Management of waste by products in fruits and vegetables

Meat Sugarcane

R MIRUNALINIII MSC

PERIYAR UNIVERSITY

SALEM

IntroductionThe economic success of any food processing industry up

to an extend depends upon the utilization of waste products that are produced during the varies stages of processing.

During the canning of fruits and vegetables and while preparing the juices, jams , jellies, dried products etc, large quantities of wastes materials are being left over. these wastes have to be utilizes for the manufacturing by product in order to reduce the cost of production main products.

From 10% - 75% of the fruit and vegetables that are processed in contribute to an estimated two lack tons of an underutilized energy resource in the world. Some of this waste ends up as animal feed and some is returned to the land as a nutrient. It is an important fact, that waste of fruit and vegetable is a potential energy source, methane.

Up to 50% of fruit and vegetable waste could be potentially converted to this fuel. The anaerobic digestion of vegetable by products has the potential to produce both energy (methane) and heat.

Most agricultural anaerobic digestion systems will use manure as a primary component and add materials such as vegetable waste.

Commonly used methods of managing fruit and vegetable waste are:

  Return fruit and vegetable waste to the field on which it was grown

 Store the culled fruit and vegetables in a pile or burned area for a limited time

 Feed fruit and vegetable waste to livestock Process fruit and vegetable waste to separate

juice from pulp Dispose of fruit and vegetable waste in landfill

areas.

Apple

APPLEApple pomace left over after the processing

of juice can be dried for cattle feed.The pomace can also be used for the

produce pectin.The pomace is heated at a ph of 3.0 for 1

and half hours at about 190˚ F or 30-40 minutes at 212˚F.

Addition of 0.2 percent citric tartarise or lactic acid gives better results.

After boiling the pomace is pressed and the solution is clarified by setting or by centrifugal treatment.

The starch and protein present is removed by adding enzymes.

The liquid is further heated to kill the enzymes and decolorizes with activated carbon.

After that it is filtered using filter paper .The pectin content in the filtrate will be

around 0.7 – 1 %.It is then concentrated under reduced

pressure to 4.5 % pectin , the product can be standardized using jelly tests.

Apple pomace being a rich source of pectin and fairly good sources of sugars can be utilized for the preparation of jellies, jams etc.,

APRICOT

APRICOTKernels (The inner and usually edible part

of a seed or grain or nut or fruit stone)They can also be used in confectionery.Edible oil can be extracted, The kernels

contain 49% oil which was extracted using n-hexane. The oil was rich in oleic acid 

The kernels can be utilized in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations.

The kernels are some times used for making paste which are usually made from almonds.

BANANA

BANANA Banana pseudo stem products Tender banana stem is generally used as a

vegetable and has high medicinal values. Sweet candy is prepared from tender banana pseudo stem

apart from this the wastage obtained from this is used for paper industries for One of the materials found to be promising was banana stem waste, which is a very good source of cellulose.

Various uses include: Acoustic panels, Partition walls and other utilities, Packing material, Files and cover paper, Expansion joint pads, etc,.

BANANA FIBER EXTRACTION:

Banana Fiber is extracted from Banana tree bark. This fiber is then used for making various

products in attractive designs of various sizes.• Coasters • Table Mats• Bags• Floor Mats• Home Furnishings

PRODUCTS

AGRO WASTE UTILIZATION IN BANANA PEEL

Banana peels and waste are readily available

agricultural waste, yet they seem to be under utilized as

potential growth medium for local yeast strain, despite their

rich carbohydrate content and other basic nutrients that can

support yeast growth. It is mostly used in preparation of

media.

Use of Banana leaves

The large leaves of bananas and plantains are put to a

diversity of uses. They make ideal green umbrellas and are

frequently used as disposable plates.

The use of banana leaves as a “biological plate” for serving

food has gained such popularity in Southern India that

bananas cultivated exclusively for their leaves are now being

grown commercially.

In many countries, banana leaves are also used for thatching

and for wrapping food for cooking.

MEDICINAL

Because they contain vitamin A, bananas and plantains

act as an aid to digestion, and it is reported that boiled,

mashed ripe fruit can be good for constipation,

especially when mixed with other recommended plants.

The juice from the male bud provides an apparent

remedy for stomach problems in people of all ages,

while there are reports of the ripe fruit being used in

the treatment of asthma and bronchitis.

Finally, some other minor, but extremely varied,

uses of the plant include the use of banana seeds

for making necklaces and other ornaments, the use

of banana sap as a dye, the use of the fruit as a

meat tenderizer and the use of banana ash in soap.

In Indonesia, the production of floor wax

and shoe polish from banana peels is also being

explored

CHERRY

CheeryFruit kernels of cherry can be used for edible oil extraction.

Cherry kernels yield 30% of edible oil on dry basis.

CITRUS FRUITS

Citrus fruitsOranges and lime are usually known as citrus fruits.Seeds and sludge's obtained from lime this can be

used for the production of essential oil which finds a ready market in confectionery and perfumery trades.

Citric acid can be also prepared from lime and orange waste.

Orange residues can be fermented to vinegar.Pectin can be also prepared from juice residues of

lime and orange.Fresh orange peels yield 0.54 % of citrus oil this can

be extracted in several ways example like cold press method.

GRAPES

GrapesGrape seed Oil for CookingImproves Cardiovascular HealthHigh in omega-6 fatty acids in the form of

linoleic acidRich in polyunsaturated fats, which are

better than fats from butter and margarine.Skincare ProductsAnti-bacterial, anti-viral and anti-

inflammatory.Good for sensitive skinFine Liquor: GrappaNew Development! Biodegradable

ContainersCattle feed

GUAVA

Guava Peelings seeds and cores are the waste obtained from guava possessing each of these can used for the production of the guava cheese.

Peels can be used for the cattle feed.

MANGO

By Products of Mango.

Juice from pomace Kernel flourStarch / fat from kernelPectin from peelBiogas production from peel PicklesMango peel used for preparation

of vinegar and pectin

Uses of Mango Kernel FlourHuman food: It can replace wheat flour to an extent of about 5-10% in preparation of various food products like chapatti.Animal feed: Can be used as feed and

manure Starch manufacturing: Used in sizing

operations in textile and clothing industries, for washing clothes, in adhesives, paper and fermentation

Oil and fat extraction: This oil has a medicinal value, used in unani and ayurveda medicines. The fat can be used as an edible oil purpose being slightly modified and also in soap industries

VEGETABLES

VEGETAB

LEs

BEANS

Beans The waste are pods and crop tops which occur at the harvesting end. These can be used in fresh condition to feed cattle or ploughed into the field to serve as manure.

Green crop parts can be utilized to get chlorophyll it can also be converted into silage.

POTATO

Potato waste is an excellent source of energy for feeding cattle. It has energy values similar to corn and barley while being low in calcium and protein.

The starch product, obtained by drying the debris recovered from peeling potatoes, is recommended for use in drilling muds

Medical and biological sciences are researching uses of solanine, chaconine, and leptine extracted from potato wastes.

Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a naturally occurring phenolic compound found in fruits and vegetables, is readily extractable from potato peels.

TOMATO

• Processing of tomato results in generation of large amounts of wastes or by-products i.e. seeds, skins and pulp.

• These by-products are good sources of many important bioactive substances like lycopene, β catotene, polyphenols, sterols, terpenes, tocopherols etc..

• These bioactive compounds can be utilized as functional ingredients or additives in preparation of functional foods.

• Caroteniods may be extracted by using hexane and ethyl acetate as solvents

• The recovery caroteniods is about 37 mg /kg waste• Lycopene, beta carotene and lutein have role in

prevention and reduction of incidence of various diseases i.e. heart diseases, hardening of arteries (atherosclerosis), cancer (prostate, breast, lung, bladder, colon, pancreas), catracts, asthma etc.

MEAT

MEAT

By-products in the meat industry and their

utilization

Blood HairSkinHoofs bones

BloodBlood is the main waste product of meat

industry this waste can be recovered to produce some useful products like fertilizers feedstuffs binders and other items.

Blood is used in food as an emulsifier, a stabilizer, a clarifier, a colour additive, and as a nutritional component.

Most blood is used in livestock feed in the form of blood meal.

Plasma is the best water and fat binder of the blood fraction.

Blood plasma also has an excellent foaming capacity and can be used to replace egg whites in the baking industry.

Skin• Animal hides have been used for

shelters, clothing and as containers by human beings since prehistoric times.

• Hides and skins are generally one of the most valuable by-products from animals. Examples of finished products from the hides of cattle and pigs, and from sheep pelts, are leather shoes and bags, athletic equipment, reformed sausage casing and cosmetic products, sausage skins, edible gelatine and glue

HairsUsed for producing winter cloths like hot tops caps, coat and hand gloves.

Some times it is used to prepare fine fibers

And also hairs are cleaned and washed with lime an water to produce a good quality resin.

These resin are found to be high strength

BONES• The marrow inside some of the bones can

also be used as food.• Bones can be used as fertilizers like

calcium ammonium nitrate, Calcium superphosphates

• These are mainly used for preparing the gelatin/glue.

SUGERCANE

Sugarcane produces mainly two types of biomass, Cane Trash and Bagasse. 

 Cane Trash is the field residue remaining after harvesting the Cane stalk and Bagasse is the milling by-product which remains after extracting sugar from the stalk.

Bagasse is commonly used as a substitute for wood in many tropical and subtropical countries for the production  paper and board.

On the other hand, Bagasse has been traditionally used as a fuel in the Sugar mill 

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