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www.eia.gov U.S. Energy Information Administration Independent Statistics & Analysis
International Energy Outlook 2013
for
Center for Strategic and International Studies
July 25, 2013 | Washington, DC
by
Adam Sieminski, Administrator
Key findings of the International Energy Outlook 2013
2 Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
• With world GDP rising by 3.6 percent per year, world energy use will grow by
56 percent between 2010 and 2040. Half of the increase is attributed to
China and India.
• Renewable energy and nuclear power are the world’s fastest-growing energy
sources, each increasing by 2.5 percent per year; however, fossil fuels
continue to supply almost 80 percent of world energy use through 2040.
• Natural gas is the fastest growing fossil fuel in the outlook, supported by
increasing supplies of shale gas, particularly in the United States.
• Coal grows faster than petroleum consumption until after 2030, mostly due to
increases in China’s consumption of coal, and slow growth in oil demand in
OECD member countries.
• Given current policies and regulations, worldwide energy-related carbon
dioxide emissions are projected to increase 46% by 2040, reaching 45 billion
metric tons in 2040.
Economic activity and population drive increases in energy use;
energy intensity improvements moderate this trend
3
average annual change (2010-2040)
percent per year
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
U.S. OECD Europe
Japan South Korea
China India Brazil Middle East
Africa Russia
Energy Intensity GDP per capita Population
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
Non-OECD Asia accounts for 60 percent of the world increase
in energy use
4
world energy consumption
quadrillion Btu
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
0
100
200
300
400
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
OECD Other Non-OECD Non-OECD Asia
History Projections
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
By 2040, China’s energy use will be double the U.S. level;
India’s a little more than half despite its faster GDP growth
5
energy consumption by selected country
quadrillion Btu
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
0
50
100
150
200
250
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
China
United States
India
History Projections 2010
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
107
55
220
Renewable energy and nuclear power are the fastest growing
source of energy consumption
6
world energy consumption by fuel
quadrillion Btu
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
0
50
100
150
200
250
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Liquids
(including biofuels)
Renewables
(excluding biofuels)
Natural gas
Coal
Nuclear
History Projections 2010
34%
28%
22%
11%
5%
28%
27%
23%
7%
15%
Share of
world total
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
Industrial sector energy consumption in China
7
China industrial sector energy consumption by fuel
quadrillion Btu
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Liquids
Renewables Natural gas
Coal
Electricity
Total
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
Gross output curves shape China’s industrial coal and oil use
8
China gross output for iron production
real 2005 dollars (MER)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
China gross output for chemical production
real 2005 dollars (MER)
Source: Oxford Industrial Model
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
OPEC member countries contribute almost half of the total
increase in world liquid supplies
10
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Non-OPEC petroleum liquids
OPEC petroleum liquids
Nonpetroleum
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
world liquids production
million barrels per day
History Projections 2010
62
49
5
50
35
2
Non-OPEC petroleum supply growth is concentrated in five countries
11
non-OPEC conventional production
million barrels per day
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Brazil Canada Kazakhstan United States Russia OECD Europe Mexico/Chile
2010 2040
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
2010
2010
2040
Brazilian and U.S. biofuels and Chinese CTL account for nearly
65 percent of the total increase in nonpetroleum supplies
12
world nonpetroleum liquids production in 2010 and 2040
million barrels per day
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
Biofuels
Coal-to-liquids
Gas-to-liquids
Other
Other
Brazil United States
China
Other Qatar
2010
2040
2040
Production profiles of the three most petroleum-rich countries in
the Middle East are uncertain
13
Source: EIA, IEO2013
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
Country 2011
2040
Past as
prologue
Iraq
success
Iran
success
Iran & Iraq
success;
Saudi
Arabia
takes the
rest
2040
production
range
Saudi Arabia 11.1 15.5 10.2 13.8 6.0 9.5
Iran 4.2 5.9 3.9 8.1 8.1 4.2
Iraq 2.6 3.7 11.0 3.3 11.0 7.7
Other Middle East
OPEC
7.5 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 _
Total Middle East
OPEC
25.4 35.8 35.8 35.8 35.8 _
liquids production in Middle East OPEC in four Reference case scenarios
million barrels per day
Non-OECD nations account for over 70 percent of the growth
in natural gas consumption
15
world natural gas consumption
trillion cubic feet
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
OECD Non-OECD
bcf/day
330
275
220
165
110
55
Non-OECD Europe/Eurasia, Middle East, and the United States
account for the largest increases in natural gas production
16
1
2
5
5
6
10
12
16
19
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Other OECD
Canada
Australia/New Zealand
Non-OECD Central and South America
Africa
Non-OECD Asia
United States
Middle East
Non-OECD Europe/Eurasia
growth in natural gas production 2010-2040
trillion cubic feet
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
In electricity generation, renewables and natural gas are the fastest
growing sources, but coal still fuels the largest share in 2040
18 Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
0.0
15.0
30.0
45.0
1990 2000 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
world electricity generation by fuel
billion kilowatthours
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
Coal
Natural gas
Hydropower
Nuclear
Other renewables Liquids
History Projections
40%
22%
36%
24%
China accounts for more than 40 percent of the global net
increase in nuclear capacity
19
world nuclear electricity generating capacity, 2010 and 2040
gigawatts
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
0 50 100 150 200
Japan
South Korea
India
Russia
Other non-OECD
OECD Americas
OECD Europe
China
2010
2040
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
Non-OECD Asia accounts for over 70 percent of the world
increase in energy-related carbon dioxide emissions
21
world energy-related carbon dioxide emissions
billion metric tons
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
0
5
10
15
20
25
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
OECD Other Non-OECD Non-OECD Asia
History Projections
Coal continues to account for the largest share of energy-related
carbon dioxide emissions throughout the projection
22
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
world energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by fuel
billion metric tons
Coal
Natural gas
Liquid fuels
2010 History Projections
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
There are many issues that increase uncertainty…
23 Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
• Unresolved long-term effects of economic issues in the United States,
Europe, and China
• The timing of Japan’s full recovery from the impacts of the 2011
nuclear disaster at Fukushima
• Social unrest in the Middle East and North Africa, and the potential for
unrest elsewhere
• Shale gas and shale oil production potential
• OPEC market share decisions
• Climate policies
For more information
24
U.S. Energy Information Administration home page | www.eia.gov
Short-Term Energy Outlook | www.eia.gov/steo
Annual Energy Outlook | www.eia.gov/aeo
International Energy Outlook | www.eia.gov/ieo
Monthly Energy Review | www.eia.gov/mer
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
IEO2013 includes 4 alternative cases that examine the sensitivity
to different GDP growth and oil prices
26 Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
• Reference case – World GDP increases by 3.6 percent per year between 2010 and 2040 and energy
consumption rises to 820 quadrillion Btu (quads) in 2040
– Oil prices reach $163 (Brent in 2011 dollars) and the OPEC share of liquids production is 43%
in 2040
• High Economic Growth case – World GDP increases by 4.0 percent per year and consumption grows to 946 quads in 2040
• Low Economic Growth case – World GDP increases by 3.1 percent per year and consumption grows to 733 quads in 2040
• High Oil Price case – Oil prices rise to $237 per barrel as a result of high non-OECD demand and the OPEC share
is 38% in 2040
• Low Oil Price case – Oil prices are $75 per barrel as a result of low non-OECD GDP growth and the OPEC share is
51% in 2040
Oil prices in the Reference case rise steadily as the global
economy expands and the call on OPEC rises
27
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
0
50
100
150
200
250
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Low Oil Price
High Oil Price
Reference
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
Brent crude oil price paths
real 2011 dollars per barrel
History Projections 2011
$237
$163
$75
Non-OECD nations drive the increase in energy demand
28
world energy consumption
quadrillion Btu
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Non-OECD
OECD
242
282
535
285
History Projections 2010
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
Growth in OPEC production comes mainly from the Middle East
29
OPEC petroleum production
million barrels per day
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
Middle East North Africa West Africa South America
2010 2040
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
Shale oil and gas have the potential to dramatically alter world
energy markets
30 Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
map of basins with assessed shale oil
and gas formations, as of May 2013
Source: United States: EIA and USGS; Other basins: ARI
Top ten countries with technically recoverable shale resources
31 Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
Shale oil
Rank Country Billion barrels
1 Russia 75
2 United States 58
3 China 32
4 Argentina 27
5 Libya 26
6 Venezuela 13
7 Mexico 13
8 Pakistan 9
9 Canada 9
10 Indonesia 8
World total 345
Shale gas
Rank Country Trillion cubic feet
1 China 1,115
2 Argentina 802
3 Algeria 707
4 United States 665
5 Canada 573
6 Mexico 545
7 Australia 437
8 South Africa 390
9 Russia 285
10 Brazil 245
World total 7,299
Source: United States: EIA and USGS; Other basins: ARI.
Note: ARI estimates U.S. shale oil resources at 48 billion barrels and U.S. shale gas resources at 1,161 trillion cubic feet.
0
10
20
30
40
50
2010 2040 2010 2040 2010 2040
Shale gas, tight gas, and coalbed methane are increasingly
important to the United States, China and Canada
32
natural gas production
trillion cubic feet
Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
China Canada
Shale gas
All other
United States
Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
Coalbed methane
Tight gas
Btu or Brithish thermal units, can be used as an energy
measurement across different energy sources
33 Adam Sieminski, IEO2013
July 25, 2013
• One Btu is approximately equal to the energy released in the
burning of a wood match.
• One million Btu equals about 8 gallons of motor gasoline.
• One trillion Btu is equal to 500 100-ton railroad cars of coal.
• One quadrillion Btu is equal to 172 million barrels of crude oil.