Objective: To examine the rise of European fascism.

Do Now: What similarities existed regarding the rise of power of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini?

Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini

Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler

Fascism in Europe

• German

• Formed a totalitarian government

• Invaded Ethiopia in 1935.

• Italian

• Anger over the Versailles treaty

• Blamed the Jews for Germany’s problems.

• Resented Treaty of Versailles

• Believed Germans were a superior “Aryan” race.

• Used economic unrest and fears of communism to gain support.

• Used nationalism to gain support.

- FDR announced the Good Neighbor Policy in an attempt to improve U.S. relations with Latin America.

Depression Diplomacy

- Isolationists passed a series of Neutrality Acts in the 1930’s.

• warned U.S. citizens not to travel on ships of countries at war.

- These laws….• banned arms sales or

loans to countries at war.

Isolationists• Many Americans thought involvement in

WWI was a mistake• Neutrality Acts passed-

– 1935- authorized president to prohibit all arms shipments and to forbid travel on ships of warring nations

– 1936- forbade extension of loans and credits– 1937- forbade the shipment of arms to

opposing sides in Spanish Civil War• America First Committee- formed to

generate negative opinion of war

• Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy in 1922.

Fascists in Italy

Benito Mussolini, 1936

- He controlled the press and banned criticism of the government.

- All political parties, except the Fascist party, were outlawed.

Mussolini’s policies:

Mussolini and Fascism (4:14)

* Promising Italians greatness, Mussolini invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935.

* The League of Nations failed to help Ethiopia.

· In 1933, Hitler became chancellor, or head of the German government.

Nazi Germany

· Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party preached racial and religious hatred.

· Hitler claimed that Germans were a part of a superior “Aryan” race, and that Jews were to blame for Germany’s troubles.

Rise of the Nazis (4:15)

"If I can send the flower of the German nation into the hell of war without the smallest pity for the spilling of precious German blood, then surely I have the right to remove millions of an inferior race that breeds like vermin."

- Adolf Hitler

swastika, Nazi party symbol

- He created a totalitarian state, in which the Nazi’s controlled every aspect of German society.

- Hitler built up his armed forces, in violation of the Versailles Treaty.

- Jews had their German citizenship taken away, they were forbidden from using public facilities, and they were removed from most types of work.

- Citizens must always obey the government, and the government could not be criticized.

Hitler’s policies:

Japan

• Invaded Manchuria in 1931• Established a puppet government• League of Nations did nothing except

condemn actions• Japan left League of Nations

Prelude to War

• Appeasement– Did nothing to stop Italian invasion of Ethiopia– German troops marched into Rhineland– Japan sunk US gunboat in China– Hitler wanted to take the Sudetenland

• Munich Conference• Hitler was allowed to take these lands but

no more

War

• 1939- Hitler sends troops to Czechoslovakia• Stalin and Hitler sign nonaggression pact

and agreed to divide Poland between them• Sept. 1939- Germany invaded Poland

– Britain and France declare war against Germany

– Germans used blitzkrieg method (lightning war)• Took Denmark, Norway, and France

US Response

• “Cash and carry”- countries could buy US arms if it used its own ships and pay cash

• Selective Service Act- all American men between 21 and 35 registered and trained 1.2 million troops in 1 year

• Destroyers for bases- Britain received 50 destroyer ships and US got to build bases on British Caribbean islands

Arsenal of Democracy• Lend-Lease Act- Britain could get all arms it

needed on credit• Atlantic Charter- meeting between FDR and

Churchill; outlined end of war objectives including self-determination and free trade

• Shoot on sight- protected British ships from submarine attack and had US Navy escort lend-lease materials– US ship destroyed and Navy attacked German

ships

US Relations with Japan

• 1940- Japan allies with Germany and Italy• FDR halted exports of steel and iron • FDR froze all Japanese credits in the US

and cut off access to oil• Japan refused to pull troops from China• Japanese ambassador tried to negotiate

with US

Pearl Harbor

• December 7,1941• Japanese planes flew over Pearl Harbor

and bombed ships– 2,400 Americans killed– 1,200 wounded– 20 ships destroyed– 150 airplanes destroyed

• Congress declared war against Japan on December 8

Four A’s

• Based on FDR’s speech find some :– ASSUMPTIONS the author makes– Statements you AGREE with– Statements you would ARGUE– Statements you ASPIRE to

• Discuss these in your groups.

Pearl Harbor Address

• 1. What is FDR implying when he says “it contained no hint or threat of war?”

• 2. Why does FDR believe the attack had been planned for a while?

• 3. What evidence shows that Japan planned the attacks?

• 4. What type of rhetoric does FDR use to boost American morale?

• 5. What rhetoric does FDR use to rally support against Japan?

THE HOME FRONT

Mobilization Agencies

• War Production Board- established to manage war industries

• Office of War Mobilization- set production priorities and controlled raw materials– Paid contractors plus a profit

• Industrial output of Allies doubled that of Axis – Unemployment almost disappeared

Mobilization Agencies

• Office of Price Administration- regulated economy by freezing prices, wages, and rents– Rationed meat, sugar, gasoline, and tires

• Unions and corporations agreed not to strike– Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act of 1943

allowed government to take over businesses threatened by strike

Raising Money

• US government raised money for war by:– Increasing income tax

• Practice of deducting taxes from paychecks began

– Selling war bonds

IMPACT ON SOCIETY

African Americans

• 1.5 million left the South for work• Many served armed forces• Race riots continued• NAACP membership increased• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

formed to advance civil rights• Smith v. Allwright- ruled denying African

Americans membership in political party unconstitutional

Mexican Americans

• Many worked in defense industries• Over 300,000 served in military• Mexican farmworkers, braceros, entered

US during harvest season to work without going through formal immigration process

• Zoot Suit Riots- summer 1943- whites and Mexican Americans battled for jobs in California

Native Americans

• 25,000 served in military• Many worked in defense industries• Many that left the reservation never

returned

Japanese Americans

• 20,000 served in military• Many were suspected of being spies• US government ordered 100,000

Japanese Americans to leave homes and move to internment camps

• Korematsu v. US- upheld internment camp policy because they believed it was justified during wartime

Women

• 20,000 served in noncombatant roles• 5 million entered workforce, many in

industrial jobs• “Rosie the Riveter” encouraged women to

take defense jobs

Propaganda

• Used to – Maintain public morale– Encourage people to save and sacrifice

resources– Increase war production

• Did this through posters, songs, news bulletins, movies, radio, popular music

• Office of War Information- contolled news about troop movements and battles

BATTLES

Two Fronts

• Pacific • European• Japan reached its height of power in 1942• On European front, Germany first focused

on Soviet Union then on France and Britain

Fighting Germany

• US and Britain used radar, sonar, and bombing of German naval bases to stop German submarine attacks

• Began bombing raids on German cities– Focused on cities with war industries

Fighting Germany

• Germany had occupied areas in Northern Africa and the Mediterranean

• Allies began Operation Torch, a mission to take these lands, led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower– Succeeded in May 1943

Fighting Germany

• Germans had occupied island of Sicily• Mussolini fell from power but was rescued

by Hitler’s forces• Germans had most control over Italy

D-Day• Allied effort to liberate France from German

rule• June 6, 1944• Allies landed on the beaches of Normandy

and moved into France• Allies had taken France from Germans by

September and advanced onto German border

• Battle of the Bulge- German counterattack in Belgium to stop Allied advancement– Eventually failed

German Surrender

• German ability to fight hindered by Allied bombing

• Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945• Unconditional surrender of Nazis on May 7• Americans went through Germany and

liberated many concentration camps– Many were shocked at the extent of the

Holocaust• VE Day- May 8, 1945

Fighting Japan

• Mainly fought between US and Japan• In 1942, Japan controlled Korea, Eastern

China, the Philippines, Burma, Malaya, French Indochina, Indonesia, and Pacific Islands

• Mainly naval warfare

Fighting Japan

• Battle of the Coral Sea- US aircraft carriers stopped Japanese invasion of Australia

• Battle of Midway- US intercepted Japanese messages and destroyed 4 Japanese carriers and 300 planes

Island Hopping

• US strategy to seize islands in the Pacific to gain closer access to Japan

• Adopted by Admiral Chester Nimitz• Pacific commander was General Douglas

MacArthur

Major Battles

• Battle of Leyte Gulf- Japanese navy was destroyed

• Battle of Okinawa- Japanese used kamikaze pilots to make suicide attacks on US ships

• Success of US in Pacific was largely due to Navajo code talkers

Atomic Bombs• Invasion force was created to attack Japan

– Heavy casualties were feared• Manhattan Project- began in 1942 directed by

Robert Oppenheimer to construct atomic bomb– Power of atomic bomb comes from splitting an

atom– Successfully tested in New Mexico – Use of bomb authorized by Harry Truman– Truman gave Japan a warning– Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed 3 days apart

• Japan surrendered

END OF THE WAR

Wartime Conferences

• Casablanca- Roosevelt and Churchill agree to invade Sicily and to demand unconditional surrender from Axis powers.

• Teheran- Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed British and Americans would liberate France and Soviets would invade Germany

Wartime Conferences

• Yalta- Big Three met and agreed to– Divide Germany into occupation zones– Free elections in liberated countries of

Eastern Europe– Soviets would enter war against Japan– Soviets would control some islands in Pacific

and areas in Manchuria– United Nations would be formed

Wartime Conferences

• Postdam- Stalin, Truman, and Clement Attlee met and agreed to – Issue a warning to Japan to surrender

unconditionally– Hold war-crime trials of Nazi leaders

• Nuremburg Trials in Germany• Tokyo War Crimes Trials in Japan

– Divide Germany into 4 zones of occupation: Soviet, American, British, French

Costs

• 300,000 Americans died• 800,000 Americans wounded• $320 billion cost• National debt increased five fold

United Nations

• Congress accepted membership into the peace keeping organization

• Delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco and drafted a charter

• UN developed when a majority of nations accepted charter

• Over the years, the UN aided the end of colonialism, establishment of Israel, mediation of conflicts, and aid to world

Effects

• United States became the most powerful nation in the world

• Largest economy• Europe divided through Berlin;

communists in the east, democracy in the west

• General Douglas MacArthur headed occupation of Japan