the industrial revolution outline: life before the industrial revolution why in britain first? ...

THE INDUSTRIAL THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

OUTLINE:OUTLINE:

Life Before the Industrial RevolutionLife Before the Industrial Revolution Why in Britain First?Why in Britain First? The First Industrial RevolutionThe First Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial RevolutionThe Second Industrial Revolution Social Effects of the Industrial Social Effects of the Industrial

RevolutionRevolution Theoretical Response to IndustrialismTheoretical Response to Industrialism

LIFE BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL LIFE BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

Britain’s surplus of food and goodsBritain’s surplus of food and goods demographic revolutiondemographic revolution solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and shortsolitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short famine and deathfamine and death wheat was a staple foodwheat was a staple food diseases were transported as exploration diseases were transported as exploration

grewgrew infant mortality was highinfant mortality was high

WHY IN BRITAIN FIRST?WHY IN BRITAIN FIRST?

relative freedom from external threatrelative freedom from external threat inquisitive minds, scientific revolutioninquisitive minds, scientific revolution freedom of speculation and the free flow of freedom of speculation and the free flow of

knowledgeknowledge removed serfdom, property rights, more removed serfdom, property rights, more

advanced, much greater social mobilityadvanced, much greater social mobility

WHY IN BRITAIN FIRST?WHY IN BRITAIN FIRST?

no barriers against nobles engaging in no barriers against nobles engaging in trade and industrytrade and industry

internal customs barriers did not existinternal customs barriers did not exist better transport, navigable rivers, turnpike better transport, navigable rivers, turnpike

canals, railwayscanals, railways expanding export trade, mass market, expanding export trade, mass market,

raise standard of livingraise standard of living

THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

textile industry (cotton)textile industry (cotton) iron industryiron industry coal miningcoal mining transportationtransportation

CottonCotton

miracle fibre, durable, lighter than linen, miracle fibre, durable, lighter than linen, insatiable demandinsatiable demand

major innovations, John Kay’s flying major innovations, John Kay’s flying shuttle, James Hargreaves’ “spinning shuttle, James Hargreaves’ “spinning jenny,” Richard Arkwright’s “water frame,” jenny,” Richard Arkwright’s “water frame,” Samuel Crompton’s “mule”Samuel Crompton’s “mule”

inventions dramatically increased quantity, inventions dramatically increased quantity, quality of cotton threadquality of cotton thread

“ “putting-out system” putting-out system” “factory system” “factory system”

Coal and IronCoal and Iron

water power becoming inadequatewater power becoming inadequate coal new source of energy, steam enginescoal new source of energy, steam engines Thomas Newcomen steam engine, pump Thomas Newcomen steam engine, pump

out & ventilate coal minesout & ventilate coal mines James Watt steam engine, “age of steam”James Watt steam engine, “age of steam”


further expansion of coal production, further expansion of coal production, increased demand for coalincreased demand for coal

steam power, coal, war, revolutionize iron steam power, coal, war, revolutionize iron industryindustry

charcoal, smelting iron ore, pig iron, coal, charcoal, smelting iron ore, pig iron, coal, charred form, coke, finished product charred form, coke, finished product unusableunusable


Abraham Darby, smelted iron ore with Abraham Darby, smelted iron ore with coke, steam-powered forced-blast furnace, coke, steam-powered forced-blast furnace, pre-heated air, British pig-ironpre-heated air, British pig-iron

Henry Cort’s “puddling,” steam-powered Henry Cort’s “puddling,” steam-powered rolling processrolling process

iron cheaper, new sources of demand iron cheaper, new sources of demand

TransportationTransportation

coal power to transport, railroad & steamshipcoal power to transport, railroad & steamship steamships, Claude Jouffroy d’Abbans, steam-steamships, Claude Jouffroy d’Abbans, steam-

powered Atlantic crossingpowered Atlantic crossing railroad, steam engine, rail-borne wagons, iron railroad, steam engine, rail-borne wagons, iron

rails replace woodrails replace wood railroad & steamship, transport revolution, roads railroad & steamship, transport revolution, roads

& canals, internal market & international& canals, internal market & international Britain had over 9000 miles of track, linking Britain had over 9000 miles of track, linking

mines, factories, ports & citiesmines, factories, ports & cities

THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

steelsteel chemicalschemicals electricityelectricity internal combustion engineinternal combustion engine


science aided new technologiesscience aided new technologies First Industrial Revolution:First Industrial Revolution:

tinkererstinkerers analyticalanalytical problem-solvingproblem-solving empiricalempirical Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution


contribution of scientific theory to practicecontribution of scientific theory to practice reforming bureaucrats of Germany reforming bureaucrats of Germany

(Prussian “Revolution from above”), (Prussian “Revolution from above”), science & teamwork, universal primary science & teamwork, universal primary education, technical schoolseducation, technical schools

Britain, primary education not compulsory Britain, primary education not compulsory until 1880 until 1880

SteelSteel

strength, hardness, & elasticitystrength, hardness, & elasticity steel made in small melting pots or steel made in small melting pots or

cruciblescrucibles Henry Bessemer, blowing air through Henry Bessemer, blowing air through

crucible filled with molten pig ironcrucible filled with molten pig iron Siemens-Martin open-hearth furnaceSiemens-Martin open-hearth furnace Friedrich & Alfred Krupp, locomotives, Friedrich & Alfred Krupp, locomotives,

machinery, engines of destructionmachinery, engines of destruction

ChemicalsChemicals

organic chemicals derived from coal make organic chemicals derived from coal make synthetic dyessynthetic dyes

ElectricityElectricity

telegraphtelegraph Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone & Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone &

Guglielmo Marconi’s radioGuglielmo Marconi’s radio source of power, generators, alternators, & source of power, generators, alternators, &

transformerstransformers lighted new industrial cities, cheap, lighted new industrial cities, cheap,

portable power in factories, electric motorsportable power in factories, electric motors

Internal Combustion EnginesInternal Combustion Engines

steam engines heavy, lots of coalsteam engines heavy, lots of coal Nicolaus Otto, internal combustion engine, Nicolaus Otto, internal combustion engine,

1st automobiles, powered flight1st automobiles, powered flight

SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

WORKING AND LIVING CONDITIONSWORKING AND LIVING CONDITIONS CHARTISMCHARTISM URBANIZATION AND EMIGRATIONURBANIZATION AND EMIGRATION

WORKING AND LIVING WORKING AND LIVING CONDITIONSCONDITIONS

women & children increasing portion of work women & children increasing portion of work force in factories & minesforce in factories & mines

factory work & filth, life expectancy below most factory work & filth, life expectancy below most rural areasrural areas

men, women, & children work very long hours, men, women, & children work very long hours, entrepreneurs discipline workers, regularity of entrepreneurs discipline workers, regularity of clock, tyranny of business cycleclock, tyranny of business cycle

overcrowding, poverty, widespread illegitimacy, overcrowding, poverty, widespread illegitimacy, alcoholism, & prostitutionalcoholism, & prostitution

WORKING AND LIVING WORKING AND LIVING CONDITIONSCONDITIONS

Sadler ReportSadler Report Factory Act 1833Factory Act 1833 Ten Hours Act 1847Ten Hours Act 1847 after 1840 conditions slowly improvedafter 1840 conditions slowly improved dramatic increase in life expectancy, rise dramatic increase in life expectancy, rise

in real income, decline in infant mortalityin real income, decline in infant mortality people began living significantly above people began living significantly above

subsistence levelsubsistence level

CHARTISMCHARTISM

London Working Men’s Association, London Working Men’s Association, Chartists, “People’s Charter,” political Chartists, “People’s Charter,” political programprogram

The CharterThe Charter movement faded away without success, movement faded away without success,

eventually points of Charter became laweventually points of Charter became law

URBANIZATION AND URBANIZATION AND EMIGRATIONEMIGRATION

growth of industry encouraged movement growth of industry encouraged movement by providing jobsby providing jobs

revolution in transportation, movement revolution in transportation, movement urbanization & emigrationurbanization & emigration

urbanization, sewage systems, clean urbanization, sewage systems, clean water supplies, housing, population’s water supplies, housing, population’s needsneeds

URBANIZATION AND URBANIZATION AND EMIGRATIONEMIGRATION

emigration affects all countries, high rates emigration affects all countries, high rates of population increaseof population increase

predominantly agricultural countries predominantly agricultural countries participated in continent-wide emigrationparticipated in continent-wide emigration

returnees brought new ideas into the returnees brought new ideas into the narrow agricultural communitiesnarrow agricultural communities

Social StructureSocial Structure

old social groups weakened & new ones createdold social groups weakened & new ones created middle classes expanded rapidlymiddle classes expanded rapidly below this lower middle class white collar below this lower middle class white collar

workers, below them industrial workers & workers, below them industrial workers & domestic servantsdomestic servants

bottom were landless rural peasants, bottom were landless rural peasants, pickpockets, prostitutes, & beggarspickpockets, prostitutes, & beggars

lines between groups far more fluid than under lines between groups far more fluid than under old society of orders on Continentold society of orders on Continent

From Traditional to Nuclear From Traditional to Nuclear FamilyFamily

industrialization & urbanization affected industrialization & urbanization affected structure of family & role of womenstructure of family & role of women

family & workplace became separated, family & workplace became separated, with family becoming private realmwith family becoming private realm

new family structure did not liberate new family structure did not liberate women, but did improve their statuswomen, but did improve their status

separation of work & home & increased separation of work & home & increased leisure time of middle-class womenleisure time of middle-class women

THEORETICAL RESPONSE TO THEORETICAL RESPONSE TO INDUSTRIALISMINDUSTRIALISM

Utopian SocialismUtopian Socialism Scientific SocialismScientific Socialism

Utopian SocialismUtopian Socialism

socialism a counter-ideology to liberalism. socialism a counter-ideology to liberalism. concern for good of societyconcern for good of society

socialism and communism, roots, socialism and communism, roots, socialism acquired new meaningsocialism acquired new meaning

inherent enmity between workers and inherent enmity between workers and industrialists industrialists

Utopian Socialism:Utopian Socialism:Robert OwenRobert Owen

Robert Owen, replacing profit motive with Robert Owen, replacing profit motive with cooperation, remake humanitycooperation, remake humanity

humanity a product of its environment, humanity a product of its environment, demonstrated fallacy of Ricardo’s “iron law demonstrated fallacy of Ricardo’s “iron law of wages,” model factories, New Lanark, of wages,” model factories, New Lanark, Scotland, utopiaScotland, utopia

Ricardo, Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy Principles of Political Economy and Taxationand Taxation, “iron law of wages”, “iron law of wages”

Utopian Socialism:Utopian Socialism:Charles FourierCharles Fourier

Charles Fourier proposing “phalanxes,” Charles Fourier proposing “phalanxes,” self-sufficient model agrarian communitiesself-sufficient model agrarian communities

Utopian Socialism:Utopian Socialism:Saint-SimonSaint-Simon

French Count Henri de Saint-Simon, did French Count Henri de Saint-Simon, did not promote model communitiesnot promote model communities

socialism as outcome of inexorable socialism as outcome of inexorable historical process affecting whole of historical process affecting whole of society, “rule over men” society, “rule over men” “the “the administration of things”administration of things”

brave new world, earthly paradise, French brave new world, earthly paradise, French technocrats tamed nature for good with technocrats tamed nature for good with immense engineering projectsimmense engineering projects

Scientific SocialismScientific Socialism

scientific socialism, merging Hegelian scientific socialism, merging Hegelian philosophy & classical economicsphilosophy & classical economics

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels were its Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels were its fathersfathers

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, dialectical Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, dialectical materialism, world spirit, greater self-materialism, world spirit, greater self-realization, successive negations (thesis realization, successive negations (thesis ↔↔ antithesis antithesis synthesis), attacks all synthesis), attacks all existing ideas & institutions existing ideas & institutions


Marx retained Hegel’s dialectical materialism & Marx retained Hegel’s dialectical materialism & goal-oriented stage theory of history, replaced goal-oriented stage theory of history, replaced Hegel’s mystical world with humanity as a Hegel’s mystical world with humanity as a speciesspecies

David Ricardo, humanity lost product of its David Ricardo, humanity lost product of its labour through capitalist’s appropriation of labour through capitalist’s appropriation of “surplus value” “surplus value”

Marx saying private property & specialization of Marx saying private property & specialization of work (division of labour) “alienated” humanity work (division of labour) “alienated” humanity from true nature as “free producer”from true nature as “free producer”


for Marx, history would inexorably remedy for Marx, history would inexorably remedy ills of past & present, progression from ills of past & present, progression from ancient slave society, through feudalism, ancient slave society, through feudalism, to industrial capitalism, to communismto industrial capitalism, to communism

history of class struggle, now between history of class struggle, now between new working class, the proletariat, & the new working class, the proletariat, & the capitalist “bourgeoisie,” victory of the capitalist “bourgeoisie,” victory of the proletariat, end of history, state would proletariat, end of history, state would wither awaywither away

ConclusionConclusion

Life before the Industrial Revolution Life before the Industrial Revolution was unpleasant, and life remained so was unpleasant, and life remained so for some time after, but gradually for some time after, but gradually improvedimproved

Britain had the necessary conditions Britain had the necessary conditions for the Industrial Revolution to happen for the Industrial Revolution to happen there firstthere first

The Industrial Revolution happened in The Industrial Revolution happened in two stagestwo stages

ConclusionConclusion

The social effects of the Industrial The social effects of the Industrial Revolution were deep and widely feltRevolution were deep and widely felt

The theoretical response to The theoretical response to industrialism was an effort to industrialism was an effort to ameliorate the conditions brought ameliorate the conditions brought about by the new technologiesabout by the new technologies

THE ENDTHE END

the industrial revolution outline: life before the industrial revolution why in britain first? ...

Documents