handbook of human factors and ergonomics
TRANSCRIPT
HANDBOOK OF HUMAN FACTORSAND ERGONOMICS
HANDBOOK OF HUMAN FACTORSAND ERGONOMICS
Third Edition
Edited byGavriel SalvendyPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IndianaandTsinghua UniversityBeijing, People’s Republic of China
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
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Copyright 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada
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Disclaimer
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Handbook of human factors and ergonomics / edited by Gavriel Salvendy.–3rded.
p. cm.ISBN-13 978-0-471-44917-1 (Cloth)ISBN-10 0-471-44917-2 (Cloth)
1. Human engineering–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Salvendy, Gavriel, 1938-TA166.H275 2005620.8′2–dc22
2005003111
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ABOUT THE EDITOR
Gavriel Salvendy is a professor of industrial engineering at Purdue University and Chair, Professor, andHead of the Department of Industrial Engineering at Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republicof China. He is the author and co-author of over 430 research publications, including over 230 journalpapers, and is the author or editor of 28 books. His publications have appeared in seven languages.Gavriel Salvendy is the founding editor of the International Journal on Human–Computer Interactionand Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing. He was the founding chair of the InternationalCommission on Human Aspects in Computing, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1990 hebecame the first member of either the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society or the InternationalErgonomics Association to be elected to the National Academy of Engineering. He was elected “forfundamental contributions to and professional leadership in human, physical, and cognitive aspects ofengineering systems.” In 1995 he received an honorary doctorate from the Chinese Academy of Science“for great contributions to the development of science and technology and for the great influence uponthe development of science and technology in China.” He is the fourth person in all fields of science andengineering in the 45 years of the Academy ever to receive this award. He is an honorary fellow andlife member of the Ergonomics Society and fellow of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Instituteof Industrial Engineers, and the American Psychological Association. He has advised organizationsin 30 countries on the human side of effective design, implementation, and management of advancedtechnologies in the workplace. He earned his Ph.D. in engineering production at the University ofBirmingham, United Kingdom.
v
ADVISORY BOARD
Sebastiano BagnaraInstitute of Psychology CNRRome, Italy
Kenneth R. BoffChief ScientistHuman Effectiveness DivisionAir Force Research LaboratoryWright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
Hans-Joerg BullingerPresidentFranhoffer SocietyMunich, Germany
Donald ChaffinR. G. Snyder Distinguished University Professor
and G. Lawton and Louise G. JohnsonProfessor
University of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan
Colin G. DruryU.B. Distinguished Professor and ChairDepartment of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Buffalo: State University of New
YorkBuffalo, New York
Martin G. HelanderProfessorSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace
EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
Erik HollnagelProfessorDepartment of Computer and Information
ScienceLIU/IDA/CSELABUniversity of LinkopingLinkoping, Sweden
Sylvia HornerDirector, Human FactorsQuintec Associates LimitedFarnham, Surrey, England
Sheue-Ling HwangDepartment of Industrial Engineering and
Engineering ManagementTsinghua UniversityHsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
Waldemar KarwowskiProfessor and DirectorCenter for Industrial ErgonomicsUniversity of LouisvilleLouisville, Kentucky
Danuta KoradeckaDirectorCentral Institute for Labour ProtectionNational Research InstituteWarsaw, Poland
K. Ronald Laughery, Jr.PresidentMicro Analysis and Design, Inc.Boulder, Colorado
vii
viii ADVISORY BOARD
Thomas LeamonDirector and Vice PresidentLiberty Mutual Research CenterHopkinton, Massachusetts
Mark LehtoAssociate ProfessorSchool of Industrial EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana
Holger LuczakDirector and ChairInstitute of Industrial Engineering and
ErgonomicsResearch Institute for Rationalization and
Operations ManagementAachen, Germany
Andrew MonkCornell Medical Center–WestchesterWhite Plains, New York
Vladimir MunopovPresident of Applied Ergonomics Association
and ProfessorElectronics and AutomationMoscow State Institute of RadioengineeringMoscow, Russia
Masamitsu OshimaDirectorInstitute for Health SciencesAkasaka, Minato-kuTokyo, Japan
Kyung ParkProfessorKorea Advanced Institute of Science
and TechnologyTaejon, Korea
Robert W. ProctorProfessorDepartment of Psychological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana
William B. RouseExecutive Director & ProfessorTennenbaum InstituteGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, Georgia
Wang ShengProfessorDepartment of Occupational HealthBeijing Medical UniversityBeijing, People’s Republic of China
Michael J. SmithThe Duane H. and Dorothy M. Bluemke
Professor of EngineeringDepartment of Industrial and Systems
EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadison, Wisconsin
Thomas StewartEditor, BITSystem Concepts, Ltd.London, England
John WilsonProfessor of Human FactorsInstitute of Occupational ErgonomicsUniversity of NottinghamNottingham, Nottinghamshire, England
CONTRIBUTORS
Chadia AbrasDirector, Educational Technology & Distance
LearningGraduate & Professional StudiesGoucher College1021 Dulaney Valley RoadBaltimore, [email protected]
Margherita AntonaResearch AssociateFoundation for Research and
Technology–Hellas (FORTH)Institute of Computer ScienceVassilika VoutonHeraklion, Crete, [email protected]
Susan ArcherDirector of OperationsMicro Analysis and Design, Inc.4949 Pearl East CircleBoulder, [email protected]
Nuray AykinDirector of Special ProjectsOffice of the PresidentThe New School55 West 13th Street, Room 211New York, New [email protected]
Kevin B. BennettProfessor and Graduate Program DirectorDepartment of PsychologyWright State University3640 Colonel Glenn HighwayDayton, [email protected]
Carolyn K. BenselSenior Research PsychologistSupporting Science and Technology DirectorateU.S. Army Natick Soldier CenterKansas StreetNatick, [email protected]
Kenneth R. BoffChief ScientistHuman Effectiveness DivisionAir Force Research LaboratoryWright-Patterson Air Force Base, [email protected]
Walter C. BormanProfessorDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of South Florida4202 Fowler AvenueTampa, [email protected]
Peter R. BoyceConsultant60, Riverside Close,Bridge, Canterbury, Kent, Great [email protected]
Martin BraunSenior ScientistFraunhofer-Institut fur Arbeitswirtschaft und
Organisation (IAO)Nobelstrasse 12Stuttgart, [email protected]
ix
x CONTRIBUTORS
Michael A. CampionProfessor of ManagementKrannert Graduate School of ManagementPurdue University403 West State StreetWest Lafayette, [email protected]
Pascale CarayonProctor & Gamble Bascom Professor in Total
QualityDepartment of Industrial and Systems
EngineeringDirector of the Center for Quality and
Productivity ImprovementUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison610 Walnut Street, 575 WARFMadison, [email protected]
C. Melody CarswellAssociate ProfessorDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of Kentucky205 Kastle HallLexington, [email protected]
John G. CasaliJohn Grado ProfessorGrado Department of Industrial and Systems
EngineeringVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State
UniversityBlacksburg, Virginia,[email protected]
Joseph CohnNaval Research Laboratory4555 Overlook Avenue SWWashington, [email protected]
Sara J. CzajaProfessor and Co-DirectorDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Center
on Aging SciencesUniversity of Miami Miller School of Medicine1695 NW 9th Avenue, Suite 3208GMiami, [email protected]
Patrick G. DempseyDirector of Experimental ProgramsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety71 Frankland RoadHopkinton, [email protected]
Karen M. DettingerUniversity of Wisconsin Hospital and ClinicsMadison, [email protected]
Colin G. DruryUB Distinguished Professor and ChairDepartment of Industrial EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo: State University of
New York438 Bell HallBuffalo, New [email protected]
David W. EbyAssociate Professor and HeadSocial and Behavioral Division ResearchUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research
Institute2901 Baxter RoadAnn Arbor, [email protected]
Paula J. EdwardsResearch AssistantInstitute for Health Systems EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, [email protected]
Gabriele ElkeDepartment of PsychologyRuhr University–BochumPostfach 102148Bochum, [email protected]
Mica R. EndsleyPresidentSA Technologies, Inc.3750 Palladian Village DriveBuilding 600Marietta, [email protected]
CONTRIBUTORS xi
Donald L. FisherProfessorDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial
EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstMarston Hall, 130 Natural Resources RoadAmherst, [email protected]
Arthur D. FiskProfessorSchool of PsychologyGeorgia Institute of Technology654 Cherry StreetAtlanta, [email protected]
John M. FlachProfessor and ChairDepartment of PsychologyWright State University3640 Colonel Glenn HighwayDayton, [email protected]
Wolfgang FriesdorfProfessorDepartment of Human Factors and Product
ErgonomicsTechnische Universitat BerlinFasanenstrasse 1/1Berlin, [email protected]
Michael J. GriffinProfessorInstitute of Sound and Vibration ResearchUniversity of SouthamptonSouthampton, Hampshire, [email protected]
Joseph W. GuthrieInstitute of Simulation and TrainingUniversity of Central Florida3100 Technology ParkwayOrlando, [email protected]
Lorenz HagenmeyerSenior ScientistFraunhofer-Institut fur Arbeitswirtschaft und
Organisation (IAO)Nobelstrasse 12Stuttgart, [email protected]
Jerry W. HedgePresidentOrganizational Solutions Group449 Gum StreetHolly Hill, South [email protected]
Martin G. HelanderProfessorSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace
EngineeringNanyang Technological [email protected]
Erik HollnagelProfessorDepartment of Computer and Information
ScienceLIU/IDA/CSELABUniversity of LinkopingLinkoping, [email protected]
Pia Honold Quaet-FaslemUser Interface DesignerStrategy and Marketing: User ExperienceSiemens AG Information and Communication
MobileHaidenauplatz 1Munich, [email protected]
Juan Pablo HourcadeAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Computer Science14 Machean HallUniversity of IowaIowa City, IA [email protected]
xii CONTRIBUTORS
Heidi D. HowarthEngineering PsychologistVolpe National Transportation Systems CenterU.S. Department of Transportation55 Broadway, Kendall SquareCambridge, [email protected]
Jeffrey A. HudsonGeneral Dynamics AIS5200 Springfield Pike, Suite 200Dayton, [email protected]
Julie A. JackoProfessorInstitute for Health Systems EngineeringWallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical
EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory
University School of Medicine313 Ferst DriveAtlanta, [email protected]
Elzbieta JankowskaHead of the Laboratory of Filtration and
VentilationCentral Institute for Labour ProtectionNational Research InstituteCzerniakowska 16Warsaw, Poland
Tanja KabelResearch AssistantInstitute of Industrial Engineering and
ErgonomicsRWTH Aachen UniversityBergdriesch 27Aachen, [email protected]
Barry H. KantowitzProfessor of Industrial and Operations
EngineeringProfessor of PsychologyUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research
Institute, 2901 Baxter RoadAnn Arbor, [email protected]
Jolanta KarpowiczHead of the Laboratory of Electromagnetic
HazardsCentral Institute for Labour ProtectionNational Research InstituteCzerniakowska 16Warsaw, [email protected]
Waldemar KarwowskiProfessor and DirectorCenter for Industrial ErgonomicsUniversity of LouisvilleLutz Hall, Room 445Warnock StreetLouisville, [email protected]
Halimahtun M. KhalidDirectorDamai SciencesA-31-3 Suasana SentralJalan Stesen Sentral 550470 Kuala [email protected]
Mika KivimakiProfessor of Occupational Health PsychologyDepartment of PsychologyFinnish Institute of Occupational HealthTopeliuksenkatu 41 aAHelsinki, [email protected]
Thitima KongnakornGraduate AssistantSchool of Industrial and Systems EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology765 Ferst DriveAtlanta, Georgia
Danuta KoradeckaDirectorCentral Institute for Labour ProtectionNational Research InstituteCzerniakowska 16Warsaw, [email protected]
CONTRIBUTORS xiii
Kenneth R. LaugheryProfessorPsychology DepartmentRice University6100 Main StreetHouston, [email protected]
K. Ronald Laughery, Jr.PresidentMicro Analysis and Design, Inc.4949 Pearl East CircleBoulder, [email protected]
Jonathan LazarAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Computer and Information
SciencesTowson University8000 York RoadTowson, [email protected]
Christian LebierePrincipal Research ScientistMicro Analysis and Design, Inc.600 Thomas BoulevardPittsburgh, PA
John D. LeeAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial
EngineeringUniversity of IowaIowa City, [email protected]
Mark LehtoAssociate ProfessorSchool of Industrial EngineeringPurdue University315 North Grant StreetWest Lafayette, [email protected]
V. Kathlene LeonardPostdoctoral FellowInstitute for Health Systems EngineeringWallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical
EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory
University School of Medicine313 Ferst [email protected]
James R. LewisSenior Human Factors EngineerInternational Business Machines Corporation
Software Group8051 Congress Avenue Suite 2227Boca Raton, [email protected]
Torsten LichtResearch AssistantInstitute of Industrial Engineering and
ErgonomicsRWTH Aachen UniversityBergdriesch 27Aachen, [email protected]
Kari LindstromProfessor and Director of the Department of
PsychologyFinnish Institute of Occupational HealthTopeliuksenkatu 41 aAHelsinki, [email protected]
Holger LuczakDirector and ChairInstitute of Industrial Engineering and
ErgonomicsResearch Institute for Rationalization and
Operations ManagementPontdriesch 14/16Aachen, [email protected]
Nicolas MarmarasAssociate ProfessorSchool of Mechanical EngineeringNational Technical University of AthensGR 15780 ZografosAthens, [email protected]
xiv CONTRIBUTORS
W. S. MarrasHonda Professor and DirectorBiodynamics LaboratoryThe Ohio State University1971 Neil AvenueColumbus, [email protected]
Gina J. MedskerManagerStrategic Human Capital Management
ProgramHuman Resources Research Organization66 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 400Alexandria, [email protected]
Allen MilewskiAssociate ProfessorSoftware Engineering DepartmentMonmouth UniversityWest Long Branch, New [email protected]
Frederick P. MorgesonAssociate Professor of ManagementEli Broad Graduate School of
ManagementMichigan State University475 North Business ComplexEast Lansing, [email protected]
Frances MountSenior Human Factors SpecialistNational Space Biomedical Research Institute,
Mail Code SFNASA Johnson Space CenterHouston, [email protected]
Allen L. NagyProfessor of PsychologyDepartment of PsychologyWright State University3640 Colonel Glenn HighwayDayton, [email protected]
Fiona Fui-Hoon NahAssociate Professor of Management
Information SystemsDepartment of ManagementUniversity of Nebraska–Lincoln209 College of Business AdministrationLincoln, [email protected]
Sankaran N. NairDirector, Data ManagementCenter on AgingUniversity of Miami Miller School of Medicine1695 NW 9th Avenue, Suite 3204Miami, [email protected]
Dimitris NathanaelResearcherSchool of Mechanical EngineeringNational Technical University of AthensGR 15780 ZografosAthens, [email protected]
Timothy A. NicholsGraduate StudentSchool of PsychologyGeorgia Institute of Technology654 Cherry StreetAtlanta, [email protected]
Chris NorthAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Computer ScienceVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University660 McBryde HallBlacksburg, [email protected]
Roland OrtengrenProfessorHuman Factors EngineeringDepartment of Product and Production
DevelopmentChalmers University of TechnologyGoteborg, [email protected]
CONTRIBUTORS xv
Stephen M. PopkinChief, Human Factors DivisionVolpe National Transportation Systems CenterU.S. Department of Transportation55 Broadway, Kendall SquareCambridge, [email protected]
Małgorzata PosniakHead of the Department of Chemical and
Aerosol HazardsCentral Institute for Labour ProtectionNational Research InstituteCzerniakowska 16Warsaw, [email protected]
Heather A. PriestInstitute of Simulation and TrainingUniversity of Central Florida3100 Technology ParkwayOrlando, [email protected]
Janet D. ProctorLead Academic Advisor, PsychologyLiberal ArtsPurdue University100 North University StreetWest Lafayette, [email protected]
Robert W. ProctorProfessorDepartment of Psychological SciencesPurdue University703 Third StreetWest Lafayette, [email protected]
Ronald E. RiceArthur N. Rupe Endowed ProfessorDepartment of CommunicationUniversity of California–Santa Barbara4840 Ellison HallSanta Barbara, [email protected]
Kathleen M. RobinettePrincipal Research AnthropologistAir Force Research Laboratory2800 Q StreetWright-Patterson Air Force Base, [email protected]
David RodrickAssociate in ResearchLearning Systems InstituteFlorida State UniversityTallahassee, [email protected]
Wendy A. RogersProfessorSchool of PsychologyGeorgia Institute of Technology654 Cherry StreetAtlanta, [email protected]
William B. RouseExecutive Director & ProfessorTennenbaum InstituteGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, [email protected]
Francois SainfortWilliam W. George Professor of Health
SystemsCollege of EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology225 North BuildingAtlanta, [email protected]
Eduardo SalasProfessor and Trustee ChairDepartment of PsychologyInstitute of Simulation and TrainingUniversity of Central Florida3100 Technology ParkwayOrlando, [email protected]
xvi CONTRIBUTORS
William R. SanteeResearch Physical ScientistBiophysics and Biomedical Modeling
DivisionU.S. Army Institute of Environmental
MedicineKansas StreetNatick, [email protected]
Anthony SavidisResearch AssociateInstitute of Computer ScienceFoundation for Research and
Technology–Hellas (FORTH)Vassilika VoutonHeraklion, Crete [email protected]
Dylan SchmorrowProgram OfficerOffice of Naval Research875 N. Randolph Street, Room 1425Arlington, [email protected]
E. Eugene SchultzHigh Tower SoftwareAliso Viejo, [email protected]
Richard SchweickertProfessor of Psychological SciencesDepartment of PsychologyPurdue University703 Third StreetWest Lafayette, [email protected]
Andrew SearsProfessor and Chair of Information
SystemsInteractive Systems Research CenterUMBC1000 Hilltop CircleBaltimore, [email protected]
Joseph SharitResearch ProfessorDepartment of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of MiamiCoral Gables, [email protected]
Bohdana SherehiyGraduate FellowCenter for Industrial ErgonomicsUniversity of LouisvilleLutz Hall, Room 445Warnock StreetLouisville, Kentucky
Thomas B. SheridanFord Professor of Engineering and Applied
Psychology EmeritusDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and
Department of Aeronautics and AstronauticsMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts Avenue, No. 3-435Cambridge, [email protected]
Jolanta SkowronHead, Laboratory of ToxicologyDepartment of Chemistry and Aerosol HazardsCentral Institute for Labour ProtectionNational Research InstituteCzerniakowska 16Warsaw, Poland
Michael J. SmithThe Duane H. and Dorothy M. Bluemke
Professor of EngineeringDepartment of Industrial and Systems
EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison1513 University Avenue, Room 360Madison, [email protected]
Carolyn M. SommerichAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Industrial, Welding and Systems
EngineeringThe Ohio State University1971 Neil AvenueColumbus, [email protected]
CONTRIBUTORS xvii
Dieter SpathProfessor and Head of InstituteFraunhofer-Institut fur Arbeitswirtschaft und
Organisation (IAO)Nobelstrasse 12Stuttgart, [email protected]
Kay M. StanneyProfessor and Trustee ChairIndustrial Engineering and Management
SystemsUniversity of Central Florida4000 Central Florida BoulevardOrlando, [email protected]
Constantine StephanidisProfessor and DirectorFoundation for Research and
Technology–Hellas (FORTH)Institute of Computer ScienceVassilika VoutonHeraklion, Crete, [email protected]
Cynthia StohlProfessor of CommunicationDepartment of CommunicationUniversity of California–Santa Barbara4840 Ellison HallSanta Barbara, [email protected]
Anders SundinWM-data Caran ABGoteborg, [email protected].
Alvaro D. TaveiraProfessor and Department ChairDepartment of Occupational and Environmental
Safety and HealthUniversity of Wisconsin–Whitewater800 West Main StreetWhitewater, [email protected]
Donald I. TepasConnecticut Transportation InstituteUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs, Connecticut
Pamela S. TsangAssociate ProfessorDepartment of PsychologyWright State University3640 Colonel Glenn HighwayDayton, [email protected]
Gregg C. VanderheidenProfessor of IE and BioMed Engineering, and
DirectorTrace CenterUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison1550 Engineering DriveMadison, [email protected]
Michael A. VidulichSenior Research PsychologistAir Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/HECP)2255 H StreetWright-Patterson Air Force Base, [email protected]
Kim-Phuong L. VuAssistant ProfessorDepartment of PsychologyCalifornia State University–Long Beach1250 Bellflower BoulevardLong Beach, [email protected]
Christopher WickensProfessor Emeritus, Aviation and PsychologyHuman Factors DivisionInstitute of AviationUniversity of Illinois1 Airport RoadSavoy, [email protected]
Glenn WilsonAFRL/HECPAir Force Research Laboratory2255 H StreetWright-Patterson Air Force Base, [email protected]
xviii CONTRIBUTORS
Katherine A. WilsonInstitute of Simulation and TrainingUniversity of Central Florida3100 Technology ParkwayOrlando, [email protected]
Michael S. WogalterProfessorPsychology DepartmentNorth Carolina State University640 Poe Hall, CB 7801Raleigh, North [email protected]
Barbara WoolfordHuman Factors Research ManagerNASA Johnson Space Center2101 NASA ParkwayHouston, [email protected]
Ji Soo YiResearch AssistantSchool of Industrial and Systems EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology765 Ferst Drive NWAtlanta, [email protected]
Peter YoungAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Electrical and Computer
EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort Collins, [email protected]
Bernhard M. ZimolongProfessorDepartment of PsychologyRuhr University–BochumBochum, [email protected]
FOREWORD TO THE SECOND EDITION
With the rapid introduction of highly sophisticated computer, communication, and manufacturingsystems, we are seeing dramatic changes in the ways people work and use technology. That is whyevery industry today should recognize the importance of human factors and ergonomics.
The practice of this science has done much to improve the interaction of people with theirenvironment. Ergonomics is a valuable tool in the design of products that are safe, convenient, and userfriendly. It is equally important in the creation of jobs and workplaces that increase worker safety andsatisfaction. Ergonomics allows designers to comprehend the capabilities, limitations, and motivationsof workers in order to improve efficiency and cut costs—especially those associated with human errorand occupational injury or illness.
By applying human factors and ergonomics to our products, our office technology, and ourmanufacturing processes, we can enhance the satisfaction and enthusiasm of both consumers andproducers.
Thus, the publication of this Third Edition of the Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics isvery timely. It is a comprehensive guide that contains practical knowledge and technical background onvirtually all aspects of physical, cognitive, and social ergonomics. As such, it can be a valuable source ofinformation for any individual or organization committed to providing competitive, high-quality productsand safe, productive work environments.
JOHN F. SMITH, JR.Chairman of the Board
Chief Executive Officer and PresidentGeneral Motors Corporation
xix
PREFACE
This Handbook is concerned with the role of humans in complex systems, the design of equipmentand facilities for human use, and the development of environments for comfort and safety. The firstand second editions of the Handbook were a major success and profoundly influenced the humanfactors profession. It was translated and published in Japanese and Russian and won the Institute ofIndustrial Engineers Joint Publishers Book of the Year Award. It has received strong endorsement fromtop management; the late Elliott Estes, retired president of General Motors Corporation, who wrotethe Foreword to the first edition of the Handbook, indicated that “regardless of what phase of theeconomy a person is involved in, this Handbook is a very useful tool. Every area of human factors fromenvironmental conditions and motivation to use of new communication systems . . . is well covered inthe Handbook by experts in every field.”
In a literal sense, human factors and ergonomics is as old as the machine and the environment, for itwas aimed at designing them for human use. However, it was not until World War II that human factorsemerged as a separate discipline.
The field of human factors and ergonomics has developed and broadened considerably since itsinception more than 60 years ago and has generated a body of knowledge in the following areas ofspecialization:
• The human factors function• Human factors fundamentals• Design of tasks and jobs• Equipment, workplace, and environmental design• Design for health, safety, and comfort• Performance modeling• Evaluation• Human–computer interaction• Design for individual differences• Selected applications
The foregoing list shows how broad the field has become. As such, this Handbook should be of valueto all human factors and ergonomics specialists, engineers, industrial hygienists, safety engineers, andhuman–computer interaction specialists.
Such a breadth of subject matter presents a serious challenge to represent successfully the entirefield of human factors and ergonomics in a single Handbook. I did not believe in 2002, when this allbegan, that any one person could properly select the subjects to be included in the Handbook withoutserious distortions to fit his or her own particular area of knowledge and bias. Accordingly, an advisoryboard composed of experts in the more important areas of human factors and ergonomics was invited to
xxi
xxii PREFACE
advise the editor in planning the contents of the Handbook. The advisory board members are listed onpages vii and viii. I sincerely appreciate their excellent counsel and advice during the preparation of thisHandbook. Nevertheless, any sampling deficiencies that remain are of course my own responsibility.
The 61 chapters constituting the third edition of the Handbook were written by 108 people. Increating this Handbook, the authors gathered information from over 2700 references and presented over500 figures and 250 tables to provide theoretically based and practically oriented material for use by bothpractioners and researchers. In the third edition of the Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, allof the 61 chapters have been completely newly written. This third edition of the Handbook covers totallynew subject areas that were not included in the second edition. These include the following subjects:
• Communications• Cultural ergonomics• Human factors and ergonomics methods• Situation awareness• Affective and emotional design• Virtual environments• Human factors and ergonomics Inspection and Audits• Multimodal user interface• Online communities• Human factors and information security• Usability evaluation and testing• Design of e-business Web sites• Augmented cognition in HCI• Design for disability• Design for children• Design for all• Human factors and ergonomics standards• Human factors and ergonomics in transportation
The main purpose of this Handbook is to serve the needs of the human factors practitioner. Eachchapter has a strong theory and science base and is heavily tilted toward application orientation. Assuch, a significant number of case studies, examples, figures, and tables are utilized to facilitate theusability of the material presented.
The many contributing authors came through magnificently. I thank them all most sincerely foragreeing so willingly to create the Handbook with me.
I had the privilege of working with Robert L. Argentieri, our Wiley Executive Editor, who significantlyfacilitated my editorial work. I was truly fortunate to have during the preparation of this Handbook themost able contribution of Kim Gilbert, Editorial Manager of the Handbook, who has done a trulyoutstanding job with the cooperation of all the authors and compilation of the Handbook for production.
This Handbook would not have been possible without the excellent value judgment and support ofDr. Dennis Engi, Professor and Head of the School of Industrial Engineering at Purdue University.
GAVRIEL SALVENDYWest Lafayette, IndianaOctober 2004
CONTENTS
1. The Human Factors Function 1
1. The Discipline of Ergonomics and Human Factors 3Waldemar Karwowski
2. Human Factors Engineering and Systems Design 32Sara J. Czaja and Sankaran N. Nair
2. The Human Factors Fundamentals 51
3. Sensation and Perception 53Robert W. Proctor and Janet D. Proctor
4. Selection and Control of Action 89Robert W. Proctor and Kim-Phuong L. Vu
5. Information Processing 111Christopher D. Wickens and C. Melody Carswell
6. Communication and Human Factors 150Ronald E. Rice and Cynthia Stohl
7. Cultural Ergonomics 177Nuray Aykin, Pia Honold Quaet-Faslem, and Allen E. Milewski
8. Decision-Making Models and Decision Support 191Mark R. Lehto and Fiona Nah
9. Mental Workload and Situation Awareness 243Pamela S. Tsang and Michael A. Vidulich
10. Social and Organizational Foundations of Ergonomics 269Alvaro D. Taveira and Michael J. Smith
11. Human Factors and Ergonomic Methods 292V. Kathlene Leonard, Julie A. Jacko, Ji Soo Yi, and Francois Sainfort
12. Anthropometry 322Kathleen M. Robinette and Jeffrey A. Hudson
13. Basic Biomechanics and Workstation Design 340W. S. Marras
3. Design of Tasks and Jobs 371
14. Task Analysis: Why, What, and How 373Erik Hollnagel
xxiii
xxiv CONTENTS
15. Task Design and Motivation 384Holger Luczak, Tanja Kabel, and Torsten Licht
16. Job and Team Design 428Frederick P. Morgeson, Gina J. Medsker, and Michael A. Campion
17. Personnel Selection 458Jerry W. Hedge and Walter C. Borman
18. Design, Delivery, and Evaluation of Training Systems 472Eduardo Salas, Katherine A. Wilson, Heather A. Priest, and Joseph W. Guthrie
19. Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management 513Karen M. Dettinger and Michael J. Smith
20. Situation Awareness 528Mica R. Endsley
21. Affective and Pleasurable Design 543Martin G. Helander and Halimahtun M. Khalid
4. Equipment, Workplace, and Environmental Design 573
22. Workplace Design 575Nicolas Marmaras and Dimitris Nathanael
23. Vibration and Motion 590Michael J. Griffin
24. Sound and Noise 612John G. Casali
25. Illumination 643Peter R. Boyce
5. Design for Health, Safety, and Comfort 671
26. Occupational Health and Safety Management 673Bernhard M. Zimolong and Gabriele Elke
27. Human Error 708Joseph Sharit
28. Ergonomics of Work Systems 761Stephen M. Popkin, Heidi D. Howarth, and Donald I. Tepas
29. Psychosocial Approach to Occupational Health 801Mika Kivimaki and Kari Lindstrom
30. Manual Materials Handling 818David Rodrick and Waldemar Karwowski
31. Work-Related Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders 855Carolyn M. Sommerich, W. S. Marras, and Waldemar Karwowski
32. Warnings and Hazard Communications 889Michael S. Wogalter and Kenneth R. Laughery
33. Use of Personal Protective Equipment in the Workplace 912Carolyn K. Bensel and William R. Santee
34. Human Space Flight 929Barbara Woolford and Frances Mount
CONTENTS xxv
35. Chemical, Dust, Biological, and Electromagnetic Radiation Hazards 945Danuta Koradecka, Małgorzata Posniak, Elzbieta Jankowska, Jolanta Skowron,and Jolanta Karpowicz
6. Performance Modeling 965
36. Modeling Human Performance in Complex Systems 967K. Ronald Laughery, Jr., Christian Lebiere, and Susan Archer
37. Mathematical Models in Engineering Psychology: Optimizing Performance 997Donald L. Fisher, Richard Schweickert, and Colin G. Drury
38. Supervisory Control 1025Thomas B. Sheridan
39. Digital Human Modeling for CAE Applications 1053Anders Sundin and Roland Ortengren
40. Virtual Environments 1079Kay M. Stanney and Joseph Cohn
7. Evaluation 1097
41. Accident and Incident Investigation 1099Patrick G. Dempsey
42. Human Factors and Ergonomics Audits 1106Colin G. Drury
43. Cost–Benefit Analysis of Human Systems Investments 1133William B. Rouse and Kenneth R. Boff
44. Methods of Evaluating Outcomes 1150Paula J. Edwards, Francois Sainfort, Thitima Kongnakorn, and Julie A. Jacko
8. Human–Computer Interaction 1189
45. Visual Displays 1191Kevin B. Bennett, Allen L. Nagy, and John M. Flach
46. Information Visualization 1222Chris North
47. Online Communities 1246Chadia Abras
48. Human Factors and Information Security 1262E. Eugene Schultz
49. Usability Testing 1275James R. Lewis
50. Web Site Design and Evaluation 1317Kim-Phuong L. Vu and Robert W. Proctor
51. Design of E-Business Web Sites 1344Jonathan Lazar and Andrew Sears
52. Augmented Cognition in Human–System Interaction 1364Dylan Schmorrow, Kay M. Stanney, Glenn Wilson, and Peter Young
xxvi CONTENTS
9. Design for Individual Differences 138553. Design for People with Functional Limitations 1387
Gregg C. Vanderheiden54. Design for Aging 1418
Timothy A. Nichols, Wendy A. Rogers, and Arthur D. Fisk55. Design for Children 1446
Juan Pablo Hourcade56. Design for All: Computer-Assisted Design of User Interface Adaptation 1459
Constantine Stephanidis, Margherita Antona, and Anthony Savidis
10. Selected Applications in Human Factors and Ergonomics 148557. Human Factors and Ergonomics Standards 1487
Bohdana Sherehiy, Waldemar Karwowski, and David Rodrick58. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Medicine 1517
Pascale Carayon and Wolfgang Friesdorf59. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Motor Vehicle Transportation 1538
David W. Eby and Barry H. Kantowitz60. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Automation Design 1570
John D. Lee61. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing and Process Control 1597
Dieter Spath, Martin Braun, and Lorenz HagenmeyerIndex 1627