Familiarizationwith

Apparatus/Equipment

in theChemistry Laboratory

Apparatus/Equipment are used in many different ways:

As containers For measuring mass For measuring volume For support As guide for flow As source of heat For picking-up Objects In Other Ways

Used as ContainersDescription: The flat bottom and spout allow

this piece of glassware to be stable on the lab bench or hot plate, plus it's easy to pour a liquid without making a mess. Beakers are also easy to clean.

Most beakers are made from borosilicate glass

Function/Use: reaction container holds liquid or solid samples to catch liquids from titrations and

filtrates from filtering operations for mixing to heat liquids

No lab would be complete without a Beaker. It’s a Multipurpose and essential in the lab.

Used as Containers

Test TubeDescription: round-bottom cylinders usually made of borosilicate

glass so that they can withstand temperature changes and resist reaction with chemicals.

several sizes sometimes called culture tubes

(a test tube without a lip).

Function/Use: for holding small samples or

mixtures (liquid, solid and gas) for containing small-scale

reactions.

Used as Containers

Erlenmeyer Flask is one of the most common and useful pieces of chemistry lab glassware.

Description: flat-bottomed, cone-shaped flask

(stable on table) usually made of borosilicate glass

(can be heated over a flame or autoclaved)

most common sizes: 250 mL & 500 mL

Function/Use: to measure large volume mix and store chemicals used to heat liquids (wide bottom

allows faster heating because of the greater surface area exposed to the heat)

also used to catch filtrates.

Used as Containers Florence Flask (also called boiling flask)

Description: round-bottom borosilicate glass

container with thick walls, capable of withstanding temperature changes.

Function/Use: used for heating

subtances that need to be heated evenly

bulbed-bottom allows the heat to distribute through the liquid more evenly

mostly used in distillation experiments.

Used as ContainersDescription: long, thin neck with a line for

measuring a specified volume usually have flat bottoms usually made of borosilicate

glass typical sizes: 25, 50, 100,

250, 500, 1000 mL

Function/Use: to measure one specific

volume of liquid to make precise dilutions mostly used in mixing

solutions where a one liter or one half a liter is needed

Volumetric Flasks

Used as ContainersPetri dishes come as a set.Description: flat bottom dish and a flat lid

that rests loosely over the bottom

made from a borosilicate glass, such as Pyrex or Kimax

plastic petri dishes also are available

Function/Use: commonly are used for

culturing bacteria in a microbiology lab, containing small living specimens, and holding chemical samples.

Used as Containers Description:

Glass bottles with ground glass stoppers

some are made of plastic

Function/Use: to store stock solutions of

chemicals for mixing for displaying.

Reagent Bottles

Used as Containers

Description: concave dishes that have

a variety of uses cannot resist high

temperature. It should never be heated.

Function/Use: for holding small samples

for observation under a low-power microscope

As lids flasks, beakers or evaporating dishes.

for evaporating liquid off of samples, such as growing seed crystals

hold solids when being weighed or transportedWatch Glass

Used as ContainersDescription: round bottom flask the end of the

neck of the flask is typically a conical ground glass joint.

Function/Use: often used when

even heating or boiling of a sample is needed.Erlenmeyer Bulb

Used as ContainersDescription: cup-shaped piece of

laboratory glassware

they come with lids

Function/Use: used to hold small

amount of solid substance which are to be heated to high temperatures

Crucible(with cover)

Used as ContainersDescription: wide porcelain

dish highly resistant

to high temperatures

Function/Use: used to hold

small amount of substance that needs heating in order to evaporate liquids.

Evaporating Dish

Used as ContainersDescription: Made of plastic (can be

squeezed) has narrow tube from

bottom (inside) that extends out of the bottle (pointed tip) to dispense as squeezed

Function/Use: for dispensing small

quantities of distilled water.

to rinse off chemical substances from containers especially in qualitative analysis

Wash Bottles

Used for Measuring MassDescription: Has a metal pan

on the left With three sliders

on the three beams

Function/Use: to measure

masses very precisely (the reading error is 0.05 gramTriple Beam Balance

Used for Measuring MassDescription: an electronic scale has a weighing pan inside

a glass case has adjustable feet, level

indicator , on/off switch, LCD Display , zero switch, mode switch and tare switch

Function/Use: measures mass of an

object to an accuracy of ± 0.0001 grams

(0.1 mg precision)

Analytical Balance

Used for Measuring Volume

Description: usually are made from

borosilicate glass Common sizes are 10, 25,

50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 mL

Function/Use: used to measure volumes

accurately to the nearest 0.1 mL

can be used to calculate the density of an object if its mass is known

Graduated Cylinder

Used for Measuring Volume

measures large volumes up to an accuracy within 10%

Beaker

Used for Measuring Volume

Erlenmeyer Flask

measures large volumes up to an accuracy within 10%

Used for Measuring Volume

measures one specific

volume with high precision

Volumetric Flask

Used for Measuring VolumeDescription:a graduated tube of glassware that has a stopcock at its bottom end

Function/Use: used to dispense precise volumes

of liquid reagents. used in titrations to measure

precisely how much liquid is used. used for addition of a precise

volume of liquid to the nearest 0.01 mL

used for chemical calculations based on the volume measured

Buret (or Burette)

Used for Measuring Volume

Used for Measuring VolumeDescription: are droppers calibrated to

deliver a specific volume There are many different

types of pipets: disposable, reusable, autoclavable, and manual.

may be made of glass or plastic.

This type of pipet is marked like graduated cylinders.

Function/Use: to measure and transfer

small volumes.

Pipets (Pipettes)

Used for Measuring Volume

Pipets (Pipettes)

Used for Measuring VolumeDescription: has a line to mark a

specific volume precise apparatus

Function/Use: this type of pipet is

filled to a line to reliably deliver one volume again and again.

to measure and transfer a specific volume.

Volumetric Pipets

Used as Support Test tube RackDescription: Made of wood or

plastic have slots for test

tubes to stand upright or inverted

Function/Use: to hold test tubes

while reactions happen in them or while they are not needed.

Used as SupportDescription: wire mesh with a fire-

proof sheet (circle) in the middle to spread flame

Stiff-meshed wire woven together

Function/Use: used on a ring to

support beakers to be heated by Bunsen burners

used to spread heat of a burner flame

Wire Gauze

Used as SupportDescription: a wire frame with a

triangular shape with hollow

porcelain cylinders on the 3 sides

Function/Use: are placed on a ring

attached to a ring stand as a support for a funnel, crucible, or evaporating dish.

Clay Triangle

Used as Support Description: A three-legged

apparatus with a circular top frame

made of metalFunction/Use: used as a

support for the vessel to be heated

Tripod

Used as Support Description: made of iron or steel An iron stand is a long

metal rod with a flat rectangular base.

an iron ring is a metal ring attached to a stand by a screw.

Function/Use: iron stand supports the

iron ring when heating substances or mixtures in a flask or beaker (using a Bunsen burner)

clamps can also be used to hold glasswares on the iron ringIron Stand with Iron Ring

Used as SupportDescription: made of iron or steel a long metal rod with a

flat rectangular base.

Function/Use: Ring stand with

clamps (such as buret clamps) are for holding pieces of glassware in place.

Iron Stand

Used as SupportDescription: made metal or hard

plastic symmetrical

fastening device

Function/Use: a device for holding

or supporting glasswares (such as burets) or fastening them together.

Buret Clamps

Used as Support Extension ClampsDescription:

made metal fastening device with

one end holds and the other is attached to the iron ring by a screw

Function/Use: a device for holding or

supporting glasswares (such as flasks)

Used as Guide for FlowDescription: a conical piece of glassware

that terminates in a narrow tube

made of any material (such as plastic or glass)

Function/Use: for directing liquid flow from

one container to another to transfer substances into

containers that have narrow mouths

for filtering when equipped with filter paper.

used to transfer solids and liquids without spilling

Funnel

Used as Guide for FlowFunnel

Used as Guide for

Flow

Funnel

Used as Guide for FlowDescription: a piece of chemistry glassware

consisting of a long tube with a reservoir and funnel-like opening at one end.

Function/Use: may be used to add liquid

through a stopper to an existing apparatus (small hole).

Thistle Tube

Used as Guide for FlowDescription: rubber hoseFunction/Use: used to connect

apparatus to allow flow of liquid solid or gas such as in a Bunsen burner

Rubber Tube

Used as Guide for Flow

Description:Function/Use:

to

Glass Tubes

Description: hollow glass tube (bent or straight)Function/Use: used to connect apparatus to allow

flow of liquid, solid or gas

Used as Guide for Flow

Glass Tubes

Used as Source of Heat

Description: a device that produces flame from a

nozzle of a vertical metal barrel. has a needle valve connected to a

rubber hose for gas flow into the barrel where it mixes with air that comes through the rotating air inlet.

has a flat circular metal base

Function/Use: used for heating (exposing objects

to flame), sterilization, and combustion

Bunsen Burner

Used as Source of HeatDescription: an adjustable

heating source essentially an

electric stove top

Function/Use: for heating

substances in flat-bottomed containers such as beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks

Hot Plate

Used as Source of HeatHot Plate

Used for Picking-up ObjectsDescription: handheld, hinged

instrument Similar to tweezers Made of metal

Function/Use: holds or pick up

small objectsForceps

Used for Picking-up ObjectsDescription: have 2 long arms

terminating in a pivot point then extends to the handle.

made of metal scissor-shaped

Function/Use: similar in function to

forceps (to hold many different things) but are useful for larger items such as flasks, crucibles, and evaporating dishes especially when they are hot.

Crucible Tongs

Used for Picking-up Objects

Description: made of wire

shaped in way that it can grip

Function/Use: for holding test

tubes when tubes are hot or should not be touched

Test Tube Holder

Used in Other WaysDescription: a couple of wires spun

together with bristles on one end in the shape of a test tube

a device, made with nylon bristles attached to a twisted-wire shaft

Function/Use: to easily clean the

inside of a test tube

Test Tube Brush

Used in Other Ways

Description: most are made of rubber many different sizes some have holes while some don’t

Function/Use: to seal containers stoppers with holes are used with

thermometers and/or other probes or tubes (glass or rubber)

Stoppers (Corks)

Used in Other WaysThermometers

in Stoppers

Used in Other Ways

Description: a graduated glass tube

with alcohol (or mercury) inside the tube that rises or lowers depending on how hot or cold its surrounding is

Function/Use: used to measure

temperature of solids, liquids, and gases

they are usually in oC (Celsius), but can also be in oF (Fahrenheit)

Thermometer

Used in Other WaysSeparatory Funnel

Description: made of glass usually a ring stand is used to support

them open at the top to allow addition of liquid has sloping sides to help make it easier to

distinguish layers in a liquid mixture the flow of liquid is controlled using a

glass or teflon stopcock in the bottom end usual sizes are 250, 500, 1000, and 2000

mL Also called separation funnel

Function/Use: used to dispense liquids into other

containers, usually as part of an extraction process (specifically liquid-liquid extractions where one liquid is not miscible in the other)

used when you need a controlled flow rate, but not the measuring accuracy of a burette or pipette

Used in Other WaysSeparatory

Funnel

Used in Other Ways Magnetic Stirrer

Used in Other Ways

Description: usually made of glass long cylindrical glass

Function/Use: used to stir

substances

Stirring Rod (Glass Rod)

Used in Other Ways

Stirring Rod (Glass Rod)

Used in Other WaysStirring Rod (Glass Rod) with a

rubber policeman

Used in Other WaysDescription:

to

Function/Use: used to dispense

small quantities of liquids.

Droppers are for addition of liquids drop by drop

Droppers

Used in Other Ways

Description: hand-held device that has a slot

for pipets to be inserted has plunger (to suck liquid in)

and an ejector (to release the liquid)

Function/Use: functions like the bulb or pump

on a conventional glass pipet the pipettor with the pipet will

suck liquid (specified volume) from one container and transfer it to another container

Pipettors

Used in Other Ways

Description: spatula-like scoop utensil made of metal

Function/Use: primarily used to transfer solids to weigh paper, watch glass or other

containers

Scoopula

Used in Other WaysDescription: consists of a tube

(inner) within a tube (outer)

this particular condenser is called a Vigreux column.

Function/Use: a piece of laboratory

glassware used to cool hot liquids or vapors

used in distillation

Condenser

Used in Other WaysDescription: the pestle is a heavy club-

shaped object, the end of which is used for crushing and grinding

the mortar is a bowl, usually made of ceramic or stone

the substance to be ground is placed in the mortar and ground, crushed or mixed with the pestle

Function/Use: used to crush solid substances

into powders for experiments, to better dissolve the solids.

used to mix substances by grinding them together

Mortar & Pestle