War of 1812 & Era of Good Feelings

American History 11R

• Date: 1812 - 1815 • People: James Madison, John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, Andrew

Jackson • Background: • James Madison - 1812

– Decided to go to war against Britain because Madison believed they were trying to strangle American trade and cripple the American economy.

– New England merchants (Federalists) opposed the war – “Mr. Madison’s War”

• People: Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun

• Henry Clay - Speaker of the House of Representatives

• Leader of the War Hawks- called for war against Britain

• War Hawks - – New Congressmen, mostly from Western States

– Tough, Outspoken, Resentful of Native Americans

– Nationalistic and eager to extend U.S. borders into Canada

• War in Canada - – Numerous set backs for U.S., failed attempt to take

Montreal – New York militia refused to go into Canada – U.S. retook Detroit and won several battles

• War at Sea – U.S. more victories against British ships – British blockade along the East Coast – By 1813 most American ships were bottled up in port

• British Burn White House - 1814 – U.S. troops burned York (Toronto) - 1812 – British burned the Capital, White House and other

public buildings as revenge. – Bombing of Baltimore led to Star Spangled Banner.

• Francis Scott Key

Frigates

Tecumseh

• Treaty of Ghent

– Christmas Eve 1814 - Armistice

– No territory changed hands.

• Battle of New Orleans

– Andrew Jackson

– Fought 6 days after Treaty signed.

– Victory for United States over superior British force

• Historical Significance

– War was a stalemate • commercial and political agreements between the

United States and Britain concerning borders, fishing, trade, and armaments.

– Independence was secured.

Andrew Jackson

Who won the war and why do you believe this to be true?

• Date: 1815 - 1825

• People: James Monroe

• Background: People happy after surviving War of 1812

• Improvements were to be made, socially and economically

– Sectionalism takes a backseat to Nationalism, for a short time

–Regional cooperation is the goal.

James Monroe

People: Henry Clay

Background: To encourage the growth of commerce and industry. Unite the nations economic interests.

NORTH: (industrial) Produce the manufactured goods that the South and West would buy.

SOUTH and WEST: (agricultural) Produce most of the meat , grain,

and cotton needed in the North.

Three policies to bring this about – protective tariffs, improve transportation system, resurrect National Bank

• Historical Significance

– American System united the nations economic interests

• Nationally accepted currency

• Improved transportation network

– Americans would be economically independent of Britain and other European nations

• Date: 1823

• People: President James Monroe

• Background: Spain and Portugal trying to move back into old colonies. Russia pushing into northwestern North America. U.S. plans for acquiring northern Mexico and Spanish Cuba. Russia a threat to China trade.

• Aimed to limit European expansion into the Western Hemisphere

James Monroe

• Historical Significance:

• The Western Hemisphere was no longer open to European colonization. U.S. sphere of influence.

• The U.S. wouldn’t interfere in European affairs.

• Intervention by a European power would be considered against the U.S.

• U.S. Foreign Policy for next 100 years.

Monroe Doctrine

Why do we refer to this period as the Era of Good Feelings and should they be called this?

Election of 1824 & Andrew Jackson Indian Removal Policies

American History 11R

•Date: 1824

• People: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford.

• All Democratic-Republicans

•Personal and sectional interests

•Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but lacked the majority of Electoral College votes

Historical Significance • Adams and Clay - American system.

• Adams - Selected president by House of Representatives – With Clay’s help

• Henry Clay was made Secretary of State

• Jackson’s followers - “Corrupt Bargain”

• Jackson supporters formed a new Democratic Republican party, today’s Democratic party.

• Voting requirements eased during Adams presidency, (property requirement)

• Helps Jackson win in 1828.

John Quincy Adams • Date: 1825 – 1848

• "The Second Adams“ -son of president

• Trained for highest office.

• 1st career - diplomat who rose to become Secretary of State.

• 2nd career - President

• 3rd career - Member of the House of Representatives

–opponent of slavery.

Historical Significance • Great Secretary of State

• Not great president • Minority president

– Chosen over Andrew Jackson

• National interests over regional interests.

• Ahead of his time

• Wanted the least government possible

• No Federal intervention

Tally of Electoral College

Why was the Election of 1824 so controversial and what change in the electoral process came out of

it?

• Date: 1830 - 1838

• People: Cherokee, Andrew Jackson, John Ross, John Marshall

• 5 Civilized Tribes – Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, and Chickasaw

• Assimilation – Native Americans tried to become part of white society.

• Jackson abandoned the policy of treating different Indian groups as separate nations – White planters and miners wanted land

• Jackson advocated moving Native Americans west to avoid using troops to protect them.

• Indian Removal Act of 1830 • Funds for negotiated treaties to force

Native Americans off their lands and move west.

• Many tribes forced to move west

• Indian Territory (Oklahoma) - inferior to original land.

•The sued the Federal government to remain on their land • Supreme Court ruled Cherokee nation was a distinct political community and that Georgia was not entitled to regulate or invade the Cherokee lands.

•Jackson refused to honor decision of court

•“John Marshall has made his decision: now let him enforce it!”

•Some Cherokee signed the Treaty of New Echonta

• Gave lands of Cherokees to federal government • $5 million and land west of the Mississippi

• 1838 Cherokee forced off land

• Groups of about 1000

• Money and livestock were stolen during journey

• 25% to 33% died on the way

• 800 mile trip

• Steam boat and railroad but mostly on foot.

Treaty of New Enchonta

Historical Significance:

• Continued policy of removal of Native Americans from their lands and the breaking of treaties by the Federal Government

Election of 1824 & Andrew Jackson Indian Removal Policies

American History 11R

•Date: 1824

• People: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford.

• All Democratic-Republicans

•Personal and sectional interests

•Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but lacked the majority of Electoral College votes

Historical Significance • Adams and Clay - American system.

• Adams - Selected president by House of Representatives – With Clay’s help

• Henry Clay was made Secretary of State

• Jackson’s followers - “Corrupt Bargain”

• Jackson supporters formed a new Democratic Republican party, today’s Democratic party.

• Voting requirements eased during Adams presidency, (property requirement)

• Helps Jackson win in 1828.

John Quincy Adams • Date: 1825 – 1848

• "The Second Adams“ -son of president

• Trained for highest office.

• 1st career - diplomat who rose to become Secretary of State.

• 2nd career - President

• 3rd career - Member of the House of Representatives

–opponent of slavery.

Historical Significance • Great Secretary of State

• Not great president • Minority president

– Chosen over Andrew Jackson

• National interests over regional interests.

• Ahead of his time

• Wanted the least government possible

• No Federal intervention

Tally of Electoral College

Why was the Election of 1824 so controversial and what change in the electoral process came out of

it?

• Date: 1830 - 1838

• People: Cherokee, Andrew Jackson, John Ross, John Marshall

• 5 Civilized Tribes – Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, and Chickasaw

• Assimilation – Native Americans tried to become part of white society.

• Jackson abandoned the policy of treating different Indian groups as separate nations – White planters and miners wanted land

• Jackson advocated moving Native Americans west to avoid using troops to protect them.

• Indian Removal Act of 1830 • Funds for negotiated treaties to force

Native Americans off their lands and move west.

• Many tribes forced to move west

• Indian Territory (Oklahoma) - inferior to original land.

•The sued the Federal government to remain on their land • Supreme Court ruled Cherokee nation was a distinct political community and that Georgia was not entitled to regulate or invade the Cherokee lands.

•Jackson refused to honor decision of court

•“John Marshall has made his decision: now let him enforce it!”

•Some Cherokee signed the Treaty of New Echonta

• Gave lands of Cherokees to federal government • $5 million and land west of the Mississippi

• 1838 Cherokee forced off land

• Groups of about 1000

• Money and livestock were stolen during journey

• 25% to 33% died on the way

• 800 mile trip

• Steam boat and railroad but mostly on foot.

Treaty of New Enchonta

Historical Significance:

• Continued policy of removal of Native Americans from their lands and the breaking of treaties by the Federal Government

Van Buren Depression and Panic of 1837

American History 11R

• Date: 1837

• People: Martin Van Buren

• Background

– Depression of 1837 occurred because of Jackson’s destruction of the Second B. U. S.

– Ordered the withdrawal of all federal funds from the bank, and when the bank was closed, credit collapsed.

• May 1837, New York banks suspended gold and

silver payments on their bank notes

– Not enough gold and silver in reserve to cover all the

notes

– Panicked investors were trying to cash in.

• 3 year Depression occurred

• Panic was due to recklessness in business and

over expansion of credit

• Van Buren devoted himself to maintaining the

meeting of financial obligations.

• Historical Significance

– Caused the collapse of the credit system and cost many people their savings.

– Bankrupted hundreds of businesses.

– Discontented Democrats, upset with Jackson’s policies, formed their own party, the Whigs. • Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, Daniel

Webster were founding members.

Problem of Tradesman during Panic of 1837

Who was responsible for the Panic of 1837 and what were the long range effects of this economic

downturn?

Movements Women, Abolition, Education &

Religious

American History 11R

Horace Mann

• Date: 1800’s • People: Horace Mann • Background: Horace Mann

– Leader in the public school reform movement. Common School Movement.

• In 1837, First secretary of the Mass. Board of Education.

• Historical Significance: – Mann established teacher training

programs & instituted curriculum reforms. • By 1850’s, every state had some form of

publicly funded schools. • Far Western and Southern states fall behind.

Religious Movements

• Transcendentalism

– Simple Life

– Not worry about material things

– Spiritual

– Unitarian philosophy

• Henry David Thoreau

• Ralph Waldo Emerson

Religious Movements

• Second Great Awakening

– Early 1800s

– Evangelical

– Individual responsibility

– Personal/Emotional connection with God

– Appealed to women, Blacks, Native Americans

Can the United States be described as a religious nation and what

effect does religion have on our society?

• Dates: 1789 -1865

• People: William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglas

• Background: American abolitionists fought against slavery.

• Main goal was to immediately emancipate slaves in the south.

• Both blacks and whites were active in the abolitionist movement.

• Douglas wrote many biographies about his experiences as being a slave.

• Garrison crusaded for reforms which included woman suffrage, and prohibition.

• Started newspaper called The Liberator in 1831

• Founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1831 and the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833.

• Garrison was more on the radical end while Douglass didn’t believe that the constitution was a pro-slavery document.

• Both fought against slavery

• Drawing public attention to this topic in the North.

Was there a way for the two sides of this issue to compromise and

avoid the Civil War?

• People: Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton • July, 1848 - More than 300 women and men

– Seneca Falls, New York – Nation's 1st women's rights convention.

• Declaration of Sentiments (Dec. of Independence) – Declared rights of women.

• Contained several resolutions - man should not – Withhold women’s rights – Take her property – Refuse her the right to vote

• Important – start of women’s rights movement in America

72 years after 1st organized meeting - women gain right to vote - 19th Amendment (1920)

Only one signer Seneca Falls Declaration - Charlotte Woodward - lived long enough to cast her ballot.

Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Martha Wright

What were the most important issues of the women’s movement at this time? Why do you believe

they were important?

Westward Expansion Manifest Destiny/ Texas

Independence/ Mexican War

American History 11R

o “Our manifest destiny is to overspread and to possess the whole of our continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty.” John L. O'Sullivan, New York news editor.

• Belief that it was the nation’s destiny and duty to expand and conquer the west in the name of god, civilization, and progress

“American Progress” by John Gast

• Date: 1820 – 1845 • People: Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

(Mexican President), Sam Houston, Stephan Austin

• Background:

• 1820 Stephen Austin - Mexican government approves American families in the Texas region – Cheap land

– Promise to be loyal to the Mexican government

– Promise to learn Spanish language

– Promised conversion Roman Catholicism

• Anglos (American settlers) and Tejanos (Mexican settlers) in Northern Mexico

Santa Anna

Stephen Austin

Sam Houston

• Anglo problems increase with Mexico, especially over slavery, which was abolished in Mexico in 1829

• Santa Anna tries to control settlers through immigration laws in 1830 and later create a more centralized state.

• First fight, Battle of Velasco, 1832. Texans win. • Texans demand self government for territory as

separate Mexican state in 1833. • Santa Anna sends in army in early 1836. In February,

1836, he attacks the Alamo and kills all defenders. • General Sam Houston and his Texans attack Mexicans

at the Battle of San Jacinto 6 weeks later. Win. • Santa Anna captured and relinquishes Mexico’s claim

to Texas. • Republic of Texas formed.

• Texas declares independence on March 2, 1836

• Sam Houston elected President of the “Lone Star Republic”

• December 29th, 1845 Texas became the 28th State in the Union.

Texas Declaration of Independence

How could westward expansion have been accomplished

differently?

• Date: 1846 – 1848

• People: James Polk, Zachary Taylor

• Background

– Mexico – Difficulty controlling northern territory

– Texas wanted to join U.S.

– Mexican soldiers attack American soldiers in U.S. territory, killing some.

– Polk believed that war with Mexico would allow expansion to Pacific Ocean and bring not only Texas but also California and other territories into the Union

– Enthusiastic support in all parts of the United States.

• War fought almost entirely by volunteers

• U.S. invades Mexico in 1846 – Major battles – Veracruz and Mexico City

– War lasted about a year

– Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott.

– United States lost 13,000 soldiers in war • 11,000 to yellow fever

• Veterans of war suffer from debilitating diseases after war

• Civil War military leaders gain experience in Mexico. – Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - 1848 – U.S. paid $15 million to Mexico

• Historical Significance

– U.S. gains California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona and parts of Colorado and Wyoming

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

What are the long term effects of the Mexican War that effect us

today?