Leadership

Leadership

What Is Leadership?

“The behavioral process of influencing

individuals and groups toward set goals.”

or “influencing others through credibility,

capability, and commitment”

Leaders Versus Managers

A manager takes care of such things as scheduling, budgeting, and organizing, whereas a leader is more concerned with the direction of an organization, including its goals and objectives.

VISION

How Leaders Are Chosen

1. Appointed Leaders

2. Emergent Leaders

Approaches to Studying Leadership

Trait approach

Behavioral approach

Interactional approach

What personality characteristics are common to great leaders?

Key question:

The Trait Approach: The Great Person Theory of Leadership

Results:

What are the universal behaviors (not traits) of effective leaders?

Key question:

Successful leaders use both “consideration” (focus on friendship, mutual trust, respect) and “initiating” (focus on rules, goals, and objectives).

Leaders in non-sport settings

The Behavioral Approach

Leaders in sport

The Behavioral Approach

Effective coaches focus on:

Instruction anddemonstration

The Behavioral Approach

CBASCoaching Behavior Assessment System

Reactive vs. Spont.

Facilitating positive coaching behaviors (frequent use of reinforcement and mistake-contingent encouragement) assures…

Coaching Behavior Assessment System (CBAS) Categories

Reactive BehaviorsReinforcement

Mistake-contingent technical instruction

Mistake-contingent encouragement

Punishment

Punitive technical instruction

Ignoring mistakes

Keeping control

Coaching Behavior Assessment System (CBAS) Categories

Spontaneous BehaviorsGeneral technical instruction

Organization

General encouragement

General communication

Both person and situation factors must be jointly considered to understand effective leadership.

Key:

The Interactional

Approach

Implications:1.

2.

3.

The Interactional

ApproachA relationship-oriented leader focuses on

a task-oriented leader focuses on

Relationship– and task–oriented leaders compared The effectiveness of an

individual’s leadership style stems from _____________the situation.

The Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership

The Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership

Optimal performance and satisfaction are achieved when a leader’s required, preferred, and actual behaviors are consistent.

Key:

Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) Dimensions

Training (instructive behaviors)

Democratic behavior (decision-making style)

Autocratic behavior (decision-making style)

Social support (motivational tendencies)

Positive feedback (motivational tendencies)

Teamwork and the Business World

• Research by Goleman (2000) on the emotional intelligence of business executives identified six leadership styles that are also applicable in sport.

• Different situations call for different leadership styles.

The Coach As Team Leader

• Leadership Styles

– Coercive– Authoritative (best)– Affiliative– Democratic– Pace-setting– Coaching

Antecedents of Leadership

Age and Maturing

Antecedents of Leadership

Gender

Antecedents of Leadership

Type of Sport

Consequences of Leadership

SatisfactionCoach-athlete compatibility in decision style, generous coach social support, and allowing democratic decisions are generally associated with higher athlete satisfaction.

Consequences of Leadership

Performance

Jim Loehr Concepts of Leadership

Consistent Core Competencies• Theme 1: Spiritual leadership

– Clearly define the team mission, goals, and vision.– Recruit commitment and motivation by aligning

team and individual values.– Institute and enforce ethical standards and a code

of conduct that govern both leader and team behavior.

Consistent Core Competencies

• Theme 2: Mental leadership– Ability to focus attention and think clearly under

pressure.– Effectively manage time.– Act decisively from a reality-based perspective.– Have self-awareness.

Consistent Core Competencies

• Theme 3: Emotional leadership– Communicate effectively.– Instill hope, trust, and confidence in teammates.– Demonstrate empathy, humility, and compassion.– Instill in others a sense of challenge, opportunity,

and excitement when facing adversity.

Consistent Core Competencies

• Theme 4: Physical leadership– Behave in accordance with personal and team

values.– Demonstrate integrity: “walk the talk.”– Be accountable and hold others accountable to

clearly defined, measurable outcomes.– Define team success in concrete behavioral terms.

Multidimensional Engagement

Ordinary vs. Extraordinary Leadership

• Adversity is the true test of leadership.

• The crises of competitive sport can become powerful forces of disengagement.

• An important aspect of effective leadership is teaching athletes how to remain fully engaged in spite of injuries, bad losses, parental pressure, negative media coverage, etc.