Laboratory Operations andTechniques

are the proper ways of manipulating/utilizing the apparatus in the laboratory.

A. Handling Liquids 1. transferring into a narrow-mouthed container (such as test tube, graduated cylinder, flasks) 2. transferring into a wide-mouthed container (such as beaker) B. Handling Solids/Powder 1. transferring into a narrow-mouthed container 2. transferring into a wide-mouthed container (beaker) C. Heating 1. using a test tube 2. using other containers (beaker, flask, etc.) D. Determining the odor of a chemical E. Tasting chemicals F. Diluting an Acid G. Determining the acidity and alkalinity of a chemical H. Filtration I. Measuring 1. Volume of Liquid 2. Volume of Solid a. regularly-shaped ( with dimensions--- rectangle, square, cylinder) b. irregularly-shaped (without dimensions – marble, stones, etc) 3. Mass 4. Force 5. Temperature

A. Handling liquid

1. transferring into a narrow-mouthed container (such as test tube, graduated cylinder, flasks)

2. transferring into a wide-mouthed container (such as beaker)

B. Handling Solids/Powder

1. transferring into a wide-mouthed container

2. transferring into a narrow-mouthed container

C. Heating

Using a test tube

Using other containers (beaker, flask, etc.)

D. Determining the Odor of a Chemical

We determine the odor of chemicals by fanning gently towards the nostrils.

E. Tasting Chemicals

We taste chemicals by dipping the stirring rod into the chemical and bring it to the tip of the tongue. DON’T SWALLOW! Spit

immediately and wash the tongue with water.

F. Diluting Acid

Always add the acid to the water. Otherwise the acid can splash you and get on your skin and also if it is a concentrated acid, as you dilute it, a lot of heat is generated, and you want the larger volume of water to be able to absorb that heat.

G. Determining the acidity and alkalinity of a chemical

Blue litmus paper turns red - acidic Red litmus paper turns blue - basic

H. Filtration

I. Measuring

1. Measuring the Volume of Liquid – read at the lower meniscus for colorless liquid and read at the upper meniscus for colored liquid and should be at an eye level

2. Measuring the volume of Solids

a. Irregularly-shaped solid – use Water

Displacement Method (V= FR- IR)

b. Regularly-shaped solid

V = l x w x h

V= 20cm x 8cm x 16cm

V= 2 560 cm3

3. Measuring the mass

- used of platform balance, triple beam

balance, weighing scale

Spring Balance

4. Force - used of spring balance

5. Measuring the Temperature

- used of thermometer