Rise of FascismRise of Fascism

Mussolini & HitlerMussolini & Hitler

FascismFascism

As a result of the post-WWI As a result of the post-WWI economic & political problems, U.S., economic & political problems, U.S., Britain, France, & Scandinavia Britain, France, & Scandinavia maintained democratic gov’tsmaintained democratic gov’ts Others turned to various totalitarian Others turned to various totalitarian

rulers to strengthen their country and rulers to strengthen their country and economyeconomy

What does fascism What does fascism mean?mean?

FascismFascism

FascismFascism—new, militant political —new, militant political movement that emphasized loyalty movement that emphasized loyalty to state & obedience to rulerto state & obedience to ruler

What fascism promisedWhat fascism promised Revive economiesRevive economies Punish those responsible for hard timesPunish those responsible for hard times Restore national prideRestore national pride Repair damage of Treaty of VersaillesRepair damage of Treaty of Versailles

FascismFascism CharacteristicsCharacteristics

No clearly defined No clearly defined theorytheory

Preached extreme Preached extreme nationalismnationalism

Believed that nations Believed that nations must strugglemust struggle

Pledged loyalty to Pledged loyalty to authoritarian leadersauthoritarian leaders

Leaders wore Leaders wore uniforms, had salutes, uniforms, had salutes, held ralliesheld rallies

FascismFascism Fascism & Communism Fascism & Communism

ComparisonComparison Both ruled by dictators w/ 1 Both ruled by dictators w/ 1

party ruleparty rule Both thought state was Both thought state was

supremesupreme Neither practiced democracyNeither practiced democracy Fascist believed each class Fascist believed each class

had its place; communists had its place; communists believed it should be a believed it should be a classless societyclassless society

Aristocrats v. workersAristocrats v. workers Fascists were nationalists, Fascists were nationalists,

communists were communists were internationalistsinternationalists

Mussolini’s Rise to Mussolini’s Rise to Power Power

Benito Mussolini’s RiseBenito Mussolini’s Rise Fascism was fueled by disappointment over Treaty of Fascism was fueled by disappointment over Treaty of

VersaillesVersailles Rising inflation & high unemployment contributed to Rising inflation & high unemployment contributed to

social unrestsocial unrest Middle & upper classes feared a communist Middle & upper classes feared a communist

revolutionrevolution Mussolini founded Fascist Party in 1919Mussolini founded Fascist Party in 1919

Promised to revive economy, provide strong leadershipPromised to revive economy, provide strong leadership Began attacking socialists & communists on streetsBegan attacking socialists & communists on streets

October 1922…30,000 fascists marched on Rome to October 1922…30,000 fascists marched on Rome to demand King Emmanuel III name Mussolini Prime demand King Emmanuel III name Mussolini Prime MinisterMinister

Fearing a civil war, King appointed him new head of gov’tFearing a civil war, King appointed him new head of gov’t

Mussolini’s Rise to Mussolini’s Rise to PowerPower

Il Duce’s Leadership (Mussolini)Il Duce’s Leadership (Mussolini) Abolished democracy & outlawed all Abolished democracy & outlawed all

parties but fascistsparties but fascists Secret police jailed opponentsSecret police jailed opponents Gov’t forced radios and publications to Gov’t forced radios and publications to

broadcast fascist doctrinesbroadcast fascist doctrines Strengthened Italy’s economyStrengthened Italy’s economy Became model of fascism to comeBecame model of fascism to come

QuestionsQuestions

How did Mussolini maintain power How did Mussolini maintain power in Italy?in Italy?

How did Mussolini gain power in How did Mussolini gain power in Italy?Italy?

Why was Mussolini able to gain Why was Mussolini able to gain power in Italy?power in Italy?

Hitler Controls GermanyHitler Controls Germany

Hitler before NazisHitler before Nazis Little known political Little known political

leader born in Austria in leader born in Austria in 18891889

High school drop-out, High school drop-out, failed artist, WWI German failed artist, WWI German soldier…won 2 Iron soldier…won 2 Iron Crosses for BraveryCrosses for Bravery

Moved to Munich after Moved to Munich after war to join a right wing war to join a right wing political group…later to political group…later to become Nazisbecome Nazis

Hitler Controls GermanyHitler Controls Germany Hitler & the NazisHitler & the Nazis

Overturn Treaty of Versailles and stop Overturn Treaty of Versailles and stop communismcommunism

Munich group was known as National Socialist Munich group was known as National Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi)German Worker’s Party (Nazi)

Favored policies of middle classFavored policies of middle class Adopted swastika, hooked crossAdopted swastika, hooked cross

Means “well-being” in Sanskrit…ancient good luck Means “well-being” in Sanskrit…ancient good luck symbolsymbol

Formed private militia called stormtroopers or Formed private militia called stormtroopers or “brownshirts”“brownshirts”

Hitler became Hitler became der Fuhrerder Fuhrer, the leader, of Nazi , the leader, of Nazi PartyParty

Tried to seize power in Munich, similar to Tried to seize power in Munich, similar to Mussolini, in 1923Mussolini, in 1923

Failed & was arrested for treason, serving 9 months Failed & was arrested for treason, serving 9 months of a 5 year sentenceof a 5 year sentence

Brown ShirtsBrown Shirts

Hitler Controls GermanyHitler Controls Germany

Hitler & NazisHitler & Nazis Wrote Wrote Mein KampfMein Kampf, “My Struggle” in prison, , “My Struggle” in prison,

mapping out his beliefs and goals for Germanymapping out his beliefs and goals for Germany Declared “Aryan”, blond-haired & blue eyed, the master Declared “Aryan”, blond-haired & blue eyed, the master

racerace Non-Aryans were inferior sub-humansNon-Aryans were inferior sub-humans

Was outraged by Treaty of Versailles, vowed to regain Was outraged by Treaty of Versailles, vowed to regain lands lost by itlands lost by it

Declared that Germany was overcrowded, vowed to gain Declared that Germany was overcrowded, vowed to gain space by conquering E. Europe & W. Russiaspace by conquering E. Europe & W. Russia

Revived Nazi Party in 1924Revived Nazi Party in 1924 Depression takes hold w/ Germans turning to Depression takes hold w/ Germans turning to

Hitler to gain controlHitler to gain control

Mein KampfMein Kampf

Hitler Controls GermanyHitler Controls Germany Hitler Becomes ChancellorHitler Becomes Chancellor

Nazis had become largest political party by 1932Nazis had become largest political party by 1932 Conservatives believed he was easily controllableConservatives believed he was easily controllable

Asked President Paul von Hindenburg to name him Chancellor…Asked President Paul von Hindenburg to name him Chancellor…gaining power legallygaining power legally

Called for new parliamentary elections hoping to gain majority Called for new parliamentary elections hoping to gain majority controlcontrol

Reichstag burns down a few days before…Nazis blamed Reichstag burns down a few days before…Nazis blamed CommunistsCommunists

Fear of Communism gave Nazis majorityFear of Communism gave Nazis majority Hitler had Enabling Act passedHitler had Enabling Act passed

Granted him dictatorial powers for 4 yearsGranted him dictatorial powers for 4 years Hitler banned all other political parties, having opponents Hitler banned all other political parties, having opponents

arrestedarrested Created SS, protection squad loyal to only HitlerCreated SS, protection squad loyal to only Hitler Gestapo, secret police, shocked w/ brutal force into obedienceGestapo, secret police, shocked w/ brutal force into obedience

GestapoGestapo

Hitler Controls GermanyHitler Controls Germany

Hitler takes control of EconomyHitler takes control of Economy Bans labor unions, gov’t control of labor Bans labor unions, gov’t control of labor

& business& business Put Germans to work building factories, Put Germans to work building factories,

highways, weapons, serving in militaryhighways, weapons, serving in military Decreased unemployment Decreased unemployment

Hitler Controls GermanyHitler Controls Germany

Der FuhrerDer Fuhrer Hitler became totalitarian, controlling Hitler became totalitarian, controlling

everything everything Used propaganda…radio, press Used propaganda…radio, press

literature, filmsliterature, films Burned booksBurned books Churches couldn’t criticizeChurches couldn’t criticize Children joined Hitler Youth programsChildren joined Hitler Youth programs Heavily influenced by Social DarwinismHeavily influenced by Social Darwinism

Hitler Controls GermanyHitler Controls Germany Campaign against JewsCampaign against Jews

Anti-Semitism—hatred for JewsAnti-Semitism—hatred for Jews Jews represented less than 1% of population Jews represented less than 1% of population

but were blamed for all of Germany’s illsbut were blamed for all of Germany’s ills Jew were stereotyped as the evil bankers causing Jew were stereotyped as the evil bankers causing

all the economic problemsall the economic problems Nuremburg Laws, 1933Nuremburg Laws, 1933

Nazi laws depriving Jews of their rights, Nazi laws depriving Jews of their rights, sparking violencesparking violence

KristallnachtKristallnacht—Night of Broken Glass—Nov. —Night of Broken Glass—Nov. 9, 1933, Nazi mobs attacked Jewish homes, 9, 1933, Nazi mobs attacked Jewish homes, stores, churchesstores, churches

KristallnachtKristallnacht

Other Dictators Other Dictators WorldwideWorldwide

Dictators arose in Czechoslovakia, Dictators arose in Czechoslovakia, Soviet Union, Spain, AustriaSoviet Union, Spain, Austria

World split into democracies & World split into democracies & totalitarians totalitarians

QuestionsQuestions

1.1. Why did a movement like fascism, and Why did a movement like fascism, and leaders like Mussolini and Hitler, come to leaders like Mussolini and Hitler, come to power during a period of crisis?power during a period of crisis?

2.2. Compare and contrast Hitler & Mussolini. Compare and contrast Hitler & Mussolini. Their rise to power, their way of governing, Their rise to power, their way of governing, their control mechanisms, their economic their control mechanisms, their economic reforms.reforms.

3.3. Compare and contrast fascism & Compare and contrast fascism & communism.communism.

4.4. Which countries maintained democracies? Which countries maintained democracies? Lost?Lost?

QuestionsQuestions

Who was Il Duce?Who was Il Duce? Who was Who was Der FuhrerDer Fuhrer?? What was What was KristallnachtKristallnacht? ? How did Hitler & Mussolini maintain How did Hitler & Mussolini maintain

power?power? What was What was Mein KampfMein Kampf about? about?