Sesavali

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

socialur mecnierebaTa centri

lia ZamukaSvili

ojaxis dagegmvis mizezebi da Sedegebi

(Telavis ojaxebis magaliTze)

moduli: genderi

samagistro naSromi Sesrulebulia socialur mecnierebebSi magistris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

xelmZRvanelebi:

Tina zurabiSvili

nino javaxiSvili

Tbilisi 2009

Sesavali

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan ojaxis dagegmva saqarTveloSi, masiur xasiaTs atarebs, Tumca mas jer kidev XIX saukunis I naxevarSi Caeyara safuZveli.

termini ojaxis dagegmva gulisxmobs meuRleTa gadawyvetilebas ojaxSi bavSvTa garkveuli raodenobis yolis Sesaxeb, rac Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebisa da meTodebis gamoyenebiTa da abortebis meSveobiT miiRweva. gaeros mosaxleobis fondisa da mosaxleobis kvlevis erovnuli centris ganmartebiT, orsuloba iTvleba dagegmilad, Tu wyvils surs bavSvis yola am konkretul momentSi. yvela danarCeni orsuloba, romelic ufro adre, an gvian xdeba, vidre partniorebs surT, iTvleba daugegmavad. Tavad termini “ojaxis dagegmva”, samecniero literaturaSi “bavSvTa Sobis Sigaojaxuri regulirebis” cnebis sinonimad gamoiyeneba da mxolod XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi iRebs saTaves. Tavdapirvelad (1914 wlamde), mis aRsaniSnavad iyenebdnen cnebas “Sobadobis kontroli”, romelic pirvelad muSaTa klasis warmomadgenelma eqTanma, margareT sangerma, ixmara. aRniSnuli termini gulisxmobda “Sobadobis cnobier kontrolirebas” kontraceptivebis gamoyenebis gziT. misi mTavari mizani iyo qalis reproduqciul jamrTelobaze zrunva, misi uflebebis dacva (raTa Tavad da survilis mixedviT gaekontrolebina Tavisi reproduqciuli funqcia), ojaxis keTildReobis dacva da SenarCuneba da qalisa da bavSvis janmrTelobaze zrunva. Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT, ojaxis dagegmva, garda zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxebisa, iTvaliswinebs, unayofobis aRmofxvrasa da samkurnalo preparatebis gamoyenebiT, qalis reproduqciuli funqciis gumjobesebas. aqve minda aRvniSno, rom ojaxis dagegmva ori Sinaarsis matarebelia: pirveli-wyvili ojaxis dagegmvas mimarTavs maSin, rodesc ar surs, an aRar surs Svilis gaCena da meore-rodesac wyvili Svilis gaCenisgan garkveuli periodiT ikavebs Tavs. swored am ukanasknelis Seswavlazea orientirebuli Cemi naSromi.

ojaxis dagegmva reproduqciul qcevas efuZneba, romelsac win uswrebs “reproduqciuli ganwyobis aRmoceneba.” igi mimarTulia bavSvebis gaCenisa da yolis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebisken. g. wulaZis Tanaxmad, reproduqciuli ganwyoba sami faqtoris: 1) bavSvTa yolis moTxovnilebis, 2) am moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebisTvis saWiro situaciisa (meuRleebis urTierTdamokidebuleba, maTi ojaxis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba) da 3) Sesabamisi “operaciuli SesaZleblobebis” (individis asaki da misgan gamomdinare Taviseburebebi, janmrTelobis mdgomareoba da reproduqciuli SesaZleblobebi) safuZvelze Cndeba. misi TqmiT, “bavSvebis yolis moTxovnileba warmoadgens pirovnebis mdgomareobas, romelic warmarTavs mas bavSvebis yolisaTvis”.

bavSvis gaCena biologiur Sinaarss atarebs, xolo “bavSvis yola” socialurs da gulisxmobs bavSvebis yolisadmi miswrafebas. bavSvebis yolis moTxovnileba Tavis mxriv, aerTianebs rogorc bavSvebis gaCenas, aseve maTi yolisadmi miswrafebas. amitom reproduqciuli qceva, romelsac amgvari moTxovnileba udevs safuZvlad, sociobiologiuri fenomenia da mis formirebaze gavlenas axdens rogorc socialuri garemo, ise biologiuri Taviseburebebi. “bavSvis gaCenis moTxovnilebisa da Sesabamisi situaciis urTierTdamTxvevis safuZvelze aRmocendeba impulsuri qcevis reproduqciuli ganwyoba... impulsuri donis reproduqciuli qceva cnobierebis gareSe mimdinareobs, romlis drosac individi ar gansazRvravs Svilebis ra raodenoba unda iyolios man. igi iyoliebs imden bavSvs, ramdenis unaric aqvs mis organizms.” rodesac adamiani iwyebs msjelobas bavSvebis gaCenis SesaZlo raodenobis Sesaxeb da acnobierebs bavSvis yolis moTxovnilebas, maSin misi reproduqciuli ganwyoba obieqtivacias efuZneba. socialuri donis reproduqciuli ganwyobis formirebaSi socialuri faqtorebi iReben monawileobas. S. nadiraSvilis azriT, am dros adamiani bavSvs Teoriuli msjelobis sagnad aqcevs, Tumca sakiTxis mTlianad ganxorcieleba mis nebazea damokidebuli. Sesabamisad im momentisTvis, rodesac pirovneba bavSvis yolas gadawyvets, mas gaazrebuli aqvs: bavSvis yolis moTxovnileba iTvaliswinebs yvela im saSualebas, rac bavSvs da mis aRzrdas sWirdeba da aseve gaazrebuli aqvs is Sedegebi, rac bavSvis gaCenas moyveba Tan. obieqtivaciis Sedegad, bavSvebis SesaZlo raodenobidan adamiani akeTebs arCevans da sabolood imden Svils iyoliebs, ramdenis yolac surs mas, anu iwyebs Svilebis gaCenis moTxovnilebis gacnobierebas. mecnierebs gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba aqvT ojaxSi bavSvTa SesaZlo raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, v. belova fiqrobs, rom ojaxSi bavSvebis idealuri raodenoba warmoadgens bavSvTa yolis socialurad normirebul moTxovnilebas, xolo a. antonovis azriT, bavSvebis raodenoba maTi mSoblebis azrs da Svilebis maTTvis sasurvel odenobas gamoxatavs da ara sazogadoebaSi arsebul bavSvTa Sobis normas.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ojaxis dagegmva Cveulebriv movlenad iqca, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom adamianis reproduqciuli qceva ukve aRar aris impulsuri movlena, aramed cnobier doneze avida. dRes reproduqciuli uflebebi efuZneba ZiriTad adamianur uflebebs, romelTa mixedviTac yvela wyvils da individs aqvs ufleba sakuTar partniorTan SeTanxmebiT gadawyvitos, Tu rodis da ramden bavSvs iyoliebs, Tavdacvis ra saSualebebs gamoiyenebs; hqondes informacia ojaxis dagegmvis maTTvis misaReb da Sesaferis saSualebebze da xeli miuwvdebodes jandacvis saSualebebze, raTa qalma usafrTxod gaataros fexmZimobis periodi da janmrTeli bavSvi iyolios. anu reproduqciuli ufleba aris wyvilis ufleba, gadawyvitos bavSvTa sasurveli raodenoba, Svilebis gaCenas Soris periodi da amave dros SeinarCunos reproduqciuli janmrTeloba. reproduqciuli arCevanis ufleba feministuri politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi skiTxia. feministebs miaCniaT, rom qals ufleba aqvs gaaCinos bavSvi, roca es unda da Tavi Seikavos misi gaCenisgan, rodesac amis aucilebloba arsebobs. isini fiqroben, rom ramdenadac sul ufro meti daojaxebuli qali ebmeba anazRaurebad SromaSi, maTTvis ojaxis dagegmva da sakuTari orsulobis kontroli ufrodaufro aqtualuri sakiTxi xdeba.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, saqarTveloSi ojaxis dagegmva XIX saukunidan iRebs saTaves. tradiciulad saqarTveloSi arsebobda saSualoSvilianobis norma, rasac mravali faqtori udevs safuZvlad. qveyanaSi arsebulma ekonomikurma, politikurma, kulturulma da geografiulma garemom Seqmna iseTi pirobebi, rom qarTuli ojaxi cdilobda ekontrolebina Svilebis raodenoba da zog SemTxvevaSi SeezRuda kidec. saSualoSvilianobis norma didi xnis manZilze narCundeboda saqarTvelos zogierT regionSi (xevsureTSi, sadac Sobadobis regulireba gviani qorwinebebiT xdeboda. xevsuri qalebi xSirad 30-35 wlis asakSi Txovdebodnen da Sesabamisad maTi reproduqciuli periodi SezRuduli iyo. garda amisa, ojaxSi bavSvebis raodenobas tradiciebi zRudavda, romelic amasTanave bavSvebis raodenobasac gansazRvravda. magaliTad mTiuleTsa da xevsureTSi ramdenime wlis manZilze bavSvebs ar iyoliebdnen, amasTanave miRebuli ar iyo, rom wyvils Svilebi zedized gaeCina). amis miuxedavad, qarTul realobaSi naklebad aris nakvlevi ojaxis dagegmvis praqtika. sxvadasxva wlebSi, saqarTveloSi reproduqciul sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad Catarebuli kvlevebi iseT sakiTxebze iyo orientirebuli, rogorebicaa: ojaxSi bavSvebis sasurveli raodenoba, bavSvebis yolis motivacia, kontracefciis saSualebebi, aborti da a.S. Cemi azriT, garda am sakiTxebisa, sainteresoa isic, Tu ra mizezebis gamo ikavebs wyvili Svilis gaCenisgan Tavs da rogori Sedegebi moaqvs amas misTvis, anu rogor aisaxeba ojaxis dagegmva qalis cxovrebaze.

Cemi naSromis Temas warmoadgens ojaxis dagegmva. Tumca imis gamo, rom ojaxis dagegmva sakmaod farTo Temaa da mraval sakiTxs moicavs, Sesabamisi literaturisa da am Temaze Catarebuli kvlevebis gacnobis Semdeg gadavwyvite Semeswavla is mizezebi, ris gamoc ojaxi mimarTavs ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikas da Sedegebi, romlebic am praqtikas axlavs Tan.

ojaxis dagegmvas qalisa da mamakacisTvis met-naklebad gansxvavebuli Sedegebi moaqvs. qali aCens bavSvs, kvebavs, mogvianebiT savaraudod ufro met dros uTmobs mis aRzrda/ganaTlebas. yovelive aman SesaZloa dabrkolebebi Seuqmnas mis profesiul ganviTarebasa da dasaqmebas. garkveuli periodiT Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebis SemTxvevaSi ki, qals saSualeba eZleva iyos ufro metad aqtiuri sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi da hqondes sakuTari kariera. yovelive es, cxadia, mis TviTSefasebazec dadebiTad aisaxeba da gaaZlierebs mas fsiqologiur donezec. sainteresoa, Tu rogor afaseben Tavad qalebi, maT mier ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikas da ras fiqroben maTi meuRleebi. swored am sakiTxebis Seswavlas emsaxureba Cems mier Catarebuli kvleva.

Tumca saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT ar Catarebula masStaburi kvleva, romelic ojaxis dagegmvis mizezebsa da Sedegebs Seiswavlida, sxva qveynebSi Catarebuli kvlevebiT dasturdeba is, rac zemoT vTqvi. kerZod, ojaxis dagegmva gansakuTrebiT dadebiTad qalebze aisaxeba da isini ZiriTadi beneficiarebi arian.

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis (Family Health International (FHI), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)) mier sxvadasxva qveynebSi (indonezia, bangladeSi) Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi, saidanac vigebT, Tu rogor aisaxeba ojaxis dagegmva qalis cxovrebaze da ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs mas qalebisTvis. kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad ojaxis dagegmvisas ZiriTadi beneficiarebi qalebi arian. ojaxis dagegmva qals sam doneze aZlierebs, esenia: ekonomikuri (dasaqmebisa da/an anazRaurebadi samuSaos Sesrulebis meti Sansi eZleva), fsiqologiuri (TviTSefasebis donis amaRleba) da ojaxuri (ufro metadaa CarTuli ojaxSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi). zogierTi respondenti qalis azriT qalebs, romlebic ojaxs gegmaven dasaqmebis meti Sansi aqvT, vidre maT, vinc msgavs praqtikas ar mimarTavs. am faqts isini imiT xsnian, rom qals rac ufro naklebi Svili hyavs (da Sesabamisad naklebi ojaxuri pasuxismgebloba aqvs), miT ufro meti Sansi aqvs dasaqmdes oficialur, Tu araoficialur seqtorSi da gaaumjobesos ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. Svilis gaCenisgan droebiT Tavis Sekaveba mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens ojaxis cxovrebaze da gansakuTrebiT dadebiTad qalze aisaxeba. imis gamo, rom kvlevis farglebSi, mxolod qalebi gamoikiTxnen, rTulia visaubroT im Sedegebze, rac ojaxis dagegmvam moutana mamakacebs. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT ar aris Catarebuli Tvisebrivi kvleva, romelic ojaxis dagegmvas swored am kuTxiT Seiswavlida. Tumca, aris kvlevebi, romlebic ojaxis dagegmvis calkeul aspeqtebs moicavs da yvela maTgani kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiTaa Catarebuli. mokled mimovixilav TviToeul maTgans.

ojaxis dagegmvis calkeuli aspeqtebis Sesaswavlad Catarebuli kvlevebi saqarTveloSi

1996 wels sazogadoebrivma organizaciam “saerTaSoriso fondi kuracio” sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis institutTan TanamSromlobiT Caatara sociologiuri kvleva, romlis mTavari mizani iyo saqarTveloSi ojaxis dagegmvis erovnuli politikis SemuSaveba da ojaxis dagegmvisa da reproduqciuli janmrTelobis Sesaxeb sarwmuno informaciis mopoveba. kvlevis farglebSi gamoikiTxa 1455 adamiani (48% kaci da 52% qali). kvleva reprezentatuli iyo saqarTvelos masStabiT da pirispir intervius meTodis gamoyenebiT warimarTa. miRebuli Sedegebi Tanaxmad, respondentebis 95% iyenebs ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikas, Tumca maT ar ican, Tu ra Sinaarsis matarebelia termini “ojaxis dagegmva”. gamokiTxulTa Soris qalebi Seadgendnen im respondentebis umravlesobas, romlebsac saWirod miaCniaT ojaxis dagegmva. umravlesobas miaCnia, rom msgavsi sakiTxebi partniorebma erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebiT unda gadaWran. ganaTlebis donis matebasTan erTad matulobs maTi wili, vinc am azrs iziarebs.

ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTveloSi SeiniSneba orientacia mcireSvilian ojaxze. am kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom ojaxebis umravlesoba mainc cdilobs erTi, an ori Svilis yolas. gaTxovili qalebis umravlesobas (96,5%) kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli, Tu rodis da ramdeni Svilis yola unda. maT miaCniaT, rom umjobesia qalma gaTxovebidan erTi wlis manZilze gaaCinos pirveli Svili. rac Seexeba Svilebis sasurvel da idealur raodenobas, sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo isini erTmaneTs ar emTxveva.

sainteresoa isic, rom qalaqSi mcxovrebi qalebisTvis pirvelsa da momdevno Svils/Svilebs Soris periodi gacilebiT didia, vidre soflad mcxovrebi qalebis SemTxvevaSi.

Cemi azriT, Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom qalebi emorCilebian sazogadoebaSi arsebul normas, romlis mixedviTac TiTqos savaldebuloa qalma gaTxovebis pirvelive wels gaaCinos Svili, am socialuri normis Sesabamisi qcevis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi ki, qalaqSi mcxovrebi qalebi cdiloben garkveuli vadiT gadadon meore Svilis gaCena.

amasTanave, kvlevam daadgina, rom pirveli bavSvis yolis asaki qalaqad ufro didia, vidre soflad. pirdapirproporciuli kavSiria respondentis ganaTlebis donesa da pirveli da momdevno Svilis yolis asaks Soris. umaRlesi da daumTavrebeli umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone qalebis reproduqciuli periodi TiTqmis ori wliT metia arasruli saSualo da ufro dabali ganaTlebis mqone qalebis maCvenebelze. rogorc Cans qalebi, romelTa ganaTlebis done maRalia, zrunaven profesiul winsvlaze da karieraze, Sesabamisad, cdiloben iqamde Seikavon Tavi momdevno Svilis gaCenisgan, vidre dasaxul profesiul mizans ar miaRweven. miuxedavad amisa, kavSiri qalis ganaTlebasa da bavSvebis raodenobas Soris ukuproporciulia. marTalia umaRlesi da daumTavrebeli umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone qalebisTvis bavSvebis idealuri raodenoba naklebia maTze dabali ganaTlebis mqone ganaTlebis doneze, mTlianobaSi bavSvTa Sobadoba Zalian Semcirebulia.

rogorc vxedavT, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori, ris gamoc qalebi bavSvis gaCenisgan garkveuli periodiT ikaveben Tavs, aris ganaTlebis miRebis survili, amasTanave, qalebi, romelTa gnaTlebis donec ufro maRalia, nakleb Svils aCenen. ojaxis dagegmvis meore ZiriTadi mizezia ojaxis Semosavlis done. ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs rogorc mTlianad sazogadoebis, aseve ojaxis cxovrebaSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrob, swored maszea damokidebuli ojaxSi miRebuli mravali gadawyvetileba, maT Soris, rodis da ramdeni bavSvi gaaCinos col-qmarma. ojaxis mcire zomis SenarCuneba wyvils SesaZleblobas aZlevs, miaRwios im mizans, ris gamoc mimarTavs ojaxis dagegmvis pratikas da Sesabamisad gaiumjobesos ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. es imas ar niSnavs, rom Tu ojaxs, sadac cota bavSvia, ekonomikuri keTildReoba garantirebuli aqvs. magram isic faqtia, rom SezRuduli materialuri resursebis pirobebSi, bavSvebis yola naklebad faseuli xdeba. Tumca, “saerTaSoriso fondi kuracios” mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom bavSvebis raodenobasa da Semosavlis dones Soris ukuproporciuli kavSiri arsebobs. anu, Semosavlis donis zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba bavSvebis raodenoba, radgan wina planze sxva faseulobebi gamodis. bavSvebis yolaze gavlenas axdens isic, Tu ramdenad kmayofilia esa Tu is ojaxi sakuTari Semosavlis doniT.

gaeros mosaxleobis fondma 2005 wels Caatara reproduqciuli janmrTelobis kvleva saqarTveloSi, romelis farglebSic 15-dan 44-wlamde (reproduqciuli) asakis 6 000 qali gamoikiTxa. gamoyenebul iqna pirispir intervius meTodi. kvleva reprezentatuli iyo da mis farglebSi erT-erTi mizani iyo im faqtorebis gamovlena, romlebic qalebis reproduqciul qcevaze axdenen gavlenas. miRebuli monacemebidan vigebT, Tu ramdeni Svilis yola surT qalebs saqarTveloSi, visi gadawyvetilebaa es da ramdeni xniT ikaveben isini Svilis gaCenisgan Tavs. respondentebis TiTqmis naxevari miiCnevs, rom Svilebis idealuri raodenobaa 2-3. gamokiTxuli qalebis 92%-is azriT ki ojaxis dagegmvis gadawyvetileba wyvilma SeTanxmebiT unda miiRos. rac Seexeba Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebis xangrZlivobas, respondentebis umravlesobam ganacxada, rom sul cota erTi wliT mainc gadadeben Svilis gaCenas. sxva qveynebSi Catarebuli kvlevebis msgavsad, es kvlevac adasturebs, rom qalebi, romelTac karieruli winsvlisa da ekonomikuri damoukideblobis survili aqvT, ufro xSirad mimarTaven ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikas. amasTanave ojaxis mcire zomis SenarCunebisas did rols TamaSobs wyvilis ganaTlebis done.

mesame kvleva, romelic mraval sxva sakiTxTan erTad saqarTveloSi ojaxis dagegmvis zogierT aspeqts ikvlevda, aris gaeros mosaxleobis fondisa da mosaxleobis kvlevis erovnuli centris mier 2008 wels Catarebuli masobrivi gamokiTxva. kvlevis Sedegad gamoikiTxa 10 000 qali da mamakaci. misi mizani iyo Seeswavla qarTul sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibebuli reproduqciuli qcevis orientaciebi, molodinebi da ganzraxvebi. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom respondentebi, romlebic kvlevis momentSi iyvnen orsulad, fexmZimobas sasurvelad da dagegmilad Tvlidnen. igives acxadebdnen is mamakacebi, romelTa partnioric orsulad iyo. miRebulma Sedegebma iseve, rogorc wina ori kvlevis SemTxvevaSi, aqac aCvena, rom ojaxis dagegmvis sakiTxze partnioris Soris Tanxmobis done sakmaod maRalia. sainteresoa isic, rom gamokiTxulTa Soris yvelaze maRali reproduqciuli ganzraxvebi 25 wlamde asakis respondentebs aqvT. aseve axalgazrda wyvilebSi ufro metad SeiniSneba genderuli gansxvaveba bavSvis yolis ganzraxvaSi. mamakacebi qalebTan SedarebiT ufro motivirebulebi arian bavSvis yoliT, vidre qalebi.

respondentebis ganzraxva Svilis sasurvel raodenobasTan da Svilis yolasTan dakavSirebiT ganpirobebulia Svilebis faqtobrivi rodenobiT. rogorc aRmoCnda, erTSvilian respondentTa mxolod mesamedi apirebs meore Svilis gaCenas axlo momavalSi, rac, Cemi azriT, qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT aixsneba. Tumca am kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom reproduqciul orientaciebze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens Semdegi faqtorebi: ganaTleba, kariera da dasaqmeba. es faqtorebi mniSvnelovnad gansazRvraven qalis gadawyvetilebas rodis iyolios, an iyolios Tu ara kidev erTi Svili, raTa ar Seeqmnas problemebi karieruli winsvlis gzaze. amasTanave respondentebs, romlebsac ganaTlebis maRali done aqvT, naklebi Svili hyavs.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, saqarTveloSi TiTqmis ar aris Seswavlili, Tu rogor aisaxeba qalze ojaxis dagegmva; ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs am praqtikas misTvis; ramdenad aZlierebs (ekonomikur, fsiqologiur doneze) qals Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekaveba; rogor afasebs ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikis gavlenas sakuTar Tavze coli da rogor aRiqvams mas, misi meuRle; mizezebi, romlebic wyvilis mier ojaxis dagegmvas udevs safuZvlad da maTi molodinebi. swored am sakiTxebis Seswavlas isaxavs miznad Cems mier Catarebuli kvleva. Cemi azriT, ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikis raodenobrivi meTodebiT Seswavlisas bevri mniSvnelovani sakiTxi yuradRebis miRma rCeba, amitom gadavwyvite, Cametarebina Tvisebrivi kvleva im ojaxebTan, romlebic Svilis gaCenisgan ikaveben Tavs. kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebi saSualebas gvaZleven Rrma da detaluri informacia miviRoT sakvlev Temis Sesaxeb, Tumca am meTodebis gamoyenebiT miRebuli Sedegebi ar aris reprezentatuli.

literaturis mimoxilva

reproduqciuli qcevis motivebis Seswavla XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan iRebs saTaves. rogorc yvela adamianuri qceva, reproduqciuli qcevac SezRudulia erTis mxriv fiziologiuri TvalsazrisiT da meoris mxriv socialuri kontrolis meqanizmebiT, romlebic gansazRvraven wyvilis mier bavSvis gaCenis socialur aspeqtebs. Tanamedrove mkvlevarebis azriT, reproduqciul qcevas ekonomikuri, socialuri da fsiqologiuri motivebi udevs safuZvlad. ekonomikuri motivebi gulisxmobs ojaxSi bavSvebis gansazRvruli raodenobis gaCenas garkveuli ekonomikuri statusis mopovebis mizniT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Svilis gaCenas wyvili ar miyavs ekonomikur sargeblamde, maSin reproduqciuli qceva ar warimarTeba am motivze dayrdnobiT. reproduqciul qcevas socialuri motivebi udevs safuZvlad maSin, rodesac is socialuri garemo, sadac amgvari qceva warimarTeba, sociokulturul normebs awesebs ojaxSi bavSvebis yolis raodenobaze. aseTi motivebis gavlena gansakuTrebiT Zlieria maSin, rodesac wyvili maT emorCileba da Sesabamisad iqceva, anu aCens bavSvebis im raodenobas, romelic miRebulia mocemul sazogadoebaSi, raTa garSemomyofTa TvalSi aimaRlos socialuri statusi. da bolos, fsiqologiuri motivebi, socialurisgan gansxvavebiT, iseT reproduqciul qcevas warmarTavs, romlis mizanicaa piradi, Sinagani survilebis ganxorcieleba. aucilebeli ar aris, rom reproduqciuli qceva yvela ganxilul motivs moicavdes. is SesaZloa icvlebodes calkeuli kulturisa da sazogadoebebis mixedviT. Tumca mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven imasac, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi, bavSvebis gaCenisas ekonomikuri da socialuri motivebi meorexarisxovani xdeba da pirvel adgilze Svilis yolis moTxovnilebis Sinagani, fsiqologiuri motivebi gamodis.

janmrTelobis dacvis saerTaSoriso organizaciis Tanaxmad, reproduqciuli qcevis warmarTvaze da ojaxis dagegmvis gadawyvetilebis miRebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens ojaxSi genderul ZalTa (Gender-based power) gadanawileba, romelic reproduqciuli qcevis sakiTxs ukve socialur konteqstSi ganixilavs. speizeri, vitli da kaizeri miiCneven, rom ojaxSi, sadac mamakaci dominantia, qali iZulebuli xdeba damorCildes da imoqmedos mis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad, maT Soris ojaxis dagegmvis sakiTxebzec. aseT SemTxvevaSi, qmari iRebs gadawyvetilebas, dagegmos Tu ara ojaxi da Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebis ra saSualebebi gamoiyenos. misi aseTi qceva ganpirobebulia avtoritetis dakargvis SiSiT. Sesabamisad qalebs, romelTac mcire doziT mainc aqvT ganviTarebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari da amasTan erTad arian damoukideblebi, ufro meti SesaZlebloba eZlevaT, sakuTari survilis mixedviT warmarTon reproduqciuli qceva.

Cveulebriv, ojaxis dagegmvaze saubrisas qalebi ganixilebian ZiriTad beneficiarebad. naklebad aris Seswavlili is Sedegebi, romelic Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebas moaqvs mamakacebisTvis. TiTqmis ar aris nakvlevi isic, Tu ramdenad arian mamakacebi CarTulebi ojaxis dagegmvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. swored ojaxis dagegmvis procesSi mamakacebis CarTulobis Sesaswavlad indoeTSi Catarda kvleva siRrmiseuli intervius meTodis gamoyenebiT. kvlevis respondentebi iyvnen maRali kastis erTi ojaxis xuTi Taobis warmomadgeneli mamakacebi. miRebulma Sedegebma aCvena, rom mamakacebi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulebi. mamakacebisTvis ojaxis mcire zomis SenarCunebis motivs ekonomikuri safuZveli aqvs da ufro farTo socialuri da kulturuli konteqstis nawilia. ojaxis dagegmvis mizania meuRleebis rolisa da maT Soris pasuximgeblobis ganawilebis Sesaxeb arsebuli kulturuli normebis SenarCuneba. kara, Starki da vulfi miiCneven, rom mamakacis mier reproduqciuli qcevis kontroli ori kulturuli faqtoriT aixsneba: I - ufrosi Taobis magaliTis gaTvaliswineba da II -qorwinebaSi qalisa da mamakacis rolebis Sesaxeb arsebuli tradiciuli Sexedulebebis SenarCuneba. qalebs miaCniaT, rom qmari ojaxis ZiriTadi marCenalia, mas meti codna da ganaTleba aqvs, amitom coli mas unda emorCilebodes. kvlevis Sedegad miRebulma monacemebma aCvena, rom mamakacebis mier ojaxis mcire zomis SenarCuneba ufro grZelvadian sargebels aZlevs colebs, rac maT gaZlierebaSi aisaxeba. kerZod, gamokvleuli ojaxis xuTive TaobaSi is mamakacebi, romlebic ojaxis dagegmvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebdnen, sakuTari qaliSvilebis ganaTlebis iniciatorebi gaxdnen. rac imiT aixsneba, rom Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebis gamo im ojaxebSi, sadac qaliSvili hyavdaT, meti ekonomikuri resursi iyo misTvis ganaTlebis misacemad. yovelive aman Sedegad moitana is, rom ojaxis mexuTe TaobaSi mamakacebi ukve dadebiTad afaseben maTi meuRleebis karieris ganviTarebas. Tumca, qalis kariera da misi ganaTleba kvlav ganixileba, rogorc ufro naklebi Rirebulebis mqone, mamakacTan SedarebiT.

gaeros monacemebiT mraval qveyanaSi, sadac qalis roli mxolod Svilebis aRzrdiTa da ojaxze zrunviT Semoifargleba da sadac misTvis uamravi dabrkoleba arsebobs sazogadoebriv sferoSi dasamkvidreblad, gogonebi adreul asakSi Txovdebian da aCenen Svilebs. Sesabamisad, maT ganaTlebis miRebisa da dasaqmebis naklebi Sansi rCebaT. maTgan gansxvavebiT, im qveynebSi, sadac qalebisTvis umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis maRali SesaZleblobaa, mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebi ufro did asakSi qmnian ojaxs, da ufro xSirad mimarTaven ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikas misi mcire zomis SenarCunebis mizniT. mecnierTa azriT, ganaTlebis maRali done orsulobis kontrolis erT-erTi umTavresi pirobaa. qalebs, romlebsac umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvT, esmiT, rom ojaxisa da qmar-Svilis miRma kidev uamravi ram arsebobs; isini metad informirebulebi arian garemomcveli samyaros Sesaxeb da rac mTavaria iswrafvian damoukideblobisaken. miriam morisma da edvard vainStokma gadawyvites SeemowmebinaT hipoTeza, rom rac ufro maRalia qalis ganaTlebis done, miT ufro metad mimarTavs is ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikas. am varaudis Sesamowmeblad maT gamoikvlies amerikaSi mcxovrebi gansxvavebuli ganaTlebis mqone qalebi. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom Tumca ganaTlebis done mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebaze, es gavlena gansxvavebulia calkeuli rasobrivi da religiuri jgufebis mixedviT. magaliTad, rac ufro ganaTlebulia TeTrkaniani qali, miT ufro metad mimarTavs is ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikas. samagierod igives ver vityviT Savkanian qalebze. maT SemTxvevaSi msgavs kavSirs adgili ar qonia.

iseve, rogorc ganaTlebis done, qalTa dasaqmeba mWidro kavSirSia ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikasTan. anazRaurebadi Sroma SesaZleblobas aZlevs dedebs finansurad uzrunvelyon sakuTari Svilebi, Tumca, meores mxriv, es Svilis gaCenis gzaze erT-erTi mniSvnelovani xelisSemSleli faqtori SeiZleba gaxdes. saqme imaSia, rom qalisTvis axalgazrda asakSi bevri Svilis gaCena TavisTavad gulisxmobs misi dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis SezRudvas. amis gamo is qalebi, romlebsac surT imuSaon, iZulebulni xdebian SezRudon sakuTari fertiloba. Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad zuravinma daadgina, rom qalebs, romlebmac mimarTes ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikas, akmayofilebT sakuTari Svilebis raodenoba, im qalebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebsac ar aqvT amgvari gamocdileba.

kifici miiCnevs, rom orsulobis SezRudva qalsa da mamakacs Soris uTanasworobis aRmofxvris erT-erTi mTavari niSania. mas miaCnia, rom qalebi, romlebic Tavad gansazRvraven Svilebis sasurvel raodenobas da mimarTaven ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikas, ufro naklebad izRudebian saojaxo sferoTi da cdiloben aqtiurad Caeban sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. amis paralelurad fertilobis dabali done, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, safuZvels uyris sazogadoebaSi qalisa da mamakacis saojaxo rolebis Sesaxeb arsebul stereotipuli warmodgenebis gaqrobas.

kono aRniSnavs, rom ojaxis dagegmvis praqtika gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria iseT ganviTarebad qveynebSi, sadac dabalia mamakacebis CarTuloba saojaxo saqmeSi. aseT qveynebSi qalebi, romlebic dasaqmebulni arian, paralelurad akeTeben saojaxo saqmes, radgan am qveynebSi ar arsebobs saTanado socialuri da bavSvTa movlis sistemebi. isini erTdroulad qmar-Svilsac uvlian da muSaoben kidec. qalebi cdiloben naklebi Svili iyolion, raTa meti Tavisufali dro hqondeT. amis sapirispirod, ganviTarebul qveynebSi, magaliTad SvedeTSi, sadac saojaxo saqme met-naklebad Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli da bavSvTa movlis sistema kargad aris ganviTarebuli, fertilobis done SedarebiT maRalia. aq qalebs SeuZliaT imuSaon naxevarganakveTian samuSaoze da hqondeT meti Tavisufali dro saojaxo saqmis gasakeTeblad. arasrul ganakveTze momuSave qalTa wili samxreT evropaSi, romelic fertilobis Zalian dabali doniT xasiaTdeba, mxolod 10%-ia, xolo niderlandebsa da norvegiaSi-60%. fertilobis dabali doniT xasiaTdeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebic, sadac meore msoflio omis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT imata dasaqmebuli qalebis raodenobam. es ukanaskneli qalebis fertilobazec aisaxa. jerald leslisa da Seila kormanis Tanaxmad, amerikul ojaxebSi TandaTan matulobs ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikis zrdis tendencia. maTi azriT, amis mTavari mizezi isaa, rom qalebs surT miaRwion warmatebas karieraSi da miiRon kargi ganaTleba. Tumca leslisa da kormanis miaCniaT, rom es ar aris amerikeli qalebisTvis Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebis umTavresi motivi. maTTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovania materialur doneze ekonomikuri stabilurobis, xolo fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT pirovnuli Tavisuflebis mopoveba.

ojaxis dagegmvis mizezebze saubrisas aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa qalaqsa da soflad mcxovrebi qalebis reproduqciul qcevebs Soris. qalaqeli qalebi soflad mcxovreb qalebTan SedarebiT ufro nakleb Svils aCenen. ganviTarebad qveynebSi Catarebuli kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom qalaqSi dasaxlebuli qalebi ufro gvian Txovdebian da Sesabamisad ufro did asakSi aCenen pirvel Svils. amasTan erTad, isini cdiloben maqsimalurad SezRudon ojaxSi bavSvebis raodenoba. 33 ganviTarebad qveynaSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom amis mizezi SesaZloa iyos qalaqad mcxovrebi qalebis ganaTlebis maRali done, anazRaurebadi samsaxuris SenarCunebis survili da ojaxis dagegmvis servisebsa da kontracepciis Tanamedrove saSualebebze farTo xelmisawvdomoba.

samwuxarod, Zalian cota literaturaa imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra Sedegebs aZlevs wyvils Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekaveba da rogor aisaxeba is qalis gaZlierebaze. zogadadGgaZliereba (empowerment) gulixmobs yvela - fizikuri, inteleqtualuri, adamianuri, ekonomikuri, fsiqologiuri resursebis kontrols. qalis gaZliereba niSnavs mis xelT arsebuli socialuri, ekonomikuri, porovnuli, politikuri resursebisa da Zalebis kontrols, sakuTari cxovrebis gaumjobesebis mizniT. silvia valbi miiCnevs, rom sazogadoebebSi, sadac mamakaci dominantia, xolo qali masze daqvemdebarebuli, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben mis yovelmxriv daqvemdebarebasa da misi adamianuri resursebis kontrols. aseT sazogadoebebSi mamakacebis kontrols eqvemdebareba qalis reproduqciuli funqciac. qalebs ar aqvT saSualeba Tavad gadawyviton, Tu rodis da ramdeni bavSvi iyolion. zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare ligikuria, rom Tu qali meuRlesTan SeTanxmebiT iRebs gadawyvetilebas ojaxis mcire zomis SenarCunebaze da sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad garkveuli periodiT ikavebs Tavs Svili/Svilebis gaCenisgan, aman savaraudod unda gamoiwvios misi gaZliereba ojaxsa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, Tumca mwiria literatura, romelic amas daadasturebs. am kuTxiT sainteresoa mesame msoflios qveynebSi Catarebuli kvlevebi.

gaeros mosaxleobis fondis (UNFPA) mier, mraval qveyanaSi (zimbambve, bolivia, indonezia, mali, egvipte, brazilia) Catarebuli Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi kvlevebis monacemebis Tanaxmad, qalebis umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom ojaxis dagegmvas maTTvis dadebiTi Sedegebi moaqvs, radgan meti SesaZlebloba eZlevaT, rom miiRon ganaTleba da iSovon samsaxuri. isini acxadeben, rom, rac ufro naklebi Svili eyolebaT, meti dro eqnebaT ojaxs gareT samuSaod. Sesabamisad qalebs, romelTac ojaxis dagegmvis gamocdileba aqvT, umaRldebaT TviTSefaseba da avtonomiurobis gancda, radgan SesaZlebloba eZlevaT gavidnen ojaxs gareT da aqtiurad CaerTon sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. respondentebis azriT, ojaxis dagegmva aseve aumjobesebs maT urTierTobas qmrebTan. erT-erTi zimbambveli qalis azriT, ojaxis dagegmvis gareSe cxovrebas azri ara aqvs, rodesac bevri Svili gyavs aRar geZleva imis saSualeba, rom, rogorc qalma, izruno da siyvaruli miuZRvna Sens qmarsa da Svilebs.

kvlevis monacemebis Tanaxmad, respondenti qalebi miiCneven, rom ojaxis dagegmvas maTTvis ara mxolod dadebiTi, aramed uaryofiTi Sedegebic moaqvs. kerZod, janmrTelobis gauareseba, rac cudad SerCeulma kontraceptivebma SesaZloa gamoiwvios.

aseve sainteresoa Family Health International-is (FHI) mier bangladeSSi Catarebuli kvleva. kvlevis farglebSi bangladeSis 6 sofelSi, siRrmiseuli intervius meTodis gamoyenebiT, 104 qali gamoikiTxa. kvlevis mizani iyo daedgina, Tu ra sargebeli moaqvs ojaxis dagegmvas qalebisTvis. aRmoCnda, rom ojaxis dagegmvas maTTvis, rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs. isini dadebiTad afaseben imas, rom daisvenes fizikurad da Tavidan airides mSobiarobis stresi, anu respondentebis umravlesoba Tvlis, rom ojaxis dagegmva maT janmrTelobaze kargad aisaxeba; aseve gaiumjobeses ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, rac maT mier ojaxis dagegmvis erT-erT mTavar mizezs warmoadgenda da Sesabamisad miecaT saSualeba, rom ukeTesad aWamon, Caacvan da aswavlon Svilebs, romlebic ukve hyavT. rac Seexeba uaryofiT Sedegebs, qalebis azriT, esaa janmrTelobis gauareseba ojaxis dagegmvis amaTuim saSualebis gamoyenebis gamo. Anu, respondentebis azriT, Tu erT SemTxvevaSi ojaxis dagegmva dadebiTad aisaxeba maTi janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze, meore SemTxvevaSi, arasworad SerCeulma kontracefciis saSualebebma SesaZloa maTi janmrTelobis gauareseba gamoiwvion.

ojaxis dagegmvis meSveobiT qalis gaZlierebis Seswavlaze iyo orientirebuli indoneziaSi FHI-is mier Catarebuli kvleva, romlis Sedegadac 30 qalTan Catarda siRrmiseuli interviu, xolo 800 qali gamoikiTxa raodenobrivi kvlevis farglebSi. kvlevam aCvena, rom qmrebTan komunikaciis xarisxi maRalia im qalebTan, romlebic ojaxis dagegmvas mimarTaven, aseve maRalia maTi CarTuloba ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. qalebi, romlebic ojaxis dagegmvas mimarTavdnen, ufro metad motivirebulebi iyvnen emuSavaT da SeesrulebinaT anazRaurebadi saqme, vidre is qalebi, romlebic ar ikavebdnen Tavs Svilebis gaCenisgan. mniSvnelovania isic, rom qalebi, romelTac aqvT ganaTleba da samsaxuri, ufro advilad Tanxmdebian meuRlesTan ojaxis dagegmvis Temaze. sakuTar gamocdilebaze saubrisas respondentebis umravlesoba aRniSnavs, rom ojaxis mcire zomis SenarCuneba maT SesaZleblobas aZlevs aqtiurad CaerTon sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSic.

aqve minda aRvniSno, rom vinaidan es kvlevebi sxva qveynebSia (ZiriTadad es aris mesame msoflios qveynebi) Catarebuli. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am qveynebSi arsebul mZime socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is Sedegebi, romlebic ojaxis dagegmvas mesame samyaroSi mcxovrebi qalebisTvis moaqvs, SesaZloa sruliad gansxvavdebodes im Sedegebisgan, romlebic saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qalebisTvis Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebas moaqvs.

kvlevis meTodologia

Cemi kvlevis farglebSi gamovkiTxe 10 ojaxi. kvlevis sawyis etapze dagegmili mqonda, rom gamomekiTxa 10 ojaxi da TviToeul ojaxSi Cametarebina or-ori interviu, rogorc colTan aseve qmarTan. Tumca, kvlevis manZilze wavawydi garkveul sirTuleebs. kerZod, Cemi respondenti qalebis qmrebis nawilma (5-ma mamakacma) uari ganacxada kvlevaSi monawileobis miRebaze, ris gamoc, am etapze xelT maqvs mxolod 5 qmris interviu. mTlianobaSi dagegmili 20 siRrmiseuli intervius nacvlad mxolod 15 interviu Cavatare.

respondentebis SerCeva: rac Seexeba respondentebis SerCevas, Temis sferodan gamomdinare gadavwyvite kvleva Cametarebina im ojaxebSi, romlebic droebiT ikaveben Tavs Svilis/Svilebis gaCenisgan. kvleva Cavatare TelavSi mcxovreb ojaxebTan, romlebic ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikas ewevian. ojaxebis SerCeva Semdegi kriteriumebiT movaxdine:

· pirveli kriteriumi iyo is, rom am ojaxebs unda hyolodaT mxolod erTi Svili (an Svilebi, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirveli mSobiarobis Semdeg ojaxSi tyupi Svili gaCnda);

· meore kriteriumi – es ojaxebi kvlevis momentSi aucioeblad unda mimarTavdnen ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikas, anu garkveuli periodiT Tavs ikavebdnen momdevno Svilis an Svilebis gaCenisgan, magram aucileblad apireben kidev erTi, an ramdenime Svilis gaCenas;

· mesame kriteriumi - rogorc coli, aseve qmari kvlevis momentSi yofiliyo dasaqmebuli, anu ekeTebina raime tipis anazRaurebadi saqme da am anazRaurebas hqonoda stabiluri xasiaTi;

aseve minda aRvniSno, rom ojaxebis SerCevisas CemTvis ar qonda principuli mniSvneloba ojaxebis tips, anu imas, tradiciuli tipis iyo es ojaxi, Tu nuklearuli.

Cemi kvlevis farglebSi miRebul monacemebs ar ganvazogadeb, radgan Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodebi cdilobs ramodenime SemTxvevis safuZvelze axsnas esaTuis socialuri movlena. Aam meTodebis gamoyenebiT socialuri procesebis Sesaxeb mdidar informacias viRebT, radgan movlenebs maT bunebriv garemoSi SeviswavliT. Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi respondentebis cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas efuZneba da gviCvenebs respondentebis warmodgenebs, aRqmebsa da varaudebs socialuri samyarosa da calkeuli movlenebis Sesaxeb. raodenobrivi mkvlevarebisgan gansxvavebiT Tvisebrivi mkvlevarebis mizani arc aris reprezentatuli monacemebis mopoveba, amis nacvlad mkvlevarebs eZlevaT saSualeba axsnan da Seiswavlon adamianTa cxovrebis iseTi niuansebi, romlebic “SesaZloa SeumCneveli darCes raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas”. kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas, mkvlevari ar rCeba mxolod “gare” damkvirveblis rolSi, aramed respondentebTan urTierTobis procesSi igebs, Tu rogor aRiqvamen isini ama Tu im situaciasa da movlenas da ra interpretacias aZleven mas.

aqve mimovixilav siRrmiseuli intervius meTods, romlis gamoyenebiTac kvleva Cavatare.

meTodis aRwera: rogorc T. zurabiSvilis wignSi-“Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi”-vkiTxulobT, siRrmiseuli interviu nawilobriv struqturirebul interviuTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba da “miznad isaxavs respondentebisagan detaluri, Rrma da Tanmimdevruli informaciis miRebas maTi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxdeba garkveuli sazogadoebrivi kanonzomierebis dadgena”.

vaisis Tanaxmad, siRrmiseuli interviu iwyeba sakvlevi Temis Sesabamisi respondentebis SerCeviT, rasac mosdevs monacemebis Segroveba, maTi gaanalizeba da interpretacia. intervius bolo etapia kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis warmodgena angariSis saxiT. Tavad siRrmiseuli interviu etapi sami fazisgan Sedgeba: preinterviu, romlis drosac interviueri respondents acnobs kvlevis miznebs, respondentebis SerCevis kriteriumebs, arwmunebs kvlevis anonimurobaSi da sTxovs nebarTvas intervius Casawerad; kerZod interviu siRrmiseuli intervius is fazaa, rodesac respondenti pasuxobs interviueris kiTxvebs da iRebs misTvis saintereso informacias; postinterviu intervius dasrulebisa da damSvidobebis procesia, romelic sxva mniSvnelovani datvirTvis matarebelicaa. magaliTad intervius am etapze interviuers SeuZlia respondentTan momavali Sexvedris droc SeaTanxmos, Tu amas misi gamokvlevis programa iTvaliswinebs, an gadasces respondents anazRaureba kvlevaSi monawileobisTvis, Tu es winaswar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.

siRrmiseuli intervius mizania sakvlev TemasTan dakavSirebiT axali informaciis mopoveba da misi msvlelobisas Zalian mniSvnelovania iseTi kiTxvebis dasma, rogorebicaa: “rogor?” da “ratom?”. es kiTxvebi gvexmarebian gavigoT respondentebis Sefaseba CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebze da SesaZleblobas gvaZleven ganvaviTaroT sakvlev TemasTan dakavSirebuli iseTi sakiTxebi, romlebic kvlevis dagegmvisas garkveuli mizezebis gamo ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. amasTanave, rac ufro Rrma informacias viRebT respondentisgan, miT ufro saintereso masala gvigrovdeba da ufro warmatebuli iqneba kvleva. intervius procesSi SesaZlebloba gveZleva SeviswavloT respondentebis damokidebuleba CvenTvis saintereso socialuri movlenis mimarT da am movlenis gavlena maTze. siRrmiseuli interviu ar aris mxolod Tavisufali saubari, rogorc es erTi SexedviT SesaZloa Candes. vaisi miiCnevs, rom Cveulebrivi saubrisgan gansxvavebiT, intervius dros respondenti saubrobs mxolod im sakiTxebze, romlebic kvlevis Temas exeba. warmatebuli intervius Casatareblad mkvlevari mTeli rigi profesiuli unar-Cvevebis dauflebas saWiroebs. man respondents unda misces saSualeba, rom Tavisuflad gamoxatos sakuTari azri, isaubros Tavis cxovrebaze. interviueri valdebulia, rac SeiZleba naklebi ilaparakos da Tavi Seikavos iseTi frazebisgan, romlebic respondentis naTqvams eTanxmeba, an piriqiT. intervius procesSi sainteresoa is, Tu ras fiqrobs respondenti sakvlev Temaze, rogoria misi Sefasebebi da ara is, Tu rogor reagirebs mis naTqvamze mkvlevari.

mkvlevari valdebulia akontrolos intervius mimdinareoba, MraTa miRebuli informacia ar gascdes misi kvlevis fokuss. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu respondenti saubris Temas gadauxvevs da iseT sakiTxebze daiwyebs laparaks, rasac kvlevis Tema ar iTvaliswinebs, mkvlevars ufleba aqvs gamoiyenos Tavisi Zala da respondenti sakvlev sakiTxs daubrunos. amasTan erTad interviuers mudam unda axsovdes, rom kargi intervius Casatareblad aucilebelia respondentTan megobruli damokidebuleba, radgan mxolod asea SesaZlebeli kargi intervius Catareba.

siRrmiseuli intervius msvlelobisas mkvlevars esaWiroeba sadiskusio gegma, romelsac is kvlevis dawyebamde amzadebs. sadiskusio gegma esaa savaraudo kiTxvebis sia, romlebic sakvlevi Temis winaswari Seswavlis safuZvelzea Sedgenili da gvexmareba “vakontroloT intervius procesi, ar gamovtovoT mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi da maqsimaluri informacia miviRoT respondentisagan CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb”. misi winaswar Sedgena saWiroa imisTvis, rom SevadaroT sxvadasxva intervius Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne siRrmiseuli interviu nawilobriv struqturirebul interviuTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba da amas is faqti ganapirobebs, rom sadiskusio gegma ar gvaiZulebs mkacrad davicvaT kiTxvebis formulireba da mimdevroba, Tumca arc isaa sasurveli, rom maTi cvla Zalian xSiri da/an radikaluri iyos. amasTanave sadiskusio gegma e.w. “Ria” kiTxvebs sTavazobs respondents da am gziT saSualebas aZlevs mas, ar SeizRudos pasuxis variantebiT da Tavisuflad gamoxatos Tavisi azri, an Sefaseba sakvlev sakiTxebze. intervius warmatebisTvis aucilebelia, rom respondentsa da mkvlevars Soris gulaxdili damokidebuleba damyardes, rac kidev ufro gazrdis sando da saintereso informaciis mopovebis albaTobas.

erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi Casatarebeli siRrmiseuli interviuebis raodenoba meryeobs 20-30-dan 50-60 interviumde. aqve ar unda daviviwyoT, rom Tu interviuebis msvlelobisas veRar viRebT axal informacias, anu miRebuli Sedegebi meordeba, maSin umjobesia interviuebis Catarebis Sewyveta. rac Seexeba maT xangrZlivobas, is ZiriTadad sakvlev Temazea damokidebuli da 1,5-dan 3 saaTamde SesaZloa gagrZeldes da misi Cawera aucilebelia diqtofonze, raTa intervius dasrulebis Semdeg SevZloT misi gaanalizeba.

kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis analizi sakmaod rTuli procesia. vaisis Tanaxmad, kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiT miRebuli Sedegebis analizi, kvlevis monacemebis interpretaciasa da Sejamebas efuZneba. jon kresveli mis ramdenime safexurs gamoyofs. analizis pirvel etapze xdeba interviuebis gaSifvra da monacemebis daxarisxeba; meore safexuri monacemebis siRrmiseuli Seswavla da mTavari azris gamotanaa; analizis mesame safexurze mimdinareobs informaciis kodireba Tematikis mixedviT da TviToeuli Tematuri kategoriisTvis Sesabamisi saxelis darqmeva; momdevno etapebze xdeba am kategoriebis gaanalizeba. ukanaskneli safexuria monacemebis interpretacia. analizis am etapze mkvlevars eZleva saSualeba miRebuli Sedegebis sakuTari interpretacia moaxdinos.

miRebuli Sedegebis analizi-savele samuSaobis dasrulebis Semdeg miRebuli Sedegebis gaanalizebis mizniT Sevecade mivyolodi Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizis krosvelis mier gamoyofil safexurebs. analizis pirvel etapze gavSifre Cems mier Catarebuli yvela interviu, rasac moyva maTi Seswavla da ZiriTadi Sinaarsobrivi sakiTxebis dajgufeba. amis Semdeg miRebuli monacemebi gavaerTiane calkeul Tematur kategoriebSi da Sevecade maT Cemeul interpretacias. analizis procesis dasruebis Semdeg Sedegebi warmovadgine angariSis saxiT.

savele samuSaoebi-minda aRvniSno, rom kvlevis dawyebamde winaswar vuTanxmebodi Cems momaval respondentebs da Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, maTTvis Sesaferis dros vatarebdi kvlevas. kvlevis dawyebamde me yvela respondents avuxseni Cemi kvlevis miznebi da vuTxari isic, rom maTi vinaoba anonimuri iqneboda. aseve winaswar miviRe Taxmoba intervius diqtofonze Casawerad. yvela interviu Cavatare respondentebis saxlSi. intervius msvlelobisas vcdilobdi yuradReba gamemaxvilebina iseT Temebze, rac CemTvis mniSvnelovani iyo da am mizniT garda sadiskusio gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli kiTxvebisa, respondentebs vusvamdi damatebiT kiTxvebs, ufro Rrma informaciis misaRebad.

savele samuSaoebi gagrZelda TiTqmis erTi Tve. miuxedavad Cemi didi survilisa, rom TviToeul ojaxSi Cametarebina or-ori interviu (colTan da qmarTan), xuTma qmarma uari ganmicxada kvlevaSi monawilebis miRebaze. Sesabamisad iZulebuli gavxdi interviuebis umetesi nawili mxolod colTan Cametarebina. Tumca saboloo jamSi ramodenime ojaxSi mainc movaxerxe intervius Catareba rogorc colTan, aseve qmarTan, ramac saSualeba momca erTmaneTisTvis Semedarebina colisa da qmris Sefasebebi, Sexedulebebi da molodinebi. aseve minda aRvniSno, rom yvela respondents (garda erTisa, romelsac pirveli mSobiarobis Sedegad tyupi Svili SeeZina), yavs mxolod erTi Svili da Tavs ikavebs meore Svilis gaCenisgan. rac Seexeba respondentebis dasaqmebas, rac Cemi SerCevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumi iyo, gamokiTxul aT ojaxs Soris aris iseTebic, sadac coli, an qmari umuSevaria. Catarebuli interviuebis xangrZlivoba iyo 15-30 wuTi. interviuebis dasrulebis Semdeg vakeTebdi TviToeuli maTganis transkripts.

kvleviTi kiTxvebi

ojaxis dagegmvis ZiriTadi mizezebisa da Sedegebis Sesaswavlad Camovayalibe ori kvleviTi kiTxva:

sakvlevi kiTxva 1. rogor asabuTeben gamokiTxuli respondentebi Tavis gadawyvetilebas droebiT Tavi Seikavon meore da a.S. Svilis gaCenisagan?

sakvlevi kiTxva 2. ra sargebels aZlevs qals ojaxis dagegmva da ganapirobebs Tu ara is qalis gaZlierebas (mis ekonomikur damoukideblobas, gadawyvetilebis miRebis unaris gazrdas) ojaxSi?

wyvilis mier ojaxis dagegmvas mravali mizezi SeiZleba edos safuZvlad (meuRleebis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba, ganaTlebis miRebisa da karieruli winsvlis survili, dasaqmebis survili da a.S) da es mizezebi calkeuli ojaxebis mixedviT savaraudod gansxvavebuli iqneba. ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs rogorc mTlianad sazogadoebis, aseve ojaxis cxovrebaSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi vfiqrob swored maszea damokidebuli ojaxSi miRebuli mravali gadawyvetileba, maT Soris, rodis da ramdeni bavSvi gaaCinos col-qmarma. amasTanave ojaxis mcire zomis SenarCuneba wyvils SesaZleblobas aZlevs miaRwios im mizans, ris gamoc mimarTavs ojaxis dagegmvis pratikas da gaiumjobesos ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. Tumca rogorc aRvniSne col-qmris mier ojaxis dagegmvas sxva mravali mizezi SeiZleba edos safuZvlad da es mizezebi kvlevis Sedegad gamovlindeba.

rac Seexeba imas Tu ra Sedegebi moaqvs qalisTvis ojaxis dagegmvas, vfiqrob, rom Tu wyvili iRebs gadawyvetilebas dagegmos ojaxi, es faqti dadebiTad aisaxeba qalze da mis statusze. ojaxSi genderuli rolebi imgvaradaa ganawilebuli, rom Svilebis movlisa da saojaxo saqmis keTebis pasuxismgebloba xSirad qals ekisreba da mas faqtiurad aRar rCeba dro sxva tipis saqmianobebisTvis. ojaxis dagegmvis strategia ki exmareba qals imuSaos (akeTos anazRaurebadi saqme) da ufro aqtiurad CaerTos sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, radgan ojaxis mcire zomis SenarCuneba garkveulwilad naklebi saojaxo saqmis Sesrulebasac gulisxmobs. Tumca garda ekonomikuri damoukideblobisa, Svilis gaaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebam SesaZloa gamoiwvios misi sxvagvari gaZlierebac, magaliTad aumRldes gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari.

sakvlevi kiTxvebidan da ganviTarebuli msjelobidan gamomdinare, maqvs ori hipoTeza:

hipoTeza 1: erT-erTi mTavari mizezi, riTic respondentebi maT mier ojaxis dagegmvas asabuTeben, aris maTi ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba;

hipoTeza 2: ojaxis dagegmva savaraudod dadebiTad aisaxeba qalze da iwvevs mis gaZlierebas ojaxSi;

Cems mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebis warmodgenis Semdeg, maTi gaanlizebis procesSi, Sevecdebi pasuxi gavce dasmul kvleviT kiTxvebsa da Sesabamis hipoTezebs.

sadiskusio gegmis mimoxilva

siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebisas, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, gamoviyene sadiskusio gegma, romelic 26 kiTxvisgan Sedgeboda. respondentebTan intervius viwyebdi Sesavali kiTxvebiT. aseTi kiTxvebi ormagi datvirTvis matarebelia: Ppirveli, vigebdi repondentebis demografiul monacemebs (respondentebis ganaTleba, asaki, ra asakSi Seqmnes ojaxi? amJamad ras saqmianoben? informacia maTi meuRlisa da Svilis/Svilebis Sesaxeb) da amasTan erTad miadvildeboda mTavari kiTxvebis dasasmelad respondentebTan kontaqtSi Sesvla.

sadiskusio gegmis momdevno kiTxvebi exeba meuRleebs Soris saojaxo saqmis ganawilebas, mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebasa da ojaxis ekonomikur uzrunvelyofas. aseTi kiTxvebi gvexmareba gavigoT, Tu rogoria genderul ZalTa gadanawileba meuRleebs Soris da vis ra pasuxismgebloba akisria. momdevno kiTxvebis mizania gaarkvion ojaxSi bavSvTa sasurveli raodenoba; vin miiRo bavSvis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba; ramdenad Tanabrad monawileobda wyvili am gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi; mizezebi, ris gamoc wyvili ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikas eweva; molodinebi, rac Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis SekavebaTan dakavSirebiT da Sedegebi, romlebic am praqtikas maTTvis moaqvs; kerZod, rogor aisaxa Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekveba qalze da ra dadebiTi Sedegebi moitana aman misTvis. mniSvnelovania Tu rogor afasebs qali ojaxis dagegmvi Sedegebis gavlenas Tavis Tavze, misi azriT, ra sargebeli miiRo?

sadiskusio gegma mTavrdeba kiTxviT: apirebs Tu ara wyvili, rom momdevno Svilis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi kidev erTxel dagegmos ojaxi? es kiTxva gvexmareba kidev erTxel davafiqsiroT wyvilis (an mxolod colis) damokidebuleba ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikis mimarT.

kvlevis Sedegebi

respondentebis daxasiaTeba

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, intervius dasawyisSi respondentebs vTxovdi moeyolaT sakuTar Tavze. CemTvis saintereso iyo maTi asaki, ganaTleba, ramdeni wlis asakSi Seqmnes ojaxi da saqmianoba, romelsac amJamad asruleben. rogorc aRmoCnda, respondentebis asakia 20-35 weli, yvela maTgans miRebuli aqvs umaRlesi ganaTleba. gamokiTxuli respondenti qalebidan 6 muSaobs da aqvs stabiluri anazRaurebadi samsaxuri. muSaobis paralelurad ori maTgani umaRles ganaTlebas iRebs. danarCeni 4 qalidan erTi swavlobs, xolo sami_diasaxlisia. dasaqmebulia is xuTi qmaric, romlebTanac SevZeli intervius Catareba. gamokiTxuli respondentebis umravlesobas yavs mxolod erTi Svili, romelTa asaki 2-dan 6 wlamde meryeobs.

ojaxis ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofa

kiTxvaze, Tu vin uzrunvelyofs ojaxs ekonomikurad, respondentebis pasuxebi gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, Tu ojaxis romeli wevri muSaobs. im ojaxebSi, sadac rogorc coli, aseve qmari dasaqmebulia da anazRaurebad Sromas eweva, orive Tanabrad cdilobs finansuri sakiTxebis mogvarebas:

“me da Cemi meuRle. orive xan Tanabrad, xan ara. SeZlebisdagvarad, rodis rogoraa saWiro, marto Cven vmuSaobT ra, ojaxSi da Sesabamisad Cven orives erTnairad gviwevs ra, ojaxis Senaxva”(qali, 26 wlis).

“me, Tumca orive... radgan iseTi Semosavali arc me maqvs da arc Cems meuRles, rom mxolod erTma Seinaxos ojaxi. amitom orive erTad vcdilobT ra. orive vmuSaobT da erTnairad gvaqvs pasuxismgebloba aRebuli ra”

(kaci, 24 wlis).

respondentebs ojaxis is wevrebic exmarebian finansurad, romlebic muSaoben, Tu ra Tqma unda saqme gvaqvs tradiciul ojaxTan:

“ojaxis TviToeuli wevri uzrunvelyofs ojaxs ekonomikurad, yvela vmuSaobT. dedamTilze ki ar aris saubari, magram ise yvela xom muSaobs mainc ra, dedamTilic da mamamTilic muSaoben faqtiurad, pensias iReben da yvelas xom raRac Semoaqvs ra, ojaxSi...” (qali, 30 wlis)

xolo im ojaxebSi, sadac mxolod qmari muSaobs, ZiriTadad maszea damokidebuli ekonomikuri problemebis gadaWra. gamokiTxul qal respondentebs Soris iseTebic arian, romelTa meuRlec ar muSaobs da Sesabamisad ojaxis ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofa Tavad maTi, an ojaxis sxva wevrebis pasuxismgebloba xdeba:

“ojaxs ekonomikurad, erT adamianze ara gvaqvs gadawyvetili, anu mamamTili, qmris mama, qmris deda da nawilobriv mec ra. magram ver CaiTvleba, rom me ojaxs uzrunvelvyof. principSi me Cem Tavs uzrunvelvyof ra ufro. qmari kide ar muSaobs da amitom ase Tu ise yvela vinawilebT ra”.

(qali, 24 wlis)

“ojaxs materialurad uzrunvelyofen Cemi mSoblebi da nawilobriv Cemi meuRle. amis mizezi ari Cemi umuSevroba, romelic dakavSirebulia dRevandel krizisTan.”

(kaci, 24 wlis)

“dedamTili da mamaTili, ra vici qmari umuSevaria, jer ver Soulobs samsaxurs. me jer ar SemiZlia muSaoba, imitom rom, diplomi ara maqvs da vswavlob da Sesabamisad dedamTili da mamamTili”

(qali, 21 wlis).

ojaxSi gadawyvetilebebis miReba

rac Seexeba gadawyvetilebebis miRebas, gamokiTxuli qali respondentebis nawili aRniSnavs, rom ojaxSi mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs Tavad, an meuRlesTan SeTanxmebiT iReben da maT ojaxSi ar xdeba sakiTxisa Tu problemis erTpirovnuli gadawyveta:

“gaaCnia ra gadawyvetilebas. albaT orive erTad mniSvnelovans da ise Cven viRebT TviTon arc Tu ise mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs. mec viReb da giorgic (qmari) iRebs, SeiZleba erTmaneTTan SeuTanxmeblad da damoukidebladac. magram iseTi gdawyvetilebebi, rogoric aris magaliTad, sadme gamgzavreba, an janmrTelobis sakiTxebi, orive erTad. mainc finansebTan midis xolme saqme, anu rodesac problema SemiZlia me movagvaro finansurad da Cemi adamianuri resursiT, aRar vTvli saWirod, rom Sevawuxo Cemi meuRle. mara, roca veRar vwvdebi, an, vTqvaT, saqme exeba ojaxidan raRac periodiT wasvlas, an xangrZliv moqmedebebs xom? maSin und SevaTanxmo. jer erTi imitom, rom unda vicodeT erTmaneTis saqme da meorec finansurad, rom raRac Sejereba moxdes.”

(qali, 26 wlis)

“ase erTpirovnulad ara gvyavs lideri, rom is iRebdes gadawyvetilebebs. ZiriTadad mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs yvela viRebT ra. magram gaaCnia exla gadawyvetilebebs, raSic davuSvaT rac ufro me mekiTxeba imas vwyvetav da Cemi qmris imas TviTon ra. ZiriTadad saojaxo gadawyvetilebebs Cemi dedamTili (iRebs), imitom, rom me maseT raRaceebs vera ra, anu ver viReb Cem Tavze. gadasaxadebidan dawyebuli da sxva raRaceebiT damTavrebuli, ubralod me ar mexeba ra, vatareb ese rom vTqvaT, an vcdilob, rom gavataro. da gamomdis imitom, rom arc ki vuyureb arafers arc qviTrebs da arc arafers, vTvli, rom jerjerobiT, anu eg movaleoba me arc makisria da arc maqvs is pirobebi, rom. . . rom mqondes, ra problemaa, me TviTonve imas vizavdi, magram jerjerobiT sxvebi akeTeben Cems magivrad.”

(qali, 24 wlis)

“aa, xo Cem ojaxSi eseTi aravin ar ari, rom raRac gansakuTrebuli roli hqondes da raRaca, qmaric, dedmTilic da mec, yvelas gvaqvs sakuTari azris gamoTqmis ufleba da saSualeba. yvela Tanabrad, anu ar aris ise, rom an marto Cemi dedamTili, an qmari da ase Semdeg. yvelas gvaqvs saSualeba azris gamoTqmis.”

(qali, 21 wlis)

“vugebT erTmaneTs da viTvaliswinebT erTmaneTis azrs. ise ar aris, rom mamakacs hondes Cvens ojaxSi raime gansakuTrebuli uflebebi da qali mis gverdiT daqvemdebarebuli iyos. ermaneTTan SeTanxmebiT viRebT ra, yvela gadawyvetilebas... ”

(qali, 27 wlis)

zogierTi respondenti fiqrobs, rom ojaxSi mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba qmarma unda miiRos. sainteresoa is faqti, rom amas ZiriTadad is qalebi amboben, romlebic Tavad ar muSaoben, anu, ar aqvT sakuTari Semosavali da ekonomikurad mTlianad meuRleze arian damokidebulebi:

“Cem ojaxSi Cemi meuRle iRebs gadawyvetilebebs... ese mgonia, rom mainc kacia da ojaxSi gadawyvetilebebi kacma unda miiRos.”

(qali, 22 wlis)

gamokiTxuli 5 mamakacidan mxolod erTi fiqrobs, rom gadawyvetilebebi ojaxSi mxolod man unda miiRos, radgan kacia:

“ra Tqma unda me, ra vici... es albaT kacobidan gamomdinare ra da tradiciidan gamomdinare, qarTveli kacis, qarTveli mamakacis tradiciidan gamomdinare egrea ra, rom man unda miiRos gadawyvetileba ojaxSi.”

(kaci, 31 wlis)

danarCeni mamakaci respondentebis azriT, ojaxSi gadawyvetileba meuRleebma erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebiT unda miiRon:

“gaaCnia ra gadawyvetilebas, albaT orive... exla, rom vTqva rom Cvens ojaxSi absolituri genderuli balansia, mase ar aris, magram nawilobriv mainc ra, anu is mainc iyos, rom ar iyos daCagruli ra”

(kaci, 35 wlis).

“ojaxSi mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi miiReba ZiriTadad yvelas azris gaTvaliswinebiT, vTvli rom es faqti gamowveulia urTierTndobiT da pativiscemiT...”

(kaci, 25 wlis)

saojaxo saqmis ganawileba

rac Seexeba saojaxo saqmis ganawilebas, is respondenti qalebi, romlebic ar muSaoben, acxadeben, rom maT saojaxo saqmeze aqvT pasuxismgebloba aRebuli, xolo meuRle ekonomikurad uzrunvelyofT: “meuRle muSaobs da me saxlSi diasaxlisi var da roca saxlSia sul cdilobs momexmaros, ise mainc me vakeTeb ra, saxlis saqmes ZiriTadad” (qali, 25 wlis)

“me rac qals Seexeba, yvelaferze da danarCeni rac kacs Seexeba imaze Cem qmars... anu, saxlSi rac Seexeba wesrigs, bavSvis movlas, kacebs rac uyvarT saxlSi sWmeli unda davaxvedro da gaumzado. eseTi raRaceebi ra rac ojaxs Seexeba, sul me da danarCeni rac motanaa da rac ojaxs Wirdeba ufro giorgis (qmari) yvelaferze ra...”

(qali, 22 wlis)

msgavsi situaciaa im respondenti qalebis SemTxvevaSic, romlebic muSaoben. maTac iseve uwevT saojaxo saqmis gakeTeba, rogorc im qalebs, romlebic mxolod diasaxlisis funqcias asruleben. magram am SemTxvevaSic aris gamonaklisebi. gamokiTxulTagan ori respondenti qali acxadebs, rom maT ojaxSi saojaxo saqme TiTqmis ar aris ganawilebuli, Tumca mainc uwevT garkveuli saqmis sakuTar Tavze aReba, danarCen saqmes ki ojaxis sxva romelime wevri iTavsebs, Tumca es ar aris qmari:

“aranairad ar aris ganawilebuli, swored mis gamo, rom Zalian gadarbeniTi reJimi gvaqvs, imis gamo, rom datvirTulebi varT Zalian, absoliturad qaoturad vasrulebT, visac ra mogvxvdeba. ar aris ganawilebuli. visac rogor exerxeba. ise albaT mainc ufro metad me, imitom, rom me ufro didxans vatareb saxlSi, vidre giorgi da isedac me ufro metad vxvdebi ra aris saWiro, imitom, rom me qali var. da bevr raRacas arc viZaxi, ise vakeTeb”

(qali, 26 wlis)

igives ambobs am respondenti qalis meuRle:

“namdvilad ar viqnebi marTali Tuki vityvi, rom Cvens ojaxSi saqme gadanawilebulia Tanabrad - Cven vmoqmedebT situaciisa da garemoebebis mixedviT, es albaT imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom sakmaod gadatvirTuili grafikiT vcxvrobT - vakeTebT imas, rac SegviZlia da visac SegviZlia” (kaci, 26 wlis)

“anu saojaxo saqmeze pasuxismgebloba ara maqvs aRebuli, saojaxo saqmes ZiriTadad uZRveba Cemi dedamTili. iqidan gamomdinare, rom me vmuSaob da 24 saaTi var saxlidan gasuli, Cemi meuRle aranair saojaxo saqmianobas ar eweva, am wuTas mxolod windaukan siaruliT da kompiuteriT aris dakavebuli, aqa-iqa bavSvs Tu gamoiyvans da me Cem Tavze viReb nu ZiriTadad bavSvis movlas da saxlSi exla ra Tqma unda xandaxan saojaxo saqmesac vakeTeb. Cemi dedamTilic muSaobs. is gansxvavebaa, rom is modis saRamos eqvs saTze da me saxlSi ara var, yvelaferi imas awveba, magram diliT me rom movdivar, vcdilob, rom saqme Sevumsubuqo. es SeiZleba iyos igive saxlis dalageba, bavSvis baRSi wayvana-wamoyvana, saWmlis gakeTeba, magram saWmels isedac ZiriTadad Cemi dedamTili akeTebs, WurWlis darecxva SeiZleba iyos, sarecxis darecxva da Tumca yvelaze xSirad WuWlis darecxvas ver vitan da vcdilob xolme, rom Tavidan avirido.” (qali, 24 wlis)

mamakaci respondentebidan zogierTi Tvlis, rom saojaxo saqmes coli unda asrulebdes, xolo maTi movaleoba ojaxis ekonomikurad uzrunvelyofaa, sainteresoa, rom am azrs iseTi mamakacebi gamoTqvamen, romelTa meuRleebic muSaoben:

“me pasuxismgebloba ufro maqvs aRebuli finansurad. Aanu, rom Semovitano garkveuli Tanxa raa, rom gveyos da vikmaroT ra, ase rom vTqvaT da qeTis (coli) kidev aqvs pasuxismgebloba sityvaze finansuradac da ojaxSic, rom gaakeTos, anu Tavisi movaleoba rom Seasrulos. saxlis saqme gaakeTos magaliTad.”

(kaci, 24 wlis)

“me aRebuli maqvs imaze, rac yvela mamakacma unda gaakeTos ojaxSi imas vakeTeb me. davuSvaT, yvela elementaruli saqmianoba, rom materialuri TvalsazrisiT iyos ojaxi uzrunvelyofili raRac yvela niuansi Cacma, saWmeli da raRaca ra. meuRles kide ra vici saxlze da pirvel rigSi mainc Svilis gazrdaze ra.”

(kaci, 35 wlis)

Tumca zogierTi respondenti mamakaci Tvlis, rom saojaxo saqmes meuRleebi Tanabrad unda inawilebdnen da orive erTad unda iRebdes pasuximgeblobas:

“ese ar aris ra, yvelaferze gvaqvs orives pasuxismgebloba aRebuli saerTod, absoliturad yvelaferze. bavSvis movlaze da yvelaferze ra, Tu ojaxs uyvars erTmaneTi da raRaca, yvelaferze erTnairad unda iRebde pasuxismgeblobas ra”.

(kaci, 31 wlis).

ojaxSi Svilebis raodenoba

kiTxvaze, Tu ramdeni Svili unda yavdes ojaxs, respondentebis azriT, ojaxs ori Svili mainc unda yavdes, Tumca Tvlian, rom es ojaxis ekonomikur mdgomareobazea damokidebuli da wyvilma sakuTari SesaZleblobebis mixedviT unda gansazRvros Svilebis sasurveli raodenoba:

“Cemi azriT, ori da gaaCnia ojaxs pirvel rigSi. eg unda moxdes imis mixedviT pirvel rigSi, ramdeni bavSvis gazrdis saSualeba aqvs ojaxs. saerTod jobia, rom erTi bavSvi yavdes ojaxs da normalurad mixedos, gazardos ise, rogorc gasazrdelia, vidre aTi da vercerTs ver mouaros. im Svils xom unda misce Sesabamisi ganaTlebac, aRzrdac, Cacmac, yvelanairi piroba unda Seuqmna. da mirCevia myavdes ori aqedan gamomdinare”

(qali, 23 wlis)

“vfiqrob, rom ori ra, imitom rom, ai xo orive vmuSaobT ra, magram imis saSualeba ar aris mainc, rom orze meti Seinaxo da kargad mixedo”

(kaci, 24 wlis)

respondentebis nawili fiqrobs, rom sasurvelia ojaxs sami da meti Svili yavdes. respondenti mamakacebis azriT, es eris gamravlebisTvisaa saWiro, xolo qali respondentebi Tvlian, rom kargia, rodesac adamians bevri dedmamiSvili yavs:

“minimum unda yavdes sami, saqarTveloSi rom igrZnobodes qarTveli eris simravle, minimum sami unda yavdes ra.

(kaci, 31 wlis).

“Cemi azriT, sasurveli iqneba, rom ojaxs yavdes sami Svili, imitom, rom ojaxisTvis dedmamiSvilebi erTmaneTisTvis Zaan kaia raa. me Cemi da ise miyvars da Cem das ise vuyvarvar da iseTi kai urTierToba gvaqvs, rom aucilebelia mere rom Seniani viRac axlobeli gyavdes raa”

(qali, 30 wlis).

erTi respondenti mamakacis azriT ki, misTvis bavSvebis sasurveli raodenoba samia, radgan misi survilia mesame Svili patriarqma mounaTlos: ”suu, minimum minimum sami raa, Cemi ocneba ki ara, ai marTla rac TavSi maqvs da minda ra rom mesame Svili ueWveli patriarqi sanam aris ra, RmerTma asi weli acocxlos patriarqi magram, ai, sanam patriarqi cocxali iqneba, minda, rom mesame Svili imis naTluli iyos.”

respondentebis did nawils gaTxovebamde ufiqria imaze, Tu ramden Svils iyoliebda. aRsaniSnavia, rom maTi umravlesoba swored imdeni Svilis gaCenas gegmavs, ramdenis gaCenasac ojaxis Seqmnamde apirebda:

“ki, mifiqria da maSinac mase vfiqrobdi, rom ors gavaCendi ra. Tumca Tavidan, rom gavTxovdi vfiqrobdi rom, vapirebdi erTi Svilis gaCenas, magram exla vfiqrob, rom meorec aucilebelia ra”

(qali, 24 wlis).

zogierTi respondenti qali gaTxovebamde ufro meti Svilis gaCenas apirebda, vidre axla apirebs, Tumca gansxvavebulia is mizezebi, rac maTi azris cvlilebas udevs safuZvlad:

“yovelTvis survili mqonda sami Svili myoloda. Mara exla mase aRara vfiqrob ra. Zalian rTulia ra Svilis jer gaCena, mere aRzrda gazrda movla patronoba... adre ar megona, Tu eseTi rTuli iqneboda, magram exla faqtis winaSe rom vdgevar, Zaan Znelia ra. jer eg erTi ekonomikuri mTavaria yvelaferze, imitom, rom Casaxvidan gaCenamde da mere mTeli cxovreba imdeni raRac sWirdeba im bavSvs. Tundac wamlebi da Tundac pampersi, elementaruls viZaxi... mere sxva raRaceebis gamoc. iq mSobiaroba, stresi miviRe, me piradad da sakmaod rTuli iyo ra es yvelaferi, amitom ra vici ra giTxra. Bbevri mizezia ra, ekonomikuri mxare yvel ojaxs Tan axlavs da aucilebelia, mara qalisTvis mainc, CemTvis magaliTad, mSobiarobis stresi iyo Zaan didi, zogi Zaan advilad aCens da 6-7 Svili ise yavT, rom arc RamisTevebi sWirdebaT da araferi. me 3 Tve vaTevdi Rameebs, ai ese mqonda areuli reJimi, SuaRamis 4-ze viZinebdi da viRviZebdi da raRaca Zaan ise viyavi amovardnili 2-3 Tve. veRarc vfiqrobdi, vocnebobdi, rom diliT 8-ze gameRviZa raa, Tan es ZuZus woveba, tkivili, mag dros ekonomikurze imdenad aRar fiqrob ra, sxva raRac xdeba SenTvis ufro mniSvnelovani, rom ver daiZineb, imitom, rom imas ar eZineba, unda aWamo, yvelanairad is xdeba wina planze. mere ukve urTierTobebis da yuradRebis ganawilebac xdeba Svilsa da qmars Soris da arcerTs ar unda moaklo, magram mainc Svilisken ixrebi ra, Cems SemTxvevaSi ese xdeba, moxda ra. qali mainc sxvanairad aRiqvams ra... Tan Zalian didi pasuxismgeblobaaa Svilis gaCena, unda aRzardo, aswavlo...

(qali, 30 wlis)

“maSin gasaTxovrobaSi, vfiqrobdi, rom xuTi-eqvsi Svili mainc mindoda, magram roca ojaxs Seqmni, magre aRar ifiqreb albaT, Zaan bevri unda ojaxs. ufro advili megona ojaxis Seqmna da Senaxvac ra, maSin sxva pirobebi iyo da exla sxva pirobebia ra, ekonomikuri pirobebia Zaan mZime” (qali, 25 wlis)

rac Seexeba mamakacebs, rogorc aRmoCnda gamokiTxuli 5 mamakacidan daqorwinebamde arc erTs ufiqria imaze, Tu ramden Svils iyoliebda.

gamokiTxul ojaxebs pirveli Svili daqorwinebidan/gaTxovebidan 1-2 wlis manZilze SeeZinaT. respondentebis absoluturma umravlesobam aRniSna, rom Svili pirvelive orsulobis Sedegad gaaCina. maT ar ufiqriaT ojaxis dagegmvaze pirveli Svilis gaCenamde da bavSvis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekaveba mogvianebiT, pirveli Svilis gaCenis Semdeg gadawyvites:

“gaTxovebidan Svili SemeZina, ra vici, erT weliwadSi, ara cxra TveSi. ara, ara, raRac ameria. weliwadSi da Svid TveSi zustad, Tumca manamde ar Semikavebia Tavi. Nnu, rom gavTxovdi, ra Tqma unda mindoda Svili, magram raRac (anu, es tradiciaa, ara?) janmrTelobis pirobebma, janmrTelobam ar Semiwyo xeli da aqedan gamomdinare moxda ise, rom. mokled CemTvis es bavSvi iyo meore orsuloba, pirveli bavSvi, raRac imis gamo, rom wiTura Semxvda da ase Semdeg, ar gamovida ra, momcilda da meore cota mogvianebiT meyola da mogvianebiT ar iyo, magram yovel SemTxvevaSi weliwadSi da Svid TveSi ra.”

(qali, 24 wlis)

ojaxis dagegmva

rogorc respondentebi aRniSnaven, momdevno Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekaveba maT meuRlesTan SeTanmebiT gadawyvites. isini miiCneven, rom es iseTi Temaa, romelzec wyvilma Tanabari pasuxismgebloba unda aiRos da erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebiT miiRos gadawyvetileba:

”ara, meuRlesTan SeTanxmebiT. orives gvesmis, rom jer magis saSualeba ar gvaqvs. saxli erToTaxiani gvaqvs da finansuradac ara varT ise, rom meore Svilis gaCenaze vifiqroT jer. ar maqvs arc me da arc qeTis iseTi samsaxuri, rom SevZloT, ai sityvaze, rom meorec. amitom jerjerobiT Tavs vikavebT”

(kaci, 24 wlis).

“...meuRlesTan SeTanxmebiT. ra vici SevTanxmdiT pirvel rigSi mis gamo, rom vswavlob da ara maqvs imis saSualeba da dro, rom meore bavSvi gavaCino da gavzardo, radgan didi yuradReba da is sWirdeba da ra Tqma unda materialuri mxarec aris ra, bavSvs Zalian bevri rame sWirdeba.”

(qali, 21 wlis)

“ara, Tanabrad, meuRlesTan SeTanxmebiT... imitom, rom vTvliT, rom mesame Svili CvenTvis jer ar aris sasurveli. erTi imitom rom, jer janmrTelobis problemebi maqvs, meorec imitom, rom finansurad albaT. . . me ar minda mesame Svili gavaCino, marto imito, rom vaWamo da raRac. mirCevia saerTod ar gavaCino da tyupebs mivxedo normalurad. amitom mirCevia davilodo da ufro metad rom gamomiswordeba ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, mere gavaCino. SeiZleba viRacisTvis es arasworia, magram me ese vTvli”

(qali, 26 wlis)

gamokiTxulTagan mxolod erTi respondenti qali aRniSnavs, rom mas garkveuli winaaRmdegoba hqonda meuRles mxridan bavSvis gaCenisgan Tavis SekavebasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca sabolood es problema mogvarda:

”es gadawyvetileba meuRlesTan SeTanxmebiT miviRe mas Semdeg, rac mqonda didi “spori” da konfliqti magasTan dakavSirebiT, imitom rom Tan Cem ojaxSi Tvlian, rom ani gaizrdeba egoisti, raRac, da unda, Zma unda da ase Semdeg da meca vTvli faqtiurad mase, Cemi magaliTiT vambob. egoisti ara var, magram Cemeburi isini maqvs. nu, bavSvs Wirdeba dac da Zmac. bavSvs Wirdeba, magram iqidan gamomdinare, rom ani aris raRac Zalian iseTi bavSvi, anu Tavisufali bavSvia metnaklebad. anu baRSic mSvenivrad amyarebs urTierTobebs Tavisxela bvSvebTan, ezoSic da yavs kide deidaSvili patara anisxela da raRaca. bavSvi ar ganicdis imas, rom gverdiT aucileblad viRaca unda yavdes Tavisxela, an Tavisze kidev ufro patara. Tan vTvli kidevac, rom es bavSvi daiCagreba, iqidan gamomdinare, rom SeiZleba me patara myavdes da imdeni yuradReba veRar mivaqcio. am wuTSi imdeni droc ki ar maqvs, rom anis movaxmaro, aqedan gamomdinare, orze ver gavanawileb. meuRles am yvelafris axsnis da CiCinis mere Sevagnebine, rom meore bavSvi jer ar aris saWiro. Tan asakic xels miwyobs, anu 24 wlis var jer, ar davberebulvar. meore bavSvs gavaCen ukve, albaT 30-is mere.” (qali, 24 wlis)

igives acxadebs amave respondentis meuRle: “es gadawyvetileba miviRe meuRlesTan erTad. Cemi meuRle Tavidanve am azrze idga, me ki mqonda gansxvavebuli azri, Tumca pirveli bavSvis SeZenis Semdeg Cemi damokidebulebac analogiuri gaxda... “(kaci, 25 wlis).

ojaxis dagegmvis mTavari mizezebi

respondentebisTvis ojaxis dagegmvis mTavari mizezi gansxvavebulia, Tumca maTi didi nawili aRniSnavs, rom Svilis gaCenas ojaxis dRevandeli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo ar Cqaroben. isini acxadeben, rom jerjerobiT ar aqvT meore Svilis gaCenisa da misi rCenis saSualeba:

”ojaxis dagegmvis mTavari mizezi. . . isev is mizezia ra, rom ara gvaqvs. rom iyos, iseTi samsaxurebi, rom iseTi is gvqondes, rom Cven uzrunvelyofili gvyavdes meorec, mesamec da meoTxec, ratomac ara, magram jerjerobiT magis saSualeba ar aris da roca ar ari amitom SevikaveT Tavi da SemdgomSi vnaxoT, ra iqneba da rogor iqneba, rogor aewyoba” (kaci, 24 wlis)

Tumca respondentebi ojaxis dagegmvas ZiriTadad maT ekonomikur mdgomareobasTan akavSireben, interviuebidan irkveva, rom maTTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovania sxva faqtorebic. kerZod: pirveli Svilis asaki, mSobiarobis stresi, janmrTelobis mdgomareoba, maTi samsaxuri, ganaTlebis miReba:

“maSinve meore Svilis SeZena aris Zalian Zneli... Zalian bevri problemaa fsiqologiuri gadasatani, mere depresia mqonda mSobiarobis da es yvelaferi da mere laqtacia da mere ra vici ra mokled Zalian rTulia maleve igive raRaceebis, igive problemebSi dabruneba. namdvilad ar minda jerjerobiT, igive raRaceebi, igive tkivili gadavitano rac gadavitane.” (qali, 30 wlis)

“es ubralod Cemi samsaxuridan gamomdinare, rom sul iqiTa var (sxva raionSi muSaobs) da imdeni is ara gvaqvs ra, martoa ra (coli) da mainc uWirs erT bavSvTan da amitom... , jerjerobiT asea da Seicvleba albaT, ra.”

(kaci, 31 wlis)

“ra vici, Cemi Svili Zaan Wirveuli bavSvi iyo ra, Tan ar miyvars ra ori patara bavSvi rom yavT xolme, ufro magitom ar gavaCine aqamde ra, Tore ise sxva raRac rom pirobebi ar gvqonoda da raRac ara ra, ufro magitom ra sanam gaizrdeboda.”

(qali, 22 wlis)

“...exla me rom meore Svili myoloda kargi iqneboda, imitom rom moSorebuli meqneboda da imis SiSiT ar viqnebodi rom meore kide unda gavaCino meTqi, magram amis finansebic ar iyo, kargi iqneboda rom yofiliyo da gameCina ra. ... exlac unda gavaCino, eqimi meubneba unda gaaCinovo, magram jer vera ra, finansebi ar aris”

(qali, 25 wlis)

“am bolo dros amaze saerTod aRar gvisaubria, radganac Cemi meuRle janmrTelobas uCivis, garda magisa aranairad ar aris Cveni ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesebuli - piriqiT is sakmaod gauaresda, garda amisa, dro saerTod ar gvaqvs arc erTs da arc meores vinaidan samsaxurSic da saxlis saqmeebiTac sakmaod dakavebulebi varT, magram rodesac tyupebi gveyola maSin gadavwyviteT, rom 10 wlis mere gagveCina mesame Svili.”

(kaci, 26 wlis)

zogi respondenti qali miiCnevs, rom Svilis gaCena maT xels SeuSliT ganaTlebis miRebaSi. Sesabamisad isini sakuTar gadawyvetilebas swored am mizeziT xsnian:'

”pirvel rigSi mis gamo, rom vswavlob da ara maqvs imis saSualeba da dro, rom meore bavSvi gavaCino da gavzardo radgan didi yuradReba da is sWirdeba ra... ra vici me ese vfiqrob yovel SemTxvevaSi, me mgonia, rom jer mainc swavla da mere sxva rameebi ra”.

(qali, 21 wlis)

am respondents surs daasrulos ganaTlebis miReba, Semdeg dasaqmdes da mxolod amis mere gaaCinos meore Svili :

”me ese maqvs warmodgenili, rom exla xom vamTavreb universitets da amis mere ki vapireb magistraturaSi Cabarebas, magram amave dros vapireb samuSaos moZebnas. xoda warmodgenili maqvs ese, rom Tan viswavli magistraturaSi da magistraturas or welSi movrCebi da erTi welic Sesveneba da mere gavaCen meore Svils. anu im dros samsaxuric meqneba da ufro maRali ganaTlebac meqneba miRebuli da ufro meti saSualeba meqneba, rom ufro karg samsaxuri viSovo da materialurad ufro gavZlierde me piradad, rom ori Svili Sevinaxo, vidre exla. exla me ara maqvs Cemi Semosavali.”

(qali, 21 wlis)

is respondenti qalebi, romlebic muSaoben da aqvT anazRaurebadi saqme, acxadeben, rom Svilis gaCena mocemul momentSi xels SeuSlis maT saqmianobas. amave qalebis gancxadebiT is anazRaureba, romelsac iReben, maTTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania, xolo Svilis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa masze uaris Tqma mouxdeT. swored amitom, qalebi Tavs ikaveben momdevno bavSvis yolisgan:

“pirvel rigSi veranairad veRar vimuSaveb, SeiZleba viSovo iseTi samsaxuri, sadac diliT midixar da saRamos modixar, magram ara mgonia da swavliTac veranairad ver viswavli ra. ubralod dro aRar meyofa. Mme Cemi samsaxuri Zalian momwons da exla iseTi raRac gamomiva rom vTqva, rom samsaxuris gamo bavSvs ar gavaCen, magram pirobebi ara maqvs ra rom samsaxuric mqondes da bavSvic gavaCino da aqac viaro da iqac... ici Cems TanamSromels, romelmac bavSvi gaaCina, gaTxovda da bavSvi gaaCina, imedi hqonda, ar vici rato hqonda amis imedi, magram egona, rom sxva samsaxurs iSovida sadac diliT wavidoda da saRamos dabrundeboda. me maSin saerTod dro aRara mqonda imitom, rom faqtiurad im gogos 3 Tu 4 Tve SevunaxeT es samsaxuri da me miwevda muSaoba...Anu samsaxuridan veRar gamovdiodi ra, gamovdiodi da aq meZina da maSin aranairi bavSvis Tavi aRar mqonda da raRac movaleobaze laparakic zedmetia. im gogos aman is moutana, rom dResdReobiT aris umuSevari da Zalian ganicdis amas rom ar gamovida samsaxurSi da... nu vTvli rom imas bavSvis gaCenam SeuSala xeli, imitom, rom ara hyavda aravin arc damxmare rom, Tundac magis magaliTze aRar minda, rom me meorec gavaCino ra.”

(qali, 24 wlis)

“a me rom myavdes sxva Svilic, anu sxva patara bavSvi, ver vimuSavebdi exla da albaT ufro saxlSi yofna momimwevda. exla mainc vmuSaob da Tan or saqmes vakeTeb, vmuSaob da Tan Cem ojaxsac vuvli ra da im SemTxvevaSi kide, albaT marto saxlSi yofna momiwevda yofna ra. Tan Cemi qmaric muSaobs, TiTqmis sul gasulia da mainc me miwevs saqmis keTeba da ukve meore bavSvic ukve bevria. amis garda bavSvebsac vamzadeb da albaT amasac veRar movaxerxebdi.”

(qali, 23 wlis)

ramodenime respondentma qalma aRniSna, rom maTi samsaxurisa da swavlis gamo pirveli Svilis aRzrdaSi naklebi wvlili aqvT, xolo meore bavSvis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi undaT, rom es pasuxismgebloba mTlianad sakuTar Tavze aiRon. amisTvis ki maT garkveuli periodi esaWiroebaT:

”bavSvis winaaRmdegi aranairad ara var. magram jer pirvel rigSi Cemi qmari aris umuSevari da Tan rac mTavaria mec jer vfiqrob, rom magistratura davamTavro da samsaxuric xels ar miwyobs im mxriv, rom faqtiurad 24 saaTi var gasuli da aqdan gamomdinare, amxela movaleobas, verc dedamTils ver davakisreb da nu isic ar minda, rom ara var imis momxre ZiriTadad, rom bavSvi gazardos ZiZam. . . minda, rom meore Svili gavzardo me TviTon da viyo im asakSi, rom mendomeba patarac da im bavSvis gazrdac. pirveli, rom gavaCine, iseTi patara viyavi, rom faqtiurad rogor gaizarda arc maxsovs, gazardes dedaCemma, bebiaCemma, deidaCemma da sxva ojaxis wevrebma. nuuu, am wuTSic bavSvTan maqvs Zalian iseTi ra, megobruli damokidebuleba da dedad rom vTqva exla Tavs verc vgrZnob ra.”

(qali, 24 wlis)

gamokiTxuli 5 respondenti mamakacidan 4 acxadebs, rom maTTvis ojaxis dagegmvis mTavari mizezi mwiri Semosavalia. mxolod erTi respondenti miiCnevs, rom mis ojaxSi meore Svilis dabadebas meuRlis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba uSlis xels:

”albaT materialuri stabiluroba ra, jer erTs vera vZrav, rom bolomde mivxedo da davakvaliano ra da exla meorec kide albaT eg ra sxva ra vici aba, ara mgonia sxva rame. adrindeli situacia rom yofiliyo, maSin ise iyo, rom gindac didi samsaxuri ar gqonoda, mainc yvela muSaobda da Tan SedarebiT iafi iyo ra, yvelaferi da ar geSinoda. exla me mets vera vqaCav, aeg varianti ra, Tore vis ar unda, rom eri gamravldes ra.”

(kaci, 35 wlis)

“ubralod is, rom. es Zaan elementarulia exla ra, ubralod Cem meuRles sakeisro qonda gakeTebuli da raRac periodi unda gasuliyo, magasTan dakavSirebiT ZiriTadad, Tore sxva araferi iseTi ra”

(kaci, 31 wlis)

respondentebisTvis gansxvavebulia is periodi, romlis Semdegac isini bavSvs gaaCenen da is 1-dan 5 wlamde meryeobs:

“mesame Svils aucileblad gavaCen, tyupebi rom gaxdebian 10 wlis. saerTod Tavidanve, tyupebis gaCenamde ese mqonda dagegmili da jer ar Semicvlia azri. ese momwons. ar vici, ratom, magram mgonia, rom ese normaluria. albaT garkveulwilad imitom, rom tyupebi roca 10 wlis iqnebian da SeiZleba ebarebodnn mamamiss. am SemTxvevaSi naklebad mivaqcev yuradRebas raRac periodis mnZilze, ramdenime Tve mainc, sanam mesame moizrdeba da imedi meqneba, rom am periodis ganmavlobaSi TviTon da TavianTi mama gauZRvebian yvelafers da ra vici. . . saerTod Svilebs Soris didi Sualedebi momwons. da isic, rom ar viqnebi asakSi, anu 30 wlis viqnebi, roca tyupebi 10 wlis iqnebian da problema ar aris.

(qali, 26 wlis)

“Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebas vapireb albaT minimum oTxi-xuTi weliwadi da [erTi] Svilis, imitom, rom Svilebis gaCenas namdvilad ar vapireb. gavaCen mxolod erTs. rato Pda pirvel rigSi imitom, rom saerTod Zalian maSfoTebs saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikur-ekonomikuri situcia da vTvli, rom dResdReobiT bavSvis gaCena raRac riskTanac aris dakavSirebuli da aqedan gamomdinare movlenebis ganviTarebasac velodebi da cvlilebebsac Cems cxovrebaSi. konkretulad es SeiZleba iyos sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobeseba, nu raRac SedarebiT ufro maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuris Sovna CemTvisac da Cemi meuRlisTvisac. pirvel rigSi ani unda iyos im asakSi, rom skolaSi mainc unda dadiodes. anu pirvel SvilTan dakavSirebiT mainc unda mqondes raRac problemebi mogvarebuli. Uda CavTvalo, rom es bavSvi aris gazrdili. Sesabamisad, rom gavaCino meore. ”

(qali, 24 wlis)

gamokiTxul respondentebis absoluturi umravlesoba fiqrobs, rom aucileblad moagvareben im problemebs, rac amJamad Svilis gaCenaSi uSliT xels da miaRweven dasaxul miznebs, im dromde, sadamdec isini ar apireben momdevno bavSvis gaCenas:

”TavisTavad mivaRwev, es xo gaizrdeba cota da cota davisveneb, damaviwydeba is maSindeli problemebi vfiqrob, rom patara momenatros isev. exla raRac sxva mizani iseTi gansakuTrebuli ar aris ra vfiqrob, magas vfiqrob ra. xo ameebs albaT mivaRwev aucileblad”

(qali, 30 wlis)

“albaT mivaRwev ra, yovelSemTxvevaSi mjera, rom yvelaferi gamoswordeba da ise iqneba, rom momdevno gavaCinoT ra, me ase mgonia.”

(kaci, 26 wlis)

“RmerTma damifaros, rom ver mivaRwio. aba ra, mivaRwev aucileblad. me Tu rames vityvi mivaRwev aucileblad. Tu minda mivRwev da Tu ar minda ver mivaRwev. . .”

(qali, 26 wlis)

dagegmvis Sedegebi

respondentebs miaCniaT, rom ojaxis dagegmvas maTTvis mniSvnelovani Sedegebi moaqvs. is qali respondentebi, romlebic dasaqmebulebi arian da swavloben, fiqroben, rom ojaxis dagegmva maTze dadebiTad aisaxeba, radgan SesaZlebloba aqvT metad izrunon sakuTar ganaTlebasa da profesiul winsvlaze, vidre amas Svilis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi moaxerxebdnen. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom dasaqmebuli qalebi samsaxurs ormag datvirTvas aniWeben, pirveli - es exmarebaT ekonomikuri stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi da meore - garda diasaxlisobisa, erTvebian sazogadoebriv sferoSic:

”Sedegad, avicile arasasurveli fexmZimoba. pirveli eg. Sesabamisad avicile Tavidan finansuri gauareseba. exla ar minda ise gamovides, rom bavSvi finansuri gauaresebisa da raRac ubedurebis momtania, magram TavisTavad xarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli da Tu vgegmav, amasac viTvaliswineb. kidev ra vici. . . xo, xeli Sevuwye Cems Tavs, rogorc ara mxolod diasaxliss, aramed saqmiani adamianis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. Anu me rom kide gameCina mesame bavSvi, is yvelaferi, rac gaviare, kide Tavidan unda damewyo da Tu vimuSavebdi ugulisyurod viqnebodi da Tu ar vimuSavebdi, miT umetes CemTvis Zalian cudi.” (qali, 26 wlis)

“veranairad ver movaxerxebdi muSaobas, anu droSi daviwvebodi sruli am sityvis mniSvnelobiT. nu samsaxuric saerTod iseTi maqvs, rom saerTod ojaxSi xeli rom ar miwyobdnen erTsac ver gavzrdidi. Cemi samsaxuris fonze isea, rom 24 saaTi eseT patara bavSvs ver datoveb martos mainc. verc ZiZasTan ver datoveb da aqedan gamomdinare. raRac maseTi momenti mqonda, rom roca Cemi meuRlec muSaobda, dedaCemic da Cemi dedamTilic, CemebTan vtovebdi, sadac patara bavSvi yavT misaxedi da sruli am sityvis mniSvnelobiT, iq moZravi sagiJeTi iyo ra, aqedan gamomdinare vTvli, rom es yvelaferi kidev erTxel aRar gadavitane, anu Tavidan aviride ra”

(qali, 24 wlis)

“sargebeli is momitana, rom davisvene moralurad, fizikurad, yovel mecxre dRes ar miwevs didi Sekvra pampersis yidva. momitana is rom, meore samsaxurSi muSaobis saSualeba momeca, rasac veranairad ver SevZlebdi mesame Svilis gaCenis SemTxevaSi da kidev is, rom tyupebs moutana sargebeli. gana mesame Svils Tu gavaCen eg rameSi xels SemiSlis, magram Tuki vgegmav am yvelafers viTvaliswineb.”

(qali, 26 wlis)

“swavlisTvis namdvilad veRar moviclidi ra, jer es erTi bavSvi da exla meorec rom gameCina, ori patara bavSvis xelSi veRar SevZlebdi ra, Tumca Cemebi ki mexmarebian magram mainc, exla rom myoloda, albaT gavzrdidi rogorme, magram swavlaze laparakic zedmeti iqneboda. . .”

(qali, 21 wlis)

“davisvene, samsaxurSi gavedi, ganvitvirTe da exla isev saxlSi Cajdoma ar minda. Tan, rac mTavaria Cemi Semosavali gamiCnda da es Zaan mniSvnelovania, yvelaze mTavari da mniSvnelovani, imitom, rom Cem qmarsac ara aqvs iseTi Semosavali da ojaxs kide ramdeni raRac unda da bavSvsac da es aris ra.” (qali, 30 wlis)

“exla meti dro maqvs Cemi Svilis mosavlelad. patara imden yuradRebas moiTxovs, rom me imisTvis amdens ver moviclidi da dResdReobiT me vmuSaob, rasac ver movaxerxebdi. exla me vmuSaob da amiT kmayofili var. ara marto ekonomikuri kuTxiT ra, isedac. gadixar adamiani, isveneb ojaxuri problemebisgan, sxva garemoSi xvdebi, gaqvs xalxTan urTierToba da amas Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs CemTvis.”

(qali, 27 wlis)

igive qalbatoni miiCnevs, rom am yovelivem aranairad ar imoqmeda misi damoukideblobis xarisxze.

is respondenti qalebi, romlebic mxolod diasaxlisis funqciiT Semoifarglebian, ufro gansxvavebulad afaseben ojaxis dagegmvis praqtikis gavlenas maTze da Sesabamis Sedegebs. zogierTis azriT, Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebas maTTvis dadebiTi araferi moutania, ufro piriqiT. aqve mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom am qalbatonebs ufro uWirT im Sedegebze saubari, rac maT ojaxis dagegmvam moutana:

”sakeisro maqvs gakeTebuli da eqimebma amikrZales ki ara, mirCies rom cota Tavi SeikaveTo, Tore exlac am wuTSic unda Cem meuRles ra meorec da mesamec Svilis yolas, uaryofiTi Sedegebi ar eqneboda, Svili yovelTvis sixarulia da azria cxovrebis da ufro ukeTesic iqneboda. marTali rom giTxra, ufro ukeTesad gaerToboda Cemi pirveli gogona, Cemi pirveli Svili. ise exla kide Zaan celqia da ufro ukeTesad gaerToboda. Cven yvelani ojaxSi didebi varT da saWiroa ra, rom miyolebiT gyavdes Svili.” (qali, 25 wlis)

“ra vici amas ra Sedegebi unda moetana... exla me rom meore Svili myoloda kargi iqneboda, imitom rom moSorebuli meqneboda da imis SiSiT ar viqnebodi rom meore kide unda gavaCinomeTqi, magram amis finansebic ar iyo, kargi iqneboda rom yofiliyo da gameCina ra. pirobebi yofiliyo rom meorec gaeCina adamians.”

(qali, 25 wlis)

zogi diasaxlisi qalbatoni dasaqmebuli qalbatonebis msgavsad aRniSnavs, rom ojaxis dagegmvis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi misi ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobaa. aseTi respondentebi aRniSnaven, rom meore Svilis gaCena maT ekonomikur mdgomareobas gaauaresebda, radgan meore Svilis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi, ufro meti materialuri resursi dasWirdebodaT. Tumca, sainteresoa is faqti, rom ojaxis dagegmvis Sedegebis Sefasebisas diasaxlisi qalbatonebi ar amboben, rom Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebam maTi ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomreoba gaaumjobesa. maTi azriT, dagegmvamde da dagegmvis Semdeg am mxriv TiTqmis araferi Secvlila. rac Seexeba mamakac respondentebs, gamokiTxuli xuTi mamakacidan sami aRniSnavs, rom Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebam SesaZlebloba miscaT, ukeTesad izrunon pirvel Svilze da aseve gaiumjobeson ekonomikuri mdgomareoba:

“ar vici ra, exla jer meore ar myavs da magaze Znelia laparaki ra iqneboda, magram erTi Svili romelic myavs, imas vzrdi normalurad jer ra, Telavis pirobebSi ar vakleb ra arafers, vcdilob amas.”

(kaci, 35 wlis)

“ras mivaRwieT da imas mivaRwieT, rom sityvaze, Svili rom gyavdes xo, is Svili ise unda gyavdes, rom Zaan SvilisTvis, rom yvelaferi gqondes da yvelafris saSualeba gqondes da ara ise, rom eqneba, ar eqneba ar idardo. rom gyavs unda mixedo da araTu pataras unda mixedo, dids, rom gaizrdeba, sanam Tavisi ojaxi eyoleba da merec, sanam cocxali iqnebi, unda mixedo ra. maqedan gamomdinare vfiqrobT ra, raRacas miaRwev da raRaca geqneba da Semdeg Sen Svils imdens miscem, rom is wlebi, rac sityvaze ara gyavda da raRaca ainazRaureb, an aunazRaureb ra, ufro ukeTesad mivxedavT Cven Svilebs da gavuumjobesebT cxovrebas ra.”

(kaci, 24 wlis)

erTi respondentis azriT, Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebam saSualeba misca mis meuRles, rom gaeumjobesebina janmrTelobis mdgomareoba, rac maTTvis ojaxis dagegmvis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo da aseve misca meti Tavisufali dro. es mamakaci, iseve, rogorc misi meuRle fiqrobs, rom ojaxis dagegmvas misi colisTvis sxva damatebiTi sargebeli ar moutania: “ubralod Cemi meuRle marto iyo, sakeisro qonda gakeTebuli da raRac periodi unda gasuliyo, magasTan dakavSirebiT ZiriTadad ra, Tore sxva araferi ra. ici ra, es Cemi Svili iseTi celqia, rom exla meore rom yavdes, Zalian SezRuduli iqneboda.” (qmari)

“magas Cems damoukideblobaze aranairad ar umoqmedia ra. magas mniSvneloba ara aqvs ra, aranairi... albaT erTi welic SevikavebT Tavs da mere gavaCenT ra, isev.” (coli)

is respondenti mamakacebi, romelTa meuRleebic anazRaurebad saqmianobas ewevian da aseve swavloben, aRniSnaven, rom Svilis gaCenisgan droebiT Tavis Sekaveba maT meuRleebze dadebiTad aisaxa. maTi azriT, Svilis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi maTi meuRleebi ver SeZlebdnen erTdroulad bavSvis aRzrdas, saojaxo saqmis keTebasa da muSaobas:

“iqidan gamomdinare, ro Cemi meuRle swavlobs da amave dros muSaobs, droSi SezRudulia, mas dRes aqvs imis saSualeba, rom Tavis pirad saqmianobas dauTmos sakmarisi dro, aseve yuradReba miaqcios bavSvsac, vfiqrob Sedegebi dadebiTia, axalgazrda ojaxs, rogorc wesi, ar aqvs imis saSualeba, rom arCinos ramodenime bavSvi da Tan daikmayofilos Tavis survilebi ra. amitom mgonia, rom meore Svilis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi amas namdvilad ver miaRwevda”

(kaci, 25 wlis).

Zalian mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogor afaseben respondenti qalebi Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebis gadawyvetilebis Sedegebis gavlenas ojaxSi maTi damoukideblobis xarisxsa da statusze. respondentebs, romlebic dasaqmebulni arian, miaCniaT, rom ojaxis dagegmvam maT garkveuli damoukidebloba mianiWa ojaxSi, rasac isini dadebiT Sedegad ganixilaven:

“vmuSaob da maqvs Cemi Semosavali da weRanac vTqvi, rom meore Svilis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi amas ver mivaRwevdi ra da principSi es dadebiTi Sedegia xo. marto qmarze ara var damokidebuli, anu xo, principSi ufro damoukidebeli gavxdi ra. xo ase gamodis ra”

(qali, 23 wlis)

“ki, damoukidebloba momaniWa, ese igi damoukidebloba momaniWa im mxriv, rom me absoliturad vakmayofileb yvela Cems moTxovnas. aravisze ara var damokidebuli finansurad aravisze, arc meuRleze, arc dedamTilze da arc aravize, arc miTumetes dedaCemze da arc mamaCemze. vTvli, rom me rom ar memuSava, SezRuduli viqnebodi finansurad. SeiZleboda mqonoda raRac elementaruli moxmarebis sagnebi da ase Semdeg, magram ici damoukidebeli nebismier variantSi xar maSin, rodesac gaqvs raRac elementaruli, mwiri Semosavalic, anu Sen marTav is Seni xelfasi iqneba, Tu raRac da aqedan gamomdinare var ra damoukidebeli.”

(qali, 24 wlis)

Tumca, zogierTi qalbatoni aRniSnavs, rom ojaxis dagegmvis gareSe ver SeZlebdnen samsaxuris dawyebas (rac maTTvis sakuTari Semosavlis wyaro gaxda), ar fiqroben, rom Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebam raime gavlena iqonia maTi damoukideblobis xarisxze. erTi qalbatoni aRniSnavs: ”meore Svili rom gavaCino, saxlSi momiwevs Cajdoma da Semosavali aRar meqneba Cemi, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania CemTvis da aucilebeli”, mogvianebiT es qalbatoni damoukideblobis xarisxis Sefasebisas ambobs: “ara, aramgonia, Cveulebriv ra, rogorc viyavi, ise var exlac da ojaxis dagegmvas aranairi gavlena ar qonia ra.”

zogi respondenti qali aRniSnavs, rom is ojaxis dagegmvamdec iyo damoukidebeli, Tumca Svilis gaCenisgan Tavis Sekavebam misi damoukideblobis xarisxze dadebiTi gavlena iqonia:

”ki, Cemi gadawyvetileba iqamde miviyvane, rom vaxorcieleb da ese igi momaniWa. magram saerTod vera vgrZnob, Tu damoukidebeli ara var. gindac am sakiTxSi, ginda saerTod. Zalian damoukidebeli adamiani var, magram albaT amanac iqonia didi gavlena.”

(qali, 26 wlis)

“ki, momaniWa. jer erTi pirvel bavSvs ZiriTadad deda mizrdis, amitom ufro Tavisufali var. meores gaCenis mere amas ukve veRar, imitom rom meore Zalauneburad me unda gavzardo da daxmarebis Sansi ufro naklebia sxvisi. exla samsaxuri uzrunvelyofili maqvs, meti dro maqvs samsaxurisTvis da samsaxurSi rom kargad var, es Cem Semosavalzec aisaxeba. Cemi Semosavali maqvs da damoukidebeli var ra, amas davkargavdi. ojaxidan, rom seferxeba ara gaqvs aranairi, ufro damoukidebeli xar, meti gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari gaqvs da ufro Tavisufali var ra. . .” (qali, 29 wlis)

dasaqmebuli qalebis qmrebs m