industrial revolution britain

8/7/2019 Industrial Revolution Britain

1/34


2/34

BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIALREVOLUTION

Prior to the revolution, British society and

economy was mainly Agrarian. Industries werecottage or home-based. Rural people made their

own clothes, furniture and tools from materials

on their farms.

Small manufacturing was done in towns, such as

craft-work using simple tools.


3/34

CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE

Wealthy landowners bought village farms

and made changes to farming techniques

Agricultural Revolution

y Enclosures: large enclosed fields where

landowners experimented with farming

methods

y

Crop rotation: A system of growing adifferent crop in a field each year to

preserve the land


4/34

CHANGES IN AGRICULTUREOUTCOMES:

y Experimentation with farmingtechniques

y Small farmers forced to become tenantfarmers or move to cities many becamefactory workers

y Increase in food supplies improved

living conditions increased populationincreased demand for food and goods


5/34

INDUSTRIALIZATION Industrialization: the process of developing machine production of goods

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin inEngland? Water power and coal to fuel the machines

Iron ore to build the machines

Rivers for transportation

Harbors from which merchants could set sail

Strong economy and political stability

Powerful navy and merchant fleet Enclosure movement led to large labour supply

Coal and iron deposits provided resources

Private investors provided funds for investment

Location of England made it receptive to change

Stable political system with open-minded leaders

Britain was a colonial superpower and her involvement in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade facilitated markets, revenue and profit.

Britain had a stable banking and insurance system

England had the factors of production

, or land, labor and capital,

which were the resources needed to produce goods and services


6/34

Coalfields &

Industrial

Areas

Coalfields &

Industrial

Areas


7/34

The Spinning Jenny

The Spinning jenny was a machine that could spinthreads of wool. It was invented by James Hargreaves in1770 and initially could spin 8 threads at once.Hargreaves developed this machine to the extent that it

could spin 120 threads at any one time. These machineswere small enough to fit into cottages and rapidlyincreased production (by hand a person can only spin onethread at a time).

TheWater Frame

Richard Arkwright patented the Water Frame in 1769. It

had been designed by Thomas highs on his behalf. TheWater frame was a large wheel that was turned byrunning water. This was then harnessed to turn cogsinside a factory which then made the machinery work.This invention led to the building of a number of factoriesand is regarded by some as being the catalyst of the

Industrial Revolution.


8/34

Richard Arkwright:

Pioneer of the Factory System

Richard Arkwright:

Pioneer of the Factory System

The Water FrameThe Water Frame


9/34

The Steam Engine

The Locomotive (Train)

In 1801 Richard Trevithick developed a steam powered carriage that carriedpassengers on roads, he developed this idea further and in 1804 created thefirst locomotive to run on rails (ie the first train). He then demonstrated anupdated version of his locomotive in london in 1808.

Trevithicks' ideas were developed by the George Stephenson. Stephenson wasan engineer in the mining industry and had responsibility for the steamengines that pulled waggons up from the pit face. He rapidly developed theseengines and built a locomotive in 1814. he then was appointed chief engineerof the first 'railway' between Stockton and Darlington and later built the

famous 'Rocket' which ran on the Manchester to Liverpool line which opened in1830.


10/34

The slave trade financed many industries. The

Europeans:

Started banks from the profits of trade

Built ships using steam power

Financed inventions

Development of insurance industries

Trade provided markets for manufactured

goods


11/34

Due to the triangular trade the development of

ships and shipbuilding industries was widespread in

England due to the demand and profits made from

this venture.

Ships were used to transport slaves as well as

importing and exporting of goods.

The sugar colonies provided the greatest demand

for English ships. In 1690 they employed as many

as 114 ships

Islands such as Barbados and Jamaica imported

and exported items such as salted meats, salt fish,

beef, flour, wines, slaves, citrus, tropical fruits,

cotton, sugar, etc


12/34

GOODS IN THE TRIANGULAR TRADE

The cargo to Africa included cotton, linen goods,

guns, gunpowder, iron bars, British and foreign

spirits and tobacco

The trade provided employment for Britishsailors, merchants, dockworkers etc, and brought

great profit to merchants

The cotton industry became so important that it

replaced wool which was once supplied to

countries in Europe and North America. This was

to the benefit of Caribbean and North American

countries that grew cotton


13/34

GROWTH OF BRITISH SUPPORT TOWN

The development of the triangular trade and

shipping led to the establishment of two major

seaport towns, Bristol and Liverpool

Bristol, who got its name from its trade in slavesand sugar, was later replaced by Liverpool as the

main slave area so it focused on the sugar trade.

In theWest Indies the sugar trade brought in

more profits to Bristol than any other venture.

In 1787, 1/3 of the ships from Bristol went to the

West Indies


14/34

BRITISH COMMERCE AND THE TRIANGULAR

TRADE

The cotton industry developed out of the

triangular trade with Manchester being the

cotton capital of England

After 1750, British exports of cotton drasticallyincreased, reaching an all-time high of 300,000

lbs from 5700 lbs

Its was the invention of the spinning jenny, the

steam powered mills, the fly shuttle, etc, that

made the industry grow quickly.

Heywood bank, among others, received funding

from the trade.


15/34


16/34

John Kays Flying ShuttleJohn Kays Flying Shuttle


17/34

The Power LoomThe Power Loom


18/34

James Watts Steam EngineJames Watts Steam Engine


19/34

Steam TractorSteam Tractor


20/34

An Early Steam

Locomotive

An Early Steam

Locomotive


21/34

The Impact of the RailroadThe Impact of the Railroad


22/34

Factory ProductionFactory Production

)) Concentrates production inoneConcentrates production inoneplace [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].

)) Locatednear sources of powerLocatednear sources of power

[rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].

)) Requires a lot ofcapital investmentRequires a lot ofcapital investment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.

)) Only 10% of English industry inOnly 10% of English industry in1850.1850.


23/34

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.

1212--14 hour day.14 hour day.

Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.

MindMind--numbing monotony.numbing monotony.


24/34

Factory Wages

in Lancashire, 1830

Factory Wages

in Lancashire, 1830Age of WorkerAge of Worker Male WagesMale Wages Female WagesFemale Wages

under 11under 11 2s 3d.2s 3d. 2s. 4d.2s. 4d.

1111 -- 1616 4s. 1d.4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.4s. 3d.

1717 -- 2121 10s. 2d.10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.7s. 3d.2222 -- 2626 17s. 2d.17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.8s. 5d.

2727 -- 3131 20s. 4d.20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.8s. 7d.

3232 -- 3636 22s. 8d.22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.8s. 9d.

3737 -- 4141 21s. 7d.21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.9s. 8d.4242 -- 4646 20s. 3d.20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.9s. 3d.

4747 -- 5151 16s. 7d.16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.8s. 10d.

5252 -- 5656 16s. 4d.16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.8s. 4d.

5757 -- 6161 13s. 6d.13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.6s. 4d.


25/34


26/34

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

Populationgrowth willPopulationgrowth willoutpace the food supply.outpace the food supply.

War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecouldcontrol population.couldcontrol population.

The poor should haveThe poor should haveless children.less children.

Food supply will then keep up withFood supply will then keep up with

population.population.


27/34

The Socialists:Functionalists & Marxists

The Socialists:Functionalists & Marxists

People as a society wouldoperate andown thePeople as a society wouldoperate andown the

means of production, not individuals.means of production, not individuals. Their goal was a society that benefitedTheir goal was a society that benefited

everyone, not just a rich, welleveryone, not just a rich, well--connectedfew.connectedfew.

Tried to build perfect communitiesTried to build perfect communities

[[functionalistsfunctionalists].].


28/34

Rural-urban migration

Overpopulation in the towns

Formation of slums in older towns, London,York, Bristol

Use of child-labour Large- scale deforestation to build factories

Air and water pollution, smog

Poor health and hygiene among workers in thetown

Rapid economic growth

Elimination of cottage industries

widespread poverty among the lower class

development of organizations geared at

improving workers conditions


29/34

EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

ON POLITICS

Although Britain had become a constitutional monarchy acentury earlier, the vast majority of the population remaineddisenfranchised from the electoral system. As industrialstrength grew along with a more forcible middle class,electoral reform was a necessity to balance the new society'spower structure.

Before 1832, only 6% of the male population could vote -represented by aristocrats who owned large plots of land inthe countryside and other property.

By 1832, the middle class factory owners wanted politicalpower to match their new-found economic punch - thisresulted in the Reform Bill of 1832 which enfranchised 20% ofthe male population to vote.

The Reform Bill also redistributed electoral districts to betterreflect the large populations of city centres. Before, most of theelectoral power could be found in the countryside wherearistocrats owned vast properties.

The middle-class became more or less satisfied, but workerswere still not represented by the British electoral system.


30/34

Year Act or Investigation Terms

1802 Health and Morals of Apprentices

Act

Hours of work were limited to 12 per day, with no night work allowed.

Employers were to provide education, decent clothing and

accommodation.

Inspectors were to enforce the Act and appoint visitors.

For all textile factories employing over 20 persons, proper ventilation

was to be provided and mills were to be whitewashed twice a year.

1833 Factory Act No children under 9 were to work in factories (silk mills exempted).

Children under 13 years were to work no more than 9 hours per day

and 48 hours per week.

Children under 18 were not to work nights.

4 paid Inspectors were appointed.

Two 8-hour shifts per day of children were to be allowed.

1844 Factory Act Women and young persons (13-18) were to work no more than 12hours per day.

Children under 13 were to work no more than 6 1/2 hours per day.

No child under 8 was to be employed.

1847 Factory Act Women and young persons were to work no more than 10 hours per

day.

1850 Factory Act Women and young persons to work in factories only between the

hours of 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. or 7 a.m. and 7 p.m.1853 Factory Act Children were only to work during the same hours as women and

young persons.

1860 Bleach and Dye Works Act This extended existing provisions to bleach and dye works.

1864 Factory Acts Extension Act Extended the previous acts to cover more industry types.

1878 Factory Act Extended the Factory Acts to all industries.

No child anywhere under the age of 10 was to be employed.

10-14 year olds could only be employed for half days.

Women were to work no more than 56 hours per week (Factory

Le islation 1802-1878 .


31/34

ENCOURAGED COLONIALISM AND

IMPERIALISM

England, the U.S.A., Russia and many European

countries built large colonial empires. They

needed colonies for securing raw materials at low

prices for their industries. They also used the

colonies as markets for setting their finished

products at high prices.


32/34

GLOBAL CONSEQUENCES Under the Factory system there was large-scale

production. This resulted in a low cost of production perunit. There was also uniformity and a high quality inproduction.

There was a growth of joint stockcompanies orcorporations. Ownership passed from individuals orpartnership to joint stock companies or corporations.

It led to the development ofcapitalism, since thecapitalists owned the means of production like wealth, landand machinery. Hence the capitalists became the suprememasters of industry.

Two classes, the capitalist and the laboring classeswere created by the Revolution. The capitalists werethe masters of industries, the managers of mills and theproprietors of workshops, who amassed great wealth, owingto a high profit margin. The laboring class, was a mere toolin the factories. Thus, the gap between the rich and thepoor went on widening.

It led to the formation of class ideologies, e.g. Marxism


33/34

England grew very wealthy on account of

industrialization. It became a leading country, in the field

of industry, trade, commerce and finance.

It spread to other countries in Europe and NorthAmerica.

New industries were established in the USA such as

automobile, airplanes, telephones etc

Urbanizationbecame rampant in most Europeancountries. Some persons left France, Belgium, Italy and

Indian to work inBritish industries.

There was an increase in air pollutionin industrial

centres along with poor garbage disposal and sanitary

conditions. There was a spread of diseases and low life expectancy

in industrial towns

Led to improvements in transportationsuch as

railways and steam powered ships

Development oftrade unionism


34/34

SAMPLE ESSAY

Assess the impact of the industrial revolution on

the Atlantic world

industrial revolution britain

Documents