi damkvidrdio... gavidgi fesvi saxelganTqmul xalxSi, wilxvedrilSi uflisa, romelic daimkvidres maT~ (zir. 24:8-12).

da sxva mraval im qalur xatebaTagan (radgan xoqmah-sibrZne qaluri sityva-cnebaa ebraul enobriv SegnebaSi), rogorc es SemoqmedebiTi principi Semodis Zveli aRTqmis adamianis cnobierebaSi, _ is misi dedac aris da misi colic, romlebic kvebaven mas `gonebis puriT~ da arwyuleben `sibrZnis wyaroTi~, is mzrunveli da Tavdadebuli dac aris misi: `uTxari sibrZnes, Cemi da xar-Tqo!~ is TiTqos mouxelTebeli satrfoc aris, romelsac vaJi sarkmelTan Tu kar-Tan uTvalTvalebs, rom erTxel mainc mohkras Tvali an esmas misi xma, da ro-melic mas sabolood guls gadauxsnis, _ sibrZne Tavs acxadebs guluxv, Se-uzRudvel diasaxlisad, rogorc umefo dedofali, romelic aSenebs saxls, raTa masSi Sekribos yvela, misi madlis ziarebis msurvelni:

`sibrZnem saxli aiSena, misi Svidi boZi gaTala. dakla Tavisi saklavi, gana-zava Tavisi Rvino da Tavisi tabla gaSala; gagzavna Tavisi mxevlebi, gadasZa-xa qalaqis maRlobebidan: briyvi vinc aris, aqeT mobrundes! WkuaTxelebs ki uTxra: modiT, dapurdiT Cemi puriT da SesviT Cemi ganzavebuli Rvino~ (igav. 9:1-5).

puri da Rvino SemTxveviT ar moxvedrilan sibrZnis tablaze. pur-Rvino _ realuri sakveb-sasmeli simboluri gamoxatulebaa adamianis sazrdelisa. is aris adamianis sagzali wuTisoflis gzaze. `puric maqvs da Rvinoc CemTvis~, imediT ambobs ucxo qalaqSi ucxoTa Soris moxvedrili mgzavri, anu mas aqvs aucilebeli, adamianis arsebobisaTvis saWiro minimumi, raTa imedianad igrZ-nos Tavi ucxoTa Soris (msaj. 19:19). isini, rogorc adamianuri kulturis, su-lieris da materialuris niSani, amave dros ZRvenisa Tu msxverplis umaRlesi gamoxatulebaa. Zvel aRTqmaSi erTaderTxel gaielvebs saxe gamoucnobi adami-anisa, romlis xelSi pur-Rvino aSkarad aRzevebulia Tavis pirvelad daniSnu-lebaze. `xolo melqicedekma, Salemis mefem, gamoutana puri da Rvino. is iyo mRvdeli uzenaesi RmerTisa. akurTxa abraami da uTxra: kurTxeul iyos abrami uzenaesi RmerTis winaSe, cisa da miwis Semoqmedisa!~ (dab. 14:18-19). abramma, umk-vidro mwyemsma, manamde Seicno pur-Rvinis madli, vidre abraami daerqmeoda anu mravali xalxis mamamTavris saxeli mieniWeboda. ra vuwodoT pur-Rvinos, melqicedekis xonCaze dadebuls? albaT msxverplic da madlic erTdroulad. Tu msxverpli _ melqicedeki, mRvdeli uzenaesi RvTisa (el yelion), msxverpls swiravs ara abrams, Tavisze udaress, aramed uxilav didebas masSi, radgan mis wiaRSi xedavs ierusalimis (rogorc daerqmeva momavalSi Salems) momaval mefes. Tu madli _ melqicedeki, `mefe Salemisa~, iziarebs mis sibrZ-nes im didebuli dedakaciviT, garigebul sufraze rom iwvevs gamvlel-gamomv-lels.

magram am brZen qals, sibrZnis matarebels Tavis wiaRSi, hyavs metoqe, mim-baZveli `qarafSuta diacis~ saxiT. masac aqvs saxli qalaqis maRlobze, saida-nac yvela gza Cans, isic uxmobs gamvlel-gamomvlels da sakuTari purisa da Rvinis nacvlad sTavazobs `moparul wyals~ da `damalul purs~. is eubneba mas Semparavad: `tkbilia moparuli wyali, gemrielia damaluli puri~ (igav. 9:17). Rvino aq gamoxatavs WeSmaritebas, wyali _ siyalbes. Rvino ufro maRali

Tvisobriobaa, vidre wyali: qristes pirveli saswauli swored wylis Rvinod gardaqmna iyo (ioan. 2:1-9), rac simbolurad moaswavebda mis momaval feriscva-lebas da aRdgomasac axal sxeulSi. roca wyali Rvinis gverdiT aris naxsene-bi da mas dapirispirebuli, igi udaresi realobaa, magram calke aRebuli, ro-gorc macocxlebeli nivTiereba, _ `wyali miagebeT mwyurvalebs~, ambobs esaia winaswarmetyveli, _ zegardmo moniWebuli sibrZnisa da moZRvrebis simboloa. `wvimasaviT modis darigeba, cvariviT epkureba Cemi naTqvami, rogorc Sxapuna wvima mdeloze, rogorc TqeSi mwvane balaxze~ (rjl. 32:2). wvima Tu cvari _ wylis zeciuri aspeqti, simboloa brZnuli sityvisa, romelic acocxlebs ada-mians. magram `qarafSuta diacis~ SeTavazebuli sasmeli _ `moparuli wyali~, romelic SeiZleba pirveli gemosxilvisas etkbos adamians, momakvdinebelia. `igavni~ amboben, rom am maspinZlis wveulni `jojoxeTis ufskrulebSi imyofe-biano~. amgvarad, is saxli, sadac Rvinis wil wyals sTavazoben, simboluri azriT, sikvdilis saxlia.

vikiTxoT, ratom aris wyliT ganzavebuli is Rvino, romliTac sibrZnis saxlSi umaspinZldebian mwyurvals, sibrZnes dawafebuls? es uTuod im gansx-vavebis gamoa, romelic arsebobs wmida Rvinosa da ganzavebul Rvinos Soris adamianTa yofaSi. wmida Rvino, zedaSe, sakulto saRvrelia anu RmerTis sasme-li. is sadResaswauloa da mxolod saRvTo sufraze ismis. roca Rvino wyliT aris ganzavebuli, masSi adamianuri elementi aris Sesuli wylis saxiT, rac aniWebs RvTaebriv sasmels sayoveldRiuro statuss. rogorc wyliani Rvinis gamotana saRvTo nadimze iyo uRvTo aqti _ msxverplSewirvis profanacia, ase-ve zedaSis gamoyeneba yoveldRiurobaSi iyo uRvTo moqmedeba _ saRvTo sasme-lis profanacia. zedaSe realurad da simbolurad gamoxatavs sakulto cxov-rebas, ganzavebuli _ yoveldRiur cxovrebas. zedaSe, rogorc dResaswauli, ramdenimejer gamoCndeba weliwadSi, sul mcire _ samgzis, rogorc naTqvamia moses rjulSi anu aRTqmaSi, `samjer gamimarTe dResaswauli weliwadSi~ (gam. 23:14), sadagi Rvino ki _ yoveldRiurad. adamianic samgzis midis weliwadSi RmerTTan, rogorc stumari, sibrZne ki, rogorc misi cxovrebis wesi da safuZ-veli, mudam masTan aris dReni misni. am azriT aris sibrZne wyliT ganzavebu-li Rvino.

aq TiTqos erTmaneTs daupirispirda sakulto-sadResaswaulo da yoveldRi-uri brZnuli, zneobrivi cxovreba. marTlac, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini, Tu ar upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, sxvadasxva sibrtyeSi mainc miedinebian. SesaZ-loa, maT arc hqondeT Sexebis wertilebi. Camovardeboda droeba arc Tu iSvi-aTad xalxis istoriaSi, roca sakulto cxovrebis aRzevebas, anu misi materi-aluri mxaris usazomo `aCoyebas~ Tan sdevda zneobis dacema, sibrZnis kleba da sibriyvis zeimi. saRvTo dRe ugunurebis dResaswauli xdeboda. xsnis erTa-derT qvakuTxedad xalxs ritualuri siwmide da msxverplSewirvani miaCnda. ukeTurad nacxovrebi mTeli weliwadi dResaswaulze unda gamosyiduliyo kravebis sisxliT. Zmis mier mokluli abelis sisxli ki caSi SehRaRadebda ufals. am sayovelTao dacemisa da marTali cxovrebis rRvevis xanaSi erTa-derTi winaswarmetyveli, `sulis kaci~, iyo romelic iynosavda xrwnilebis suns xalxmraval dResaswaulebze. `aRar msurs kuratebis, kravebisa da vace-bis sisxlio~, aZraxebda zegardamo xma esaias. misi piriT mrisxane RmerTi mo-uwodebda xalxs, rom ara TiToeuls calcalke, aramed mTels ers, rogorc erT suls, im sibrZnes, romelsac mSvidad uqadagebda mama Svils, _ eswavlaT sikeTis qmna, marTali cxovreba, Seweodnen CagrulT, gaekiTxnaT obolni, ga-mosarClebodnen qvriv-oxerT, mereRa SeewiraT msxverpli. amis gareSe fuWi iq-neboda yoveli saklavi, fuWad daiRvreboda sisxli da nacvlad imisa, rom codvaTa gamomsyidveli yofiliyo igi, kvlav axal codvad Seeracxeboda Sem-wirvels. `saZagelia CemTvis sakmeveli, axalmTvarobebi da SabaTebi, Tqveni ja-robebi ver amitania!~ _ aZaxebinebda ufali esaias.

winaswarmetyvelTa TvalSi, rac uflis Tvalis xatia, marTali cxovreba anu sulis religia upiratesobs kultis religiis winaSe. aseve sibrZnis wig-

nebSi _ solomonis igavebSi, iobis wignSi, ziraqis SegonebebSi, sadac ki naqa-dagebia marTali cxovreba, erTi sityvac ar aris daZruli religiis garegan mxareze, savaldebulo ritualebis adgilze zneobrivi adamianis aRzrdaSi. ai, damrigebel mamaTa mowodeba, maTi moZRvrebis arsis gamomxatveli: `SeswireT msxverpli simarTlisa da esavdeT ufals!~ (fsalm. 4:6).

`igavTa wigni~ Seicavs marTali cxovrebis kodeqss, Tu rogor unda iqceo-des marTali kaci, rogori qceviT unda axorcielebdes sibrZnes. sulis marge-beli uamravi Segoneba, nakvesebi da arakebi, _ bevri maTgani moaruli andazaa, bevric moZRvris SeTxzulia, _ brZeni solomonis avtoritetiT aris ganmtki-cebuli. magram arsebobs masze maRali avtoriteti, vis mierac gamocxadebuli mcnebani mTels sibrZnis literaturas da amdenadve zneobriv cxovrebas Sei-cavs. aTi mcneba, aTi sityva, qvis or dafaze, fiqalebze, warwerili, Camoitana mosem sinaidan, uflis gamocxadebis mTidan da, rogorc kacobriuli sazoga-doebis zneobrivi konstitucia, inaxeboda uflis aRTqmis kidobanSi sxva uwmi-des reliqviaTa gverdiT. ai, esodeni siwmidiT Semosa da sasoebiT Seinaxa adamianma Tavis adamianobis fuZemdebluri mcnebebi.

am aTi sityvis siwmides, maT absoluturobas, maT transcendentulobas da gardauval Rirebulebas kacobriuli sazogadoebisTvis, mowmobs is viTareba, Tu rogor gadaeca isini am sazogadoebis winamZRols. mcnebaTa gamocxadebas sinais mTaze win uZRoda uflis gamocxadeba misi saSineli da mrisxane aspeq-tiT. `mesame dRes, gaTenebisas, _ vkiTxulobT `gamosvlaTa wignSi~, _ Seiqna grgvinva da mexistexa, Camowva mTaze zrqeli Rrubeli da gaisma sayviris xma, Zalze Zlieri. SeZrwunda banakSi myofi xalxi. gamoiyvana banakidan xalxi mo-sem RvTis Sesaxvedrad, da dadgnen mTis Ziras. bolavda mTeli sinais mTa, radgan ufali iyo masze cecxlis alSi. rogorc quras, kvamli asdioda da Zlierad iryeoda mTa. TandaTan Zlierdeboda sayviris xma. laparakobda mose da exmianeboda RmerTi. Camovida ufali sinais mTaze, mTis wverze da mouxmo ufalma moses mTis wverisaken, da avida mose~ (gam. 19:16-20).

qveynierebis dasasrulis niSniT aRiniSna zneobrivi kanonis Sesvla kacob-riobaSi, Tumca es kacobrioba sinais mTis Ziras miyuJul erT mcire toms war-moadgenda. aq mTavrdeboda misi cxovrebis erTi xana da iwyeboda axali era. ai, is sityvebi, `aRTqmis sityvebi, aTi sityva~, romlebic gamoecxada moses: 1. me var ufali, Tqveni RmerTi, romelmac gamogiyvaneT egviptis qveynidan, mo-

nobis saxlidan... aq naTqvamia, xalxs unda scodnoda, rom RmerTi Tavisuf-lebis sulia da rom misi rwmena aTavisuflebs adamians. egviptidan TavdaR-weulebs, upirveles yovlisa, es unda scodnodaT. ar gaeCinaT mis garda sxva RmerTi, misi erTgulni yofiliyvnen.

2. ar gaekeTebinaT kerpebi an gamosaxuleba raimesi, rac ki arsebobs maRla caSi, dabla dedamiwaze da wyalSi, miwis qveS, da Tayvani ar ecaT maTTvis.

3. ar daeficaT fuWad RvTis saxeli.

4. wmida eyoT SabaTi dRe, radgan SabaTi kurTxeulia _ uflis Sesvenebis dRe im eqvsi dRis Semdeg, roca igi qmnida samyaros. amitomac adamianma ar unda isaqmos am dRes.

5. pativi ecaT ded-mamisaTvis, Tu surdaT dRegrZeli yofiliyvnen qveyanaze.

6. nu iqnebodnen kacismkvlelni.

7. ar emruSaT.

8. ar equrdaT.

9. ar gamosuliyvnen cru mowmeebad Tvistomis winaaRmdeg.

10. ar endomaT Tvistomis arc saxli, arc coli, arc yma da mxevali, arc rai-me misi saqoneli (gam. 20:1-17). roca mose uflisagan iRebda am rjuls da kidev sxva aucilebel wesebs

sakulto da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis warsamarTavad, israelis banakSi mose-saTvis moulodneli, magram egviptidan gamosuli, jer kidev Camouqneli xal-

xisagan, jer kidev brbosagan, sruliad mosalodneli ram moxda. es xalxi jer ar icnobda Tavis mfarvel da mxsnel RmerTs. is RmerTi iyo ¡ahve, moses RmerTi, `is kaci mose~ ki, rogorc xalxi ixsenebda mas, ar Canda. maT sulSi sicariele gaCnda: arc egvipteSi iyvnen, arc is qveyana Canda, sadac unda misu-liyvnen, sadac moses mihyavda isini; arc RmerTebi hyavdaT, arc kerpebi. xalxs gauCnda moTxovnileba, exila im RmerTebis saxe, romlebmac isini gamoiyvanes egviptidan am udabnoSi. exilaT, rom Tayvani ecaT da mSvidad yofiliyvnen am Tohu-va-bohu-Si, mosesi ki, `im kacisa~, SesaZlebelia, maT aRar sjerodaT, raki veRar xedavdnen. SesaZlebelia, macdur suladac ki CaTvales.

xalxi mieWra aarons, romelic moses magivrobas swevda mis aryofnaSi, da mosTxova kerpi. `adeqi da gagvikeTe RmerTebi, romlebic win migviZRvodnen, _ uTxres mas, _ radgan ar viciT, ra daemarTa im kacs, moses, romelmac egvipti-dan gamogviyvana~ (gam. 32:1). es iyo janyi, magram bunebrivi gamoxatuleba ob-lad darCenili xalxis suliskveTebisa: xalxs surda winamZRoli hyoloda, romelic mas religias miscemda, aseTi kaci ki aaroni iyo, `im kacis, moses~, magieri. es asec iyo: roca xalxis winamZRolobis misias iRebda uflisagan mose, ase uTxra mas ufalma aaronze: `is ilaparakebs xalxTan Sens nacvlad, is iqneba SenTvis bage, xolo Sen RmerTi iqnebi misTvis~ (gam. 4:16). rogor un-da moqceuliyo aaroni, rogor gaemtyunebina xalxi, romelsac jer ar hqonda zneoba da rjuli miRebuli. brbo, romelic ar emorCileboda araviTar ka-nons. aarons gaTelavda brbo, rom mas ar aRmoCenoda Teurgiuli (`RmerTSe-moqmedebiTi~) niWi, albaT egviptis qveynidan gamoyolili, `da uTxra maT aa-ronma: daxseniT sayureebi Tqvens colebs, vaJebsa da asulebs da aq momitaneT. daixsna mTelma xalxma sayureebi yurebidan da miutana aarons. gamoarTva aa-ronma, saWreTeliT gamosaxa saxe da Camoasxa oqros xbo. Tqves: eseni arian, israelo, Seni RmerTebi, romlebmac egviptidan gamogiyvanes...~ (gam. 32:2-4).

sinais mTis Ziras dawesda kulti, Tumca efemeruli, Tavisi samsxverploTi, msxverplSewirvebiT, dResaswauliT da dResaswaulis Tanmxlebi RreobiT. msxverplSewirvis Semdeg `dasxda xalxi saWmelad da sasmelad. mere adgnen da cekva-TamaSi gamarTes~ (gam. 32:6). mTidan Camosul moses banakSi, mTis Ziras, daxvda oqros xbos winaSe mrokavi xalxi _ maT ukve epovnaT TavianTi RmerTi. `rogorc ki mouaxlovda banaks da dainaxa xbo da rokva, risxviT aRinTo mose da xelidan gaagdo fiqalebi da miamsxvria mTis Ziras~ (gam. 32:19).

es iyo daufiqrebeli moqmedeba, radgan risxvis dros ar fiqrobs adamiani. amave dros es iyo moses dacema (amas daemata sxva dacemac, risTvisac mose ver eRirsa aRTqmul miwaze fexis dadgmas, mxolod Tvali hkida mas): man daam-sxvria is, rac aklda da rac unda mieRo xalxs, raTa is rCeuli eri gamxda-riyo. moses SeiZleba mosCveneboda, rom es xalxi ar iyo Rirsi da ver miiReb-da RvTiur WeSmaritebas, magram es xalxi xom aseTi im mizeziT iyo, rom jer ar hqonda gamocxadebuli WeSmariteba, rogorc naTqvamia `igavTa wignSi~, rom `roca ar aris gamocxadeba, Tavs gadis xalxi~ (gam. 29:18). am xalxs, kerpis wi-naSe mrokavs, romelsac dakarguli hqonda RvTis xati, romlis dasabruneb-lad unda mieRo sibrZne. amitomac moses xelmeored mouxda mTaze asvla. `ga-moTala mosem ori fiqali, im pirvelTa msgavsi, adga dilaadrianad da avida sinais mTaze, rogorc ubrZana ufalma. ori fiqali eWira xelSi...~ (gam. 34:4); `darCa iq, ufalTan ormoc dRes da ormoc Rames. puri ar uWamia da wyali ar Seusvams. dawera fiqalebze aRTqmis sityvebi, aTi sityva~ (gam. 34:28).

`gamosvlaTa wignis~ am adgilidan Cans, rom is sawyisebi, aTi mcnebiT gamo-xatulni, razedac dafuZnebulia marTali cxovreba, ar Sekowiwebula Tanda-TanobiT, kacobriobis istoriis manZilze, rogorc Sedegi xangrZlivi cxovre-biseuli gamocdilebisa, aramed miRebulia erTbaSad, rogorc gamocxadeba. aq isic Cans, rom gamocxadebis mZime tvirTis mzidveli mxolod pirovneba SeiZ-leba iyos, romelic ganuzomlad maRla dgas mTel xalxze, aaronzec ki, ro-gorc mwvervali, xalxi ki mTis ZirSia da Rreobs. Cans isic, rom adamianSi Tu ram aris maRali warmoSobis, es misi zneobis rjulia, radgan igi mTis ZirSi

ver Seiqmneboda. da Tumca is caSia `gaCenili~ qveynis dasabamidan, mainc ada-mianisaTvis aris gaCenili, es aris misi adamianuri wili caSi. bibliisSemdgo-mi tradicia am rjuls ganZad Seracxavs da amgvarad gaiazrebs moses rols am ganZis mopovebaSi:

moses sityvisgeba

roca mose RvTis mTaze avida, angelozebma hkiTxes RmerTs: _ ra unda CvenTan am diacis naSobs? _ igi amovida, raTa miiRos rjuli, _ miugo RmerTma. _ nuTu, _ ganagrZobdnen angelozebi, _ nuTu is ganZi, romelic cxraassa-

mocdaToTxmet TaobaSi inaxeboda, adamians unda mieces? ra aris adamiani, rom zrunav masze? ra aris Ze kacisa, Sens Sexedvad rom Rirdes? yovladZlieria Seni saxeli, ufalo, mTels qveynierebaze da Seni dideba caSi brwyinavs.

_ Sen gaeci pasuxi, _ uTxra RmerTma moses. _ meSinia, _ miugo man, _ ar gadambugos Seni bageebis sunTqvam. _ moeWide Cemi didebis taxts da upasuxe. _ samyaros ufalo, _ daiwyo maSin mosem, _ ras ambobs rjuli, romlis mo-

cemasac mpirdebi? gana ase ar iwyeba igi: me var ufali, Seni RmerTi, romelmac egviptis qveynidan gamogiyvane. magram gana angelozebs gicxovriaT egvipteSi da faraonis monebi yofilxarT? aba risTvis gindaT aseTi rjuli?

mere naTqvamia: nu gaixdiT RmerTebad ucxo RmerTebso. magram gana gicxov-riaT kerpTayvanismcemelTa Soris?

kidev naTqvamia: gaxsovdeT SabaTi dReo. magram gana Tqven gimuSavniaT, rom dasveneba gWirdebodeT?

kidev naTqvamia: sicrueze nu daificebo. magram gana yofila odesme Tqven Soris dava?

kidev naTqvamia: pativi miage ded-mamaso. magram gana odesme gyoliaT mSob-lebi?

da bolos naTqvamia: kacs nu moklav, nu imruSeb, nu iqurdebo. magram gana Tqven Soris moxdeba amgvari rame?

RmerTma moiwona moses pasuxi, angelozebma ki Seiyvares igi.

`Tqva iobma. . .~

`roca Sevyureb Sens cas, Seni TiTebis namoqmedars, mTva-

res da vaskvlavebs, Sen rom daadgine, vfiqrob, ra aris

kaci, rom gaxsovs igi, da adamis Ze, rom zrunav masze?

kinaRam RmerTi gaxade igi da didebiTa da pativiT daag-

virgvine~

(fsalm. 8:4-6). amas amboben ara uflis taxtis winaSe mdgari angelozebi, romlebmac moses

sityva-pasuxi moiwones, aramed Tavad `adamis Ze~ (ben adam), SeZruli Tavisi be-disa da adgilis gamo am samyaroSi. `roca Sevyureb Sens caso...~ ambobs igi da risi imedi unda hqondes, ra sasoeba adamians, `miwisagan aRebuls~, im sxivosa-ni usasrulobis Semyures? igi ZrwoliT ganicdis am sidiades, uflis didebis mowmobas mis qmnilebaSi, magram isic icis, rom `aha, mTvare rom mTvarea, isic bneldeba da varskvlavebic ar arian sufTani mis TvalSi! miT ufro kaci, ro-melic Wiaa, da adamis Ze, romelic matlia~ (iob. 25:5-6). Tu ciuri mnaTobebi _ kosmogoniuri meoTxe dRis qmnilebani warmavalia RvTis maradisobis fonze, marTlac, risi imedi unda hqondes Wias, radac ganicdis Tavs adamis Ze _ meeq-vse dRis qmnileba? roca swored is acxadebs Tavs Wiad da matlad, romlisa-ganac yvelaze naklebad moveliT. Tu daviTi, RvTis rCeuli, ambobs, `Wia var me da ara kacio~ (fs.alm 21:7), mas aSkarad gancdili aqvs ufskruli adamis dacemisa. gaRviZebulma sindisma daanaxva Tavisi dacemuli saxe da is `xati RvTisa~, romelic dakarga. kaci Tu ecema, is maRlidan ecema da, rac ufro Rrmaa dacema, miT ufro met simaRles adasturebs dacemuli. Wiad mxolod

adamis Ze Tu ganicdis Tavs, ciur mnaTobebs es ar moeliT. isini ar dganan amis saSiSroebis winaSe.

`nu geSinia, Wia iakob!...~ (es. 41;14). aseTi sityvebic Caesmis adamians. es xma ismis mis SegnebaSi da ganacdevinebs mas upiratesobas samyaros yoveli qmni-lebis winaSe, Tundac iyos es cis didi mnaTobi. radgan warmaval nivTTa So-ris mxolod adamis ZeSi hgies RvTis suli, ruax elohim, romelic kosmogoni-is gariJraJze `Cekavda~ samyaros. erTaderTi adamis Zea, romelic atarebs am suls da es aris misi pativi da dideba. Sinagani xma eubneba adamis Zes, rom is rCeulia am samyaroSi da rom Semoqmedma gansakuTrebuli niSniT aRbeWda misi buneba da yofa. is ganicdis RvTis siaxloves da kvlav da kvlav gvesmis am siaxlovis gamoZaxili mis gulSi: `ra aris kaci, ase rom gagididebia da misken migipyria gulisyuri? rom amowmeb, yovel diliT da yovel wams rom ga-moscdi?~ (iob. 7:17).

adamis Ze ganicdis masze miSuqebul Tvals RvTisas da es aris misi upira-tesobac da gansacdelic. adamis Ze RvTis yuradRebis SuagulSia moqceuli _ RmerTi amowmebs, gamocdis Tavis qmnilebas, Sesaqmis gvirgvins, da es mZime asatania adamianisaTvis, Tumca amaSi mdgomareobs misi kacobis, adamis Zeobis tvirTi, romelsac versad gaeqceva, Tuki surs adamianad darCes.

mas ki namdvilad surs iyos adamis Ze, daicvas Tavisi adamianuri Rirseba _ vis winaSe? cxadia, imis winaSe, visac abaria misi bedi. RmerTma misca adamians SesaZlebloba, rom hqonoda mas Tavisi sakuTari simarTle da, aha, adamiani cdilobs daicvas, SeinarCunos es simarTle.

SesaZlebelia, biblia erTaderTi wigni iyos religiur wignTa Soris, sa-dac didi yuradReba eqceva adamianis pozicias. marTalia, yovlis Semoqmedi aris mTavari moqmedi piri bibliur epizodebSi, is aris mamoZravebeli isto-riuli procesisa, magram bibliuri adamiani mudam inarCunebs damoukideblo-bas Tavis saqcielSi, _ RmerTi Tvalyurs adevnebs mas da ar axvevs Tavis ne-bas, _ da Tavis zraxvebSi. mas aqvs Tavisi Tvalsazrisi da RmerTi yurs ug-debs am Tvalsazriss. adamians SeuZlia (da es arasodes ar aris Sefasebuli RvTis winaaRmdeg janyad) gamoiwvios RmerTi dialogSi, ufro metic, davaSi, gaumarTos mas samsjavro, sadac daicavs igi Tavis simarTles. da RmerTic dahyveba adamianis nebas, raki Tavad es neba RvTiuri warmoSobis aris da RmerTi ar cdilobs mis xelyofas da abuCad agdebas.

adamiani SeiZleba `mtveri da nacari~ iyos, magram mas aqvs ufleba, is val-debulic aris daicvas adamianis interesi yovladZlieris nebis winaSe. gvax-sovs, rogor damorCilda erTxel abraami uflis nebas, roca man mxolodSo-bili Zis Sewirva moiTxova mamisagan. magram ufro adre, sanam isaki _ aRTqmis Svili daibadeboda, abraams hqonda Sexla da paeqroba ufalTan swored im dRes, roca samma stumarma, romlebic RvTis angelozebi (macneni) aRmoCndnen, Svilis SeZena uwinaswarmetyveles. epizodi gvaocebs Tavisi simarTliT, xolo abraami Tavisi kadnierebiT, miT ufro, rom man icis, rom `mtveri da nacaria~.

es kacebi, uwinaswarmetyveles ra abraamsa da sarais nanatri Svili, sodo-mis gasanadgureblad gaemarTnen, raki miswvda RmerTs sodomelTa codvis am-bavi, rom scodavdnen isini adamianis bunebis winaaRmdeg. `rogor davumalo ab-rams, Cems msaxurs, ris gakeTebasac vapireb?~ (dab. 18:17), ase gamoxata RmerTma pasuxismgebloba marTali kacis winaSe. xolo dialogi maT Soris amgvarad warimarTa:

`gabrundnen kacebi iqidan da wavidnen sodoms, abraami ki kvlav idga uf-lis winaSe. mieaxla abraami da uTxra: nuTu marTal kacs boroteulTan er-Tad daRupav? iqneb aRmoCndes ormocdaaTi marTali mag qalaqSi? nuTu daRu-pav da ar Seiwyaleb mag adgils ormocdaaTi marTalis gulisaTvis, mand rom arian? ar egebis Sengan es saqme, rom moakvdino marTali boroteulTan erTad da ar iyos garCeva marTalsa da boroteuls Soris. ar egebis! ar iqneba, rom mTeli qveynierebis msajulma samarTlianad ar gansajos. uTxra ufalma: Tu vpove sodom-qalaqSi ormocdaaTi marTali, Seviwyaleb mTels mag adgils maTi

gulisaTvis. miugo abraamma da uTxra: aha, gavbede ufalTan laparaki me, mtverma da nacarma. ormocdaaTs rom xuTi daakldes? nuTu daRupav amis gamo mTels qalaqs? uTxra: ar davRupav, Tu vpove iq ormocdaxuTi. ganagrZo lapa-raki abraamma da uTxra: ormoci rom aRmoCndes? uTxra: ar Caviden amas im or-mocis gulisaTvis. Tqva abraamma: nu gamiwyreba ufali da vityvi: ocdaaTi rom aRmoCndes? uTxra: ar gavakeTeb amas, Tu vpove ocdaaTi. Tqva abraamma: aha, gav-bede ufalTan laparaki. oci rom aRmoCndes? uTxra: ar davRupav im ocis gu-lisaTvis. uTxra abraamma: nu gamiwyreba ufali da am erTxelac vityvi: aTi rom aRmoCndes? uTxra: ar davRupav im aTis gulisaTvis. wavida ufali, ro-gorc ki Sewyvita laparaki abraamTan. abraamic dabrunda Tavis adgilas~ (dab. 18:22-33).

bibliam icis sxva mopaeqre ufalTan, oRond ara iseTi, mSvidi da gawonas-worebuli, rogoric abraami gamoCnda am epizodSi, romelsac, SesaZloa, arc ki hqondes raime mimarTeba sodomis istoriasTan, radgan viciT, rom codvili qalaqi mainc dasaja RmerTma wumwubisa da cecxlis wvimebiT, gadarCa mxo-lod ojaxi lotisa, abraamis saxlikacis, romelic mzad iyo Tavisi asulebis pativi gaewira stumarTa Rirsebis gadasarCenad sodomelTa xelyofisgan. es fragmenti mainc abraamis simarTlis maZiebluri dokumentia.

is sxva mopaeqre ganTqmuli iobia, yvelaze tragikuli piri mTels Zvel aR-TqmaSi, sakuTari da Tavis bedSi myofTa adamianobis qomagi RvTis winaSe, rom-lis pirovneba ubralod tanjulis magaliTad iqca.

vin iyo iobi? iobi, WeSmaritad, iyo is mama, romlis piriTac RaRadebs mar-Tal cxovrebas `igavTa wigni~. cxadia, is iyo is Svilic, romelic ismenda ma-misagan am moZRvrebas. da, rogorc abraamze iTqva, rom man `aRTqma Tavis xor-cSi gaamyara da gansacdelSi mtkice aRmoCnda~ (zir. 44:20), aseve iobis suli da guli, Zval-rbilic ki ganimsWvala mamaTa swavliT da isic mtkice aRmoCn-da gansacdelSi, roca daudga gamocdis Jami. naTqvamia andazad `ar arsebobs marTali kaci qveyanaze~ (ekl. 7:20) an `SeiZleba marTali iyos diacis naSo-bio?~ (iob. 15:14), magram iobi ki namdvilad iyo marTali, wesis gamonaklisi, ara adamianis TvalSi, aramed Tavad uflis TvalSi. ufalma ki gaimeta igi gansacdelad, magram esec naTqvamia, rom `ufali gamoscdis marTals~ (fs. 10:5).

iobis, rogorc marTali kacis, TviTSegneba, mismieri Sefaseba sakuTari cxovrebisa missave monologebSi Cans, wignis avtori dasawyisSi bibliuri da-wurulobiT gvamcnobs mis pirovnebas da cxovrebis nirs.

`iyo erTi kaci yucis qveyanaSi, saxelad iobi. alali, wrfeli, RvTismoSiSi da borotebas ganridebuli iyo es kaci. hyavda mas Svidi vaJi da sami asuli. hyavda saqoneli _ SvidiaTasi suli cxvari, samiaTasi aqlemi, xuTasi uReli xari, xuTasi dedali viri, uamravi msaxuri. aRmosavlelTa Soris yvelaze sa-xelovani iyo es kaci. stumrobdnen erTmaneTTan misi vaJebi da morigeobiT marTavdnen lxins, iwvevdnen TavianT sam das, rom erTad eWamaT da esvaT. ro-ca CamoTavdeboda lxinis dReebi, gagzavnida kacs iobi da ganwmedda maT. ad-geboda dilaadrianad, aRavlenda aRsavlen msxverpls maTi ricxvisda mixed-viT, radgan fiqrobda iobi, iqneb rame Sescodeso Cemma vaJebma da dahgmeso RmerTi TavianT gulSi. mudam ase iqceoda iobi~ (iob. 1:1-5).

iobi RvTis rCeulia, hyavs Tavisi sapatronebeli xalxi, romelic misi Svi-lebisagan Sedgeba; is maTi mzrunveli, moraluri pasuxismgebelia maT yofa-cxovrebaze uflis winaSe; is mRvdlobs maT, mas miniWebuli aqvs es funqcia, rogorc rCeul ers, romelzedac naTqvamia, rom igi mRvdelTa samefo iqnebo-da (gam. 19:6). SeeZlo aRevlina sruladdasawveli (aRsavleni) msxverpli maT gansawmedelad da asrulebda amas wlidan wlamde. ase enacvleboda erTmaneTs lxinisa da ganmwmedeli msxverplSewirvis dReebi.

magram iobis simarTle ver Seiqna sawindari misi Svilebis keTildReobisa, rogorc naTqvamia ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebaSi, rom `verc noe, verc danie-li da verc iobi (cocxalimc var! ambobs ufali) ver gadaarCenen vaJsa da asuls, mxolod sakuTar Tavs gadairCenen TavianTi simarTliT~ (15:20). magram

mis megobrebs SeiZleba efiqraT, rom misma simarTlem TviT iobic ver ixsna, radgan isini mowmeni gaxdnen maTi moyvasis arnaxuli ubedurebisa: erT dRes dakarga iobma mTeli Tavisi qoneba, monagari da STamomavloba _ ciurma cecx-lma gadauwva cxvari da msaxurni, qaldevelebma aqlemebi wausxes, ufrosi va-Jis saxlSi Sekrebili misi Svilebi damxobilma Werma moiyola qveS da amowy-vita. amis Semdeg ar gasula didi xani, rom Tavad iobs Seeyara ukurnebeli seni. im pirveli ubedurebebis Semdeg `adga iobi, Semoixia mosasxami, gadaipar-sa Tavi, daeca miwaze da Tayvani sca. Tqva: SiSveli gamovedi dedis muclidan da SiSveli davbrundebi iq. ufalma momca, ufalma waiRo. kurTxeul iyos uf-lis saxeli. mainc ar Seucodavs iobs da RvTis augi ar dascdenia~ (iob. 1:20-22). roca Tavad iobis sxeuls miswvda ubedureba, colis sityvebze, `axlac eWidebi Sens sialales? barem dagme RmerTi da mokvdio~, nacarSi Camjdarma iobma miugo: `erTi ugunuri dedakaciviT laparakob! sikeTes kargad vitanT uflisagan, avis atana ki aRar gvinda!~ (iob. 2:9-10).

`arc axla scoda iobma Tavisi bageebiT~, askvnis avtori. magram amiT ar mTavrdeba iobis ambavi, mxolod WirTaTmena ar aris iobis gansacdelis Sina-arsi da azri. amis garda kidev sxva raRacis Tqma surs Txzulebas.

bibliis sxva personaJTagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic tragikul viTarebaSi an sityvas ar Zraven, _ gavisxenoT mdumared mimavali abraami im saSineli da-valebis Sesasruleblad, _ an oriode sityvas Tu aRmoTqvamen, rogorc maga-liTad Svilmkvdari iakobi da daviTi, amaTgan gansxvavebiT iobi zedmetad ux-vi molaparakea. CvenTvis sruliad ucnobia abraamis sulis moZraoba im sabe-diswero dilas an marTali iosebis gancdebi im dros, roca is Zmebma muxana-Turad Caagdes ormoSi da mere gayides, an maSin, roca cildawamebuli sapyro-bileSi iyo Cagdebuli, is aravis umxels Tavis simarTles, rogorc saidum-los, saguldagulod dasamarxavs, an guliswuxils, rom misi ambis mkiTxvels scodnoda mainc, Tu ra fiqrebs aRuZravda mas misi avismqmneli, an ufali, ro-melmac Wabukobidanve gaswira am dRisaTvis, Tumca igi axlac ki am dilegSi, grZnobda mis Tanadgomas, iobis Sinagani samyaro ki saaSkaraozea gamotanili. rogorc zis is gareT, mtverSi da nacarSi, yvelas dasanaxad samzeoze gamota-nili Tavisi samarcxvino seniT (seni yovelTvis, visac ar unda Sehyroda, zizRs iwvevda xalxis TvalSi), is eCveneba yvelas, ar imaleba Tavisi fiziku-ri sxeuliT, aseve misi Sinagani samyaroc gadaSlilia mter-moyvaris winaSe.

megobrebi, samni, Tav-Tavisi adgilebidan gamoemarTnen mis sanugeSeblad, `Soridan gaxedes da ver icnes, xma aimaRles da atirdnen. Semoixia TiToeul-ma Tavisi mosasxami da Tavs zemoT apnevdnen mtvers~ (iob. 2:12). es iyo TanagrZ-nobisa da glovis ritualuri gamoxatuleba _ maT gaimeores yvela moqmedeba, rac iobma Seasrula, rogorc savaldebulo Sesasrulebeli mis dReSi Cavard-nilTaTvis. magram iobs albaT nugeSic sWirdeboda da mis megobrebsac uTuod evalebodaT misi nugeSiscema; isini grZnobdnen, rom ar iqneboda sakmarisi ri-tualuri tradiciuli `Wiris wyena~, radgan dainaxes, rom iobis mdgomareoba raRac gansakuTrebuli iyo, magram igi ver Tavsdeboda tradiciis arxSi, rom is andrezad ar iyo Tqmuli. amitom `isxdnen mis winaSe Svidi dRe da Svidi Rame, aravis araferi uTqvams misTvis, radgan xedavdnen, rom metismeti iyo mi-si satanjveli~ (iob. 2:13).

marTalia, iobis megobrebi isxdnen mis pirispir, magram isini sruliad gan-sxvavebul realobaSi imyofebodnen. maT ver SeZles misi nugeSiscema, radgan maT ar SeeZloT WeSmariti TanagrZnoba, Tanalmoba, am sityvis namdvili mniSv-nelobiT; maT ver SeZles SeeRwiaT im samyaroSi, sadac iobma ixila SiSi, ga-nicada `RvTis saSinelebani~, rogorc aRiara maT winaSe, `RvTis saSinelebebma Semomities~ (iob. 6:4), `saSinelebebi damatyda Tavso~ (iob. 30:15). Tavis saSine-lebasTan martodmarto darCenili iobi ukve ucxo iyo maTTvis, maT ver icnes TavianTi Zveli megobari, sxvaTa manugeSebeli da damrigebeli Tavisi sibrZ-niT, romelic axla Tavad mas ver Sveloda. maT win ijda sxva iobi, romlisa-gan maT Svidi dRe-Ramis dumilis Semdeg moismines iseTi sityvebi, rogoric

albaT arasodes moesminaT. usazarlesi sityvebi, romlebic ki odesme amosula adamianis piridan. bevri ram, yvelaferi SeiZleba pirobiTi da ritualuri yo-filiyo, _ Tavad jdoma megobrebisa am gaubedurebuli, gaucxovebuli adamia-nis win, _ magram es sityvebi usaTuod misi sulis amoZaxili iyo. Svidi dRis Semdeg iyo, rom `gaxsna iobma bage da daswyevla Tavisi dRe. alaparakda iobi da Tqva:

`daiqces is dRe, roca me gavCndi, da Rame, roca iTqva, kaci Caisaxao! dab-neldes is dRe, aRar moxedos mas ufalma zegardamo, aRar inaTos masze na-Telma. moicvas wyvdiadma da aCrdilma sikvdilisa, Rrubeli gadaefaros Tav-ze da dRis siSavem SeaZrwunos. bnelma waiRos is Rame, amoSalos weliwadi-dan, TveTa saTvalavSi aRar iTvlebodes. aha, gaberwdes is Rame, aRar eRirsos netareba! ...dabneldnen misi ganTiadis vaskvlavebi, elodos naTels da ar Can-des, ver ixilos ciskris wamwamebi. rom saSoSive ar Camiketa kari da ar ganma-rida am satanjvels. ratom ar movkvdi dedis mucelSive? ratom ar gavTavdi gamosvlisTanave? risTvis amiqves me muxlebma? ra iyo is ZuZu, romelsac vwov-di?... axlac viwvebodi damSvidebuli, ZilSi viqnebodi mosvenebiT... ratom ara var mkvdradnaSobiviT gadamaluli, axalSobiliviT, romelsac sinaTle ar unaxavs... radgan mewia SiSis zari...~ (iob. 31:1-25).

iobs ar daugmia RmerTi, _ ar dahyva evas rCevas _ aramed dagmo sakuTari Tavi, sakuTari sicocxle, arseboba (`vyofiliyavi rogorc aryofili, saSodan saflavSi Cavsuliyavi~, iob. 10:19), uarhyo RvTis madli da inatra araraoba, sa-idanac Seqmna RmerTma yovelive arsebuli. amitomac aRiqves misma megobrebma am wyevlis sityvebi Semoqmedis gmobad. magram gana am gatanjuli kacis daZ-rulma bageebma ar warmoTqves kacTagan gaugonari rwmeniT aRsavse sityvebi, romelTa sabediswero paToss `mdinaris gamoRma~ msxdari megobrebi ver mixv-debodnen: `kidec rom momklas, mainc misi imedi maqvs _ mainc davicav Cems gzebs mis winaSeo!~ (iob. 13:15).

am sityvebSia sasoeba yovladZlierisadmi, rogorc erTaderTi msajulisad-mi, aseve rwmena sakuTar simarTleSi, rom is arsebobs obieqturad anu RvTis winaSe (iobi xom `dadioda RvTis winaSe~ msgavsad sxva marTalTa), amitomac, miuxedavad ZalTa uTanasworobisa, is iwvevs samsjavroSi mas, vis xelSia Za-lac da samarTalic da ganmkiTxavi aravin hyavs, Tavad ki `namcecia~, `mtverSi da nacarSi~ dagdebuli. `dadumdiT da malaparakeTo (eubneba Tavis nugeSism-cemelT anu mamxilebelT), mere rac momiva, momivideso~ (iob. 13:13), _ aseTia mi-si suliskveTeba. mas ar SeuZlia sakuTari simarTlis uaryofa, rogorc mar-Tals, gamtyuneba sakuTari Tavisa RvTis winaSe, romelic xedavs mis gzebs da daTvlili aqvs yoveli misi nabiji (iob. 31:4). ver gamoigonebs codvas, rome-lic ar Caudenia, RvTis saameblad ver moicodvilebs Tavs, ver miepirfereba, rogorc misi megobrebi epirferebian, roca erTmaneTs ecilebian iobis kicxva-Si da gamtyunebaSi, da miaweren iobs yvela codvas da danaSauls, rac odesme Caudenia adamians da risi Cadenac SeuZlia (iob. 22:5-9), miaweren mxolod im motiviT, rom iobic adamiania, diacis naSobi, _ aseTia maTi logika. iobi ki ambobs alali guliT: `RmerTs vficav, romelmac wamarTva simarTle da yov-ladZliers, romelmac gamimwara sicocxle! vidre vsunTqav da RvTis suli midgas nestoebSi, Tu Cemma bageebma Tqvan sicrue da Cems enas dascdes tyui-li... Cems simarTleze vdgavar mtkiced da ar moveSvebi, ar davugmivar Cems guls Cemi dRe da moswreba!~ (iob. 27:2-6). megobrebs ki, romlebmac eWvi Seita-nes mis simarTleSi, gulmokluli eubneba: `RvTisTvis laparakobT tyuils, misTvis laparakobT sicrues? mas unda mikerZoebodiTo? RmerTs unda gamosar-ClebodiTo?~ (iob. 13:7-8).

es megobrebi swored is xalxia, romelTac eadvilebaT sxvis omSi sibrZnis gamoCena. magram maTi sibrZne gacamtverebulia iobis erTi amoZaxilis winaSe: `dadumdebodeT mainc! es iqneboda Tqveni sibrZneo~ (iob. 13:5). iobi albaT gu-lisxmobs, darwmunebulia, rom maTi SviddRiani dumili ufro mWevrmetyvelu-ri da ufro Rrma iyo, vidre axla maTi laparaki. magram adamiani pirmetyveli

arsebaa da ar SeuZlia ar ilaparakos. im dumilis Semdeg, roca gavida Svidi dRe, megobrebs unda daekraT misTvis Tavi da wasuliyvnen, magram isini alapa-rakdnen, da sabolood, es ar mouwona maT ufalma, radgan siwrfele ar Canda maT laparakSi (`uTxra ufalma elifaz Temanels: ainTo Cemi risxva Sens mi-marT, radgan Cemi morCili iobiviT gulwrfelad ar ilaparakeT Cemze~, iob. 42:7). maTi sityvebi satanjvelSi ar iyo gamotarebuli, amitom arc fasi hqonda maT iobis TvalSi an uflis TvalSi. an saerTod, ra fasi hqonda sityvas, ra SeeZlo gamoeTqva sityvas? mxolod iobs SeeZlo scodnoda, rom yoveli sity-va, adamianis bageebidan daZruli, uZluria erTaderTisa da ganumeoreblis ga-mosaxatavad _ es ki misi simarTlea; iobic adamiania da am dReSi myofs moT-xovnileba aqvs laparakisa, oRond mas imedi ara aqvs, rom sityva ixsnis gasa-Wiridan, rom sityva gaamarTlebs mas. `rogor Sevepasuxo, rogor SevarCio mis-Tvis saTqmelio?~ _ ambobs is, `marTalic rom viyo ar Sevepasuxebi, mxolod Sevevedrebi Cems msajuls~ (iob. 9:14-15). mxolod iobs Tu SeeZlo eTqva `marTa-lic rom viyo, Cemive bageebi gamamtyunebeno, umwikvloc rom viyo, gamaSavebe-no~ (iob. 9:20). amas ambobs iobi. albaT imitom ambobs, rom ara aqvs imedi ada-mianuri sityvisa, rom xrwnadma bageebma SeZlon uxrwneli simarTlis anu um-wikvloebis gamoxatva. an is Serigebulia im azrs, rom verasodes gaimarTlebs Tavs Tavisi sityviT (`vici, mainc ar gamamarTleb, me gavmtyundebi! risTvis un-da davSvre amaod?~ iob. 9:28-29). Tumca mainc laparakobs da aRmoTqvams sakvir-vel sityvebs, romlebic amxelen maTi warmomTqmelis zRvardaudebel sulgr-Zelobas: `kidec rom momklas, misi imedi maqvs _ mainc davicav Cems gzebs mis winaSe. isic xsna iqneba CemTvis, rom uRvTo kaci ver miva mis winaSe~ (iob. 13:15-16).

iqneb iobi imas ambobs, rom simarTle, Tu misi ara, sxvisi mainc gaimarj-vebs, radgan mas swams, rom uRvTo ver gamarTldeba uflis TvalSi; iobi ukuTqmiTi formiT gamoxatavs imeds, rom RvTisnieri gamarTldeba uflis wi-naSe; mas xom ar Seucodavs, xom ar daugmia RmerTi; roca yvelaferi dakarga, man xom Tqva moTminebiT: ufali iZleva, ufals miaqvso. roca yvelaferi da-karga, raRa darCa iobs, garda sakuTari Tavisa? Tavi ar waurTmevia misTvis ufals, ufro sworad satanas, romelmac uflis miSvebiT moutana iobs es ube-durebani. axla iobi marto darCa sakuTar TavTan, mas ki erCivna sruliad da-ekarga cnobiereba da yofiliyo, rogorc aryofili. mas waerTva yvelaferi, risi SeZena da moxveWa mas SeeZlo (materialuri dovlaTi, STamomavloba), mag-ram SerCa is, rac moniWebuli hqonda mas RvTisagan _ suli anu birTvi misi pirovnebisa, romlis mospoba, cxadia, satanas _ RvTis winaaRmdgoms ar SeeZ-lo.

roca iobi ganSiSvlda, rogorc Tqva, da ufro meti moitana am sityvebma, vidre iyo nagulisxmevi maTSi, `SiSveli gamovedi dedis muclidan da SiSveli davbrundebio iq~, ganSiSvlda yovelive warmavalisagan, rac ki wuTisofelSi mieweba mas, maSin ufro mkafiod gamoikveTa is erTaderTi, misTvis yvelaze ax-lobeli _ misi suli. ganSiSvlebuli iobis suli pirispir dgas RvTis winaSe, amqveyniuri iluziebi veRar faravs misgan RvTis saxes, is uSualod ganicdis `magar xels~ (iad xazakah), Tavis Tavze, imave xels, romelmac airCia iakobi da mere uxvi egviptidan, TiTqos dasaxocad (rogorc ubir xalxs egona) xriok udabnoSi gahyavda misi STamomavloba. `SemibraleT, SemibraleT, megobrebo, _ gahyviris iobi, _ radgan RvTis xeli Semexo me!~ (iob. 19:21); Sexebis niSanic TvalsaCino iyo adrec, roca iobi dovlaTiTa da monagariT iyo savse da `itanda~ am sikeTes (iob. 2:10). da axlac, roca misi ubedureba, rogorc niSani, TvalsaCinoa yvelasaTvis, samzeozea gamotanili, da am avsac itans igi. magram megobrebs ar surT daijeron, rom iobi gansakuTrebuli bedis kacia, rom is rCeulia. vin xar, ase rom laparakob RmerTze da adamianze, ra gamonaklisi xar kacTa modgmidano, `ra ici iseTi, rac Cven ar viciT~, `RvTis saidumlo xom ar mogismeniao?~

marTlac arsebobda `RvTis saidumlo~, romelic exeboda iobs, magram es ar icoda iobma, arc misma megobrebma icodnen. ar icodnen, rom misi rCeuloba caSi gadawyda, roca RvTisSvilebi eaxlnen ufals, maT Soris eSmakic _ sata-na (satan `mowinaaRmdege~). es ambavi `iobis wignis~ dasawyisSia moTxrobili. ufalma satanas mianeba marTali iobi, `alali, wrfeli, RvTismoSiSi da boro-tebas ganridebuli kaci~, raTa gamoecada igi da ufro imitom, rom satanaze gaemarjva iobiT, misi simarTliT da moTminebiT. radgan satana ambobda, rom iobis RvTismosavoba ar iyo uangaro, ufali amayobda Tavisi morCiliT, `xom aravin aris misi msgavsi qveyanazeo~ (iob. 1:8), satana ki eubneboda: `mereda, tyuil-ubralod aris iobi RvTismoSiSi? gana Sen ar gyavs daculi mTeli misi saxl-kariTa da sabadebliTurT? misi xeliT naqmari Sengan aris kurTxeuli... aba, gaiwode xeli da Seexe mTels mis sabadebels, Tu pirSi ar dagiwyos gmo-ba~ (1:9-11).

maSin ufalma neba misca satanas mis sabadebelze da monagarze. da daeRupa iobs sabadebeli da monagari _ Svidi vaJi da sami asuli. rogorc viciT, ar daugmia iobs ufali. iobma daiTmina yvelaferi, Svilmkvdarma, eulad darCe-nilma patriarqma udrtvinvelad miiRo es xvedri, maSin iyo, rom Tqva: `SiSve-li gamovedi dedis muclidan da SiSveli davbrundebi iq~. kidev Seikribnen RvTisSvilebi uflis winaSe da kidev mivida masTan satanac. ufals hqonda sa-babi eamaya iobiT, Tavisi gaCeniliT da morCiliT. `xom aravin aris misi msgav-si qveyanazeo?~ satanam ki: `aba, gaiwode xeli da Seexe Tavad mas _ mis Zvalsa da xorcs, Tu pirSi ar dagiwyos gmoba~ (iob. 2:5). ai maSin iyo, rom Seeyara iobs samarcxvino seni, rom Cajda nacarSi da kecis natexiT iqavebda tans. ma-Sin iyo colis sityvebze `barem dagme RmerTi da mokvdio~, rom upasuxa `sike-Tes kargad vitanT uflisagan, avis atana ki aRar gvindao?~ (iob. 2:10).

amis meti rom araferi eTqva iobs, marto es sityvebi moutanda mas gamarj-vebas. iobis am sityvebiT sZlia RmerTma satanas. iobma gansacdelSi daadastu-ra, rom is namdvilad aris uflis rCeuli da amitomac yvelaferi daubruna mas, rac warTmeuli hqonda, da `ukurTxa ufalma iobs darCenili dReebi wi-nandelze ufro metad~ (iob. 42:22), da iobic mokvda, rogorc uflis rCeuli mamamTavarni kvdebodnen da rogorc yoveli Zveli kaci natrobda sikvdils, `moxucebuli da dResruli~ (anu `dReebiT maZRari~ sebay Yamim).

ufalma gaimarjva iobis magaliTiT. magram Tavad iobisaTvis ras niSnavda es eqsperimenti, saxifaTo gamocda? risTvis unda Cavardniliyo adamis Ze am tragikul gansacdelSi? nuTu imis saCveneblad, rom adamianis wuTisofeli ar gaivlis satanjvelis gareSe? an im ganzraxviT xom ar daidga es drama, rom TvalsaCino yofiliyo iobis erT-erTi manugeSeblis naTqvami _ adamiani satan-jvelad ibadeba da naperwklebi maRla mifrinavs (iob. 5:7), sityvebi, romlebic ufro iobs unda warmoeTqva. RmerTma sZlia satanas, SeiZleba iTqvas, ar da-uTmo mas iobi da manve gaamtyuna iobis manugeSebelni maTi sibrZniTurT, _ es iyo `igavTa wignis~ sibrZne, kerZod, Sexeduleba adamianur satanjvelze, ro-gorc sasjelze codvis wil, _ romelmac ver `gasWra~ iobis magaliTze. es sibrZne gauqmda ufro maRali sibrZnis naTelsayofad, sadac Seezava erTma-neTs RvTiuri da adamianuri TvalTaxedvani. es sibrZne sityvierad ar gamoxa-tula `iobis wignSi~, Tumca misi erT-erTi daskvnaa. is iTqva garkveviT ieremi-as winaswarmetyvelebaSi: `Tqva ufalma: Sens sikeTes rom ar vapirebde, arc mtrebs mogisevdi simZimilsa da gasaWirSi~ (ier. 15:11). ufali mTels ers mimar-Tavs, magram TiToeuli eriskaci Tavis Tavze iRebs am sityvebs.

ra ici iseTi, rac Cven ar viciT? _ Tavze dasZaxian manugeSebelni iobs. maT ver icnes iobi verc garegnulad, _ is `dediSobila~ ijda maT winaSe, _ da verc azrTa wyobiT. is sruliad gardaqmniliyo, iseT sityvebs amoisroda ba-geebidan, romelTa msgavsi ar smenodaT maT. Tumca misi sityvebi mxolod na-perwklebi iyo im cecxlisa, romelic mis arsebaSi trialebda. iobi am cecxl-Si myofi daupirispirda Tavis megobarTa tradiciul Teologias _ moZRvrebas RmerTze da adamianze. am gansacdelSi daibada WeSmariti RvTisSemecneba. `ra-

Si sWirdeba yovladZliers Seni simarTle? an ra gamorCena eqneba, Tu Sen wrfeli gzebiT ivli?~ (iob. 22:3) _ eubneba megobari iobs. ase fiqroben misi manugeSebelni, magram iobis magaliTma daamtkica, rom RmerTs sWirdeba adami-anis simarTle. simarTle iaraRia RvTis xelSi, es iTqva, satanis winaaRmdeg. iobis mTeli gansacdeli imas adasturebs, rom RmerTs sWirdeba ara mxolod simarTle adamianisa, aramed Tavad adamiani, rogorc suli da xorci. rom RmerTs iseve ar SeuZlia uadamianod, rogorc adamians _ uRmerTod; radgan RmerTma adamiani Tavis xatad Seqmna _ amiT yvelaferi naTqvamia; radgan adami-ani mis saxes, xats atarebs, RmerTs surs adamiani mudam TavisTan yavdes, misi mxedvelobis areSi iyos; rom kavSiri _ aRTqma RmerTsa da adamians Soris ma-radiuli iyos; rom adamiani RvTisaTvis ara mxolod sasurvelia, aramed auci-lebelic da, SeiZleba iTqvas, avsebs mis bunebas, _ es intuicia gamosWvivis iobis monologebidan; amodis rogorc naperwkali im bevri sityvebis fonze, misi tkivilebis CasaxSobad rom arian moxmobilni.

`oh, netav qvesknelSi dammalavde! Seminaxavde, vidre Seni risxva gadaivli-des! dros damiTqvamde da mere gamixsenebde! Tu mokvda kaci, gana kvlav icoc-xlebs? mTeli Cemi maSvralobis dReebi davelodebodi Cemi feriscvalebis dadgomamde; damiZaxebdi da mec xmas gagcemdi _ Sen xelTa qmnileba mogenat-reboda~ (iob. 14:13-15). Tu Rirda es sityvebi iobis satanjvelad? Rirda, aSka-rad Rirda. amazea dafuZnebuli Zveli aRTqmis Teologia da anTropologia (moZRvreba RmerTis Sesaxeb da moZRvreba adamianis Sesaxeb, rogorc erTiani moZRvreba, ganuyofeli _ Zveli aRTqmis mTavari ZarRvi). ras gulisxmobs iobi `maSvralobis dReebSi~? axlandel yofas da ara winandels, dalxinebuls? Tu asea, iobs miuRia satanjveli da am satanjvels uSvia imedi RmerTTan Sexved-risa, metic: SerigebiT Sexvedrisa. ufro metic: rwmena imisa, rom RmerTs swyu-ria es Sexvedra. `axla miwaSi rom viwve, diliT Zebnas damiwyebdi da aRar viqnebodi~ (7:21) _ ambobs iobi; axla ukve RmerTs, uxilavs, mimarTavs da ara Tavis manugeSebelT, romlebic qadageben upirovno RmerTs da ufskruls Rmer-Tsa da adamians Soris. iobis Teologia ki pirovnuli gamocdilebis Sedegia. rogorc `RvTis xatad~ Seqmnili adamis `aRmoCena~. misi arsia ormxrivi rwmena RmerTsa da adamians Soris: iseve, rogorc RmerTs swamda iobisa, rom is gauZ-lebda gansacdels da Seinaxavda RvTis xatebas Tavis TavSi (anu ar dagmobda Tavis pirvelsaxes _ RmerTs), aseve iobs swamda, rom RmerTi ar daiviwyebda mas, moenatreboda da axilvinebda Tavs, `me Tavad davinaxav mas da Cemi Tvale-bi ixilaven, ara sxvisnio~ (iob. 19:27), anu sakuTari gamocdilebiT Sevimecnebo mas, rom ambobda, RmerTi marTlac gamoecxada mas satanjvelis dasasruls grigalSi, rogorc Zvel winaswarmetyvelT ecxadeboda, raTa kaci dawafeboda RvTisSemecnebis pirvelwyaros, _ es iyo iobis sazRauri satanjvelis wil, _ da man Tqva maSin: `yurmokvriT msmenoda Senze, axla ki Cemi TvaliT gixileo~ (iob. 42:5), sityvebi, romlebic warmoiTqmis alali guliT, roca aqamde Seux-vedreli ucnob-nacnobni xvdebian erTmaneTs.

bolo Tavi

`Zvel aRTqmaSi dafarulia axali aRTqma,

axalSi gamocxadebulia Zveli~.

(netari avgustine iponeli) dabolos, msurs ganvmarto sazrisi Sesityvebisa, romelic saTaurad uzis

am wigns _ `Zveli aRTqmis wuTisofeli~. SeiZleba visme uadgilod moeCvenos maradiuli wignis mimarT wuTisoflis cneba, romelic esoden axloa qarTuli msoflgancdisTvis da zedmiwevniT gamoxatavs adamianuri (rogorc pirovnuli, ise sakacobrio) yofis warmavlobas. am warmavlobas eqvemdebareba ara Tavad wigni, aramed is istoriuli procesi, romelic avsebs mis Sinaarss, qveynis Sesaqmidan dawyebuli dangreuli ierusalimis da misi taZris aRdgeniT

damTavrebuli. istoria denadia, rogorc mdinare, adamiani ki, istoriis subieqti, romelic miapobs mdinaris talRebs, _ warmavali. maradiuli RmerTi ara mxolod zemodan adevnebs Tvalyurs am process, aramed monawileobs masSi. amas bibliis yoveli mkiTxveli grZnobs da adasturebs. istoria, dawyebuli edemi baRSi saubriT, RmerTisa da da adamianis dialogia. aris masSi maradiuli raRac, rac dafarulia, rogorc saboloo mizani, da aris masSi warmavali CenCo _ miznis misaRwev, xSirad kaenur saSualebaTa mTeli industria.

wuTisofeli wignis saTaurSi niSnavs imasve, rasac berZnuli eoni ( aion ), romelic, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens ZvelaRTqmiseuli yolam konceptis berZnul Sesatyviss. berZnuli eon (aion) da ebrauli yolam gamoiyeneba im droJamuli monakveTis mniSvnelobiT, romelsac aqvs Tavisi dasawyisi da aqvs Tavisi miznobrivi dasasruli (berZnuli telos xom orives _ mizansac da dasasrulsac aRniSnavs). aris didi wuTi da aris mcire wuTi. didi wuTi moicavs mTels monakveTs qveynis gaCenidan (`dasawyisSi Seqmna RmerTma...~ dab. 1:1) saboloo dasasrulamde (`modis Jami yvela xalxisa da enaTa Sekrebisa; movlen da ixilaven Cems didebas~, esaia 66:18), mcire wuTi ki am did wuTSi mimdinare istoriis Semadgeneli nawilia. Tu davukvirdebiT, biblia _ Zveli aRTqma moqceulia (CarTulia) am did wuTSi, romelic qveynis gaCeniT iwyeba, mimdinareobs masSi da mis farglebSive poulobs dasasruls, rogorc mizans. didi eoni, didi wuTisofeli grZeldeba, mcire ki sadRac misi mdinarebis erT monakveTSi mTavrdeba. es aris Zveli aRTqmis wuTisofeli, erTi TviTkmari mTlianoba, Tu, ra Tqma unda, davrCebiT Zveli aRTqmisve Tvalsazrisze.

Zveli aRTqmis wuTisofeli, romelic rCeuli xalxis aqtebiT aris avsebuli, Tavis mTlianobaSi oTx erTmaneTis Tanamimdevrul, erTmaneTisgan arsebiTad gansxvavebul xanas moicavs. esenia israelis svlani wuTisoflis gzebze: I. msxemoba (patriarqebis xana qanaanSi:). II. monoba (egvipturi xana). III. Tavisufleba (udabnos xana). IV. mkvidroba qanaanSi.

I. patriarqebis xana qanaanSi maTi msxemobiT aRiniSneba. rogoria

abraamis cxovrebis wesi qanaanSi, sadac Sevida is uflis nebiT? qanaani ar aris is qveyana, sadac man unda imkvidros. es is qveyanaa, sadac mudam ucxod, msxemad (gerad) unda darCes. abraami mudmivmoarulia. es svla abraamis cxovrebis wesia. is arsad ar aSenebs saZirkvlian saxls, aramed mxolod `samsxverplos uflisaTvis~ _ erTaderT qvis nagebobas, da dgams karavs, romelic msxemobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi atributia (fsalm. 119:5). mas ara aqvs erTi mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili, arsad safuZvlianad ar ikidebs fexs. mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi sicocxlis manZilze is rCeba ucxo adamianad qanaanSi, mosulad, aramkvidrad, rasac gamoxatavs sityva-cneba ger.

II . egviptis xana. egvipteSi Casvla nawinaswarmetyvelevi iyo abraamisTvis micemul aRTqmasTan erTad. rogor gamoixateba egvipteSi cxovrebis wesi? es aris msxemobis sruliad sawinaaRmdego yofa: iosebi faraonis wyalobiT Tavis xalxs daasaxlebs egviptis saukeTeso miwaze _ goSenSi, sadac is TiTqos miwis mkvidri unda gamxdariyo. msxemi icvlis statuss, magram ara mkvidrobisken, aramed monobisken. egvipteSi ucxooba monobaSi gadaizrdeba; is xdeba mona industriuli sazogadoebisa, rogoric iyo faraonuli egvipte, qalaqebisa da piramidebis maSenebeli. `karavSi mcxovrebis~ STamomavali, romelsac safuZvliani saxli arasodes auSenebia, axla egvipteSi agurebs amzadebs `saukuno~ saxlebis asagebad. monoba ucxoobisa da msxemobis ukiduresi saxea, misi saboloo zRvaria.

III . udabnos xana. egviptis monobisgan TavdaRweva da ganTavisufleba imTaviTve udabnos daukavSirda. `gagviSvi udabnoSi...~ (gam. 5:3). egviptidan gasvla iyo imavdroulad udabnoSi gasvla _ gasvla TavisuflebaSi. egviptidan gasvliT ori ram gakeTda: xalxi gaTavisuflda da, amasTanave,

daibruna msxemobis sawyisi statusi, magram gascda mas. udabnoSi cxovrebas ganvixilavT, rogorc msxemobis zRvrul realizacias, roca uqmdeba msxemoba da yofa ufro maRal safexurze adis. ori gzaa msxemobidan: egvipteSi CasvliT (egvipte dabali adgilia) msxemi monad iqca; udabnoSi asvliT (udabno maRali adgili) monam Tavisufleba moipova. amieridan arc mona, arc msxemi, aramed Tavisufali. es iyo udabnos xanaSi.

IV. qanaanSi damkvidrebis xana: cxovrebis wesi icvleba msxemobisa da abeluri yofis sapirispirod (miwis damuSaveba, qalaqebis Seneba, `moxetiale~ uflis karvis sanacvlod saZirkvliani taZari). moZraoba, mimosvla, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo patriarqebisTvis, am xanaSi wydeba. Tormeti tomi inawilebs qanaanis miwas, raTa TiToeulma imkvidros Tavis wilxvedrilze, romelic uflis nebam gadauwyvita mas.

wre ikvreba: israeli ubrundeba abraamis im mkvidrobis mdgomareobas, romelic hqonda mas qaldevelTa urSi (anu mkvidrobas), saidanac gamovida (dab. 11:31). xalxi dasaxlda miwaze, Seqmna samefo da cxovrobda, rogorc mkvidri, Tumc mainc ucxo qanaanis qveyanaSi eqvsasi weli. magram ar iyo samudamo mkvidroba. kvlav dgeba msxemobis xana, romelic ganTesva-gandevnilebis niSniT meordeba xalxis cxovrebaSi. amieridan is msxemobs babilonSi da yvelgan sxvagan, sadac ganidevneba.

magram grZeldeba wuTisoflis gzebze svla: arc es msxemobaa samudamo. israeli brundeba babilonidan, raTa aRadginos ierusalimi da misi taZari da kvlav moipovos mkvidroba.

amaze wydeba Zveli aRTqmis istoria. es aris Zveli aRTqmis wuTisofeli. is Caketilia am wignSi. is TviTkmaria.

magram is, rac TiTqos Caketilia da dasrulebuli, Ria da gangrZobadia winaswarmetyvelTa xilvebis horizontze. iSleba axali perspeqtivebi.

winaswarmetyvelTa xilvebSi ramdenime horizontia. pirveli, romelic Zvel aRTqmaSive poulobs axdomas (ieremias winaswarmetyveleba babilonis tyveobidan dabrunebis Sesaxeb); meore: gaxleCili samefos gamTlianebis molodini, rac tanjuli mesiis (macxovris) molodinSi gadaizrdeba (esaia 53, romelzec netari ieronimusi werda, rom aq esaia ufro maxarebelia, vidre winaswarmetyvelio), rac aseve axda, da sabolood, mesame: esqatologiuri imedi axali Sesaqmisa kvlav esaias xilvaSi (`aha, Sevqmni axal cas da axal miwas, da aRar gaixseneba winandeli....~ 65:17; `mgeli da kravi erTad moZoven~, 65:25), ramac axali aRTqmis wignebSi, kerZod, pavle mociqulis epistoleebsa da ioane RvTismetyvelis `gamocxadebaSi~ (`vixile axali ca da axali miwa, vinaidan pirveli ca da pirveli miwa gardaxda~, 21:1) hpova dadastureba.

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