Era of Good Feelings

Era of Good FeelingsJames MonroeCoping with EnslavementMany slaves rebelled against their forced lifestyle.They held work slowdowns, broke tools, set fires, or ran away.Some killed their slaveholders.Nat Turner, an enslaved minister who believed that God chose him to free his people, led a group of African Americans in an uprising killing 50 white people before he was hanged.Following the War of 1812, Americans had a sense of national pride

Era of Good FeelingsJames Monroe: 5th PresidentPolitical & Economic Nationalism DevelopsNationalism:Love for ones country

Sectionalism:Love for ones region or section of a country

Economic NationalismAmerican leaders worked to bind the nation together by creating a new national bank, protecting American manufacturers and improving transportation in order to link the country together.(American System)Earlier, revenue tariffs provided income for the federal government.The Tariff of 1816 was a protective tariff that helped American manufacturers by taxing imports to drive up their prices.Economic Nationalism:Goal:To strengthen the American economyHow?National BankProtective TariffsImproved Transportation

Henry Clay: American SystemNational Bank

Provide low interest loans to expand business & industryRe-chartered in 1816: By Republicans8Put in place by John Calhoun a man who later became a states rights advocate!!!Opposed by who earlier? Republicans!!!

Tax on importsAllows American businesses to growProtective Tariff9Tariff of 1816 aimed at EnglandTariff of 1828: Tariff of Abomination1832: Compromise Tariff: Calhoun resignation, Nullification CrisisEconomic NationalismWhy did American leaders want to create the Second Bank of the United States, impose a protective tariff, and improve the nations transportation system?They wanted to unify the nation.American SystemIt helped to spread NationalismHow it workedGoal= eliminate foreign competition

How- Wanted the North, West, and South to trade withPlan to protect business by:Reinstating a national bankProtective tariffs- taxes on foreign goodsBuild roads and canals and improve transportation

Developed by Congressman Henry Clay Judicial NationalismThe decision in Martin v. Hunters Lessee helped establish the Supreme Court as the nations court of final appeal.The decision in McCulloch v. Maryland upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the US; doctrine of implied powers provided Congress more flexibility to enact legislation.(necessary and proper clause)The decision in Gibbons v. Ogden, defined interstate commerce to mean that anything crossing state boundaries came under federal control

Marshall Court DecisionsMcCulloch v. Maryland: Can States tax National Programs?

National Bank1) States cannot tax the national governmentReinforced the doctrine of implied powers2) National Bank was legalNational Government over State Governments13National Bank will not be re-chartered in 1832: Andrew Jackson kills the BUS and sets off an economic downfall due to bank failures: Panic of 1837 Gibbons v. OgdenA: National government controls interstate commerce (trade)

Q: Who has the power to regulate navigation?NY State gives steamboat ferry monopoly to Ogden14Hudson River: Under Articles of Confederation the government would not have had the power to enforceAdams Onis Treaty

Spain agreed to give up Florida to the United States

15JQA negotiates the purchase of this territory after Jacksons raid against the SeminolesNationalismNationalism in the United States influenced the nation to expand its borders and assert itself in world affairs.Spain ceded all of Florida to the US in the Adams-Onis Treaty.The Monroe Doctrine declared that the United States would prevent other countries from interfering in Latin American political affairs.

Monroe DoctrineAmerica warns Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere

17We will stay out of your mess in return

Improved Transportation:Allows people and goods to move throughout the country fasterInternal Improvements Bill vetoed by James Madison & James Monroe

CanalsRoads18American System: Internal ImprovementsFederal founding vs State/Private FundingStrict vs Loose interpretationRevolution in TransportationIn the early 1800s, a transportation revolution, including the construction of the Erie Canal, occurred in the Northern states.This led to great social and economic changes.In 1807 the steamboat called the Clermont, designed by Robert Fulton, traveled upstream on the Hudson River.Steamboats made river travel more reliable and upstream travel possible.Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

The Clermont

Revolution in TransportationRailroads were built in America in the early 1800s and helped settle the West and expand trade among the nations regions.Why were railroads the most influential method of transportation in America in the 1800s?Trains traveled faster than stagecoaches or wagons and they could go anywhere that track was laid.Demands of the National Economy promotes the Transportation RevolutionRoadsCanalsTrainsSteamboats

Turnpikes (Toll Roads):- Built by private companies from 1800 -1825- Cumberland Road: Allowed wagon traffic from the seaboard to the Ohio River Valley

23National Road

Example of an Old RoadOpened in 1825- Linked New York City with New Orleans

Clintons Big DitchErie CanalErie CanalDescribe the EventIt helped to spread NationalismA waterway was built that connected the Great Lakes to New York CityConnected the west to the eastMade trade and traveleasier Greatest invention of that time. It allowed Americans to bragHelped increase western settlement

Erie Canal 363 Miles long; 4 feet deepBuffalo to New York 10 Days

Steamboats: Faster river travel

Trains: Most important change of the Transportation RevolutionFast, Reliable, and cheaper than canals

311828: B&O 1860:30,000 miles of track laid: in the northChanges in Transportation It helped to spread NationalismHelped to connect the east to the west. Helped with westward expansion Led to economic growth Brought the county closer togetherIndustrialization Northeast

Factory System expands:Samuel Slater: Father of the Factory System Machine: Spinning JennyFactors that lead to industrialization:33Embargo Act and War of 1812 cut off competition from England

A New System of ProductionThe Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1700s.Industry developed quickly in the United States in the early 1800s.Important factors included free enterprise and the passage of general incorporation laws. The most important reason was private property rights.Industrialization began in the Northeast, where there were swift-flowing streams used to power the factories.- Rivers and streams- Capital resources - Large labor supply- Poor agricultural conditions

Lowell System

Factory GirlsNew England becomes the center of textile productionAll in one production facility36Change from traditional work: Republican Mothers New factories replace home spun cloth forcing women to the work placeHorrible working conditions: Commonwealth vs HuntA New System of ProductionIn 1814 Francis C. Lowell opened several textile mills in northeastern Massachusetts. He started mass production of cotton cloth in the United States.Eli Whitney developed the idea of interchangeable parts in the gun-making industry.Machines were able to produce large amounts of identical pieces that workers assembled into finished good.A New System of ProductionSamuel F. B. Morse perfected the telegraph in 1832.He developed the Morse code for sending messages.Spurred by journalists, more than 50,000 miles of telegraph wire crossed the country by 1860.Samuel F. B. Morse1840 Telegraph

The Rise of Large CitiesIndustrialization in the US in the early to mid-1800s caused many people to move from farms and villages to cities in search of factory jobs and higher wages.Many city populations doubled or tripled.During the early 1800s, agriculture was the countrys leading economic activity.Most people were employed in farming until the late 1800s.Family FarmFarming was more important in the South than in the North because there was little manufacturing there.As the North began to focus on manufacturing, the Souths economy continued to depend on agriculture and slavery.Farming employed more people and produced more wealth than any other kind of work.Small farms give way to specialized farmsWheat:- Northern PlainsCorn and Livestock:-Ohio River ValleyTobacco:- Kentucky

42Cyrus McCormick & John Deere make improvements on farming equipment to increase output

Northeastern Needs: Southern CottonWestern food

Southern Needs:Northern Manufactured GoodsWestern Food

Western Needs:Northern Manufactured Goods

The Transportation Revolution led to the development of the National EconomyNorthWestSouthPlantation Agriculture SouthThe Cotton GinIncreasedProductivity# of PlantationsCash-Crop EconomyKing Cotton

47Indian Removal Act of 1830: Trail of Tears clears land for cotton growersInventions

Eli Whitney:Cotton Gin: removed seeds from cotton fiberInterchangeable Parts:Provides the mills with large quantities of cotton to turn into cloth Mass production of machine equipment

John Deere & the Steel Plow

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper

Southern EconomyIn 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which combed the seeds out of cotton bolls.This invention greatly increased the production of cotton in the South and made cotton the major cash crop.At the same time the cotton gin was invented, textile mills in Europe wanted more and more cotton.Southern EconomyThe cotton gin made southern planters rich, but it created a huge demand for slave labor.Between 1820 and 1860, the number of enslaved people in the South almost tripled.The South did not industrialize as quickly as the North and relied mostly on imported goods.Society in the SouthA class structure developed in the South with the top class being planters or plantation owners. This group dominated the political and legal systems.Yeoman Farmers, or ordinary farmers who usually worked the land themselves, made up most of the white population of the South.Near the bottom were the rural poor followed by the African Americans, most of whom were enslaved.SlaveryThere were two basic labor systems for the slaves.The task system was used on farms and small plantations. Workers were given specific jobs to finish every day.Slaves worked until their tasks were done, and then they were allowed to do other things. Some earned money as artisans, or they gardened or hunted for extra food.SlaveryLarge plantations used the gang system. Slaves were put in work gangs that labored in the fields from sunup to sundown.The director of the work gang was called the driver.Frederick Douglass was a former slave who became a leader of the antislavery movement.SlaveryState slave codes forbade enslaved persons from owning property or from leaving their owners land without permission.They could not own firearms or testify in court against a white person.They could not learn to read and write.Free African Americans lived in both the South and the North.SlaveryA few were descendants of Africans brought to the US as indentured servants in the 1700s.Some earned their freedom from fighting in the American Revolution.Others were half-white children of slaveholders, who had given them freedom.Others had bought their freedom or been freed by their slaveholders.Coping with EnslavementAfrican Americans developed a culture that provided them with a sense of unity, pride, and support.Songs helped field workers pass the long workday and enjoy their leisure time.Songs were important to African American religion, which was one of the most important parts of African American culture.Many believed in Christianity, which sometimes included some African religious traditions.The Missouri CompromiseNat Turners Rebellion led to harsher and more repressive slave lawsIn 1819 Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state.This set off the divisive issue as to whether slavery should expand westward.The Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states.Admitting any new state, either slave or free, would upset the balance of political power in the Senate.Missouri Compromise (1820)

Missouri applies for statehood in 1819Senate: 11 free states & 11 slave statesThe Missouri CompromiseThe Missouri Compromise called for admitting Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.An amendment was added to the compromise that prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of Missouris southern border.

The CompromiseMissouri enters Union as a slave stateMaine enters Union as a free stateA line is drawn at 36/30 Above it = FreeBelow it = SlaveCompromise Created by Henry Clay

The Missouri CompromiseWhy did many leaders believe that the Missouri Compromise was only a temporary solution?They knew that as soon as other territories applied for admission to the Union, the issue of the balance of political power between the free states and the slave states would reemerge.The Election of 1824Four candidates ran for president in 1824.Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson represented the West. John Quincy Adams represented the North and William Crawford had support of the South.Adams favored internal improvements but not a tariff and Jackson ran on his heroism at the Battle of New Orleans.Election of 1824Jackson won the popular vote, but no candidate won a majority in the Electoral College.The election then went to the House of Representatives to select the president from the three candidates with the highest number of electoral votes.Clay was eliminated, so he threw his support to John Quincy Adams.Election of 1824Adams won the House vote.Jacksons nephew accused Clay of winning votes for Adams in return for the cabinet post of secretary of state.Jacksons supporters accused Adams and Clay of a corrupt bargain.They took the name Democratic-Republicans to point out their differences with Adamss party, the National Republicans.Results of the 1824 Election

A Corrupt Bargain?The Election of 1824The Democratic-Republicans later shortened their name to Democrats.What was the corrupt bargain?Jacksons nephew accused Clay of winning votes for Adams in return for the cabinet post of secretary of state. Jacksons supporters accused Adams and Clay of a corrupt bargain.The Election of 1828The candidates were John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson.The campaign turned into mudslinging. The candidates criticized each others personalities and morals.Adams claimed Jackson was incompetent.Jackson portrayed himself as the candidate of the common man and said Adams was an out-of-touch aristocrat.The Election of 1828Jackson won the election of 1828.Many voters who supported him were from the West and South, rural and small-town men who thought Jackson would represent their interests.

Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

Impact of decreasing property ownership requirements?More common people can vote