War of 1812 and Era of Good Feelings

Chapter 12

Objective #1

• Analyze the response by the government when threatened by a foreign power.

Objective #2

• Analyze emerging sectionalism with the United States, as seen in the events and debates surrounding the War of 1812, including the failures of neutrality and embargo, the rise of the War Hawks, and the Hartford Convention.

Objective #3

• Examine the progress made by the United States toward increased respect for the sovereignty as a result of victories on Lake Erie and at New Orleans during the War of 1812, the Treaty of Ghent and the Rush-Bagot agreement following the war, and the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine.

Objective #4

• Examine the factors that led to the decline of the Federalist party and the emergence of the Whig Party during the Era of Good Feelings.

Objective #5

• Examine sectional characteristics of the Northeast, South, East and West (partially done in previous chapter) and the developments in technology, infrastructure, finance and trade which shaped their economies and the national economy.

The Inevitable War

• British arming Natives out West• Madison wanted to restore confidence

in Republican party• Geographically: New England and Mid-

Atlantic region is against war• Most Federalists against war• Most Republicans were for war (except

those in middle states)

War Declared

• Congress declares war in June, 1812

• Timing is odd:– Britain had begun to loosen U.S. sanctions– They had lifted blockade– Those most impacted by British sanctions

also against war

Unclear Goals and Strategies

• Despite advisor saying attack Montreal, Madison approved a 3-pronged approach, weakening the military

• U.S. attack on Canada was unsuccessful

• Britain blockades the Atlantic and attacks!

U.S. Navy

• 12 ships vs. 800 British ships

• U.S.S. Constitution (“Old Ironsides”)

• Some naval success: Oliver Hazard Perry captured British fleet in Great Lakes

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The White House Is The White House Is Burning;Burning;

The British Are Coming, The British Are Coming, AGAIN!!AGAIN!!

(August 24, 1814)(August 24, 1814)

The White House Is The White House Is Burning;Burning;

The British Are Coming, The British Are Coming, AGAIN!!AGAIN!!

(August 24, 1814)(August 24, 1814)

Turning Point in the War

• Britain no longer fighting France in 1814

• But poor leadership (again) allowed U.S. to rally

• Battle of Ft. McHenry• Star Spangled Banner

Federalists v. Republicans

• Feds against war, Repubs for war

• Shows split between commoners had against aristocrats

• Feds gaining ground in New England

• Rest of country getting upset over perceived NE/Federalist disloyalty

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

• Britain offers peace in 1814

• Battle actually took place after Treaty of Ghent was signed

• American victory led by Andrew Jackson

Hartford Convention (Dec. ‘14-Jan. ‘15)

• New England meets to discuss grievances against U.S.

• Wants compensation for lost trade

• Discusses secession• Turned U.S. against

Federalists

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Treaty of Ghent (1814)

• Ended war (draw)• Resolved very little:

Britain left U.S.• Impressment,

blockades, neutral rights, seizing of ships were ignored

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Outcomes of War

• U.S. forced to be self-reliant

• European colonization ended

• U.S. shown negatives of disunity.

• Increased nationalism

• U.S. given more respect worldwide.

• Native Americans gave up large chunks of land.

Tariff of 1816

• After War of 1812, Britain tried to pay off war debt– British businesses began dumping

products at below cost into U.S.– U.S. could not compete

• Congress passed Tariff of 1816 to protect American business– First tariff in U.S. history

The Election of 1816The Election of 1816

James Monroe [1817-1825]James Monroe [1817-1825]

“Era of Good Feelings”

• Ushered in with Monroe Presidency

• Death of Federalist party

• Increased nationalism

• An extremely critical period in U.S. History

Expansion

• U.S. begins to expand westward very rapidly after War of 1812

• 9 more states between 1791-1819• Expansion equals more wealth and more powerful

economy– More markets and resources for industrialization– More land for farming– Money to be made for land speculators

• Private property can be used for business purposes (Palmer v. Mulligan, 1805)--cleared the way for private ownership of businesses.

• 1818 and 1819: boundaries of U.S. set

The Convention of 1818The Convention of 1818

Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819

US Population DensityUS Population Density

18101810 18201820

Native Americans

• Left by British

• Continued to be pushed out of land by Americans

Indian Policy (1790-1820)

• Government would acquire land through treaty and trade, not conquest

• Educate, Christianize, Americanize

Panic of 1819

• We expanded too quickly• Over speculated western lands--which meant

large debts• Tightened credit--people cannot start

businesses, buy more land, etc.• State banks forced to close with worsening

economy• Second National Bank foreclosed on land and

caused a panic/depression• Our first national financial crisis.

Politics in Transition

• Increase in voter participation• Jeffersonians split over James Madison’s policies

– He protected national bank– He continued tariffs to protect industry (while hurting

farmers--Europe taxed our goods)– Many Jeffersonians thought he was too moderate (still

resembled his old Federalist ways)• Sectionalism also becoming a growing condition of who you

voted for– Western lands were not populated enough to be important to

national politicians

– Western lands often allied with a section

One Political Party

• War of 1812 doomed the Federalists

• Therefore, Republicans, though split, still were the more attractive party for many.

• Federalist party will be gone by 1820

The Election of 1820The Election of 1820

The Missouri Problem

• Missouri applies for statehood in 1819• Northwest Ordinance limited slavery north of

Ohio River• Many northern states demanded Missouri be

admitted as free state• Many southern states wanted it to be a slave• South demanded balance of free and slave

states.

Why a Balance?

• North already had a 105-81 advantage in the House

• Balance means South has equal power in the Senate

• Balance is about power, not slavery

Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

• All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25.

• Passed by House, not the Senate

Missouri Compromise (1820)

• Negotiated by Henry Clay

• Missouri enters as a slave state

• Maine comes in as a free state

• 36” 30’ parallel established.– No slavery above this

line (except Missouri)

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Missouri Compromise (1820)

Henry Clay’s American System (1824)

• A system based on nationalism and protect growing industrial economy– Strong banking system

(Second National Bank established in 1816)

– Protective tariffs (Tariff of 1816)

– Build roads and canals (federally financed internal improvements)

Transportation Improvements

• Before Madison left office he vetoed act of Congress to build roads and canals

• Believed Unconstitutional

• Massive canal building by states (Erie Canal in 1825 linked NYC to Great Lakes)

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Latin America

• Many Latin American countries want independence from Spain

• Europe a threat to US• US decides a free

Latin America was important for our safety and economy.

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Monroe Doctrine (1823)

• American Foreign Policy

• Major parts:– American continents

closed to new European colonization

– Any attempts by Europe to impose its control in Americas would be an act of war.

– U.S. would not interfere with existing colonies or in European affairs.

Important Supreme Court Cases

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819):

• Fletcher v. Peck (1810):

• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824):

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward:

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